grass

Ammophila (synonymous with Psamma P. Beauv.) is a genus of flowering plants consisting of two or three very similar species of grasses. The common names for these grasses include marram grass, bent grass, and beachgrass.^[2] These grasses are found almost exclusively on the first line of coastal sand dunes. Their extensive systems of creeping underground stems or rhizomes allow them to thrive under conditions of shifting sands and high winds, and to help stabilize and prevent coastal erosion. Ammophila species are native to the coasts of the North Atlantic Ocean where they are usually the dominant species on sand dunes. Their native range includes few inland regions, with the Great Lakes of North America being the main exception.^[3] The genus name Ammophila originates from the Greek words ἄμμος (ámmos), meaning "sand", and φίλος (philos), meaning "friend".

- Ammophila builds coastal sand dunes and thus stabilizes the sand. For this reason, the plants have been introduced far from their native range. Alfred Wiedemann writes that Ammophila arenaria "has been introduced into virtually every British colonial settlement within its latitudinal tolerance range, including southeast and southwest Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the Falkland Islands, and Norfolk Island and has been reported from Argentina and Chile."[5] Ammophila species were introduced in the late 19th century on the Pacific coast of North America as well, and massive, intentional plantings were continued at least through 1960. In essentially all of the locations where they have been introduced, Ammophila plants are now listed as invasive, and costly efforts are underway to eradicate them.

- The ability of marram grass to grow on and bind sand makes it a useful plant in the stabilization of coastal dunes and artificial defences on sandy coasts. The usefulness was recognized in the late 18th century.[10][11] On the North Sea coast of Jutland, Denmark, marram grass was traditionally much used for fuel, thatch, cattle fodder (after frost) etc. The use led to sand drift and loss of arable land. Hence, legislation promoting dune stabilization came into force in 1779 and 1792, successively leading to a system of state-supported dune planters overlooked by dune bailiffs. Marram grass was – and still is – propagated by root and shoot cuttings dug up locally and planted into the naked sand in periods of relatively calm and moist weather.

-Women from the village of Newborough, Anglesey, Wales once used marram grass in the manufacture of mats, haystack covers and brushes for whitewashing.

- Marram grass has been widely used for thatch in many areas of the British Isles close to the sea. The harvesting of marram grass for thatch was so widespread during the 17th century that it had the effect of destabilizing dunes, resulting in the burial of many villages, estates and farms. In 1695 the practice was banned by an Act of the Scottish Parliament:

tolkien

  《精靈寶鑽》The Silmarillion (Quenya: [silmaˈrilliɔn]) is a collection of mythopoeic stories by the English writer J. R. R. Tolkien, edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in 1977 with assistance from Guy Gavriel Kay.[T 1] The Silmarillion, along with many of J. R. R. Tolkien's other works, forms an extensive though incomplete narrative of Eä, a fictional universe that includes the Blessed Realm of Valinor, the once-great region of Beleriand, the sunken island of Númenor, and the continent of Middle-earth, where Tolkien's most popular works—The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings—take place.The Silmarillion has five parts. The first, Ainulindalë, tells of the creation of Eä, the "world that is." The second part, Valaquenta, gives a description of the Valar and Maiar, supernatural powers of Eä. The next section, Quenta Silmarillion, which forms the bulk of the collection, chronicles the history of the events before and during the First Age, including the wars over the Silmarils that gave the book its title. The fourth part, Akallabêth, relates the history of the Downfall of Númenor and its people, which takes place in the Second Age. The final part, Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age, is a brief account of the circumstances which led to and were presented in The Lord of the Rings.

- The Silmarils (Quenya pl. Silmarilli, radiance of pure light[1]) are three fictional brilliant jewels composed of the unmarred light of the Two Trees in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. The Silmarils were made out of the crystalline substance silima by Fëanor, a Noldorin Elf, in Valinor during the Years of the Trees.[2] The Silmarils play a central role in Tolkien's book The Silmarillion, which tells of the creation of Eä (the universe) and the beginning of Elves, Men, and Dwarves.

etymology
- middle earth - arda

- earth (enveloped in air (vista) and light (ilmen) and bounded by an enfolding ocean (vaiya), beyond which is a dark void (kuma)) - ambar

myth

- supreme deity eru Iluvatar created the ainur, the most powerful of which, known as the valar, brought light to earth by creating two vast ice lamps. Melkor (subsequently morgoth, the dark enemy), the most powerful valar, destroyed the lamps, plunging the world into darkness, flooding the land and creating the seas of helkar and ringil.  Melkor fortified the north and built there the northern towers, which are also called the iron mountains, and the fortress of utumna.  The valar retreated westwards to valinor, making a mountainous range between it and middle earth, a term used by tolkien for the first time in the ambarkanta and labelled on his accompanying map.  

france west

 紹萊Cholet (French: [ʃɔlɛ], local pronunciation: [ʃɔ(ː)ɫe], probably from Latin cauletum, "cabbage") is a commune of western France in the Maine-et-Loire department. It was the capital of military Vendée.The town owes the rise of its prosperity to the settlement of weavers there by Édouard Charles Victurnien Colbert [Wikidata], count of Maulévrier, a brother of the great Jean-Baptiste Colbert. It then became an estate of Gabriel-François de Rougé [Wikidata] and marquess of Cholet, who developed the town and its economy. The main commercial mall being built this year^[when?] is named after him: The "Arcades Rougé".During the early years of the French revolutionary wars, the town found itself at the heart of the counter-revolutionary struggle in the Vendée, culminating in October 1793 with the Battle of Cholet which was won by the republicans and followed by a period of brutal government repression.A public garden occupies the site of the old castle; the public buildings and churches, for example the Church of the Sacred Heart (église du Sacré-Cœur, 1939), are modern. The Church of the Sacred Heart is in the Byzantine Romanesque style and was the work of the local architect Maurice Laurentin.^[2] The Church of Our Lady (église Notre-Dame) is listed as a "monument historique"Megalithic monuments are numerous in the neighborhood.^{[citation needed]}A textile museum (Musée du Textile) exists to conserve the traditional machines used to create the famous handkerchiefs made in this town, as well as the techniques used to make them and the oral and local history associated with the industry.

- L'étymologie du toponyme Cholet est discutée (grammatici certant). Au xi^e siècle, on trouve le nom de Cholet sous différentes formes latines20, soit du type Cauletum, soit Calletum castrum. À partir de là, deux étymologies sont proposées sans qu'il paraisse possible de trancher20 :

1. une traditionnelle, dérivant ce nom de caulis (chou) ; le nom commun cholet existe dans la région pour désigner une plantation de choux (on retrouve cette étymologie dans plusieurs noms de communes françaises : Caulières (Somme), Caullery (Nord), etc. ;
2. une autre se réfère précisément à la forme Calletum castrum (ou calletum) qui vient du gaulois latinisé calla (rocher) —  dérivé d'une racine préceltique *kal- que l'on retrouve dans le nom de Chalonnes — et Cholet signifie alors château sur un socle rocheux.

Une troisième proposition indique que Cholet vient du gaélique koilte, armoricain coelte, la forêt. De coelte les Romains ont fait, en transposant le e final, Coletum (cartulaire de Chemillé 1030-1080), puis Choletum (cartulaire de Saint-Serge 1052-1094 et cartulaire de Chemillé 1082-1100) qui devient Choleth (1100-1120), Choleit (1125-1134) et enfin le Cholet d'aujourd'hui, que nous trouvons même écrit à la façon moderne dans le cartulaire de Chemillé aux deux années 1052 et 1082.

朝鲜

 music

- 《小白船》，原名《半月》（朝鲜语：반달、반월가）是朝鲜半岛流传的一首童谣，创作于1924年，由尹克荣作词并作曲。这首歌曲创作于朝鮮日佔時期，歌词将天空中的半月比喻做在银河中航行的白船，“船上”有东亚传说中月亮上经常出现的月兔和桂花树，“白船”随着时间流逝在银河中不断摇向西天^[1]，反映出了当时的儿童对世界的探求的渴望^[2]。1951年《半月》由一名在北京市少年宫合唱队担任指导老师的中国朝鲜族金正平认为这首歌曲非常适合儿童演唱，遂在其父亲金铁男的帮助下翻译成中文，并拥有中文歌名《小白船》。金正平从小就在父亲的影响下学会了这首歌，并经常在“家庭音乐会”中演唱。金正平后来认为这首歌在他童年的心中“播下了对父亲故土韩国的真挚感情”。这首歌的中文版本随后很快在北京的中小学流行开来，并被编入中国的音乐教材。1992年金正平将这首童谣改变为管弦乐作品，并于1993年在韩国公演^[3]。直至今日，在朝鲜半岛和中国都很流行。在中国，小白船于2007年成为教育部制定的《第一套全国中小学校园集体舞》小学组的可选三个舞蹈之一^[4][5]；同时也被编入中国乐协第三套手风琴考级六级的“中国曲目”中[1]。网剧《隐秘的角落》使用該曲作為插曲。《小白船》原名《半月》，创作于1924年，是一首深受小朋友喜爱的朝鲜童谣，由朝鲜作曲家尹克荣作词、作曲。在中国与朝鲜广为流传。1950年被译为中文。《小白船》是由朝鲜作曲家尹克荣写给姐姐，悼念去世的姐夫的。在韩国一般都当做安魂曲使用。1924年9月，尹克荣的姐夫去世，尹克荣看见她的姐姐常在白天时，孤寂地望向天空已出现的半月，便以此为题材创作了《반달》（半月），一方面描绘了姐姐失去亲人的寂寥，一方面也暗喻痛失国土的痛苦（朝鲜此时正被日本侵占）。尹克荣曾在访问中谈到，创作《반달》的困难在于最后一句。于是他写下了“샛별이 등대란다, 길을 찾아라”，即“晨星来引路”的歌词，以表示希望永远都存在。

• 二十八年前的那個夏天，小學畢業的典禮 結束後，學校的藝術團為畢業生舉辦了一場紀 念演出。大幕徐徐拉開，我作為小提琴手，為 童聲小合唱伴奏。 「藍藍的天空銀河裏，有隻 小白船。船上有棵桂花樹，白兔在遊玩……」 琴聲稚嫩，但流暢悠揚；歌聲清澈婉轉，放飛 年少的憧憬與夢想。那一天，包括我的父母在 內的很多家長都在台下觀看，晚上回家後，父 親說，表演很有意境，讓人彷彿看到了叫做一 隻名為 「希望」 的小白船在遨遊，在回響。記 得父親說這話時的表情，滿臉慈祥。 我的學琴之路，並不容易。那時候，家裏 每個月的收入不過三十元人民幣。而要學小提 琴，每個學期就要交十五元的學費，租琴的費 用是十元。這意味着每一個學期要多支出整個 家庭差不多一個月的全部收入。當時，我所在 的東北小城，全城只有一個專門教小提琴少兒 班的老師，姓朱。由於想報名的孩子不少，學 校便舉行了一個小型的選拔考試。讀二年級的 我知道父母辛苦、持家不易，覺得自己不能不 懂事，但心裏又有些不甘，於是在考場外遠遠 地站着，糾結着。音樂老師看見我，一把將我 拽進考場。視唱、節奏、音準，我竟然連闖三 關，最終被朱老師評為 「甲級」 ，也就是 「具 有良好潛質學習小提琴」 的學生。有一年冬天特別冷， 學琴那日，大雪漫天。回家的路極難走，父親 讓我坐在自行車的後座上，他推着車，一步一 步地趟着雪。看着那長長的路上，父親留下的 腳印和車轍，我心裏特別難受。記得那日習琴 ，學的曲目正是《小白船》…… 「而家開始練習曲目。」 ──老師的聲音 將我從回憶帶到了位於啟德的琴房裏。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20201113/PDF/b10_screen.pdf
• chet lam version  https://www.kkbox.com/hk/tc/song/jzabWZh058OUHJu7bJu7b0P4-index.html
• song of the same name by 陳松伶  https://www.kidsongs.hk/%E5%B0%8F%E7%99%BD%E8%88%B9

france south

Arles

- 卡馬格（法語：Camargue）是一個位於法國南部阿爾勒附近的傳統地區，地處羅訥河注入地中海處的三角洲地帶，也是法國少見的種植水稻的地區^[1]。Camargue (/kæˈmɑːrɡ/,^[3][4] also UK: /kəˈ-/,^[5] US: /kɑːˈ-/,^[6] French: [kamaʁɡ]; Provençal: Camarga) is a natural region located south of Arles, France, between the Mediterranean Seaand the two arms of the Rhône delta. The eastern arm is called the Grand Rhône; the western one is the Petit Rhône.The Camargue is home to more than 400 species of birds and has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International.^[8] Its brine ponds provide one of the few European habitats for the greater flamingo. The marshes are also a prime habitat for many species of insects, notably (and notoriously) some of the most ferocious mosquitos to be found anywhere in France. Camargue horses (Camarguais) roam the extensive marshlands, along with Camargue cattle. 

Camargue horses are ridden by the gardians (cowboys), who rear the region's cattle for fighting bulls for regional use and for export to Spain, as well as sheep. Many of these animals are raised in semi-feral conditions, allowed to roam through the Camargue within a manade, or free-running herd. They are periodically rounded up for culling, medical treatment, or other events.Few towns of any size have developed in the Camargue. Its "capital" is Arles, located at the extreme north of the delta where the Rhône forks into its two principal branches. The only other towns of note are along the sea front or near it: Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, about 45 km (28 mi) to the southwest and the medieval fortress-town of Aigues-Mortes on the far western edge, in the Petite Camargue. Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer is the destination of the annual Romani pilgrimage for the veneration of Saint Sarah.The Camargue was exploited in the Middle Ages by Cistercian and Benedictine monks. In the 16th–17th centuries, big estates, known locally as mas, were founded by rich landlords from Arles. The north of the Camargue is agricultural land. The main crops are cereals, grapevine and rice. Near the seashore, prehistoric man started extracting salt, a practice that continues today. Salt was a source of wealth for the Cistercian "salt abbeys" of Ulmet, Franquevaux and Psalmody in the Middle Ages. Industrial salt collection started in the 19th century, and big chemical companies such as Péchiney and Solvay founded the 'mining' city of Salin-de-Giraud.

• Murdoch books world kitchen france ch translation - 紅色米飯 as a specialty

大西洋比利牛斯省Pyrénées-Atlantiques (French pronunciation: ​[piʁene atlɑ̃tik]; Gascon: Pirenèus-Atlantics; Basque: Pirinio Atlantiarrak or Pirinio Atlantikoak) is a department in the southwest corner of France and of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It takes its name from the Pyreneesmountains and the Atlantic Ocean. It covers the French Basque Country and the Béarn.Originally named Basses-Pyrénées, it is one of the first 83 departments of France created during the French Revolution, on 4 March 1790. It was created out of parts belonging to the former greater province of Guyenne and Gascony, as well as the Béarn-Navarre (still, at least nominally, Kingdom of Navarre), i.e. the Basques provinces of Basse-Navarre, Labourd, Bayonne (detached a few years before from Labourd), and Soule, and Béarn.^[2]The 1790 administrative design brought about the end of native institutions and laws. All Basque estates representatives from Labourd overtly opposed the new administrative layout since it suppressed their institutions and laws. The representatives of Lower Navarre refused to vote in Paris arguing that they were not part of the Kingdom of France; those of Soule voted against. The brothers Garat, representing Labourd, eventually voted yes, thinking that it would give them a say in upcoming political decisions.On 10 October 1969, Basses-Pyrénées was renamed Pyrénées-Atlantiques.

Corsica (/ˈkɔːrsɪkə/; French: Corse [kɔʁs]; Corsica in Corsican and Italian, pronounced [ˈkorsiga] and [ˈkɔrsika] respectively) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France. It is located southeast of the French mainland and west of the Italian Peninsula, with the nearest land mass being the Italian island of Sardinia to the immediate south. A single chain of mountains makes up two-thirds of the island.The island is an administrative region of France (with the regional capital being Ajaccio), divided in two administrative departments, Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud. The corresponding regional and departmental territorial collectivities, however, merged on 1 January 2018, forming the single territorial collectivity of Corsica. As a single territorial collectivity, Corsica enjoys a greater degree of autonomy than other French regional collectivities; for example, the Corsican Assembly is able to exercise limited executive powers. Bastia, the prefecture city of Haute-Corse, is the second largest town in Corsica.After being ruled by the Republic of Genoa since 1284, in 1755 Corsica became a self-proclaimed Italian-speaking Republic, until it was officially ceded by Genoa to Louis XV as part of a pledge for debts and subsequently annexed to France in 1769. Napoleon Bonaparte was born the same year in Ajaccio, and his ancestral home (Maison Bonaparte) is today a significant visitor attraction and museum. Due to Corsica's historical ties with the Italian peninsula, the island retains many Italian cultural elements, and the native tongue is recognized as a regional language by the French government.

-  阿雅克肖 Several hypotheses have been advanced as to the etymology of the name Ajaccio (Aiacciu in Corsican, Addiazzo on old documents). Among these, the most prestigious suggests that the city was founded by the Greek legendary hero Ajax and named after him. Other more realistic explanations are, for example, that the name could be related to the Tuscan agghiacciu meaning "sheep pens". Another explanation, supported by Byzantine sources from around the year 600 AD called the city Agiation which suggests a possible Greek origin for the word,^[6] agathè could mean "good luck" or "good mooring" (this was also the root of the name of the city of Agde).The city was not mentioned by the Greek geographer Ptolemy of Alexandria in the 2nd century AD despite the presence of a place called Ourkinion in the Cinarca area. It is likely that the city of Ajaccio had its first development at this time. The 2nd century was a period of prosperity in the Mediterranean basin (the Pax Romana) and there was a need for a proper port at the head of the several valleys that lead to the Gulf able to accommodate large ships. Some important underwater archaeological discoveries recently made of Roman ships tend to confirm this.^{[citation needed]}Further excavations conducted recently led to the discovery of important early Christian remains likely to significantly a reevaluation upwards of the size of Ajaccio city in Late Antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages. The city was in any case already significant enough to be the seat of a diocese, mentioned by Pope Gregory the Great in 591. The city was then further north than the location chosen later by the Genoese - in the location of the existing quarters of Castel Vecchio and Sainte-Lucie.

- famous people

• napoleon https://www.quora.com/Was-Napoleon-Bonaparte-born-Nabulione-as-a-Corsican-more-Italian-than-French-Are-there-other-notable-Corsican-or-Italian-generals-who-commanded-French-troops-during-Napoleons-reign
• *****Filippo Antonio Pasquale de' Paoli FRS (Italian: [fiˈlippo anˈtɔːnjo paˈskwaːle de ˈpaːoli]; French: Pascal Paoli; 6 April 1725 – 5 February 1807) was a Corsican patriot, statesman and military leader who was at the forefront of resistance movements against the Genoese and later French rule in the island. He became the president of the Executive Council of the General Diet of the People of Corsica, and also designed and wrote the Constitution of the state. The Corsican Republic was a representative democracy asserting that the elected Diet of Corsican representatives had no master. Paoli held his office by election and not by appointment. It made him commander-in-chief of the armed forces as well as chief magistrate. Paoli's government claimed the same jurisdiction as the Republic of Genoa. In terms of de facto exercise of power, the Genoese held the coastal cities, which they could defend from their citadels, but the Corsican republic controlled the rest of the island from Corte, its capital.Following the French conquest of Corsica in 1768, Paoli oversaw the Corsican resistance. Following the defeat of Corsican forces at the Battle of Ponte Novu he was forced into exile in Britain where he was a celebrated figure. He returned after the French Revolution, of which he was initially supportive. He later broke with the revolutionaries and helped to create the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom which lasted between 1794 and 1796. After the island was re-occupied by France he again went into exile in Britain where he died in 1807.

• [1776 chron] while exiled in uk, dined with james boswell

nice
-Nice Cathedral (French: Basilique-Cathédrale Sainte-Marie et Sainte-Réparate de Nice) is a Catholic cathedral located in the city of Nice in southern France.The cathedral is the seat of the Diocese of Nice. The construction of the main part of the current cathedral's body started in 1650 and finished in 1685. Further construction continued after its consecration in 1699, with new structures and decorative elements added to the cathedral until 1949.^[1] The cathedral is dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and Saint Reparata.^[2] It has been classified as a national monument since 9 August 1906.The original cathedral on the site, called St Mary of the Castle, was consecrated in 1049.^[3] In 1060, relics belonging to Saint Reparata (for whom the current cathedral is named) arrived in Nice. By 1075, a chapel dedicated to St Reparata was constructed at the foot of the castle.During the latter half of the 12th century, the chapel became a priory of the Abbey of Saint-Pons. 1246 marked the official establishment of the priory as a parish church. The first church on the site was built in the early 13th century on land belonging to the Abbey of St Pons and became a parish church in 1246.Population growth led to extensions being built onto the church between 1455 and 1468. During the first half of the 16th century, a series of acts gradually effected the transfer of the seat of the bishops of Nice from Cimiez Cathedral, which sits on the hill of the castle overlooking the city, to the church of St Reparata in 1590. After an official ceremony presided over by the bishop Luigi Pallavicini, and in the presence of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, the church was recognized as a chiesa-cattedrale.^[5] In 1649, judging the building to be too small, Bishop Didier Palletis commissioned the architect Jean-André Guibert to produce a structure more in keeping with the importance of the city.The construction of a new cathedral (the current main building) took place between 1650 and 1865. In 1699, the new cathedral was officially consecrated while additional construction continued.The prominent bell tower was built next to it between 1731 and 1757.The year 1900 marked the most recent addition to the cathedral, with the construction of new side chapels that replaced the former heavy baroque ornamentation. The cathedral was declared a minor basilica on 27 May 1949.

• Über dem Hochaltar befindet sich ein Bild des Ruhms der hl. Reparata, der jungfräulichen Märtyrin, der die Kathedrale gewidmet ist und deren Reliquien hier seit dem Jahr 1690 aufbewahrt werden. Der im Genueser Barock gestaltete Innenraum umfasst zehn Kapellen. Die Kapellen sind der Muttergottes der sieben Leiden, der Kreuzigung, der hl. Rosa von Lima, den hll. Alexander von Rom und Bartholomäus, dem Heiligen Sakrament, der hl. Rosalia und der Jungfrau Maria, dem hl. Josef, der hl. Reparata, den vier gekrönten Märtyrern und Johannes dem Täufer geweiht. Bis zum Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts war jede der Kapellen mit einer anderen Gilde verbunden, von denen jede die Verantwortung und die Kosten für ihre Instandhaltung trug.