mauritius

Mauritius (/məˈrɪʃəs/  or /məˈrɪʃiəs/; French: Maurice), officially the Republic of Mauritius (French: République de Maurice), is an island nation in the Indian Ocean about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) off the southeast coast of the African continent. The country includes the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues, 560 kilometres (350 mi) east of Mauritius, and the outer islands (Agaléga, St. Brandon and two disputed territories). The islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues form part of the Mascarene Islands, along with nearby Réunion, a French overseas department. The area of the country is 2,040 km² (790 sq mi). The capital and largest city is Port Louis. Formerly a Dutch colony (1638–1710) and a French colony (1715–1810), Mauritius became a British colonial possession in 1810 and remained so until 1968, the year in which it attained independence. The British crown colony of Mauritius once included the current territories of Mauritius, Rodrigues, the outer islands of Agaléga, St. Brandon, Chagos Archipelago, and Seychelles. The Mauritian territories gradually devolved with the creation of a separate colony of Seychelles in 1903 and the excision of the Chagos Archipelago in 1965. The sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago is disputed between Mauritius and the United Kingdom (UK). The UK excised the archipelago from Mauritian territory in 1965, three years prior to Mauritian independence. The UK gradually depopulated the archipelago's indigenous population and leased its biggest island, Diego Garcia, to the United States. Access to the archipelago is prohibited to casual tourists, the media, and its former inhabitants. Mauritius also claims sovereignty over Tromelin Island from France.

- hkej 19dec27, 22dec17 shum article

Government
- The Economic Development Board (EDB) www.edbmaritius.org which has been set up following the EDB Act which was passed in the National Assembly in July this year to promote investment has as Chairperson Mr Joseph Charles Cartier who has been appointed on 20 November 2017 by the President of the Republic, Dr Ameenah Gurib-Fakim, upon consultation with the Leader of Opposition, Mr Xavier Duval. The Prime Minister, Minister of Home Affairs, External Communications and National Development Unit, Minister of Finance and Economic Development, Mr Pravind Kumar Jugnauth, made this announcement on 21 November 2017 in reply to a Parliamentary Question on the proposed establishment of the Economic Development Board for Investment Promotion. The EDB will group and consolidate entities involved in the investment promotion chain in view of ensuring greater coherence in policies and actions implementation. The institutions are namely: Board of Investment (BOI), Financial Services Promotion Agency (FSPA), Enterprise Mauritius (EM) and Mauritius Africa Fund (MAF). Prime Minister Jugnauth reiterated the importance of putting in place the EDB as announced in the Budget Speech 2017-2018 to strengthen institutional capacity to support growth objectives. He further stated that the Vice-Chairperson and other Members of the EDB will be appointed shortly and highlighted that once the Board has been constituted, action will be initiated for the recruitment of the Chief Executive Officer to drive the process of merger of the above mentioned organisations. The EDB which will be the main business licensing agency in Mauritius will comprise of three directorates namely: National and Sectoral Economic Development Planning; Investment and Export Promotion (Integration of BOI, EM, FSPA and MAF); and Business Licensing Agency (Implementation of e-Licensing business platform). http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/Chairperson-of-Economic-Development-Board-appointed.aspx

• offices in paris, new delhi and johannesburg
• people

• kesheela kejiou, investment executive, manufacturing (traditional)

Saint Hubert (village)
- to kiv

company
-  The ABC Group of companies is one of the largest conglomerates of Mauritius, ranked in the Top 100 business organizations of the Indian Ocean. ABC was founded in 1931 by Sir Moi Lin Jean Ah-Chuen who set up ABC Store, a very modest shop in one of the busiest streets of Port Louis (the capital city of Mauritius). Today the ABC Group operates under 5 main Divisions: Automobile, Banking, Financial Services, Foods and Shipping & Logistics.https://www.abcgroup.mu/who-we-are/index.html

• founder 朱梅麟（Moilin Jean Ah-Chuen 1911-1991），祖籍梅江区城北玉水村，1942年当选毛里求斯华商总会主席，是毛里求斯立法会委员，也是第一个进入立法会的华人，前后担任国会议员，地区事务部部长，担任财政部部长 。毛里求斯政府为感念朱氏推动民主、发展经济的贡献，特于1998 年发行印有朱梅麟头像的25 卢比钞票纪念，朱梅麟因此成为被印在外国钱币上的华人。

• singtao 26apr18 f2
• donald ah-cheung, descendent of chu wei chuen china daily 21jul18 "one chinese family's legacy in paradise"  

• abc banking has a rep office in hk scmp 12mar18

- bank

• The Bank of Mauritius is the central bank of the Republic of Mauritius. It was established in September 1967 as the central bank of Mauritius. It was modelled on the Bank of England and was, in effect, set up with the assistance of senior officers of the Bank of England. Amongst its responsibilities is the issuance of the Mauritian currency, the Mauritian rupee.  
  In the 19th Century three separate commercial banks, now all defunct, operated under the Bank of Mauritius name. The first Bank of Mauritius started operations in 1813 or so, but survived only until 1825. The second Bank of Mauritius was a British overseas bank with two boards of directors, one in London and the other in Port Louis. It began operations in 1832 and favored the interests of the planter class. In 1838 traders established Mauritius Commercial Bank to give themselves an alternative source of credit as until its establishment the Bank of Mauritius had a monopoly on the island. The financial crisis of 1847 in London resulted in the collapse of the sugar market, and severe losses to both of Mauritius's banks. Bank of Mauritius ceased business in 1848, though the Mauritius Commercial Bank has survived to the present.
  Local interests established the third Bank of Mauritius in 1894 to take over the local business of the failed New Oriental Bank Corporation. In 1911 the bank opened a branch in the Seychelles. However, in 1916 the Mercantile Bank of India (est. 1893) acquired the bank. HSBC in turn acquired the Mercantile Bank in 1959. Because of this history, HSBC refers to itself as the oldest foreign bank in Mauritius. The next foreign bank to arrive, and to survive to the present, was National Bank of South Africa, an ancestor of Barclays Bank Mauritius.
  In addition to the above three banks, a bank by the name of the Colonial Bank of Mauritius, Bourbon, and Dependencies, operated between 1812 and 1813.

•  State Bank of Mauritius (SBM), is a bank in Mauritius. It is licensed as a commercial bank by the Bank of Mauritius, the national banking regulator.
•  Mauritius Commercial Bank, founded in 1838, is the oldest and largest banking institution of Mauritius. It is also the oldest banking institution south of the Sahara and one of the oldest banks of the Commonwealth to have preserved its original name. MCB has a local network of 40 modern branches and 150 ATMs. The holding structure of the MCB Group translates its two-fold strategy namely diversification into financial services through local subsidiaries and associated companies and regional expansion through its foreign subsidiaries. MCB operates in Madagascar, Maldives, Mozambique and Seychelles. The Group has also consolidated its presence in Réunion,  Mayotte and Paris through BFCOI, its associate. The MCB opened a representative office in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2008. Moreover, the Group is actively involved in project and trade financing in various countries of the sub-Saharan region, while being engaged in other markets such as India.
• AfrAsia Bank Limited, commonly known as AfrAsia Bank, is authorized and regulated by the Bank of Mauritius.^[2] Headquartered in the Mauritius International Financial Centre with representative office in South Africa, AfrAsia specialises in banking that builds bridges between Africa, Asia and the World.The bank was founded by Jamess Benoit (resigned as of 2016) and others in 2007, in Mauritius. 

- Belvedere Management is a financial services group based in Mauritius that claims to have $16 billion of assets under administration. In March 2015, Offshore Alert described the group as a Ponzi scheme and it is currently under investigation by regulators in South Africa, Mauritius and Guernsey. The group is managed by Irish businessman David Cosgrove, Mauritian accountant Kenneth Maillard, and South African fund manager Cobus Kellermann.

trade and investment environment
- food processing

• [edb brochure] the reigstration certificate (food processing) has been introduced to promote global value chain through the cultivation and importation of agricultural products to be used as raw materials for processing into intermediate and finished products and to encourage re-export activities

industry
- sugar

• sugar factories established throughout the island in early 1970s

- textile

• creation of export processing zone to develop textile and apparel industries in early 1970s; the industry gained momentum over the next decades and markets include europe, USA and south africa

- fintech

• [edb brochure] committed to position mauritius as a fintech hub for africa with the setting-up of a fintech and innovation driven financial services regulatory committee.  The grant of a sandbox licence to SALT technology ltd, the first blockchain project in mauritius and a p2p lending license to fundkiss technologies ltd.  In 2016, the government created a regulatory sandbox scheme to look at innovative projects for mauritius at the level of the EDB

Ft supp 29sep16, 5oct17

people
- https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2017/09/19/5-multi-millionaires-from-mauritius-you-should-know/#6786325b4d89

disapora
- [edb brochure] the mauritian diaspora scheme has been set up with a view to attract members of the mauritian diaspora back to mauritius to participate in the economic development of the country.  Any member of the mauritian diaspora who, before 24 mar 2015, has been living and working outside mauritius and has the necessary skills, talent and experience and who is willing to retern and serve mauritius is eligible to apply for registration under the scheme


india
- ft 25oct18 India’s plans on archipelago in Mauritius cause unease


chinese
- association

• The Chinese Chamber of Commerce was founded on 8th December 1908. It is the second oldest overseas Chinese Chamber of Commerce. The first overseas Chinese Chamber of Commerce was set up in Singapore in 1906. The first President was Mr Chan Wan Yee.  Among those who served as President in more recent times,was Sir Jean Moilin Ah-Chuen, who was also Minister of Local  Government, and Mr Marc Fok Tseung, who was a Member of Parliament and the Mayor of Port Louis.  Messrs Adrien Konfortion, Jabin Hsu and Wong Hew Peng served dutifully as the Chamber’s Secretary for many years. http://cccmauritius.org/

- financial

• https://www.myt.mu/sinformer/dossiers/business/456872/official-launch-of-the-bank-of-china-mauritius-ltd.html 

- tourism

• http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/weekend/2017-03/18/content_28600174.htm The Mauritius tourism authority paid a visit to Shanghai on Feb 15.The delegation metChinese travel operators to better understand the Chinese market and introduced localtourism resources to attract more mainlanders to "the pearl on the Indian Ocean".

china
- 記者從中國商務部獲悉，中國與毛里求斯於2日結束中毛自由貿易協定談判，這一協定是中國與非洲國家商簽的首個自貿協定，下一步雙方將為最終簽署協定作好準備。據介紹，中國是毛里求斯最大的貿易夥伴國和進口來源國，兩國貿易投資合作規模逐年上升，反映出中毛經貿投資合作發展的勃勃生機。在基礎設施建設、金融合作以及文化交流等領域，中毛兩國合作也取得了豐碩成果。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/09/04/a02-0904.pdf

• http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/17/c_138480183.htm China and Mauritius signed a free trade agreement (FTA) here Thursday, the first FTA between China and an African country, according to the Ministry of Commerce (MOC). The China-Mauritius FTA is the 17th FTA signed by China.The agreement covers trade in goods and services and investment and economic cooperation.The FTA will not only provide a more powerful institutional guarantee to deepen bilateral economic and trade relations, but also boost China-Africa economic and trade cooperation, according to the MOC.Negotiations on the China-Mauritius FTA were officially launched in December 2017. The two sides formally concluded the negotiations on Sept. 2, 2018, after four rounds of intensive negotiations.In the area of trade in goods, China and Mauritius will eventually achieve zero tariffs on 96.3 percent and 94.2 percent of product tariff items, respectively, involving 92.8 percent of import volume for both countries from each other.For the remaining tariff items of Mauritius, the tariffs will also be greatly cut, and the maximum tariffs for most of the involved products will not exceed 15 percent.China's main exports to Mauritius, such as iron and steel products, textiles and other light industrial products, will benefit from it.Special sugar produced in Mauritius will also enter the Chinese market gradually.The two sides also agreed on rules of origin, trade remedies, technical barriers to trade and sanitary and phytosanitary issues.In the area of trade in services, China and Mauritius both promised to open up more than 100 sub-sectors.Mauritius will open up more than 130 sub-sectors in important service fields such as communications, education, finance, tourism, culture, transportation and traditional Chinese medicine to China.This is the highest level of opening up in the field of services in Mauritius so far.In the field of investment, the agreement has been greatly upgraded from the 1996 China-Mauritius bilateral investment protection agreement in terms of protection scope, protection level and dispute settlement mechanism.This is the first time that China has upgraded the previous investment protection agreement with an African country, which will not only provide stronger protection for Chinese enterprises to go to Mauritius, but also help them further boost investment cooperation in Africa through the platform of Mauritius, according to the MOC.Meanwhile, the two sides also agreed to further deepen economic and technical cooperation in agriculture, finance, medical care, tourism and other fields.

- chinese cultural center

• Mauritius President Prithvirajsing Roopun attended a party to welcome the new director of the China Cultural Center in Mauritius on Jan 31.http://en.chinaculture.org/2020-02/06/content_1475027.htm

China and Hong Kong
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20140714/PDF/b2_screen.pdf

taiwan
- 台灣的行政院客家委員會原定於本周二至下月七日在非洲島國毛里裘斯，與當地客家社團合辦「客家美食周」。惟客委會在上周六接獲通知，大陸向舉辦活動的酒店施壓，活動被迫取消。對此，陸委會主任李永得批評陸方做法粗暴無禮，表示強烈抗議與不滿。台外交部亦嚴厲譴責，並指已請駐南非代表處持續關注並提供協助。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180226/00178_005.html

hong kong
- news supp

• china daily special 24may17 
• scmp national day supp 12mar18, 12mar19

- investors from mauritius

•  https://business.mega.mu/2017/02/09/abc-banking-corporation-simplante-hong-kong/ ABC Banking Corporation disposera très prochainement d’un bureau de représentation à Hong Kong à la suite de l’obtention d’une licence de la Hong Kong Monetary Authority, le 18 janvier. Par le biais de cette présence à Hong Kong, ABC Banking Corporation se donne les moyens de développer ses activités offshores, en mettant aux services d’investisseurs chinois de nombreux avantages. L’adhésion de Maurice aux différentes organisations africaines, tels la Southern Africa Development Community ou le Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, est aussi un argument clé pour ces investisseurs. Il faut, à cela, ajouter les traités signés avec d’autres pays en Afrique pour encourager l’investissement.

•  http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/03/10/a01-0310.pdf congrat ad

- hk people in mauritius

• appledaily 29may19 hk emigrant in mauritius

country info
- ft 30oct18 "mauritius at 50" supp

metals manufacturing

An electric arc furnace (EAF) is a furnace that heats charged material by means of an electric arc. Industrial arc furnaces range in size from small units of approximately one ton capacity (used in foundries for producing cast iron products) up to about 400 ton units used for secondary steelmaking. Arc furnaces used in research laboratories and by dentists may have a capacity of only a few dozen grams. Industrial electric arc furnace temperatures can reach 1,800 °C (3,272 °F), while laboratory units can exceed 3,000 °C (5,432 °F).Arc furnaces differ from induction furnaces, in that the charged material is directly exposed to an electric arc and the current in the furnace terminals passes through the charged material.

- 馬來西亞政府上月在柔佛州南部的港口，發現一百一十桶來自羅馬尼亞的有毒金屬廢物電弧爐粉塵，重達一千八百六十公噸。環境及水利部表示，今次是馬國史上最大宗的有毒廢物傾倒案，目前已把廢物送回羅馬尼亞，並要求國際刑警組織調查。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200722/00180_022.html 

GETTING metal from Plant 

- https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24933160-900-plants-that-suck-metals-from-the-soil-can-be-farmed-to-make-our-tech/ the first metal farms are now springing up in China, Europe and Malaysia. On the face of it, these farms are all-round winners: the profits are tidy, the environmental credentials excellent. So steel yourself for the latest disruptive mining technology: the plant.The nickel colouring the blue-green sap of the shrub van der Ent discovered is just one of the metals we depend on. Nickel has long been a crucial ingredient in stainless steel.Read more: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24933160-900-plants-that-suck-metals-from-the-soil-can-be-farmed-to-make-our-tech/#ixzz6j8gW1vNA


gold
- https://www.quora.com/How-did-ancient-civilizations-melt-gold-if-gold-melts-over-1064%C2%BAC

- 《夷堅丁志》卷十七《琉璃瓶》記載，有一次，宋徽宗將十個紫琉璃膽瓶交給一太監，讓他請工匠在瓶膽裏面鍍層金。這太監拿着瓶子，專門去了趟皇家工坊，工匠們都表示幹不了這活：在瓶子裏加層金，要用鐵篦烙印才能黏合緊密，但這些瓶子頸口窄，鐵篦伸不進去，且裏面的琉璃膽又脆又薄，不能用手碰一下，如果強行製作，一定會弄碎了瓶子。所以，大家寧願違命也不敢動手。　　有一天，太監去街上轉悠，看見一個錫工賣的陶器甚為精美，就試着拿了個瓶子，讓錫工在內膽加上金，結果非常精美，太監就將錫工帶進宮。　只見錫工將金子鎔化鍛造，直到金子薄得像一層紙了，然後就將金子裹在瓶子外。工匠們都笑了：這樣的事，誰不會呀。那錫工聞此，也不答話，只是笑笑，很快，他將裹着的金箔取下來，包在筷子上，再頂到瓶子裏去，然後，稍微加進些水銀，塞緊瓶子口，再左右均勻搖動。過了好一會，金箔就嚴密地附着在瓶子裏面了，沒有一絲縫隙。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20201224/PDF/a20_screen.pdf

copper
-鷹潭是世界銅都，金屬鏨刻是利用金、銀、銅等金屬材料 的延展性而興盛起來的中國傳統手工技藝， 迄今已有3,000多年歷史。 僅就鏨刻工序而言，完成一件作品，需要 用150多種不同的鏨子和勾、落、串、點、台、壓、採、絲 等十多種工藝技法，耗時從數天到數月不等。黃俊軍於 2012年創辦江西中鼎金 屬工藝製品有限公司，2015年創立 尚銅堂品牌，立志讓非遺傳統走進 生活。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/10/08/a20-1008.pdf

Damascening is the art of inlaying different metals into one another—typically, gold or silver into a darkly oxidized steel background—to produce intricate patterns similar to niello. The English term comes from a perceived resemblance to the rich tapestry patterns of damask silk.The technique, while also being used on firearms, has a long history in Japan, where it was used to decorate katana fittings, particularly tsuba. Known as zougan (象嵌) in Japanese, it has developed its own subset of terms to describe the particular patterns, although "shippou-zougan" is an enamelling technique which most Westerners would consider closer to champlevé. Damascened-inlay jewelry, especially of Japanese origin, is sometimes referred to as shakudo from the use of that alloy as the dark background. The technique of niello is also famously attested in prehistoric Greece. The earliest occurrence of damascening in the Aegean, from the Shaft Graves of Mycenae, dates to the latest Middle Bronze Age/Middle Helladic IIIB period (dagger Nu-304). Ultimately of Near Eastern provenance, the technique of inlaying silver/gold was adapted to suit Aegean taste and style. Cities that are known for a rich history in Damascening where the technique is still practiced are Malaysia, Indonesia, Toledo, Spain, Eibar, Basque Country and Kyoto, Japan.

- Toledo has long been the major European centre, although most modern production is machine made, sometimes on tin rather than steel. Nevertheless, the art has long been practised in Persia, Japan and even China.

Iron

- The iron dagger in Tut’s tomb was found to be relatively free of iron oxide normally associated with iron blades of similar age. There were a few blemishes here and there, but not a lot. The explanation, so far as I know, is that the blade was made with meteorite iron which had a high nickel content. Blades made with extraterrestrial iron often exhibit a high resistance to oxidation.https://www.quora.com/Why-doesn-t-King-Tut-s-dagger-rust

Ferrosilicon is an alloy of iron and silicon with a typical silicon content by weight of 15–90%. It contains a high proportion of iron silicides.Ferrosilicon is used as a source of silicon to reduce metals from their oxides and to deoxidize steel and other ferrous alloys. This prevents the loss of carbon from the molten steel (so called blocking the heat); ferromanganese, spiegeleisen, calcium silicides, and many other materials are used for the same purpose.^[4] It can be used to make other ferroalloys. Ferrosilicon is also used for manufacture of silicon, corrosion-resistant and high-temperature-resistant ferrous silicon alloys, and silicon steel for electromotors and transformer cores. In the manufacture of cast iron, ferrosilicon is used for inoculation of the iron to accelerate graphitization. In arc welding, ferrosilicon can be found in some electrode coatings.Ferrosilicon is used by the military to quickly produce hydrogen for balloons by the ferrosilicon method. The chemical reaction uses sodium hydroxide, ferrosilicon, and water. The generator is small enough to fit in a truck and requires only a small amount of electric power, the materials are stable and not combustible, and they do not generate hydrogen until mixed.^[5] The method has been in use since World War I. Prior to this, the process and purity of hydrogen generation relying on steam passing over hot iron was difficult to control.^[6] While in the "silicol" process, a heavy steel pressure vessel is filled with sodium hydroxide and ferrosilicon, and upon closing, a controlled amount of water is added; the dissolving of the hydroxide heats the mixture to about 200 °F (93 °C) and starts the reaction; sodium silicate, hydrogen and steam are produced.

錫 Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from Latin: stannum) and atomic number50. Tin is a silvery metal that characteristically has a faint yellow hue. Tin, like indium, is soft enough to be cut without much force. When a bar of tin is bent, the so-called tin cry can be heard as a result of sliding tin crystals reforming; this trait is shared by indium, cadmium, and frozen mercury. Pure tin after solidifying keeps a mirror-like appearance similar to most metals. However, in most tin alloys (such as pewter) the metal solidifies with a dull gray color.Tin resists corrosion from water, but can be attacked by acids and alkalis. Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protective coat for other metals. A protective oxide (passivation) layer prevents further oxidation, the same that forms on pewter and other tin alloys. Tin acts as a catalyst when oxygen is in solution and helps to accelerate the chemical reaction.锡的主要来源是它的一种氧化物矿物锡石（SnO₂），盛產於中国雲南、馬來西亞等地。锡是人类知道最早的金属之一，从古代开始它就是青铜的组成部分之一。早在前36世纪锡就被用来硬化铜。约从前7世纪开始人类认识到纯的锡。於戰國時期就開始用來作武器的主要材料，無錫即以此命名，相傳無錫於戰國時期盛產錫，到了錫礦用盡之時，人們就以無錫來命名這地方，作為天下沒有戰爭的寄望。今天有时锡这个词也被用在没有锡或只有很少锡的物体上。比如许多“锡纸”实际上是铝纸。大多数锡罐实际上是钢罐，上面涂有一层非常薄的锡。

- [韩艺色] vikings made drinking cups with tin 

〈名〉 字从金从俞。“俞”意为“捷径”、“直接”。“金”与“俞”联合起来表示“直接得到的铜”（即不必经过人工冶炼的自然铜矿石）。本义：自然铜矿石。字义：自然铜（黄铜矿石）鍮石,又简称“鍮” [chalcopyrite]。一种黄色有光泽的矿石，即黄铜矿或自然铜鍮石似金而非金也。——唐·慧琳《一切经音义》又指人造鍮。即以炉甘石(菱锌矿)与铜共炼而得的一种铜锌合金 [calamine-copper alloy]吕卢甘石炼铜成鍮。——《六书故》鍮，汉字，从金从俞，意思是“直接得到的铜”（即不必经过人工冶炼的黄铜矿石）。《广韵》托侯切《集韵》《韵会》他侯切，𠀤音偷。《玉篇》鍮石似金。《一统志》荅儿密，古之丹眉流国，产鍮石。《格古要论》鍮石，自然铜之精也。今炉甘石炼成者，假鍮也。崔昉曰：铜一斤，炉甘石一斤，炼之成鍮石。眞鍮生波斯国者，如黄金烧之，赤色不黑。《本草纲目》水银堕地，鍮石可引上。　　又姓。《正字通》南凉臣鍮勿伦。　《集韵》或作鋀。

- The distinct Korean bronzeware yugi comprises firm and solid dishes made with 78% copper and 22% tin, and its dining utensils are known to be non-toxic, odorless and pollution free.On top of its excellent thermal and cooling effects, yugi is outstanding in sterilization as well. Thus the tableware is considered precious for its ability to keep food fresh over a prolonged period. Yugi was often given as part of a dowry or used during ancestral rites, frequently being passed down from one generation to the next due to its durability. In the past, the tableware was also used to help the king detect poison, as a yugi dish would turn dark if a toxic food touched it.From ancient times, China used ceramic plates, Japan wooden ones and Korea yugi. Other countries use iron tableware, but Korea is the only one that uses one that is combined copper and tin. When making bronze, the percentage of tin used in the process is within 10%. Because as tin is highly fragile, raising its portion increases the difficulty of making bronze. Koreans, however, devised a distinct metal technology that increased the strength of materials through molding even while increasing the portion of tin.Yugi is made by repeating the process of overlaying alloy plates, or melting copper and tin and beating and hardening the plates by submersion in cold water. The repetition of beating and solidifying makes the alloy structure denser and harder. That is why yugi is nicknamed "a plate borne of a thousand beatings." The tableware neither bends nor breaks, so its use is not restricted to the dining table but extends to other useful items such as basins, gongs and kkwaenggwari (small flat gong). Koreans have used yugi since the Bronze Age and expanded its use during the Goryeo  Dynasty to Buddhist crafts and household goods. The tableware was also produced as goryeodong (Goryeo bronzeware) for export to China. When Korea was under Japanese occupation, the yugi industry declined due to Japan's confiscation of most yugi in each household to secure military supplies. The tableware seemed back in fashion after liberation but its use declined with the adoption of stainless steel and plastic after the 1960s.https://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=196651

A sickle, bagging hook or reaping-hook is a single-handed agricultural tool designed with variously curved blades and typically used for harvesting, or reaping, grain crops or cutting succulent forage chiefly for feeding livestock, either freshly cut or dried as hay. Falx was a synonym but was later used to mean any of a number of tools that had a curved blade that was sharp on the inside edge such as a scythe.Since the beginning of the Iron Age hundreds of region-specific variants of the sickle have evolved, initially of iron and later steel. The development of the sickle in Mesopotamia can be traced back to times that pre-date the Neolithic Era. Large quantities of sickle blades have been excavated in sites surrounding Israel that have been dated to the Epipaleolithic era (18000-8000 BC).The sickle had a profound impact on the Agricultural Revolution by assisting in the transition to farming and crop based lifestyle. It is now accepted that the use of sickles led directly to the domestication of Near Eastern Wild grasses.^[1] Research on domestication rates of wild cereals under primitive cultivation found that the use of the sickle in harvesting was critical to the people of early Mesopotamia.The sickle remained common in the Bronze Age, both in the Ancient Near East and in Europe. Numerous sickles have been found deposited in hoards in the context of the European Urnfield culture (e.g. Frankleben hoard), suggesting a symbolic or religious significance attached to the artifact.In archaeological terminology, Bronze Age sickles are classified by the method of attaching the handle. E.g. the knob-sickle (German Knopfsichel) is so called because of a protruding knob at the base of the blade which apparently served to stabilize the attachment of the blade to the handle.

The sickle played a prominent role in the Druids' Ritual of oak and mistletoe as described from a single passage in Pliny the Elder's Natural History.

- Like other farming tools, the sickle can be used as an improvised bladed weapon. Examples include the Japanese kusarigama and kama, the Chinese chicken sickles, and the makraka of the Zande people of north central Africa. Paulus Hector Mair, the author of a German Renaissance combat manual also has a chapter about fighting with sickles. It is particularly prevalent in the martial arts of Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. In Indonesia, the native sickle known as celurit or clurit is commonly associated with the Madurese people, used for both fighting and as a domestic tool.

- The hammer and sickle is a symbol representing proletarian solidarity, a union between the peasantry and working-class. It was first adapted during the Russian Revolution, the hammer representing the workers and the sickle representing the peasants.The emblem of the Grim Reaper, who is sometimes portrayed as carrying a sickle rather than the more traditional scythe.Tacitus reports that golden sickles were used in Druidic rituals.Paulus Hector Mair's Manuscript Dresd. C 93 includes a section regarding the martial application of the sickle.Three (or two) entwined sickles were the heraldic badge of the medieval Hungerford family. See also Hungerford knot.

- 明代嵇元夫的《刈麥夜歸》，與范詩有異曲同工之妙：「西莊刈麥夜半歸，明月皎皎當柴扉。櫓聲隔岸人語近，斗柄插江霜氣微。」詩中刈麥農夫辛苦到夜半才歸家，但望着豐收的莊稼，心情是愉悅暢快的。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/09/12/b06-0912.pdf

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