Friday, May 22, 2020

vietnam history

 name of vietnam
  • Việt Nam (About this sound listen) is a variation of Nam Việt (Southern Việt), a name that can be traced back to the Triệu dynasty (2nd century BC).[1] The word "Việt" originated as a shortened form of Bách Việt, a word used to refer to a people who lived in what is now southern China in ancient times. The word "Việt Nam", with the syllables in the modern order, first appears in the 16th century in a poem by Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm. "Annam", which originated as a Chinese name in the seventh century, was the common name of the country during the colonial period. Nationalist writer Phan Bội Châu revived the name "Vietnam" in the early 20th century. When rival communist and anti-communist governments were set up in 1945, both immediately adopted this as the country's official name. In English, the two syllables are usually combined into one word, "Vietnam." However, "Viet Nam" was once common usage and is still used by the United Nations and by the Vietnamese government. Throughout history, there were many names used to refer to Vietnam. Besides official names, there are names that are used unofficially to refer to territory of Vietnam. Vietnam was called Văn Lang during the Hùng Vương Dynasty, Âu Lạc when An Dương was king, Nam Việt during the Triệu Dynasty, Van Xuan during the Anterior Lý Dynasty, Đại Cồ Việt during the Đinh dynasty and Early Lê dynasty. Starting in 1054, Vietnam was called Đại Việt (Great Viet).[2] During the Hồ dynasty, Vietnam was called Đại Ngu.
  • hkej 13sep17 shum article
  • "Trung Quốc" 中國 was used as a name for Vietnam by Gia Long in 1805.[11] Minh Mang used the name "Trung Quốc" 中國 to call Vietnam.[13] Vietnamese Nguyen Emperor Minh Mạngsinicized ethnic minorities such as Cambodians, claimed the legacy of Confucianism and China's Han dynasty for Vietnam, and used the term Han people 漢人 to refer to the Vietnamese.[14] Minh Mang declared that "We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become more infected by Han [Sino-Vietnamese] customs."[15] This policies were directed at the Khmer and hill tribes.[16] The Nguyen lord Nguyen Phuc Chu had referred to Vietnamese as "Han people" in 1712 when differentiating between Vietnamese and Chams. Chinese clothing was forced on Vietnamese people by the Nguyễn.
- The Hồng Bàng period (Vietnamese: thời kỳ Hồng Bàng), also called the Hồng Bàng dynasty, was a period inVietnamese history spanning from the political union in 2879 BC of many tribes of the northern Red River Valley to the conquest by An Dương Vương in 258 BC. It began with Kinh Dương Vương as the first Hùng king (Vietnamese: Hùng Vương), a title used in many modern discussions of the ancient Vietnamese rulers of this period.[5] The Hùng king was the absolute monarch of the country (then known as Xích Quỷ and later Văn Lang) and, at least in theory, wielded complete control of the land and its resources. The history of the Hồng Bàng epoch occurred in a series of eighteen Hùng king dynasties, divided by cultural periods. The Hùng king period was thriving along with the water-rice civilization in the Red River Delta, throughout most of the Bronze Age. Numerous wars were fought in the late stage of the period.
- 趙眜（粵拼：ziu6 mut6，越南語：Triệu Mạt；？－前122年），一名趙胡[1]，中國西漢時期南越國的第二代君主，公元前137年至前122年在位，是南越國第一代君主趙佗的孫子，號稱「南越文王」或「南越文帝」。[2]他的陵墓位於今廣州市解放北路的象崗山上，是著名的「南越王墓」。
- Lý Thái Tổ (Chinese: 李太祖, 974 - 1028), birth name Lý Công Uẩn (李公蘊), courtesy nameTriệu Diên (兆衍), was the founder of the Later Lý Dynasty in Vietnam; he reigned from 1009 to 1028. Lý Thái Tổ is best known[citation needed] for relocating the imperial capital from Hoa Lư to Thăng Long (modern day Hà Nội) in 1010 AD.[11][12] He is generally viewed as the founder of the city of Hà Nội. In 2010, the city of Hà Nội celebrated its 1000th anniversary and in honoring Lý Thái Tổ.Lý Thái Tổ died in 1028 at the age of 55 according to the royal official accounts. He was buried at “Thọ Lăng” meaning the Mausoleum of Longevity, outside of Thiên Đức Palace. His designated regal name was "Thái Tổ" meaning "The Supreme Forefather"; his posthumous imperial title was “Thần Võ Hoàng Đế” meaning "The Revered Martial Emperor". Today the ancestor spirit of Lý Thái Tổ is among those popularly honoured in rites at national shrines.


- Đại Việt (大越, IPA: [ɗâjˀ vìət], literally Great Viet) is the name of Vietnam for the periods from 1054 to 1400 and 1428 to 1804. Beginning with the rule of Lý Thánh Tông (r. 1054–1072), the third emperor of the Lý Dynasty, until the rule of Gia Long (r. 1802–1820), the first emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty, it was the second-longest used name for the country after "Văn Lang". Previously, since the rule of Đinh Tiên Hoàng (r. 968–979), the country had been referred to officially as Đại Cồ Việt (大瞿越); cồ (瞿) in the name of Gautama Buddha (瞿曇·喬達摩). The term "Việt" is the same as the Chinese word "Yue", a name in ancient times of various non-Chinese groups who lived in what is now northern/southern China and northern Vietnam ; so it means "Great Buddhist Viet". In 1010 Lý Thái Tổ, founder of the Lý Dynasty, moved the capital of Đại Cồ Việt to Thăng Long (Hanoi) and built the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long where the Hanoi Citadel later stood. In 1054, Lý Thánh Tông – the third Lý emperor – renamed the country to Đại Việt. In 1149 the Lý dynasty opened Vân Đồn seaport in the modern north-eastern province of Quảng Ninh for foreign trade. The Dai Viet successfully stopped attacks by the Khmer Empire, under Suryavarman II, in 1128, 1132 and 1138. A final expedition in 1150 had to withdraw before it could attack. In 1400, the founder of the Hồ dynasty, Hồ Quý Ly, changed the country's name to "Đại Ngu" (大虞). In 1407, Vietnam once fell under Ming dynasty domination, which lasted until 1427, they renamed the area "Giao Chỉ". In 1428, Lê Lợi, the founder of the Lê dynasty, liberated Giao Chỉ and once again restored the kingdom as "Đại Việt". The name "Đại Việt" came to end when the Nguyễn dynasty took power. The country's name was officially changed yet again, in 1804, this time to "Việt Nam" (越南) by Gia Long.

  • hkej 13sep17 shum article

- The Trần dynasty (Nhà Trần, 陳朝, Trần triều[2][3]) ruled in Vietnam (then known as Đại Việt) from 1225 to 1400. The dynasty was founded when emperor Trần Thái Tông ascended to the throne after his uncle Trần Thủ Độ orchestrated the overthrow of the Lý dynasty. The final emperor of the dynasty was Thiếu Đế, who at the age of five years was forced to abdicate the throne in favor of his maternal grandfather, Hồ Quý Ly. The Trần dynasty defeated three Mongol invasions, most notably in the decisive Battle of Bạch Đằng River in 1288.
- The Later Lê dynasty (Vietnamese: Nhà Hậu Lê; Chữ Hán: 家後黎), sometimes referred to as the Lê dynasty (the earlier Lê dynasty ruled only for a brief period (980–1009)), was the longest-ruling dynasty of Vietnam, ruling the country from 1428 to 1789, with a brief six-year interruption of the Mạc dynasty usurpers (1527–1533). Vietnamese historians usually distinguish the 100-year Primitive Lê Dynasty (1428 to 1527) from 256-years of figurehead emperors of the Restored Lê Dynasty (1533 to 1789) following the dynasty's restoration by powerful warlords.The dynasty officially began in 1428 with the enthronement of Lê Lợi after he drove the Ming army from Vietnam. In 1527, the Mạc dynasty usurped the throne; when the Lê dynasty was restored in 1533, they still had to compete for power with the Mạc dynasty during the period known as Southern and Northern Dynasties. The restored Lê emperors held no real power, and by the time the Mạc dynasty was confined to only a small area in 1592 and finally eradicated in 1677, actual power was in the hands of the Nguyễn lords in the South and the Trịnh lords in the North, both ruling in the name of the Lê emperor while fighting each other. Their rule officially ended in 1789, when the peasant uprising of the Tây Sơn brothers defeated both the Trịnh and the Nguyễn, ironically in order to restore power to the Lê dynasty. The Lê dynasty's rule saw Vietnam's territories expanded, through domination of the Kingdom of Champa, from the small state of Đại Việt in northern Vietnam at the time of Lê Lợi's enthronement into almost its current size by the time the Tây Sơn brothers took over. It also saw massive changes to Vietnamese society: the previously Buddhist state became Confucian after 20 years of Ming rule. The Lê emperors instituted many changes modeled after the Chinese system, including the civil service and laws. Their long-lasting rule was attributed to the popularity of the early emperors. Lê Lợi's liberation of the country from 20 years of Ming rule and Lê Thánh Tông's bringing the country into a golden age was well-remembered by the people. Even when restored Lê emperors' rule was marked by civil strife and constant peasant uprisings, few dared to openly challenge their power, at least in name, for fear of losing popular support. When the Mạc dynasty tried to do so, they were not successful and were considered as usurpers and not recorded in official histories by later dynasties.後黎朝（越南語：Nhà Hậu Lê），越南的一個朝代，由黎利於1428年（中國明宣宗宣德三年）創立，國號大越。後黎朝可以分為前期和後期兩部份。前期與莫朝南北對峙；到了後期，阮主和鄭主分據南北對峙，後黎朝皇帝僅為鄭主的傀儡。部份越南的歷史學者，先將1428年至1527年的前期稱作黎初朝（越南語：Nhà Lê sơ／家黎初），後將1533年至1789年的後期稱作黎中興朝（越南語：Nhà Lê trung hưng／家黎中興），以示區別。
- The name of Tây Sơn is used in various ways to refer to the period of peasant rebellions and decentralized dynasties established between the end of the figurehead Later Lê dynasty and beginning of the Nguyễn dynasties in the history of Vietnam between 1770 and 1802. Some academics refer to this period as the "Tây Sơn uprising." The name is used to refer to the leaders of this revolt (the Tây Sơn brothers), their uprising (the Tây Sơn Uprising) or their rule (the Tây Sơn dynasty or Nguyễn Tây Sơn dynasty).
- The term Champa refers to a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is today central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 7th century through 19th century (1832), before being absorbed and annexed by the Vietnamese state. The kingdom was known variously as nagara Campa (Sanskrit; Khmer: ចាម្ប៉ា) in theChamic and Cambodian inscriptions,Chăm Pa in Vietnamese (Chiêm Thành inSino-Vietnamese vocabulary) and 占城(Zhànchéng) in Chinese records. The Chams of modern Vietnam and Cambodia are the remnants of this former kingdom. They speak Chamic languages, a subfamily of Malayo-Polynesian closely related to the Malayic and Bali–Sasak languages. Champa was preceded in the region by a kingdom called Linyi (林邑, Lim Ip in Middle Chinese) or Lâm Ấp (Vietnamese) that was in existence from 192 AD; the historical relationship between Linyi and Champa is not clear. Champa reached its apogee in the 9th and 10th centuries. Thereafter, it began a gradual decline under pressure from Đại Việt, the Vietnamese polity centred in the region of modern Hanoi. In 1832, the Vietnamese emperor Minh Mạngannexed the remaining Cham territories.
- French Indochina (previously spelled asFrench Indo-China) (French: Indochine française; Khmer: សហភាពឥណ្ឌូចិន;Vietnamese: Đông Dương thuộc Pháp,pronounced [ɗoŋm zɰəŋ tʰuə̀k fǎp], frequently abbreviated to Đông Pháp; Lao:ຝຣັ່ງແຫຼັມອິນດູຈີນ; Cantonese: 法屬印度支那;faat3 suk6 jan3 dou6 zi1 naa5), officially known as the Indochinese Union (Union indochinoise) after 1887 and theIndochinese Federation (Fédération indochinoise) after 1947, was a grouping of French colonial territories in Southeast Asia.


- Bảo Đại (Chữ Nôm: 保大, lit. "keeper of greatness", 22 October 1913 – 30 July 1997), born Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy, was the 13th and final emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty, which was the last ruling family ofVietnam. From 1926 to 1945, he was emperor of Annam. During this period, Annam was a protectorate within French Indochina, covering the central two-thirds of the present-day Vietnam. Bảo Đại ascended the throne in 1932.[2] The Japanese ousted the Vichy-French administration in March 1945 and then ruled through Bảo Đại. At this time, he renamed his country "Vietnam". He abdicated in August 1945 when Japan surrendered. From 1949 until 1955, Bảo Đại was the chief of state of the State of Vietnam (South Vietnam). Bảo Đại was criticized for being too closely associated with France and spending much of his time outside of Vietnam. Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm eventually ousted him in afraudulent referendum vote in 1955.
- 南圻自治共和国（越南语：Cộng hòa Tự trị Nam Kỳ／共和自治南圻），简称南圻共和国（越南语：Cộng hòa Nam Kỳ／共和南圻）和南圻国（越南语：Nam Kỳ Quốc／南圻國），法语称交趾支那自治共和国（République autonome de Cochinchine），是一个自1946年至1949年于越南南部地区存在的法属傀儡政权和保护国。由于越南南部涉及较多法国的利益，为了与争取独立和统一的越南民主共和国政权抗衡，法国推动了南圻自治运动，目的是使南圻在法属印度支那联邦框架下建立一个独立于越南的自治共和国，而不是与越南合并。1946年3月26日，南圻自治共和国临时政府成立，选举阮文清为总理。6月1日，南圻自治共和国正式成立。

  • national anthem - The Chinh phụ ngâm ("Lament of the soldier's wife", 征婦吟) is a poem in classical Chinese written by the Vietnamese author Đặng Trần Côn (1710-1745).[1] It is also called the Chinh phụ ngâm khúc (征婦吟曲), with the additional -khúc ("tune", 曲) emphasizing that it can be performed as a musical piece not just read as a plain "lament" (ngâm, 吟).The Chinese-language poem was translated into vernacular chữ Nôm by several translators including Phan Huy Ích and Đoàn Thị Điểm.[2][3] It was also translated into Japanese,[4] English,[5] French[6] and Korean languages.

- South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (RVN), was a state governing the southern half of the current Socialist Republic of Vietnam from 1955 to 1975. It received international recognition in 1949 as the "State of Vietnam" (as a self-governing entity in the French Empire), with a constitutional monarchy (1949–55), and later as the "Republic of Vietnam" (1955–75). Its capital was Saigon. The term "South Vietnam" became common usage in 1954, when the Geneva Conference provisionally partitioned Vietnam into communist and non-communist parts. The Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed on 26 October 1955, with Ngô Đình Diệm as its first president, after having briefly served as premier under Emperor Bao Dai who was exiled.[1] Its sovereignty was recognized by the United States and eighty-seven other nations. It had membership in several special committees of the United Nations, and would have been a member of the United Nations itself had it not been for a Soviet veto in 1957. South Vietnam's origins can be traced to the French colony of Cochinchina, which consisted of the southern third of Vietnam which was Cochinchina [Nam Kỳ], a subdivision of French Indochina, and the southern half of Central Vietnam or Annam [Trung Kỳ] which was a French protectorate. After the Second World War, the anti-Japanese Viet Minh guerrilla forces, led by Ho Chi Minh, proclaimed the establishment of a Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi in September, 1945, issuing a Declaration of Independence modeled on the American one from 1776. In 1949, anti-communist Vietnamese politicians formed a rival government in Saigon led by former emperor Bảo Đại. 越南共和国（越南语：Việt Nam Cộng Hòa／越南共和）常简称为南越，是越南南方越南国政权通过1955年越南公民投票而改制建立的总统制共和国，首都为西贡（今胡志明市），首任总统为吴廷琰[1]，得到了包括美国在内的87个国家的外交承认。越南战争中，南越与北越（越南民主共和国）对立，1975年為北越和越南南方民族解放阵线所滅。

  • links with hk, migration of 尹光 (from a wealthy family) hkej 14sep17 shum article
- 越南南方民族解放陣線The Việt Cộng (Vietnamese: [vîət kə̂wŋmˀ] (About this sound listen)), also known as the National Liberation Front, was a mass political organization in South Vietnam and Cambodia with its own army – the People's Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam (PLAF) – that fought against the United States and South Vietnamese governments during the Vietnam War, eventually emerging on the winning side. It had both guerrilla and regular army units, as well as a network of cadres who organized peasants in the territory it controlled. Many soldiers were recruited in South Vietnam, but others were attached to the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN), the regular North Vietnamese army. During the war, communists and anti-war activists insisted the Việt Cộng was an insurgency indigenous to the South, while the U.S. and South Vietnamese governments portrayed the group as a tool of Hanoi. Although the terminology distinguishes northerners from the southerners, communist forces were under a single command structure set up in 1958. North Vietnam established the National Liberation Front on December 20, 1960, to foment insurgency in the South. Many of the Việt Cộng's core members were volunteer "regroupees", southern Việt Minh who had resettled in the North after the Geneva Accord (1954). Hanoi gave the regroupees military training and sent them back to the South along the Ho Chi Minh trail in the early 1960s. The NLF called for southern Vietnamese to "overthrow the camouflaged colonial regime of the American imperialists" and to make "efforts toward the peaceful unification". The PLAF's best-known action was the Tet Offensive, a gigantic assault on more than 100 South Vietnamese urban centers in 1968, including an attack on the U.S. embassy in Saigon. The offensive riveted the attention of the world's media for weeks, but also overextended the Việt Cộng. Later communist offensives were conducted predominantly by the North Vietnamese. The organization was dissolved in 1976 when North and South Vietnam were officially unified under a communist government.
- The Mỹ Lai Massacre was the Vietnam War mass killing of between 347 and 504 unarmed civilians in South Vietnam on March 16, 1968. It was committed by U.S. Army soldiers from the Company C of the 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 11th Brigade of the 23rd (Americal) Infantry Division.
- The Vietnam War ended on April 30, 1975 with the Fall of Saigon to the North Vietnamese Army and the evacuation of more than 130,000 Vietnamese closely associated with the United States or the South Vietnamese regime began. Most of the evacuees were resettled in the United States inOperation New Life and Operation New Arrivals. In 1975, communists also took over in Cambodia and Laos, engendering a steady flow of refugees fleeing all three countries. After the Saigon evacuation, the numbers of Vietnamese leaving their country remained relatively small until mid-1978. A number of factors contributed to the refugee crisis, including economic hardship and wars between Vietnam, China, and Cambodia. One million people, especially those associated with the former government of South Vietnam, were sent to re-education camps, often for several years.Another million people, mostly city dwellers, "volunteered" to live in "New Economic Zones" where they were to survive by reclaiming land and clearing jungle to grow crops. In addition, the Vietnamese government may have carried out 100,000 extrajudicial executions from 1975 to 1985. Repression was especially severe on the Hoa, the ethnic Chinese population of Vietnam. Because of increasing tensions between Vietnam and China, which ultimately resulted in China's 1979 invasion of Vietnam, the Hoa were seen by the Vietnamese government as a security threat. They also controlled much of the retail trade in South Vietnam, and the communist government increasingly levied them with taxes, restrictions on trade, and confiscations of their businesses. In May 1978, the Hoa began to leave Vietnam in large numbers for China, initially by land. By the end of 1979, resulting from the Sino-Vietnamese War, 250,000 Hoa had sought refuge in China and many tens of thousands more were among the boat people scattered all over Southeast Asia and in Hong Kong. The Vietnamese government and its officials profited from the outflow of refugees, especially the often well-to-do Hoa. The price for obtaining exits permits, documentation, and a boat or ship, often derelict, to leave Vietnam was reported to be the equivalent of $3,000 for adults and half that for children. These payments were often made in the form of gold bars. Many poorer Vietnamese left their country secretly without documentation and in flimsy boats, and these were the most vulnerable to pirates and storms while at sea.[13] There were many methods employed by Vietnamese citizens to leave the country. Most were secret and done at night; some involved the bribing of top government officials.[14] Some people bought places in large boats that held up to several hundred passengers. Others boarded fishing boats (fishing being a common occupation in Vietnam) and left that way. One method used involved middle-class refugees from Saigon, armed with forged identity documents, traveling approximately 1,100 km to Danang by road. On arrival, they would take refuge for up to two days in safe houses while waiting for fishing junks and trawlers to take small groups into international waters.[citation needed] Planning for such a trip took many months and even years. Although these attempts often caused a depletion of resources, people usually had several false starts before they managed to escape.
- land reform (between second national party congress (1951) and the third congress (1960)
- Đổi Mới (Vietnamese: [ɗo᷉i mə̌ːi]; English: "Renovation") is the name given to the economic reforms initiated in Vietnam in 1986 with the goal of creating a "socialist-oriented market economy". The term đổi mớiitself is a general term with wide use in the Vietnamese language. However, the Doi Moi Policy (Chính sách Đổi Mới) refers specifically to these reforms. The communist government in the north, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), adopted a centrally planned economy at its inception. Under the command economy, the central government decided output targets and prices, input supplies, domestic wholesale and retail trade, and international trade; the state was aiming at creating a vertically integrated economy where there was no commercial contact among individual production units horizontally.[1]:200 In the agricultural sector, the government formed cooperatives in three stages; production solidarity groups, lower-level cooperatives where land and equipment were shared, and higher-level cooperatives in which a system of workpoints determined distribution of all income.[2] However, the command economy was abolished by the late 1980s following the 6th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam.革新（越南語：Đổi mới）指的是越南自1986年開始學習中國大陸由鄧小平等人所創立的改革開放，並實行經濟改革，向中國借鏡和學習。目的是建立社會主義主導的市場經濟。在越南語中，「đổi mới」一詞作為泛稱被廣泛使用，但「革新政策」（Chính sách Đổi Mới）特別專指這些政策。文化思想領域革新被稱為開放（越南語：Cởi Mở）。在中文界，一般把這兩方面的改革統稱為革新開放，常被同中國的改革開放做比較。日本語では「刷新」と翻訳された。

  • [vasavakul] 
  • Carl Thayer (2014) identifies four groups (acts against the social republic of vietnam) targeted by the state's repressive measures since the first decade of the twenty first century: political activists under the name bloc 8406, catholic church-led land protestors, zen buddhist followers of thich nhat hanh, and ethnic minority activists in the central highlands.
  • each state agency designs its own satisfaction index for public admin services (SIPAS) using the four following service areas: citizen access to services, simplicity of administrative procedures, quality of services, and overall work results of state agencies.Every ministry and province has its own inspection unit.

- http://www.thanhniennews.com/arts-culture/tv-animation-series-explores-vietnam-history-60929.html the first ever attempt to narrate the history of Vietnam in animation is now showing on Vietnam Television (VTV). Hao khi ngan nam (literally, Thousand-year Spirit), a 2D-animation series made by Truong Thanh Media, is broadcast on VTV1 at 9:55 pm every weekday. With the exception of the 20th century with its wars with the French and Americans, the country’s history and historical topics are yet to be properly explored in film, literature or other art forms. Hao khi ngan nam covers Vietnamese history from the period of the Hung Kings to the end of the Le-Trinh Dynasty. Each five-minute episode is about a historical figure, event or story.
- places

  • http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/08/11/a31-0811.pdf順化 （Hue），位於越南中部，北距河內 540公 里，南距胡志明市644公里。然而，由香港 出發，沒有直航至順化，建議可於河內市轉 機往順化。順化在歷史上曾先後為西山朝和 阮朝（1802年至 1945年）的京城，是越南 的古都，以歷史古蹟著稱。1993年，順化京 城和順化皇城（順化歷史建築群）被聯合國 教科文組織列為世界文化遺產
  • Hoan Kiem Lake (Vietnamese: Hồ Hoàn Kiếm, meaning "Lake of the Returned Sword"or "Lake of the Restored Sword"), also known as Hồ Gươm (Sword Lake), is a lake in the historical center of Hanoi, the capital city ofVietnam. Near the northern shore of the lake lies Jade Island on which the Temple of the Jade Mountain (Ngoc Son Temple) stands. The temple was erected in the 18th century. It honors the 13th-century military leader Tran Hung Dao who distinguished himself in the fight against the Yuan Dynasty, Van Xuong, a scholar, and Nguyen Van Sieu, aConfucian master and famous writer in charge of repairs made to the temple in 1864. Jade Island is connected to the shore by the wooden red-painted The Huc Bridge (The Huc, meaning Morning Sunlight Bridge).

    - 南越古國?

    • http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20161005/PDF/a20_screen.pdf 兩千多年前的秦漢時期，一位秦朝將領在南方建立了一個小國，中原文化也隨之流傳到南越地區，這就是廣府文化的源頭──南越國。這個地處南海之濱的國度，海路交通便利，其都城廣州在漢代時已是全國九個都會之一，與非洲兄弟交往，創新融合地中海沿岸、埃及等地流行的金工技法，運用西方的石質建築構件和施工方式建設御苑等，帶着清新海洋氣息的出土文物，成為南越先民二千多年前與海外交往的重要見證。
    • https://www.quora.com/What-if-the-British-returned-Hong-Kong-to-Vietnam-since-it-was-part-of-the-ancient-Vietnam-Nanyue-instead-of-returning-it-to-China
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