the Tagalog settlement at Tondo (Tagalog: [tonˈdo]; Baybayin: ) or Tundun (Tagalog: [tunˈdun]; Baybayin: ) was a major trade hub located on the northern part of the Pasig River delta, on Luzon island.[16][8][17]Together with Maynila, the polity (bayan) on the southern part of the Pasig River delta, it established a shared monopoly on the trade of Chinese goods throughout the rest of the Philippine archipelago, making it an established force in trade throughout Southeast Asia and East Asia.Tondo is of particular interest to Filipino historians and historiographers because it is one of the oldest historically documented settlements in the Philippines.[19] Scholars generally agree that it was mentioned in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, the Philippines oldest extant locally produced written document, dating back to 900 CE. Following contact with the Spanish Empire beginning in 1570 and the defeat of local rulers in the Manila Bay area in 1571, Tondo was ruled from Manila (a Spanish fort built on the remains of Maynila). Tondo's absorption into the Spanish Empire effectively ended its status as an independent political entity; it now exists as a district of the modern City of Manila.As a result of Tondo's history as a center of commerce, it has been referred to by many names by in various texts and languages. It is variously also referred to as Tundo, Tundun, Tundok, Tung-lio, Tundaan, Tunduh, Tunda,or Tong-Lao.According to the earliest Tagalog dictionaries, large coastal settlements like Tondo and Maynila, which were ultimately led by a Lakan or Rajah, were called "Bayan" in the Tagalog language.[3][4][24] This term (which is translated today as "country") was common among the various languages of the Philippine archipelago,[37] and eventually came to refer to the entire Philippines, alongside the word Bansa (or Bangsa, meaning "nation").湯都巴彥，即湯都王國，中國古代又稱東都，是菲律賓在西班牙人殖民前呂宋島最主要的政體[4](p71)[5]，位於巴石河三角洲，靠近馬尼拉灣。王國成立於約公元900年，由一些巴朗蓋組成，由世襲的拉肯和達圖統治。這王國位於海上絲綢之路路線最北端，依靠與中國貿易帶來財富，並把中國商品轉手整個群島的其餘地區。在與汶萊帝國蘇丹博基爾亞的聯盟期間，湯都王國進一步達到頂峰。大約在1500年左右，這個王國達到群島最北部。
- japan
Relations between Japan and the kingdoms in the Philippines, date back to at least the Muromachi period of Japanese history, as Japanese merchants and traders had settled in Luzon at this time. Especially in the area of Dilao, a suburb of Manila, was a Nihonmachi of 3,000 Japanese around the year 1600. The term probably originated from the Tagalog term dilaw,[citation needed] meaning "yellow", which describes a colour. The Japanese had established quite early an enclave at Dilao where they numbered between 300 and 400 in 1593. In 1603, during the Sangley rebellion, they numbered 1,500, and 3,000 in 1606. In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of Japanese people traders also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population.Japan was only allowed to trade once every 10 years. Japanese merchants often used piracy in order to obtain much sought after Chinese products such as silk and porcelain. Famous 16th-century Japanese merchants and tea connoisseurs like Shimai Soushitsu (島井宗室) and Kamiya Soutan (神屋宗湛) established branch offices on the island of Luzon. One famous Japanese merchant, Luzon Sukezaemon (呂宋助左衛門), went as far as to change his surname from Naya (納屋) to Luzon (呂宋).
- chinese, china
- Eines der wichtigsten Ereignisse der Stadt war die 1279 n. Chr. stattfindende Völkerwanderung aus China. Großgeneral Zhang Shijie (張世傑) führte die chinesischen Flüchtlinge vom Festland auf das heutige Luzon. Dort gründeten sie das Luzon-Reich, auch bekannt als Niederes oder Kleines Song-Reich (呂宋國)[2] und machten Tondo (東都) zu seiner Hauptstadt. Der Grund des Exodus war die Niederlage der Chinesen gegen die Mongolen während der Seeschlacht von Yamen am 19. März 1279 in der heutigen Provinz Guangdong.[3] Im neu gegründeten Reich wurde aus der Thalassokratie Tondo eine mächtige Handelsstadt. Tondo war ein bedeutendes Handelszentrum für das gesamte Südostasien. Die einheimischen philippinischen Kaufleute nutzten den Bootstyp des Balangay auf ihren Handelsrouten, mit dem sie Malakka, Borneo, Ternate und Myanmar erreichen konnten.[4] Ein anderer Schiffstyp war die Dschunke, von der eines vor der Insel Busuanga entdeckt wurde und als Lena Shoal Dschunke bezeichnet wurde. Es wird heute angenommen, dass Tondo ein bedeutendes Zentrum für den Dschunkenhandel des Mittelalters und ein Drehkreuz für den Handel mit China darstellte.
- One notable area controlled by Tondo under the reign of Bunao Lakandula in the 1500s[4] was called "Baybay", now known as the district of San Nicolas, Manila.[43][20] William Henry Scott, citing Augustinian missionary records,[44] notes that Bunao Lakandula had allowed a group of Chinese refugees, fleeing persecution from Japan, to settle there. These refugees, which included two Christians, then "diked, drained, and reclaimed land along the waterfront", extending the shore of Tondo further out to Manila Bay.
The earliest Chinese historical reference to Tondo can be found in the "Annals of the Ming dynasty" called the Ming Shilu,[10] which record the arrival of an envoy from Luzon to the Ming Dynasty in 1373.[10] Her rulers, based in their capital, Tondo (Chinese: 東都; pinyin: dōngdū) were acknowledged not as mere chieftains, but as kings (王).[87] This reference places Tondo into the larger context of Chinese trade with the native people of the Philippine archipelago.Theories such as Wilhelm Solheim's Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network (NMTCN) suggest that cultural links between what are now China and the nations of Southeast Asia, including what is now the Philippines, date back to the peopling of these lands.[88] But the earliest archeological evidence of trade between the Philippine aborigines and China takes the form of pottery and porcelain pieces dated to the Tang and Song dynasties.[89]The rise of the Ming dynasty saw the arrival of the first Chinese settlers in the archipelago. They were well received and lived together in harmony with the existing local population — eventually intermarrying with them so that today, numerous Filipinos have Chinese blood in their veins.[89]This connection was important enough that when the Ming Dynasty emperors enforced the Hai jin laws which closed China to maritime trade from 1371 to about 1567, trade with the Kingdom of Tondo was officially allowed to continue, masqueraded as a tribute system, through the seaport at Fuzhou.[90] Aside from this, a more extensive clandestine trade from Guangzhou and Quanzhou also brought in Chinese goods to Luzon.[91]Luzon and Tondo thus became a center from which Chinese goods were traded all across Southeast Asia. Chinese trade was so strict that Luzon traders carrying these goods were considered "Chinese" by the people they encountered.
The Chinese migrations to Malaya and the Philippines shore began in the 7th century and reached their peak after 1644 owing to the Manchu conquest of China. These Chinese immigrants settled in Manila, Pasig included, and in the other ports, which were annually visited by their trade junks, they have cargoes of silk, tea, ceramics, and their precious jade stones.[72]According to William Henry Scott (1982), when ships from China came to Manila bay, Lakandula would remove the sails and rudders of their ships until they paid him duties and anchorage fees, and then he would then buy up all their goods himself, paying half its value immediately and then paying the other half upon their return the following year. In the interim, these goods would be traded throughout the rest of the archipelago. The end result was that other locals were not able to buy anything from the Chinese directly, but from Tondo[55] and Maynila,[4] who made a tidy profit as a result.Augustinian Fray Martin de Rada Legaspi says that the Tagalogs were "more traders than warriors",[55] and Scott notes in a later book (1994)[4] that Maynila's ships got their goods from Tondo and then dominated trade through the rest of the archipelago. People in other parts of the archipelago often referred to Maynila's boats as "Chinese" (Sina or Sinina) because they came bearing Chinese goods.
- 蜡烛果 Aegiceras corniculatum, commonly known as black mangrove, river mangrove or khalsi, is a species of shrub or tree mangrove in the primrose family, said to be useful in fighting against diabete
- Plate depicting the "tundok" plant (Aegiceras corniculatum), from Fray Francisco Manuel Blanco's "Flora de Filipinas"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegiceras_corniculatum_Blanco1_38_cropped.jpg
- china daily 21nov18 sulu kings' journey to ancient china http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2018-11/21/content_37290582.htm King visited Ming Dynasty emperor; thousands of descendants still live in China In 1417, a large goodwill mission led by three kings of Sulu, in what is now the southern Philippines, ploughed through the Pacific Ocean to China to pay tribute to the emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Prior to the mission, during the voyages of famous Chinese navigator Zheng He (1371-1433), several envoys were sent to pay visits to Southeast Asian countries; one of those envoys was welcomed by the authority and people of the ancient Sulu kingdom.Chinese Emperor Yong Le reciprocated with fine hospitality and entertainment worthy of royalty when meeting the Sulu kings.On his way home, Paduka Pahala, the East King of Sulu, died of a disease in Dezhou, a city in East China's Shandong province. The Ming Dynasty emperor commissioned artisans to build a tomb for the king, which still stands today in the Chinese city.Some descendants of Paduka Pahala remained in China as grave keepers and were attended to by three Chinese Muslim families who relocated to live with them.They picked up the surnames An and Wen during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), and now more than 3,700 descendants live in different parts of China.
- hkej 7mar18 shum article
- The Commonwealth of the Philippines (Spanish: Mancomunidad de Filipinas,[1][3] Tagalog: Komonwelt ng Pilipinas) was the administrative body that governed the Philippines from 1935 to 1946, aside from a period of exile in the Second World War from 1942 to 1945 when Japan occupied the country. It replaced the Insular Government, a United States territorial government, and was established by the Tydings–McDuffie Act. The Commonwealth was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for the country's full achievement of independence. During its more than a decade of existence, the Commonwealth had a strong executive and a Supreme Court. Its legislature, dominated by the Nacionalista Party, was at first unicameral, but later bicameral. In 1937, the government selected Tagalog–the language of Manila and its surrounding provinces–as the basis of the national language, although it would be many years before its usage became general. Women's suffrage was adopted and the economy recovered to its pre-Depression level before the Japanese occupation in 1942. The Commonwealth government went into exile from 1942 to 1945, when the Philippines was under Japanese occupation. In 1946, the Commonwealth ended and the Philippines claimed full sovereignty as provided for in Article XVIII of the 1935 Constitution. The Commonwealth ended when the U.S. recognized Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, as scheduled.[28][29] However, the economy remained dependent on the U.S.[30] This was due to the Bell Trade Act, otherwise known as the Philippine Trade Act, which was a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States.
- The Tydings–McDuffie Act, officially the Philippine Independence Act (Pub.L. 73–127, 48 Stat. 456, enacted March 24, 1934) is a United States federal law that established the process for the Philippines, an American colony, to become an independent country after a ten-year transition period. Under the act, the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines was written and Commonwealth of the Philippines was established, with the first directly elected President of the Philippines (direct elections to the Philippine Legislature have been held since 1907). It also established limitations on Filipino immigration to the United States. The act was authored in the 73rd United States Congress by Senator Millard E. Tydings (Dem.) of Maryland and Representative John McDuffie (Dem.) of Alabama, and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
- The People Power Revolution (also known as the EDSA Revolution and the Philippine Revolution of 1986) was a series of popular demonstrations in the Philippines that began in 1983 and culminated on February 22–25, 1986. There was a sustained campaign of civil resistance against regime violence and electoral fraud. The nonviolent revolution led to the departure of President Ferdinand Marcos and the restoration of democracy in the Philippines. It is also referred to as the Yellow Revolution due to the presence of yellow ribbons during the demonstrations following the assassination of Filipino senator Benigno Aquino, Jr. It was widely seen as a victory of the people against the 20-year running authoritarian, repressive regime of then president Ferdinand Marcos.
- a catholic example of rightful protest against authority
- Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Islas Filipinas(Spanish, "Hydrographical and Chorographical Chart of the Philippine Islands"), more commonly known as the Murillo Velarde map, is a map of the Philippines made and first published in Manila in 1734 by the Spanish Jesuitcartographer Pedro Murillo Velarde, and two Filipinos; engraver Nicolás de la Cruz Bagay and artist Francisco Suarez.[2][3] The World Digital Library describes it as the "first and most important scientific map of the Philippines".[4] It is frequently referred to as the "Mother of all Philippine Maps".The ethnic groups and individuals depicted include Chinese Filipinos ("Sangley") or Chinese, Cafres or East Africans brought to Manila slave market by Portuguese, a Canarin (a native of India on the Konkani coast, most likely a Goan or Mangalorean), a Lascar from India, mestizos, a Mardica (natives of Ternateand Tidore), a Japanese ("Japon"), Spaniards, Criollos, Filipino natives ("Indios"), Aetas, an Armenian, a Mughal, a native of the Malabar region and a Visayan. Maps of "Samboagan" (known today as Zamboanga City, a city in Mindanao), the port of Cavite, the island of "Guajan" (Guam) and Manila.
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