trees flowers native to europe

 Centaurea cyanus, commonly known as cornflower or bachelor's button,^{[note 1]} is an annual flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe. The cornflower is considered a beneficial weed,^{[clarification needed]} and its edible flower can be used for culinary decoration, for example to add colour to salads. Cornflowers have been used and prized historically for their blue pigment.^{[citation needed]} Cornflowers are often used as an ingredient in some tea blends and herbal teas,^[8] and is famous in the Lady Grey blend of Twinings.In folklore, cornflowers were worn by young men in love; if the flower faded too quickly, it was taken as a sign that the man's love was not returned. The blue cornflower has been the national flower of Estonia since 1968 and symbolizes daily bread to Estonians. It is also the symbol of the Estonian political party, Conservative People's Party, the Finnishpolitical party, National Coalition Party, and the Swedish political party, Liberal People's Party, and has since the dawn of the 20th century been a symbol for social liberalism there.^{[citation needed]} It is the official flower of the Swedish province of Östergötland and the school flower of Winchester College and also of Dulwich College where it is said to have been the favourite flower of the founder, Edward Alleyn. The blue cornflower was one of the national symbols of Germany.^[10] This is partly due to the story that when Queen Louise of Prussia. 矢車菊（學名：Centaurea cyanus）是菊科矢車菊屬植物，又名藍芙蓉、車輪花，也稱矢車草。

曲麻菜，又名苣荬菜，侵麻菜。菊科植物，多年生草本，生于田间路旁，春季开花前采挖全草食用，味苦、性寒，有清热解毒之功。可治疗各种痈肿、疮毒。全草洗净切段焯熟凉拌或蘸酱食之。苣荬适应性很强，抗逆性强，抗寒又耐热。Sonchus arvensis, the field milk thistle,^[2] field sowthistle,^[3] perennial sow-thistle,^[4] corn sow thistle, dindle, gutweed, swine thistle, or tree sow thistle, is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. S. arvensis often occurs in annual crop fields and may cause substantial yield losses. Sonchus arvensis is native to Europe, where it is widespread across most of the continent.^[5] It has also become naturalized in many other regions, and is considered an invasive noxious weed in some places. The plant produces conspicuous yellow flowerheads that are visited by various types of insects, especially hoverflies of the genus Eristalis.  Sonchus arvensis (le Laiteron des champs) est une espèce de plantes dicotylédones de la famille des Asteraceae, originaire des régions tempérées d'Eurasie. Non toxique pour les humains, on peut en consommer les feuilles et les racines. Les feuilles doivent être récoltées jeunes et peuvent se préparer soit crues soit cuites, à la manière des épinards. Elles ont un goût légèrement amer et il est préférable d'enlever les épines marginales. Les feuilles contiennent des sels minéraux et sont riches en vitamine C (47 mg par 100 g de poids frais). Leur teneur en protéines s'élève à 2 % du poids sec. On peut également consommer les tiges cuites comme des asperges^[7]. La racine torréfiée peut être utilisée comme succédané du café, à l'instar de la chicorée^[7]. C'est également une plante mellifère. Elle est présente dans 59 pays et est souvent considérée comme une mauvaise herbe des cultures. L'espèce a été signalée pour la première fois aux États-Unis en 1814 en Pennsylvanie^[15]. 

穗花牡荆Vitex agnus-castus, also called vitex, chaste tree (or chastetree), chasteberry, Abraham's balm,^[1] lilac chastetree,^[2] or monk's pepper, is a native of the Mediterranean region. It is one of the few temperate-zone species of Vitex, which is on the whole a genus of tropical and sub-tropical flowering plants.Vitex, its name in Pliny the Elder, is derived from the Latin vieo, meaning to weave or to tie up, a reference to the use of Vitex agnus-castus in basketry.^[6] Its macaronic specific name repeats "chaste" in both Greek and Latin; the small tree was considered to be sacred to the virginal goddess Hestia/Vesta. Essential oils have been found in the fruits and in the leaves.The leaves and tender stem growth of the upper 10 cm (3.9 in), along with the flowers and ripening seeds, are harvested for alternative medicinal purposes. It is believed the berries are a tonic herb for both the male and female reproductive systems. The leaves are believed to have the same effect, but to a lesser degree. The leaves, flowers, and/or berries may be consumed as a decoction, traditional tincture, cider vinegar tincture, syrup, elixir, or simply eaten from the plant with presumed benefits as food.^[21] A popular way of taking Vitex is on awakening as a simple 1:1 fluid extract, which is said to interact with hormonal circadian rhythms most effectively.In ancient times, it was believed to be an anaphrodisiac, hence the name chaste tree. Pliny, in his Historia Naturalis, reported the use of stems and leaves of this plant by women as bedding "to cool the heat of lust" during the time of the Thesmophoria, when Athenian women left their husbands to remain ritually chaste. At the end of the 13th century, John Trevisa reported of it "the herbe agnus-castus is always grene, and the flowre therof is namly callyd Agnus Castus, for wyth smel and vse it maketh men chaste as a lombe".^[23] Chaucer, in "The Flower and the Leaf," referred to it as an attribute of the chaste Diana, and in the 16th century the English herbalist William Turner reported the same anaphrodisiac properties of the seed, both fried and not fried.

- note that there is a hk film in 1934 called mourning of the chaste tree flower 泣荊花