Wednesday, May 19, 2021

colonialism (2)


sweden
- New Sweden (Swedish: Nya Sverige; Finnish: Uusi Ruotsi; Latin: Nova Svecia) was a Swedish colony along the lower reaches of the Delaware River in North America from 1638 to 1655, established during the Thirty Years' War, when Sweden was a great power. New Sweden was part of Swedish colonization efforts in the Americas. Settlements were established on both sides of the Delaware Valley in the present-day American Mid-Atlantic states of Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, often in places where Swedish traders had been visiting since about 1610. Fort Christina, now part of Wilmington, Delaware, was the first settlement, named after the reigning Swedish monarch, the sole daughter of Gustavus Adolphus. Along with Swedes and Finns, a number of the settlers were Dutch. New Sweden was conquered by the Dutch Republic in 1655, during the Second Northern War, and incorporated into the Dutch colonies of New Netherlands.The historian H. Arnold Barton has suggested that the greatest significance of New Sweden was the strong and long-lasting interest in North America that the colony generated in Sweden. Major Swedish immigration to the United States did not occur until the late 19th century, however. From 1870 to 1910, over one million Swedes arrived, settling particularly in Minnesota and other states of the Upper Midwest (see Swedish Americans). Traces of New Sweden persist in the lower Delaware Valley to this day, including Holy Trinity Church in Wilmington, Delaware; Gloria Dei Church and St. James Kingsessing Church in Philadelphia; Trinity Episcopal Church in Swedesboro, New Jersey; and Christ Church (est. 1760) in Swedesburg (Upper Meriion Township), Pennsylvania. All of those churches are commonly known as "Old Swedes' Church".[23]Christiana, Delaware, is one of the few settlements in the area with a Swedish name. Swedesford Road is still found in Chester and Montgomery Counties, Pennsylvania, although Swedesford has long since become Norristown. The American Swedish Historical Museum, located in FDR Park in South Philadelphia, houses many exhibits, documents, and artifacts from the New Sweden colony. Perhaps the greatest contribution of New Sweden to the development of the New World is the traditional Finnish forest house building technique. The colonists of New Sweden brought with them the log cabin, which became such an icon of the American frontier that it is thought of as an American structure.
  •  The percentage of Finns in New Sweden grew especially towards the end of the colonization, comprising 22% of the population during Swedish rule, but rising to about 50% after the colony came under Dutch rule.[30] The year 1664 saw the arrival of a contingent of 140 Finns. In 1655, when the ship Mercurius sailed to the colony, 92 of the 106 passengers were listed as Finns. Memory of the early Finnish settlement lived on in place names near the Delaware River such as Finland (Marcus Hook), Torne, Lapland, Finns Point and Mullica Hill and Mullica River. A portion of these Finns were known as Forest Finns, people of Finnish descent living in the forest areas of Central Sweden. The Forest Finns had moved from Savonia in Eastern Finland to Dalarna, Bergslagen and other provinces in central Sweden during the late-16th and early-to-mid-17th centuries. Their relocation had started as part of an effort by Swedish king Gustav Vasa, to expand agriculture to these uninhabited parts of the country. The Finns in Savonia traditionally farmed with a slash-and-burn method which was better suited to pioneering agriculture in vast forest areas. This was also the farming method used by the Native Americans of Delaware.
- The Swedish East India Company (Swedish: Svenska Ostindiska Companiet or SOIC) was founded in Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1731 for the purpose of conducting trade with the Far East. The venture was inspired by the success of the Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company. It grew to become the largest trading company in Sweden during the 18th century, although its European influence was marginal, and it folded in 1813.Sweden was the last of the more prominent seafaring European nations to engage in the East India Trade. The royal privileges for the Swedish East India Company (SOIC) were granted almost a century after the other European trading companies were established. With the advent of the East India trade in the 17th century, Chinese and Indian goods were imported to Sweden. Drinking tea and having Chinese objects became the height of fashion among Swedish socialites and the middle class. Chinese culture, philosophy, art, agriculture, and architecture were also studied and copied. The most prominent example of this is the Chinese Pavilion at Drottningholm, which was followed by smaller parks like the one built by Jean Abraham Grill at Godegård. China was considered a model community, a template for how a country should be governed. This culminated during the 18th century, when many Swedish scientists and politicians even suggested that Sweden should be governed by intellectual bureaucrats, "mandarines", led by a sovereign king in a Chinese manner.
- The Swedish Africa Company (Swedish: Svenska Afrikanska Kompaniet) was a Swedishtrading company, founded in 1649 on the initiative of the Walloon-Dutch merchant Louis De Geer and his son Laurens, for whom Sweden had become a second home. The primary interest of the company was the trade on the Swedish Gold Coast. The establishment of the pseudo Swedish Africa Company caused much astonishment in the Amsterdam city council.
- china
  • A set of warehouses in Chongqing on the southern bank of Yangtze River is 130 years old. In spite of its plain appearance, this former site of Anderson Firm, a Swedish trading house built in 1891, witnessed a gathering of precious cultural relics in the 1930s.The compound of 2,500 square meters has a memorial hall that opened to the public on Friday on the eve of China's Cultural and Natural Heritage Day. Left unused for long, the house finally embraced its new life after a renovation from 2018 to 2020.The newly opened memorial hall in Chongqing is a cultural institution where local residents pay tribute to the relocation project of the artifacts during wartime.The history of the project is elaborated in its gallery via displays as is the history of Chongqing since 1890, when the port city was first opened up for foreign trade. Anderson Firm was one of the earliest Western companies there.http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202106/17/WS60ca8f82a31024ad0bac9921_1.html


austria-hungary
- china

  • https://simonshen.blog/2017/05/01/奧匈帝國的亞洲夢：天津租界/


denmark
- Danish India was the name given to the colonies of Denmark (Denmark–Norway before 1814) in India, forming part of the Danish colonial empire. Denmark–Norway held colonial possessions in India for more than 200 years, including the town of Tharangambadi in present-day Tamil Nadu state, Serampore in present-day West Bengal, and the Nicobar Islands, currently part of India's union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Danish presence in India was of little significance to the major European powers as they presented neither a military nor a mercantile threat.[1] Dano-Norwegian ventures in India, as elsewhere, were typically undercapitalised and never able to dominate or monopolise trade routes in the same way that British, French, and Portuguese ventures could.Danish concerns managed to cling to their colonial holdings and, at times, to carve out a valuable niche in international trade by taking advantage of wars between larger countries and offering foreign trade under a neutral flag.[4][5] For this reason their presence was tolerated for many years until the growth in British naval power led to the occupation and forced sale of the Danish holdings during the nineteenth century, the key dates being 1839, 1845, and 1868.
  • Danish colony of Frederiksnagar in India (Serampore) re william carey
  • The Danish East India Company[1] (Danish: Ostindisk Kompagni[2]) refers to two separate Danish-Norwegian chartered companies. The first company operated between 1616 and 1650. The second company existed between 1670 and 1729, however, in 1730 it was re-founded as the Asiatic Company (Danish: Asiatisk Kompagni).

transylvania?
- The Transylvania Colony also referred to as the Transylvania Purchase was a short-lived, extra-legal colony founded during 1775 by land speculator Richard Henderson, who controlled the North Carolina-based Transylvania Company. Henderson and his investors had reached an agreement to purchase a vast tract of Cherokee lands west of the southern and central Appalachian Mountains through the acceptance of Treaty of Sycamore Shoals with most leading Cherokee chieftains then controlling these lands. To further complicate matters, this early American frontier land was also claimed at the same time by both the Province of Virginia (particularly following Lord Dunmore's War) and the North Carolina colony. The Transylvania Colony was primarily located in what is now the central and eastern parts of Kentucky. The American pioneer and frontier explorer Daniel Boone was hired by Henderson to establish the Wilderness Road going through the Cumberland Gap and into southeastern Kentucky. Transylvania officially ceased to exist as a government entity in 1776 when the Virginia General Assembly invalidated the Transylvania Purchase. 



USA neocolonialism?
- latin america

  • people
  • William Walker (May 8, 1824 – September 12, 1860) was an American physician, lawyer, journalist and mercenary who organized several private military expeditions into Latin America, with the intention of establishing English-speaking slave colonies under his personal control, an enterprise then known as "filibustering". Walker usurped the presidencyof the Republic of Nicaragua in 1856 and ruled until 1857, when he was defeated by a coalition of Central American armies. He returned in an attempt to reestablish his regime and was captured and executed by the government of Honduras in 1860.Walker was born in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1824 to James Walker and his wife Mary Norvell. His father was a Scottish immigrant.[1] His mother was the daughter of Lipscomb Norvell, an American Revolutionary War officer from Virginia.

- hawaii
- puerto rico
- The United Fruit Company was an American corporation that traded in tropical fruit (primarily bananas), grown on Central and South American plantations, and sold in the United States and Europe. The company was formed in 1899, from the merger of Minor C. Keith's banana-trading concerns with Andrew W. Preston's Boston Fruit Company. It flourished in the early and mid-20th century, and it came to control vast territories and transportation networks in Central America, the Caribbean coast of Colombia, Ecuador, and the West Indies. Though it competed with the Standard Fruit Company (later Dole Food Company) for dominance in the international banana trade, it maintained a virtual monopoly in certain regions, some of which came to be called banana republics, such as Costa Rica, Honduras, and Guatemala. United Fruit had a deep and long-lasting impact on the economic and political development of several Latin American countries. Critics often accused it of exploitative neocolonialism, and described it as the archetypal example of the influence of a multinational corporation on the internal politics of the banana republics. After a period of financial decline, United Fruit was merged with Eli M. Black's AMK in 1970, to become the United Brands Company. In 1984, Carl Lindner, Jr. transformed United Brands into the present-day Chiquita Brands International.

- africa
  • The Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America, commonly known as the American Colonization Society (ACS), was founded in 1816 by Robert Finley, to encourage and support the voluntary migration of free African-Americans to the continent of Africa.Historian Marc Leepson has stated that "colonization proved to be a giant failure, doing nothing to stem the forces that brought the nation to Civil War."[2] Between 1821 and 1847, only a few thousand African-American blacks, out of the then millions in the US, emigrated to what would become Liberia. Many of them died from tropical diseases. In addition, the transportation of the emigrants to the African continent, including the provisioning of requisite tools and supplies, proved very expensive.[citation needed] Starting in the 1830s, the Society was met with great hostility from white abolitionists, led by William Lloyd Garrison, editor of The Liberator, who proclaimed the Society a fraud. According to Garrison and his many followers, the Society was not a solution to the problem of American slavery—it actually was helping, and was intended to help, to preserve it.



China colonialism?
- https://gushi.tw/hna-group-co/ hna - east india company?


Institutions/company
- The Imperial Land Company was a land colonization company incorporated in California in March, 1900 for the purpose of encouraging settlement of the Imperial Valley thus providing customers for the California Development Company. Imperial Land was formed by George Chaffey and several other individuals associated with the California Development Company. The company laid out the California towns of Calexico, Heber, Imperial and Brawley, as well as Mexicali in Mexico. The Imperial Land Company was not a subsidiary of the California Development Company, but rather a separate corporate entity.


architects
- major percy keys

  • Major Percy Keys, a government architect for the Public Works Department, was appointed the architect for this project in May 1920, together with his assistant, Frank Dowdeswell. Construction began in February 1924, after the old building was demolished in 1922 and the post office had moved to its temporary quarters at Collyer Quay. On 27 June 1928, Sir Hugh Clifford, Governor of the Straits Settlements (1927-1929) declared the new building open and named it “Fullerton Building”, in remembrance of the site’s history as a fort and of Sir Robert Fullerton.http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180416/PDF/a21_screen.pdf


globalisation/mass distribution of products and services
- singer case

  • Singer Corporation is an American manufacturer of sewing machines, first established as I. M. Singer & Co. in 1851 by Isaac Merritt Singer with New York lawyer Edward Clark. Best known for its sewing machines, it was renamed Singer Manufacturing Company in 1865, then The Singer Company in 1963. It is based in La Vergne, Tennessee, near Nashville. Its first large factory for mass production was built in Elizabeth, New Jersey, in 1863.The Singer sewing machine was the first complex standardized technology to be mass marketed. It was not the first sewing machine, and its patent in 1851 led to a patent battle with Elias Howe, inventor of the lockstitch machine. This eventually resulted in a patent sharing accord among the major firms.[10] Marketing strategies included focusing on the manufacturing industry,[11] gender identity,[12] credit plans,[13] and “hire purchases.”The Singer Corporation produces a range of consumer products, including electronic sewing machines. It is now part of SVP Worldwide, which also owns the Pfaff and Husqvarna Viking brands, which is in turn owned by Kohlberg & Company, which bought Singer in 2004. Its main competitors are Brother Industries, Janome, Aisin Seiki—a Toyota Group company that manufactures Toyota, Necchi and E&R Classic Sewing Machines and Juki.
  • ‘House of Books’, sits on the corner of Nevsky Prospekt and the Griboyedov Canal. It appeared in the early 1900s, commissioned by the Singer Sewing Machine Company’s branch in Russia. Its impressive modern-style facade is one of the most striking visual details on the city’s main street. Today, the first two floors are taken up by the House of Books store, while it also serves as the headquarters of the social media platform VKontakte. https://www.rbth.com/travel/332191-most-beautiful-buildings-petersburg


colonies
- usa

  • The Connecticut Company or Connecticut Land Company (e.-1795) was a post-colonial land speculation company formed in the late eighteenth century to survey and encourage settlement in the eastern parts of the newly chartered Connecticut Western Reserve of the former "Ohio Country"[1] and a prized-part of the Northwest Territory)—a post-American Revolutionary period region, that was part of the lands-claims settlement adjudicated by the new United States government regarding the contentious conflicting claims by various Eastern Seaboard states on lands west of the gaps of the Allegheny draining into the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers. Under the arrangement, all the states gave up their land claims west of the Alleghenies to the Federal government save for parts parceled out to each claimant state. Western Pennsylvania was Pennsylvania's part, and the Connecticut Western Reserve was the part apportioned to Connecticut's claim. The specific Connecticut Western Reserve lands were the northeastern part of the greater Mississippi drainage basin lands just west of those defined as part of Pennsylvania's claims settlement (Western Pennsylvania).The Western Reserve is located in Northeast Ohio with its hub being Cleveland. In 1795, the Connecticut Land Company bought three million acres (12,000 km²) of the Western Reserve. Settlers used the guidelines of the Land Ordinance of 1785, which demanded the owners survey the land before settlement.[2] In 1796, the company began surveys and sales on property east of Cuyahoga.The original proprietors, 57 of the wealthiest and most prominent men in Connecticut, included Oliver Phelps, the largest subscriber and chief manager of the project. In 1796, one of the largest shareholders, Moses Cleaveland, planned a settlement on the banks of the Cuyahoga River with Seth Pease. This planned settlement would become the city of Cleveland.As a result of weak land sales stemming from company mismanagement and political uncertainty, the Connecticut Land Company failed to reach profitability. In 1809, a mere fourteen years after incorporation, the company faced bankruptcy and was dissolved. All of the remaining land was divided evenly among the investors of the company. At that time, the company still owed a large amount of debt and was delinquent in its interest payments.
  • virginia

- latin/south america

  • [sedgewick] A large scale commercial migration from us and europe, and from uk especially, had begun after latin american independence in 1820s. Britain made itself latin america's leading supplier of cotton goods, its banker, its shipper, its railroad engineer, its power company, and its technical school. The 19thc - the century of latin american independence - was the british century in latin america.
    • In 2nd half of british century, rival industrial empires, germany and us in particular, were moving in as well. The export boom bw 1850 and 1930 (exports to world mkt grew 1000pc)  has been described as 2nd conquest of latin america.
- south africa

  • https://www.quora.com/Why-didnt-South-Africa-become-like-Canada-or-Australia-bigger-developed-and-solidly-English-speaking
- asia
  • Kapitan Keling
  • Kapitan Arab or Kapten Arab (Captain of the Arabs; Dutch: Kapitein der Arabieren; Arabic: الكابتن العرب‎, romanized: al-Kābitin al-'Arab) or Head of The Arabs (Dutch: Hoofd der Arabieren; Arabic: القائد العرب‎, romanized: al-Qā'id al-'Arab) is a position in the colonial Dutch East Indies appointed with the task of leading the ethnic Arab-Indonesians, who usually lived in concentrated clearly defined-living areas (Kampung Arab). The role was to provide liaison between his community and the government, to provide statistical information to The Dutch East Indies government on issues related to Arabs, to disseminate government regulations and decrees, and to ensure the maintenance of law and order.In Batavia, The Arabs, according to Van den Berg, settled in an area called Pekojan.[3][4] Pekojan is from Indonesian word Pe-Koja-an, which means The Koja,[5] a term for Muslim people of Gujarat, India. While Koja itself is from word Khoja. Until the end of the 18th century, the area was mostly dominated by Khoja Gujarati settlers until 19th century.[6] When Van den Berg did the study (1884-1886), there were no more Gujarati. At that time the majority of the settlers were Arabs and a handful of Chinese. Since about the 1970s, the Arabs are the minority and the Chinese turned into majority.[6] He described Pekojan as a slum and dirty area. Approximately one and half century ago, the Arabs also had moved and lived in the suburbs (now Central Jakarta), such as Krukut and Tanah Abang areas.
  • 華人甲必丹Kapitan Cina, also spelled Kapitan China or Capitan China (English: Captain of the Chinese; Chinese: 華人甲必丹; Dutch: Kapitein der Chinezen) was a high-ranking government position in the civil administration of colonial Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo and in the Philippines. The institution of Kapitan Cina was most fully developed in colonial Indonesia, where an intricate hierarchy of Chinese officieren, or Chinese officers, was put in place by the Dutch authorities.[11] The officers acted as Hoofden der Chinezen ('Heads of the Chinese'), that is as the legal and political administrators of the local Chinese community.[11] There were three separate ranks of Majoor, Kapitein and Luitenant der Chinezen depending on the incumbent's seniority in the administrative structure, the importance of their territory or their own personal merit.[11] Thus, the post of Majoor only existed in the colony's principal cities: Batavia, Semarang and Surabaya in Java, and Medan in Sumatra.[11] The Majoor in each of these jurisdictions presided over lower-ranking officers, who sat in council together as the Kong Koan (Dutch: 'Chinese Raad'; English: 'Chinese Council') of their local territory.[16] In jurisdictions deemed less important, the presiding officer bore the rank of Kapitein or Luitenant.The officers-in-council acted as an executive governmental body, implementing the directives of the colonial government, as well as a court of law on family and customary law and petty crimes.[10][11][16] They were seen as the colonial equivalent of a Yamen, or governmental magistracy, in Imperial China.[11] Below the Chinese officers were the Wijkmeesters or ward masters in charge of constituent districts within each officer's territory.
    • 陳篤生
- indonesia
  • Deli Company (Dutch language: Deli Maatschappij) is a trading and distribution company in the timber, construction product and tobacco industries. It began as large tobacco plantation and production operation established in 1869 by the Dutch in Sumatra.[1][2] It was granted a land concession by the Sultanate of Deli. The company relied on immigrant coolie labor. Black shank was a problem and was researched on the plantation.[5] Publicly traded on the Amsterdam stock market, it was the first modern company to pay large annual stock dividends.[4] Jacobus Nienhuys founded the company. A few years later he returned to the Netherlands after being indicted for the death of 7 workers[3] and administration of the company was taken over by Jacob Theodoor Cremer who became its largest shareholder.[6] The company's headquarters was constructed in Medan in 1911. The company diversified into tea, rubber and other industries and acquired other companies over the years. Deli Company's tobacco business was nationalized by Indonesia along with other Dutch enterprises in 1958 under Indonesian president Sukarno. The state owned Plantation Nusantara Group (PTP) took over the tobacco business but the Deli Company continued operations in other areas and businesses. It is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Universal Corporation.[6] The business was established near the Deli River.
  • scmp 11oct18 "those fields of dreams"
- china

  • 昔日租界內，最多不同外國勢力存在的是天津，高峰時共有九國租界，不少在中國沒有正式殖民地的歐洲國家，也分得租界的一份，例如意大利、比利時等，還有奧匈帝國；此外，鼓浪嶼公共租界也有殖民中國的稀客：西班牙、丹麥、荷蘭、瑞典－挪威聯合王國這些二、三流國家，都有份「共同管理」。https://simonshen.blog/2017/05/01/奧匈帝國的亞洲夢：天津租界/
- islands
  • https://www.quora.com/Why-wont-Europe-return-all-the-islands-they-took-during-the-colonial-eras


A penal colony is a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location, often an island or distant colonial territory. Although the term can be used to refer to a correctional facility located in a remote location it is more commonly used to refer to communities of prisoners overseen by wardens or governors having absolute authority. Historically penal colonies have often been used for penal labour in an economically underdeveloped part of a state's (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than a prison farm. In practice such penal colonies may be little more than slave communities. The British, French, and other colonial empires heavily used North America, Australia and other parts of the world as penal colonies to varying degrees, sometimes under the guise of indentured servitude or similar arrangements.

Migration
- The Puerto Rican case in only one example, among many others, of migrations of workers from the colonial to the metropolitan countries. In one sense it forms part of a larger pattern of migration of workers from the colonial or underdeveloped parts of the world to the metropolitan countries, similar to the migration of North African workers to France, of Indian, Pakistani and West Indian workers to Great Britain, and of Turkish workers to Germany.http://lcw.lehman.edu/lehman/depts/latinampuertorican/latinoweb/PuertoRico/1950s.htm

mixing with indigenous people
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Spanish-and-Portuguese-settlers-often-mix-with-the-Native-Americans-while-the-English-and-French-did-not-as-much

Naming
- http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/columnist/%E9%99%B6%E5%82%91/art/20150211/19036846 亞洲有些左膠，跟在洋左的屁股後高叫「政治正確」（Politically Correct）。西方的政治正確，正要剷除殖民地的歷史茶漬，譬如英殖時期的孟買，本來叫Bombay，現在要改口叫「蒙拜」Mumbai。殖民地時代的緬甸，應稱Burma，現在順從「當家作主」的緬甸土著政府，改稱Myanmar。因為據說Bombay和Burma，是英國充滿西方優越感的英譯。政治正確，由推倒殖民譯名霸權、恢復土著本名而爭取平等開始。譬如，如果孟買應該叫Mumbai、緬甸應該叫Myanmar。但一路掃過去，前法國殖民地柬埔寨，一度改稱Kampuchea，但現在又不叫其本名Kampuchea了，原來已經悄悄復辟了舊名稱，還叫Cambodia。因為Kampuchea是一九七六年赤柬的波爾布特、喬森潘另行制訂的英文名。波爾布特在七十年代，是左膠之神，像伊斯蘭國（ISIS）一樣，波爾布特的赤柬，將曾經法國管治、歌舞昇平的Cambodia，大舉殺戮，改造為用髑髏堆積成山的紅色共產天堂。

Postcolonialism or postcolonial studies is the academic study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonised people and their lands.





Neocolonialism, neo-colonialism or neo-imperialism is the practice of using capitalism, globalization and cultural imperialism to influence a developing country in lieu of direct military control (imperialism) or indirect political control (hegemony). It was coined by Kwame Nkrumah in the context of African countries undergoing decolonization in the 1960s. Neo-colonialism is also discussed in the works of Western thinkers such as Jean-Paul Sartre (Colonialism and Neo-colonialism, 1964) and Noam Chomsky (The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism, 1979).

hkej 26nov18 shum article on east india company

colonial administration
- *******The British practiced racial segregation & divisa et imperi, divide & conquer. They had a strict hierarchy of British, educated natives & un-educated masses. They would also bring in large populations of natives from other continents to wreck havoc on organized resistance. For example in Fiji, they brought in Indians. In Malaysia they brought in Chinese & Indians and so on. In Ireland they set Protestants against Catholic. The French practiced “assimilé”. A native is treated as a full-French citizen as long as they spoke French, wore a Western suit and had a French first name, regardless of religion. Senegal sent deputies to the National Assembly in Paris. A 19th century British writer was shocked to see an African deputy bring a white deputy to order.The Portuguese also practiced “assimilado”. Except they needed to be Roman Catholic. But over the years the Portuguese made it an expensive process. In the 1960s Communism was very seductive to the Angolans & Mozambicans. International Brotherhood and all of that.https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-differences-between-French-and-British-colonial-administration-in-West-Africa

literature
- L'Africaine (The African Woman) is a grand opera in five acts, the last work of the composer Giacomo Meyerbeer. The French libretto by Eugène Scribe deals with fictitious events in the life of the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. Meyerbeer began working on the libretto using the title L'Africaine, although his working title for the opera was Vasco de Gama at the time of his death in 1864, before he had prepared a final version. The opera had its first performance in a version made by François-Joseph Fétis at the Paris Opéra (Salle Le Peletier) on 28 April 1865.The first contract between Meyerbeer and Scribe for the writing of the libretto was signed in May 1837. The starting point for the story was "Le Mancenillier", a poem by Charles Hubert Millevoye, in which a girl sits under a tree releasing poisonous vapors but is saved by her lover.[1] The plot is also based on an unidentified German tale and a 1770 play by Antoine Lemierre, La Veuve de Malabar, in which a Hindu maiden loves a Portuguese navigator, a theme already treated by the composer Louis Spohr in his opera Jessonda.

arts
- painting

  • the wise men of gotham and their goose published by william humphrey 1776


legacy
- mixed race

  • https://www.quora.com/Why-is-America-so-white-compared-to-other-countries-colonized-by-Europe

- rows, demand for apology

  • https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/26/spain-hits-back-at-mexico-in-row-over-colonial-rights-abuses A diplomatic row has broken out between Mexico and Spain after the Mexican president wrote to King Felipe VI demanding he apologise for crimes committed against Mexico’s indigenous people during the conquest 500 years ago. In a video filmed at the ruins of the indigenous city of Comalcalco, in southern Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador called on Spain and the Vatican to recognise the rights violations committed during the conquest, led by Hernán Cortés. The video was posted on the president’s social media accounts.
worth a read
- https://www.quora.com/Why-were-the-Spanish-French-and-Portuguese-empires-very-cruel-to-their-colonial-subjects-compared-to-the-British-and-Dutch-during-the-colonial-era
- https://www.quora.com/Why-was-the-British-Empire-so-effective-at-colonization

reference books
- https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/books/article/3027851/anarchy-how-east-india-company-looted-india-and
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