russia federal subject

 The federal subjects of Russia, also referred to as the subjects of the Russian Federation (Russian: субъекты Российской Федерации, subyekty Rossiyskoy Federatsii) or simply as the subjects of the federation (Russian: субъекты федерации subyekty federatsii), are the constituent entities of Russia, its top-level political divisions according to the Constitution of Russia.^[1] Since March 18, 2014, the Russian Federation constitutionally has consisted of 85 federal subjects,^[2] of which two are located on the Crimean Peninsula, which is not recognized internationally as part of Russia.Every federal subject has its own head, a parliament, and a constitutional court. Each federal subject has its own constitution and legislation. Subjects have equal rights in relations with federal government bodies.^[6][7] The federal subjects have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly. They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy (asymmetric federalism).Post-Soviet Russia formed during the history of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic within the USSR and did not change at the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. In 1992, during so-called "parade of sovereignties", separatist sentiments and the War of Laws within Russia, the Russian regions signed the Federation Treaty (Russian: Федеративный договор Federativny Dogovor),^[8] establishing and regulating the current inner composition of Russia, based on the division of authorities and powers among Russian government bodies and government bodies of constituent entities. The Federation Treaty was included in the text of the 1978 Constitution of the Russian SFSR.^{[citation needed]} The current Constitution of Russia, adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993, came into force on December 25, 1993 and abolished the model of the Soviet system of government introduced in 1918 by Vladimir Lenin and based on the right to secede from the country and on unlimited sovereignty of federal subjects (in practice secession was never allowed), which conflicts with the country's integrity and federal laws. The new constitution eliminated a number of legal conflicts, reserved the rights of the regions, introduced local self-government and did not grant the Soviet-era right to secede from the country. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the political system became de jure closer to other modern federal states with a republican form of government in the world.^{[citation needed]} In the 2000s, following the policy of Vladimir Putin and of the United Russia party (dominant party in all federal subjects), the Russian parliament changed the distribution of tax revenues, reduced the number of elections in the regions and gave more power to the federal authorities.

汉特-曼西自治区 Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra or Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug–Yugra^[8] (Russian: Ха́нты-Манси́йский автоно́мный о́круг — Югра́, Khanty-Mansiysky avtonomny okrug; Khanty: Хӑнты-Мансийской Aвтономной Oкруг (Ȟănty-Mansijskoj Avtonomnoj Okrug; Mansi: Ханты-Мансийский Aвтономный Oкруг (Hanty-Mansijskij Avtonomnyj Okrug) is a federal subject of Russia (an autonomous okrug of Tyumen Oblast). The peoples native to the region are the Khanty and the Mansi, known collectively as Ob-Ugric people, but today the two groups only constitute 2.1% of the region's population. The local languages, Khanty language and Mansi language, enjoy special status in the autonomous okrug and along with their distant relative Hungarian are part of the Ugric branch of the Finno-Ugric languages. Russian remains the only official language.The okrug was established on December 10, 1930, as Ostyak–Vogul National Okrug (Остя́ко-Вогу́льский национа́льный о́круг). In October 1940, it was renamed the Khanty-Mansi National Okrug. In 1977, along with other national okrugs of the Russian SFSR, it became an autonomous okrug (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug). The administrative center is Khanty-Mansiysk. In 2003, the word "Yugra" was appended to the official name.

russia far east

 赤塔  Pyotr Beketov's Cossacksfounded Chita in 1653.After 1825, several of the Decembristssuffered exile to Chita. During the Russian revolution of 1905, the Chita Republic was declared. Government forces took control again in January 1906.In 1945, Puyi, the last Emperor of China, and some of his associates were held prisoner in the city, in a former sanatoriumfor officers.當地與俄羅斯其他城市不同，呈棋盤狀。建築有蘇聯式的五層混凝土大樓、山區的獨立木屋。又由於第二次世界大戰囚禁了來自日本的戰俘，一些建築帶有日本的特徵。

- tchita in french, kiv Le palais des frères Choumov https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Shumovs_palace_Chita.jpg
-   チタ in japanese  日本語の当て字は「知多」ロシア革命後、いわゆるシベリア出兵によって派遣された日本軍が1918年9月にチタを占領。しかし、1920年10月22日には再び赤軍が制圧し、極東共和国に組み込まれた。その後、極東共和国の首都はベルフネウジンスク（現在のウラン・ウデ）からチタに移された。極東共和国は1922年11月15日にロシアに併合された。1945年以降のシベリア抑留によって、捕虜であった日本兵が鉄道建設などに酷使された。
- Tschita in deutsch
- Iglesia de San Miguel en Chitá, construida en 1776 https://es.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo:Decabrists_church.jpg

The Far Eastern Federal District (Russian: Дальневосто́чный федера́льный о́круг, Dalnevostochny federalny okrug) is the largest of the eight federal districts of Russia but the least populated. The Far Eastern Federal District was established on May 18, 2000 by President Vladimir Putin and is currently being governed by presidential envoy Yury Trutnev.

- https://hkmb.hktdc.com/en/1x0agor9/hktdc-research/russian-far-east-opportunities-manufacturing-investment

russia education

Moscow State University (MSU; Russian: Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова, often abbreviated МГУ) is a coeducational and public researchuniversity located in Moscow, Russia. It was founded on 23 January [O.S. 12 January] 1755 by Mikhail Lomonosov. MSU was renamed after Lomonosov in 1940 and was then known as Lomonosov University. It also houses the tallest educational building in the world.
- After the October Revolution of 1917, the institution began to admit the children of the proletariat and peasantry. In 1919, the University abolished fees for tuition and established a preparatory facility to help working-class children prepare for entrance examinations. During the implementation of Joseph Stalin's first five-year plan (1928–1932), prisoners from the Gulag were forced to construct parts of the newly expanded University.

The National University of Science and Technology "MISiS" (formerly known as the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys State Technological University [ Russian: Национальный исследовательский технологический университет "МИСиС" ]) is a technical university In Russia, the first to gain the status of the "National University of Science and Technology". 

- The National University of Science and Technology MISIS started in 1918 when the Moscow Mining Academy was launched. Originally it combined three departments – mining, geological and metallurgy. In 1921, the departments were transformed into faculties and in 1930 the Academy was divided into six independent schools. Today, three of them – steel, non-ferrous metals and mining – are part of the National University of Science and Technology MISIS. Many graduates of the Moscow Mining Academy and these three schools are legends of the Soviet industry, so-called People`s Commissar for Steel. Thus, the Ferrous Metallurgy of the USSR was led by Ivan F. Tevosyan, Non-Ferrous Metallurgy was led by Pyotr F. Lomako – he was included in the Guinness World Records for the longest work in ministerial positions, the coal industry was developing under the leadership of Dmitry G. Onika and Boris F. Bratchenko. Avraami P. Zavenyagin, first Rector of the Moscow Institute of Steel, Efim P. Slavsky and Vasily S. Yemelyanov brought the Soviet nuclear projects to success. During the Great Patriotic War, the institutions had a strategic task – to train on-demand qualified personnel. Despite the fact that in 1941 many of students and professors went to militia and the subsequent evacuation, universities managed to successfully re-form academic staff. For training of personnel, on 23 February 1944, Moscow Institute of Steel received its first award – the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. After the War, approach for training changed significantly. Formerly, the institutions focused exclusively on training of specialists to work in enterprises but in the postwar years, closed attention was paid to research activities. In 1948, the Department of Physics and Chemistry, where training of "secret physicists" for organizations of the nuclear and defense industry was held, was opened at the Moscow Institute of Steel. In the same year, all three institutions started to actively train specialists for Eastern Europe, Asian, African and Latin American countries. In 1958, the Moscow Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals and Gold was transferred to Krasnoyarsk but several most science-driven departments remained in Moscow and were transferred to the Moscow Institute of Steel, where the Department of Non-Ferrous and Precious Metals was launched. In 1962, the Department of Semiconductor Materials and Devices was opened at the Moscow Institute of Steel, and the University, which overgrew the scope of ferrous metallurgy was renamed into Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys.

Far Eastern Federal University (Russian: Дальневосто́чный федера́льный университе́т, Dalnevostochny federalny universitet) is a university located in Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai, Russia. FEFU was established in 1899 as the Eastern Institute (Восточный институт) as a higher education institutionspecializing in oriental studies and training for administrative, commercial and industrial institutions in the Far East. The university was reformed into State Far Eastern University (Государственный дальневосточный университет) by Far Eastern Republic authorities in 1920 during the Russian Civil War, until it was closed in the 1930s under Joseph Stalin. It was reinstated in 1956 as Far Eastern State University by the Council of Ministers of the USSR, two years after Nikita Khrushchev visited Vladivostok. In 2000, its English name was changed to Far Eastern National University, however the name in Russian remained unchanged and references to the university under its old name were common. In 2008, the university was reformed again by presidential decree into its current form, officially changing the name to Far Eastern Federal University and a new purpose-built campus planned. The university was merged with the Far Eastern State Technical University (FESTU), Pacific State University of Economics (TSUE) and the Ussuriisk State Pedagogical Institute (USPI). In 2013, FEFU opened a new campus in the Russky Island area of Vladivostok after its buildings hosted the 2012 APEC summit.

- hk

• office of student success of hku centennial college cultural exchange tour to vladivostok included a visit to the univrrsity (centennial connections jan2018)

東方勤労者共産大学  The Communist University of the Toilers of the East (KUTV) (Russian: Коммунистический университет трудящихся Востока; also known as the Far East University) was a revolutionary training school for important Communist political leaders. The school operated under the umbrella of the Communist International and was in existence from 1921 until the late 1930s.The Communist University of the Toilers of the East (KUTV) was established 21 April 1921, in Moscow by the Communist International (Comintern) as a training college for communist cadres in the colonial world. The school officially opened on 21 October 1921. It performed a similar function to the International Lenin School, which mainly accepted students from Europe and the Americas. It was headed in its initial years by Karl Radek, who was later purged from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The curriculum included both theoretical and practical matters, including Marxist theory, party organization and propaganda, law and administration, theory and tactics of proletarian revolution, problems of socialist construction, and trade union organization.^{[citation needed]} From Summer 1922 KUTV had regional branches in Baku (in Azerbaijan), Irkutsk (in Siberia, Russia), and Tashkent (in Uzbekistan). The University published Revolutionary East (Революционный Восток, Revoliutsionnyi Vostok). Amongst those who taught there were Ho Chi Minh, Anatoly Lunacharsky, Leonid Krasin, Mikhail Pokrovsky, Khalid Bakdash, Igor Reisner, and Boris Shumyatsky. In 1928 the Japanese Foreign Ministry estimated that some 1,000 foreign students studied at KUTV, and that 400 Chinese students comprised the largest group, followed by 350 ethnic minorities within the Soviet Union, and between 30 and 40 Japanese. The Soviet Union solicited working-class Japanese to study at the KUTV without the Japanese government's consent. The Japanese students studied under Sadaki Takahashi and Keizo Yamamoto, along with several Russian instructors. The Japanese students studied economics, the history of world revolution, Leninism, philosophy, labor union theory, and Japanese studies. Kyuichi Tokuda, a member of the Japanese Communist Party, was instrumental in recruiting and sending these Japanese workers to KUTV via Shanghai and Vladivostok. KUTV was closed in the late 1930s. Its tasks were transferred to smaller, local institutions in the various Soviet republics. 1927年，中国部停办，1933年中国部重新开办，设立了满洲班以专门培训东北抗日联军干部，1935年设立华北班。东方大学主要招收中共的中层和基层干部和日占区游击武装干部，该学校还提供军事短训班，主要面向中共红军指挥官^[1]。1938年停办。学校为苏联东部地区培养民族干部，也为东方各国培养革命人才。学校教学部门有两个部分，招收苏联国外学生的为A字部，其中设有中国班、日本班、朝鲜班、波斯班、蒙古班、越南班、印尼班、印度班等；招收苏联国内学员的为B字部，设有乌兹别克班、哈萨克班和格鲁吉亚班等^[1]。当时北京《晨报》驻莫斯科特派记者瞿秋白和李宗武就都曾在中国班担任翻译。
Prominent alumni of the KUTV include:

• Anchimaa-Toka, Khertek, chairperson of the Little Khural of Tannu-Tuva
• Bakdash, Khalid, secretary of the Syrian Communist Party from 1936 until 1995
• Chiang Ching-kuo, President of the Republic of China, 1925 class
• Deng Xiaoping, paramount leader of the People's Republic of China, 1925 class
• Ghaliev, Sultan, the Muslim National Communist
• Hà Huy Tập, third General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
• Haywood, Harry, leading African-American member of the Communist Party USA
• Jane Golden, black American student who died during her time at KUTVA ^[2]
• Hikmet, Nâzım, Turkish poet
• Hồ Chí Minh, President of Vietnam, 1923 class
• Israilov, Khasan, Chechen insurrectionist
• Katayama, Sen of the American and Japanese CP
• Kenyatta, Jomo, first indigenous head of state of Kenya
• Lê Hồng Phong, second General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
• Liu Shaoqi, President of the People's Republic of China, 1921 class
• Mamakaev, Magomet, Chechen writer
• Malaka, Tan of the Indonesian CP
• Roy, Manabendra Nath, helped found the Communist parties in Mexico and India
• Sidqi Muhammad Najati, writer, activist in the Palestinian independence movement, from 1925 to 1928
• Pishevari, Ja'far, founder and chairman of communist Azerbaijan People's Government
• Toka, Salchak, Tuvan government official
• Shwala, Sbulawelani, leader of the Young Communist League of South Africa and Revolutionary writer Republic of South Africa
• Trần Phú, first General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
• Wang Fanxi, prominent Chinese Trotskyist
• Yusuf, Yusuf Salman (Fahd), secretary of the Iraqi Communist Party from 1941 to 1949
• Zachariadis, Nikolaos, General Secretary of Communist Party of Greece and chairman of Greek Communist Provisional Democratic Government, 1947 to 1949

モスクワ中山大学（モスクワちゅうざんだいがく）、正式名称:中国労動者孫逸仙大学、1928年以降は中国労動者孫逸仙共産主義大学   Moscow Sun Yat-sen University, officially the Sun Yat-sen Communist University of the Toilers of China, was a Comintern school, which operated from 1925-1930 in the city of Moscow, Russia, then the Soviet Union. It was a training camp for Chinese revolutionaries from both the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC). Its relationship to the Comintern's International Liaison Department (Russian acronym "OMS") remains unclear. In the beginning all the Sun Yat-sen Universities were adopted a statism educational model (中山大學模式)^[1]. In 1923, Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the KMT, made political overtures to the CPC and the Soviet Union. Sun believed that the KMT needed to train more Chinese revolutionaries. Sun Yat-sen University officially began its classes on 7 November 1925, the eighth anniversary of the October Revolution.^[2] The University was set up by splitting the Chinese department from the Communist University of the Toilers of the East, which had about 100 Chinese students enrolled. The university was named after Sun out of respect for his contribution to the Chinese Revolution. Located at No. 16 Volkhonka Street, in an old and beautiful part of Moscow, about a thirty-minute walk from the Kremlin. In Tsarist Russia the main university building, built in the early 19th century, had been Moscow First Provincial High School. Adam Lindner (1902–58; alias Xia Dalin^[4]) and Mikhail Borodin, Komintern advisors sent to China, directed the first enrollment of students. These students were elites chosen from the membership of both the CPC and KMT. The main missions of this university were to educate students in Marxism and Leninism, as well as training cadres for mass movement as qualified Bolsheviks.大学は東方勤労者共産大学から約100名の中国人学生が在籍していた中国部門を分けることで設立された。大学名は孫文の中国革命への貢献に対して敬意を払い、その号である中山を冠して命名された（字の逸仙を取って孫逸仙大学とも呼ばれた）。入学した学生は中国国民党員のみならず、多くの中国共産党員も入学し、第一次国共合作による中国革命の政治理論を骨格に教育を行なった特殊学校である。 ソビエト連邦から中国に送られ、孫文の主要な顧問となっていたミハイル・ボロディンが最初の留学生の登録を指示した。この留学生は中国共産党員と中国国民党員から選出されたエリートだった。大学の主な役割は、幹部に対するボルシェビキの資格としての大衆運動の訓練とともにマルクス主義とレーニン主義で学生を教育することであった。

- The 28 (and half) Bolsheviks (二十八个半布尔什维克) were a group of Chinese students who studied at the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University from the late 1920s until early 1935, also known as the "Returned Students". The university was founded in 1925 as a result of Kuomintang's founder Sun Yat-Sen's policy of alliance with the Soviet Union, and was named after him. The university had an important influence on modern Chinese history by educating many prominent Chinese political figures. The most famous of these were collectively called the 28 Bolsheviks.There are several rival lists of the 28. One lists 29 active members, including: Wang Ming and his wife Meng Qingshu (孟庆树); Bo Gu; Zhang Wentian; Wang Jiaxiang; Yang Shangkun; Chen Changhao^[2] with his wife Du Zuoxiang (杜作祥); Shen Zemin and his wife Zhang Qinqiu; Kai Feng; Xia Xi; He Zishu; Sheng Zhongliang; Wang Baoli (王宝礼); Wang Shengrong (王盛荣); Wang Yuncheng; Zhu Agen; Zhu Zishun (朱自舜, female); Sun Jimin (孙济民); Song Panmin; Chen Yuandao; Li Zhusheng; Li Yuanjie (李元杰); Wang Shengdi (汪盛荻); Xiao Tefu (肖特甫); Yin Jian; Yuan Jiayong, Xu Yixin. The extra person can be attributed to Xu Yixin because of his pendulous left and right stances, and thus this group is also known as "28 and a half Bolsheviks".1929年夏在苏联莫斯科中山大学照例进行一次学期总结大会，中心议题是“大学支部局的路线是否正确”。大会争议激烈，开了十天，史称“十天大会”。最后只好就中大支部局的报告举手表决。有28人投票拥护支部局，一人既年龄小又观点“摇摆不定”，“二十八个半”便由此而来。实际上王明几个月之前就被共产国际派回了中国，并没有出席“十天大会”。没参加的还有张闻天、王稼祥等。“二十八个半布尔什维克这一专用名词是在‘十天大会’上产生出来的，但其具体人物则不是在那次会议上确定的。在大会上投赞成票的，未必就是“二十八个半”之一；没有参加那次会并投赞成票的，也未必就不是“二十八个半”之一。杨尚昆也加以澄清说：大会上拥护支部局有90票，仍属少数。

- 1927年4月の上海クーデターによって第一次国共合作は事実上崩壊。7月13日、中国共産党は対時局宣言を発し第一次国共合作の終了を宣言、国共内戦に突入した。7月26日、国民党中央執行委員会は声明を発表し、モスクワ中山大学との関係を一切断ち、同時に党内及び行政組織組織に対しモスクワに留学生を派遣することを厳禁した。このためモスクワ中山大学は1930年夏に解散され、僅か5年という短い期間でその歴史に幕を下ろした。短命に終わったモスクワ中山大学であるが、中国現代史に大きな影響力を残している。国民党では蒋介石の子でのちに総統となる蒋経国、世界的な反共主義運動のリーダーとなる谷正綱、馮玉祥の子の馮洪国、馮弗能、馮弗伐、邵力子の子の邵志剛、葉楚傖の子の葉楠、于右任の子の于秀芝などが、共産党では朱徳、鄧小平、楊尚昆、廖承志、烏蘭夫、葉剣英、董必武、林伯渠、徐特立、何叔衡、楊之華、楊子烈、施静宜などが学んでいる。

Volga State University of Technology (formerly Mari State Technical University) (Russian: Пово́лжский госуда́рственный технологи́ческий университе́т, Povolzhskiy gosudárstvennyy tehnologicheskiy universitét), previously known as MarSTU (Russian: МарГТУ, MarGTU), is the first technical, and one of the first institutions of higher education in the republic of Mari El.
- names:

• 1932–68 – Povolzhskiy Forestry Engineering Institute
• 1968–82 – Mari Polytechnic Institute named after M. Gorky
• 1982–95 – Mari Awarded with the Order of People's Friendship Polytechnic Institute named after M. Gorky
• 1995–2012 – Mari State Technical University^[1]
• 2012–present – Volga State University of Technology^[2]

- exhibitied at 2018 tdc smartbiz expo, booth manned by the fat guy who attended a lot of activities of russian culture festival