- According to a modern etymology, the term Azerbaijan derives from that of Atropates,[30][31] a Persian[32][33][34] satrap under the Achaemenid Empire, who was later reinstated as the satrap of Media under Alexander the Great.[35][36] The original etymology of this name is thought to have its roots in the once-dominant Zoroastrianism. In the Avesta's Frawardin Yasht ("Hymn to the Guardian Angels"), there is a mention of âterepâtahe ashaonô fravashîm ýazamaide, which literally translates from Avestan as "we worship the fravashi of the holy Atropatene."[37] The name "Atropates" itself is the Greek transliteration of an Old Iranian, probably Median, compounded name with the meaning "Protected by the (Holy) Fire" or "The Land of the (Holy) Fire".[38] The Greek name was mentioned by Diodorus Siculus and Strabo. Over the span of millennia, the name evolved to Āturpātākān (Middle Persian), then to Ādharbādhagān, Ādharbāyagān, Āzarbāydjān (New Persian) and present-day Azerbaijan. The name Azerbaijan was first adopted for the area of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan by the government of Musavat in 1918,[39] after the collapse of the Russian Empire, when the independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was established. Until then, the designation had been used exclusively to identify the adjacent region of contemporary northwestern Iran,[40][41][42][43] while the area of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was formerly referred to as Arran and Shirvan.[44] On that basis Iran protested the newly adopted country name. During the Soviet rule, the country was also spelled in English from the Russian transliteration as Azerbaydzhan (Russian: Азербайджа́н).
- ??? any relation? in basque, azeri is fox
Government
- Azerbaijani Ministry of Energy http://www.minenergy.gov.az/
- Ministry of Economy of Azerbaijan
- Azerbaijan Export and Investment Promotion Foundation (AZPROMO) is a joint public-private-initiative, established by the Ministry of Economy of Azerbaijan in 2003 with the aim to contribute to the economic development through attracting foreign investments in the non-oil sectors of economy and stimulating expansion of country's exports of non-oil goods to the overseas markets.
********占贾Ganja (/ˈɡændʒə/; Azerbaijani: Gəncə [ɟænˈd͡ʒæ]; Persian: گنجه) was named Elisabethpol (Russian: Елизаветпо́ль, tr. Yelizavetpól', IPA: [jɪlʲɪzəvʲɪtˈpolʲ]) in the Russian Empire period. The city regained its original name, Ganja, in 1920 during the first part of its incorporation into the Soviet Union. However, its name was changed again in 1935 to Kirovabad (Russian: Кироваба́д, IPA: [kʲɪrəvɐˈbat]) and retained that name through most of the rest of the Soviet period. In 1989, during perestroika, the city regained its original name.Even though some sources from medieval Islamic time attribute the building of the town to a Muslim Arab ruler named Muhammad ibn Khalid, modern historians believe that the fact that the name Ganja derives from the New Persian ganj ("treasure") and in Arabic source the name is recorded as Janza (from the Middle Persian ganza) suggests that the city existed in pre-Islamic times and was likely founded in the 5th century.[4] According to some sources, it changed hands between Persians, Khazars and Arabs even in the 7th century.[5] The area in which Ganja is located was known as Arran from the 9th to 12th century; its urban population spoke mainly in the Persian language.According to medieval Arabic sources, the city of Ganja was founded in 859-60 by Muhammad ibn Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mazyad, the Arab governor of the region in the reign of the caliph al-Mutawakkil, and so-called because of a treasure unearthed there. According to the legend, the Arab governor had a dream where a voice told him that there was a treasure hidden under one of the three hills around the area where he camped. The voice told him to unearth it and use the money to found a city. He did so and informed the caliph about the money and the city. Caliph made Muhammad the hereditary governor of the city on a condition that he would give the money he found to the caliph.Foundation of the city by Arabs is confirmed by the medieval Armenian historian Movses Kagankatvatsi, who mentions that the city of Ganja was founded in 846–47 in the canton of Arshakashen by the son of Khazr Patgos, "a furious and merciless man".Historically an important city of the South Caucasus, Ganja has been part of the Sassanid empire, Great Seljuk Empire, Kingdom of Georgia, Atabegs of Azerbaijan, Khwarezmid Empire, Il-Khans,[10] Timurids,[11] Qara Qoyunlu,[12] Ak Koyunlu,[13][14] the Safavid, the Afsharid, the Zand and the Qajar empires of Persia/Iran. Prior to the Iranian Zand and Qajar rule, following Nader Shah's death, it was ruled locally for a few decades by the khans/dukes of the Ganja Khanate, who themselves were subordinate to the central rule in mainland Iran and were a branch of the Iranian Qajar family.[15][16] Ganja is also the birthplace of the famous poet Nizami Ganjavi.
- Ganja is a Hindi name for hemp, derived from the word ganjha, from the Sanskrit gañjā, referring to a "powerful preparation from cannabis sativa".[1][2][3] The term ganja, one of the oldest and most commonly used synonyms for marijuana in the English language, dates to before 1689.Ganj, originally meaning "treasure" in Middle Persian and Modern Persian, is now a commonly used suffix/prefix meaning "place of treasure" in Urdu, Hindustani, Punjabi, and Bengali as a place name to denote a market town or somewhere such as bazaar or mandi to exchange merchandise in India, Bangladesh and Nepal.[5][circular reference]گنج • (ganj) (plural گنجها (ganj-hâ)[6] From Old Persian (/ganza/, “treasure”), probably from Old Median *ganǰəm (“treasure”).The word was used in Europe as early as 1856, when the British enacted a tax on the "ganja" trade.One academic source places the date of introduction of ganja in Jamaica at 1845.[9] The term came with 19th century workers whose descendants are now known as Indo-Jamaicans.
纳希切万自治共和国The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Azerbaijani: Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası, pronounced [nɑxt͡ʃɯˈvɑn muxˈtɑɾ resˈpublikɑsɯ]) is a landlocked exclave of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The area that is now Nakhchivan became part of Safavid Iran in the 16th century. In 1828, after the last Russo-Persian War and the Treaty of Turkmenchay, the Nakhchivan Khanate passed from Iranian into Imperial Russian possession. After the 1917 February Revolution, Nakhchivan and its surrounding region were under the authority of the Special Transcaucasian Committee of the Russian Provisional Government and subsequently of the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. When the TDFR was dissolved in May 1918, Nakhchivan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Zangezur (today the Armenian province of Syunik), and Qazakh were heavily contested between the newly formed and short-lived states of the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR). In June 1918, the region came under Ottoman occupation. Under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the Ottomans agreed to pull their troops out of the Transcaucasus to make way for British occupation at the close of the First World War. In July 1920, the Bolsheviks occupied the region and on July 28, declared the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with "close ties" to the Azerbaijan SSR, beginning seventy years of Soviet rule. In January 1990 Nakhchivan declared independence from the USSR to protest against the suppression of the national movement in Azerbaijan, and became the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic within the newly independent Republic of Azerbaijan a year later.The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic is an autonomous area of Azerbaijan, governed by its own elected legislature. The region continues to suffer from the effects of the Armenia-Azerbaijan War, and its Karki exclave has been under Armenian occupation ever since.Variations of the name Nakhchivan include Nakhichevan,[7] Naxcivan,[8] Naxçivan,[9] Nachidsheuan,[10] Nakhijevan,[11] Nuhișvân,[12]Nakhchawan,[13] Nakhitchevan,[14] Nakhjavan,[15] and Nakhdjevan.[16] Nakhchivan is mentioned in Ptolemy's Geography and by other classical writers as "Naxuana".The 19th-century language scholar Johann Heinrich Hübschmann wrote that the name "Nakhichavan" in Armenian literally means "the place of descent", a Biblical reference to the descent of Noah's Ark on the adjacent Mount Ararat. Armenian tradition says that Nakhchivan was founded by Noah.[19] First century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus also wrote about Nakhichevan, saying that its original name "Αποβατηριον, or Place of Descent, is the proper rendering of the Armenian name of this very city".[20] Hübschmann noted, however, that it was not known by that name in antiquity, and that the present-day name evolved to "Nakhchivan" from "Naxčawan". The prefix "Naxč" derives from Naxič or Naxuč (probably a personal name) and "awan" (the modern transcription of Hübschmann's "avan") is Armenian for "place, town".
沙鲁尔区 Şərur (also, Sharur and Sherur; formerly Norashen (1930–1964), Iliich (Ильич) and Il'ichëvsk (Ильичёвск) (1964–1991) after Vladimir Ilyich Lenin) is a rayon of Azerbaijan in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The district was established on August 8, 1930. In the north and north-east it is bordered by the Armenia, and in the south and south-west by the Iran.It was part of the Medes, and then of the Achaemenid Empire (Satrapy of Armenia) from 550 BC to 330 ВС. It was then taken by Alexander the Great (336–323 BC).During ancient times, Sharur was a district in the Ayrarat province of the Kingdom of Armenia.[2] The lands in the district belonged to the Armenian kings until the fifth century AD. In the 6th century it was annexed to the Caucasian Albania.[1] When King Smbat I Bagratuni wrested control of the region from the Arabs, he awarded the lands to the Armenian princes of Syunik'.[2] It was conquered by Turkic tribes and later the Mongols in later centuries.Sharur formed part of the territory of the Nakhichevan Khanate until the latter was ceded by Iran to Russia in 1828 under the terms of the Treaty of Turkmenchay. In the Russian Empire it was made a part of the Armenian Oblast. After the oblast was abolished, it became a part of Sharur-Daralagez uyezd of the Erivan Governorate. Sharur is one of the most ancient and the largest settlements of the Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan. The favorable geographical position of Sharur created conditions for the settlement of people in the ancient times. The researches showed that the people settled in the area in the late glacial period. The territory of Sharur with its full water rivers, fertile soils were favorable for the development of plant-growing. The historical researches defined the settlement of the people in Sharur before Christ. The archaeological excavations on the territory of Sharur which is mentioned as Sharuk in the epos of "The Book of Dede Korkut" dating back to the period 1300 ago revealed the settlement and burial places of the Neolithic, Bronze Age as well as Antique period. The settlement Oghlangaya covering an area of 40 hectares of the Garatepe Mountain of the region dates back to the 2-1st millenniums B.C. The region accounts for a number of archeological monuments and settlements rich in the patterns of material culture reflecting the activity and lifestyle of ancient people. These are the ancient, settlement, towers, cemeteries, Kurgans and architectural monuments. The researches of 1980-1990 revealed the cultural remnants of the dug cave of the Stone Age including a great many of instruments made of stone and wine-tree. The monuments of the mid Bronze Age was revealed in the Araz River, Arpachay and its branches (Shortepe, Kheledj mountain, Kultepe, Djennettepe and others).
- 1924至1990年曾以列宁的父名被命名为伊里奇区。
Tabriz (pronounced [tæbˈriːz]) (Persian: تبریز; Azerbaijani: تبریز) is the most populated city in Iranian Azerbaijan,[2] one of the historical capitals of Iran and the present capital of East Azerbaijan province. Tabriz contains many historical monuments, representing Iran's architectural transition throughout its deep history. Most of Tabriz's preserved historical sites belong to Ilkhanid, Safavid and Qajar.Among these is the grand Bazaar of Tabriz, inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 2010.[12][13] From the early modern era, Tabriz was pivotal in the development, movement and economy of three neighbouring regions; namely the Caucasus, Eastern Anatolia and Central Iran.According to some sources,[15] including Encyclopædia Britannica,[16] the name Tabriz derives from tap-riz, from the many thermal springs in the area. Other sources claim that in AD 246, to avenge his brother's death, king Khosrov I of Armenia defeated Ardashir I of the Sassanid Empire and changed the name of the city from Shahistan to Tauris, deriving from "ta-vrezh" ("this revenge" in Grabar). In AD 297, it became the capital of Tiridates III, king of Armenia.[19] However, this story has a popular origin and no ancient source has recorded such event. This is based on accounts of Vardan, the Armenian historian in 13th century.
Yanar Dag -- meaning "burning mountainside" -- on Azerbaijan's Absheron Peninsula, where Rahila works as a tour guide. A side effect of the country's plentiful natural gas reserves, which sometimes leak to the surface, Yanar Dag is one of several spontaneously occurring fires to have fascinated and frightened travelers to Azerbaijan over the millennia. Venetian explorer Marco Polo wrote of the mysterious phenomena when he passed through the country in the 13th century. Other Silk Road merchants brought news of the flames as they would travel to other lands. It's why the country earned the moniker the "land of fire."https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/yanar-dag-azerbaijan-land-of-fire/index.html
association/institution
- The Nizami Ganjavi International Center was established 30 September 2012 in Azerbaijan under the patronage of an International Board
- china daily 25jun19
- Nizami Ganjavi (Persian: نظامی گنجوی, romanized: Niẓāmī Ganjavī, lit. 'Niẓāmī of Ganja') (1141–1209), Nizami Ganje'i,[2] Nizami,[3] or Nezāmi, whose formal name was Jamal ad-Dīn Abū Muḥammad Ilyās ibn-Yūsuf ibn-Zakkī,[4] was a 12th-century Persian[2][5][6][7][8][9] Sunni[10] Muslim poet. Nezāmi is considered the greatest romantic epic poet in Persian literature,[11] who brought a colloquial and realistic style to the Persian epic.[1][3] His heritage is widely appreciated and shared by Afghanistan,[2] Azerbaijan,[12]Iran,[2] the Kurdistan region[13][14][15] and Tajikistan.
Company
- oil
- oil
- Socar, state oil company
- tea
people
- Muslim Magometovich Magomayev (Azerbaijani: Müslüm Məhəmməd oğlu Maqomayev, 17 August 1942 – 25 October 2008), dubbed the "King of Songs" and the "Soviet Sinatra" was a Soviet and Azerbaijani baritone operatic and pop singer of the 1960s and 1970s. Muslim Magomayev represented one of the most respected artistic dynasties in Azerbaijan. His grandfather Muslim Magomayev (1885–1937), a friend and contemporary of the prominent Azerbaijani composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov, was one of the founders of modern Azerbaijani classical music. Magomayev's father, Mahammad Magomayev, who died two days prior to the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II while serving as a soldier in the Soviet Army, was a gifted scenic designer; and his mother, Aishet Kinzhalova, was an actress, who deserted him with his grandmother when he was less than a year old.[6] Magomayev's father was of mixed origin whose parents moved to Azerbaijan from Chechnya and Georgia respectively, whereas his Adyghean-born mother was of mixed Turkish, Adyghe and Russian descent.[7] However, when asked about his ethnicity, Magomayev considered himself Azerbaijani.Estranged from his mother after his father's death, Magomayev was raised by his paternal grandmother. He learned to play the piano as a child, and began to take voice lessons at the age of 14. As a teenager, he became interested in Italian songs, American jazz, and other styles of popular music. He majored in piano and composition at the Baku Conservatoire.
- Ilham Aliyev (Azerbaijani: İlham Heydər oğlu Əliyev; born 24 December 1961) is the fourth and current President of Azerbaijan, in office since 2003. He also functions as the Chairman of the New Azerbaijan Party and the head of the National Olympic Committee. He is the son of ophthalmologist and academician Zarifa Aliyeva and Heydar Aliyev, who was President of Azerbaijan from 1993 to 2003. Aliyev was born on 24 December 1961 in Baku. His grandfather was politician Aziz Aliyev. He went to a secondary school in Baku between 1967 and 1977.[1] In 1977, Aliyev entered the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO-MSIIR) and in 1982 continued his education as a postgraduate.[2] In 1985 he received a PhD degree in history.[2] From 1985 to 1990 Aliyev lectured at MSUIR. From 1991 to 1994, he led a group of private industrial-commercial enterprises.
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c1536126-b4f0-11e4-b186-00144feab7de.html Azerbaijan is planning to abandon its currency peg to the dollar as the oil price tumble strains its energy-dependent economy, the central bank governor has told the Financial Times.
- https://azercay.az
- ??? served at the russian booth during 2019 ITE
people
- Muslim Magometovich Magomayev (Azerbaijani: Müslüm Məhəmməd oğlu Maqomayev, 17 August 1942 – 25 October 2008), dubbed the "King of Songs" and the "Soviet Sinatra" was a Soviet and Azerbaijani baritone operatic and pop singer of the 1960s and 1970s. Muslim Magomayev represented one of the most respected artistic dynasties in Azerbaijan. His grandfather Muslim Magomayev (1885–1937), a friend and contemporary of the prominent Azerbaijani composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov, was one of the founders of modern Azerbaijani classical music. Magomayev's father, Mahammad Magomayev, who died two days prior to the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II while serving as a soldier in the Soviet Army, was a gifted scenic designer; and his mother, Aishet Kinzhalova, was an actress, who deserted him with his grandmother when he was less than a year old.[6] Magomayev's father was of mixed origin whose parents moved to Azerbaijan from Chechnya and Georgia respectively, whereas his Adyghean-born mother was of mixed Turkish, Adyghe and Russian descent.[7] However, when asked about his ethnicity, Magomayev considered himself Azerbaijani.Estranged from his mother after his father's death, Magomayev was raised by his paternal grandmother. He learned to play the piano as a child, and began to take voice lessons at the age of 14. As a teenager, he became interested in Italian songs, American jazz, and other styles of popular music. He majored in piano and composition at the Baku Conservatoire.
- Ilham Aliyev (Azerbaijani: İlham Heydər oğlu Əliyev; born 24 December 1961) is the fourth and current President of Azerbaijan, in office since 2003. He also functions as the Chairman of the New Azerbaijan Party and the head of the National Olympic Committee. He is the son of ophthalmologist and academician Zarifa Aliyeva and Heydar Aliyev, who was President of Azerbaijan from 1993 to 2003. Aliyev was born on 24 December 1961 in Baku. His grandfather was politician Aziz Aliyev. He went to a secondary school in Baku between 1967 and 1977.[1] In 1977, Aliyev entered the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO-MSIIR) and in 1982 continued his education as a postgraduate.[2] In 1985 he received a PhD degree in history.[2] From 1985 to 1990 Aliyev lectured at MSUIR. From 1991 to 1994, he led a group of private industrial-commercial enterprises.
- re french wikipedia version, received numerous decorations from different european countries
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c1536126-b4f0-11e4-b186-00144feab7de.html Azerbaijan is planning to abandon its currency peg to the dollar as the oil price tumble strains its energy-dependent economy, the central bank governor has told the Financial Times.
“It is critical to make some kind of corrections to fiscal and monetary policy,” Elman Rustamov, who has led Azerbaijan’s central bank for two decades, said in an interview in Baku. “We consider that we should transit to a more flexible exchange rate regime and gradually we will transit to an inflation-targeting regime.” The plan to drop the dollar peg is a key policy shift for Azerbaijan, which prizes economic and political stability but has been shaken by the 47 per cent drop in oil prices since June. Oil and gas account for 95 per cent of the country’s exports and 70 per cent of government revenues.
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f7d91efe-ba7f-11e4-945d-00144feab7de.html Azerbaijan devalued its currency by a third over the weekend in a surprise move that laid bare the damage the oil price tumble has wrought on major energy-exporting economies. The devaluation marked an embarrassing about-face for the Azerbaijani government, which had for months insisted it would maintain the stability of its currency in the face of falling oil prices and major devaluations in neighbours Russia, Georgia and Turkey.
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f7d91efe-ba7f-11e4-945d-00144feab7de.html Azerbaijan devalued its currency by a third over the weekend in a surprise move that laid bare the damage the oil price tumble has wrought on major energy-exporting economies. The devaluation marked an embarrassing about-face for the Azerbaijani government, which had for months insisted it would maintain the stability of its currency in the face of falling oil prices and major devaluations in neighbours Russia, Georgia and Turkey.
Diaspora
- Iranian Azerbaijanis (Azerbaijani: ایران آذربایجانلیلاری – İran azərbaycanlıları), also known as Iranian Azeris, Iranian Turks, Persian Turks, Azeri Turks, Azerbaijani Turks[18][19][20] or Persian Azerbaijanis, are Iranians of Azerbaijani ethnicity who speak the Azerbaijani language as their first language. Azerbaijanis are the second largest ethnic group in the nation.[23] Furthermore, the largest population of ethnic Azerbaijanis in the world live in Iran, far outnumbering those in the neighbouring Azerbaijan Republic.
- in georgia (photo in china daily 23mar17)
uk
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/04/uk-at-centre-of-secret-3bn-azerbaijani-money-laundering-and-lobbying-scheme Azerbaijan’s ruling elite operated a secret $2.9bn (£2.2bn) scheme to pay prominent Europeans, buy luxury goods and launder money through a network of opaque British companies, an investigation by the Guardian reveals. Leaked data shows that the Azerbaijani leadership, accused of serial human rights abuses, systemic corruption and rigging elections, made more than 16,000 covert payments from 2012 to 2014. Some of this money went to politicians and journalists, as part of an international lobbying operation to deflect criticism of Azerbaijan’s president, Ilham Aliyev, and to promote a positive image of his oil-rich country. There is no suggestion that all the recipients were aware of the original source of the money. It arrived via a disguised route. Billions of pounds came through two Glasgow-based companies using obscure structure that let owners hide identities. But the revelations once again highlight the use of the lightly regulated British corporate landscape to move large sums of money around, beyond the purview of regulators and tax authorities. Seven million pounds was spent in Britain on luxury goods and private school fees.
china
- leaders' visit
china
- leaders' visit
- https://www.chinadailyhk.com/articles/136/126/222/1569213810291.html?newsId=106840 Li Zhanshu, chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, and top Azerbaijani officials have agreed in the Eurasian country's capital to strengthen bilateral cooperation.During a goodwill visit from Thursday to Saturday, Li met with Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev and conveyed President Xi Jinping's cordial greetings.
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