Tuesday, September 3, 2019

islam - sects

Sunni
- governance
  • an imam khatib (or just imam Arabic: إمام plural أئمة A'immah‎, Persian: امام‎‎) is a leader, often the leader of prayers in the masjid, and the Muslim community. This compound title is merely a common combination of two elementary offices: leader (imam) of the congregational prayer, which in larger mosques is performed at the times of all daily prayers; and preacher (khatib) of the sermon orkhutba at the required congregational prayer on Friday. Although either duty can be performed by anyone who is regarded as qualified by the congregation, at most well-established mosques imam khatib is a permanent (part-time or full-time) position. He may be elected by the local community, or appointed by an outside authority—e. g., the national government, or the waqf which sustains the mosque. There is no ordination as such; the only requirement for appointment as an imam khatib is recognition as someone of sufficient learning and virtue to perform both duties on a regular basis, and to instruct the congregation in the basics of Islam. imilar to spiritual leaders, the imam khatib is the one who leads Islamic worship services. More often, the community turns to the mosque imam if they have a religious question. In smaller communities, an imam could also be the community leader. The term is not to be confused with the use of Imams of Shi'a Islam, where it has a meaning more central to belief, referring to main leaders of the Shi'a community.
- The Grand Mufti (Arabic: مفتي عام‎‎ muftī ʿām , "general expounder" or كبير المفتين kabīr al-muftīn , "the great of expounders") is the highest official of religious law in a Sunni or Ibadi Muslimcountry. The Grand Mufti issues legal opinions and edicts, fatāwā, on interpretations ofIslamic jurisprudence for private clients or to assist judges in deciding cases. The collected opinions of the Grand Mufti serve as a valuable source of information on the practical application of Islamic law as opposed to its abstract formulation. The Grand Mufti's fatāwā (plural of "fatwā") are not binding precedents in areas of civil laws regulating marriage, divorce, and inheritance. In criminal courts, the Grand Mufti's recommendations are generally not binding either.
- Kitab al-Muhallā bi'l Athār, also known as Al-Muhalla ("The Sweetened" or "The Adorned Treatise," ) is a book of Islamic law and jurisprudence by Ibn Hazm, an 11th century SunniIslamic scholar. It is considered one of the primary sources of the Zahirite or literalistschool within Sunni Islam.
- schools
  • Yihewani (Chinese: 伊赫瓦尼; pinyin: Yīhèwǎní), or Ikhwan (Arabic: الإخوان‎‎), (also known as Al Ikhwan al Muslimun, which means Muslim Brotherhood, not to be confused with the Middle Eastern Muslim Brotherhood) is an Islamic sect in China. Its adherents are called Sunnaiti. It is of the Hanafi school, one of the six major schools of Islam. It is also referred to as "new sect" " or "Latest sect".Ikhwan (Yihewani), together with Qadim (Gedimu) and Xidaotang, are the three major sects of Islam in China. The Yihewani sect was labeled as the new teaching (xinjiao). In 1937 it divided into two groups.

  • maliki
  • Boko Haram was founded as a Sunni Islamic fundamentalist sect, influenced by the Wahhabi movement, advocating a strict form of Sharia law. It developed into a Salafist-jihadi group in 2009. The movement is diffuse, and fighters associated with it do not necessarily follow Salafi doctrine. The group has denounced the members of the Sufi, the Shiite, and the Izala sects as infidels. Boko Haram seeks the establishment of an Islamic state in Nigeria. It opposes the Westernization of Nigerian society and the concentration of the wealth of the country among members of a small political elite, mainly in the Christian south of the country.




Shi-ite
- Ismāʿīlism (Arabic: الإسماعيلية‎‎ al-Ismāʿīliyya; Persian: اسماعیلیان‎‎; Sindhi: اسماعيلي‎; Kurdish: Ismaili‎;Esmāʿiliyān) is a branch of Shia Islam. The Ismāʿīlī (/ˌɪsmeɪˈɪli/) get their name from their acceptance of Imam Isma'il ibn Jafar as the appointed spiritual successor (Imām) to Ja'far al-Sadiq, wherein they differ from the Twelvers who accept Musa al-Kadhim, younger brother of Isma'il, as the true Imām. Tracing its earliest theology to the lifetime ofMuhammad, Ismailism rose at one point to become the largest branch of Shī‘ism, climaxing as a political power with the Fatimid Caliphate in the tenth through twelfth centuries. Ismailis believe in the oneness of God, as well as the closing of divine revelation with Muhammad, whom they see as "the final Prophet and Messenger of God to all humanity". The Ismāʿīlī and the Twelvers both accept the same initial Imams from the descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah and therefore share much of their early history. Both groups see the family of Muhammad (the Ahl al-Bayt) as divinely chosen, infallible (ismah), and guided by God to lead the Islamic community (Ummah), a belief that distinguishes them from the majority Sunni branch of Islam.

  • 阿迦汗Aga Khan (Persian: آقاخان‎, Arabic: آغا خان‎; also transliterated as Aqa Khan and Agha Khan)[1] is a title made up of the titles "agha" and "khan". The Turkish "agha" is "aqa" (Āqā) in Persian. The word "agha" comes from the Old Turkic and Mongolian "aqa", meaning "elder brother",[3][4] and "khan" means king, ruler in Turkic and Mongolian languages.According to Farhad Daftary,[6] a scholar of the Ismaili movement, Aga Khan[7][8] is an honorific title bestowed on Hasan Ali Shah (1800–1881), the 46th Imām of Nizari Ismailis (1817–1881), by Persian king Fath-Ali Shah Qajar.[9] However, Daftary apparently contradicts what the Aga Khan III noted in a famous legal proceeding in India: that Aga Khan is not a title but instead an alias that was given to the Aga Khan I when he was a young man.

    • During the latter stages of the First Anglo-Afghan War (1841–1842), Hasan Ali Shah and his cavalry officers provided assistance to General Nott in Kandahar Province and to General England in his advance from Sindh to join Nott.[citation needed] For these and for other diligent efforts made by him in the service of the Empire, the British Raj recognised him as a "Prince". This title was less extraordinary in that time and place than it seems today, because the British while consolidating their hold on India, had been handing out similar titles liberally to any large landowner or tribal chieftain with local influence who made himself useful to them.The Aga Khan was exceptional in that, while it was the local tribal influence that had enabled him to serve the British and gain their favor, his claim to nobility was based upon his claim to leadership of an entire sect of Islam. Imperial Britain saw great possibilities in having under their control and patronage the head of a major Shia sect; it could even be used at some later stage to counterbalance the influence of the Ottoman Caliph, the head of Islam as recognized by the Sunni sects. In pursuance of this grander narrative, and recognizing that his pretensions and Anglophilia were alike repugnant to the tribes then under his influence, he was awarded the status of "Prince" by the British government's representatives in India and became the only religious or community leader in British India granted a personal gun salute. When Hasan Ali Shah, the first Aga Khan, came to Sindh (which is now in Pakistan) from Afghanistan, he and his army were welcomed by Mir Nasir Khan of Baluchistan.[citation needed] In 1866, the Aga Khan won a court victory in the High Court of Bombay in what popularly became known as the Aga Khan Case, securing his recognition by the British government as the head of the Khoja community. The Aga Khan is also the Pir within the Nizari Ismaili community.In 1887, the Secretary of State for India, acting through the Viceroy of India, formally recognized the title Aga Khan.

    • Aga Khan I (Persian: آغا خان اوّل‎, romanized: Āghā Khān-i Awwal or Persian: آقا خان اوّل‎, romanized: Āqā Khān-i Awwal) or Hasan Ali Shah (Persian: حسن علی شاه‎, romanized: Ḥasan 'Alī Shāh) (1804–1881) was the governor of Kirman, 46th Imam of the Nizari Ismaili Muslims, and prominent Muslim leader in Iran and later in the Indian subcontinent. He was the first Nizari Imam to hold the title Aga Khan.Soon after the accession of Muhammad Shah Qajar to the throne of his grandfather, Fath Ali Shah, the Imam Hasan Ali Shah was appointed governor of Kerman in 1835.

    • Aga Khan II (Persian: آقا خان دوّم‎; Āghā Khān-i Duvvum or, less commonly but more correctly آقا خان دوّم Āqā Khān-i Duvvum), or Aqa Ali Shah (آقا علی شاه Āqā ‘Alī Shāh; born 1830 in Mahallat, Iran; died August 1885 in Poona, India), the 47th Imam of the Nizari Ismaili Muslims. A member of the Iranian royal family, he became the Imam in 1881. During his lifetime, he helped to better not only his own community, but also the larger Muslim community of India. He was an avid sportsman and hunter. He was the second Nizari Iman to hold the title Aga Khan.

    • Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah, Aga Khan III GCSI GCMG GCIE GCVO PC (2 November 1877 – 11 July 1957) was the 48th Imam of the Nizari Ismaili sect of Islam. He was one of the founders and the first permanent president of the All-India Muslim League (AIML). His goal was the advancement of Muslim agendas and protection of Muslim rights in India. The League, until the late 1930s, was not a large organisation but represented the landed and commercial Muslim interests of the British-ruled 'United Provinces' (as of today Uttar Pradesh).[2] He shared Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's belief that Muslims should first build up their social capital through advanced education before engaging in politics. Aga Khan called on the British Raj to consider Muslims to be a separate nation within India, the so-called 'Two Nation Theory'. Even after he resigned as president of the AIML in 1912, he still exerted major influence on its policies and agendas. He was nominated to represent India to the League of Nations in 1932 and served as President of the League of Nations from 1937 to 1938.

    • Prince Shāh Karim al-Husayni (شاه كريم الحسيني Shāh Karĩm al-Ḥussaynĩ; born 13 December 1936),[2] known by the religious title Mawlana Hazar Imam within Ismaili Shia circles and as Aga Khan IV (آقا خان or آغا خان) elsewhere, is the 49th and current Imam of Nizari Ismailism, a denomination of Isma'ilism within Shia Islam. He has held this position of Imam since 11 July 1957,[4] when, at the age of 20, he succeeded his grandfather, Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan III. Aga Khan claims to be a direct lineal descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, Ali, considered Imam in Shia Islam, and Ali's wife Fatima, Muhammad's daughter from his first marriage.

      • The Queen Elizabeth II and the Aga Khan in the Oak Room at Windsor Castle before she hosts a private dinner in honour of the diamond jubilee of his leadership as Imam of the Shia Ismaili Muslim Community https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-the-queen-elizabeth-ii-and-the-aga-khan-in-the-oak-room-at-windsor-176520948.html
  • http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21705372-poorest-bit-former-soviet-union-they-look-leader-yore-hopeful-aga-saga THE region of Badakhshan, which covers most of the eastern half of Tajikistan but hosts barely 3% of its population, is probably the poorest bit of the former Soviet Union’s poorest country. Scraping a living at the rugged western end of the Pamir mountains, its people feel remote from the government in Dushanbe. Their biggest town, Khorog, where anti-government violence has broken out twice in the past four years, is slap on the border with turbulent Afghanistan to the south. Warlords and drug-traffickers, often one and the same, frequently hold sway on both sides of the frontier. The inhabitants, most of whom follow the Ismaili version of Shia Islam, were generally on the losing side of the vicious civil war that ravaged Tajikistan from 1992 to 1997. Their biggest benefactor by far is the Ismailis’ hereditary leader, Prince Karim Aga Khan. A Swiss-born British citizen, he is resident mainly in France; one of his horses recently won the Epsom Derby, one of the grandest British races of the year; he also skied for Iran in the 1964 Winter Olympics.
  • Hassan-e Sabbāh (mistakenly Hassan-i Sabbāh Persian: حسن صباح Hasan-e Sabbāh) or Hassan al-Sabbāh (Arabic: حسن الصباح Ḥasan aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ) (circa 1034-1124) was a Nizārī Ismā‘īlī missionary who converted a community in the late 11th century in the heart of the Alborz Mountains of northern Persia. He later seized a mountain fortress called Alamut. He founded a group of fedayeen whose members are often referred to as the Hashshashin, or "Assassins".哈桑·沙巴在金庸的《倚天屠龙记》中被提及，被称为“山中老人霍山” (《中東現場》，張翠容，馬可孛羅出版社，2006年，ISBN 9867247221)。
  •  The Dawoodi Bohras are a sect within the Ismā'īlī branch of Shia Islam. The largest populations of Dawoodi Bohras reside in India, Pakistan, Yemen and East Africa. There are also significant numbers living in Europe, North America, South East Asia and Australia. Most sources put the worldwide population to be one million.The Dawoodi Bohra follow a sort of Shia Islam as propagated by the Fatimid Imamate in medieval Egypt. They pray three times a day, joining both afternoon prayers Zuhr and Asr, and both evening prayers Maghreb and Isha. They fast in the month of Ramadan, perform Haj and Umrah and give Zakat. The Dawoodi Bohras, being Ismailis and thus Jafaris, were included as Muslims in the Amman Message. There are some criticisms of the Amman message. In all matters of prayer, dress, physical comportment and even avoidance of financial interest, they are highly conservative. At the same time, they eagerly adopt any and every aspect of modern or Western culture that is not specifically forbidden. Far from displaying the anti-Western attitudes sometimes found among other revivalist groups, Bohras proudly send their children to Britain or the United States for education, exhibit greater gender equality than most communities of the subcontinent and have become Internet pioneers uniting members of their far flung denomination into a worldwide cyber congregation.
  • food customs - one plate for all

    • https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/05/04/thousands-march-in-pakistan-shia-procession-as-virus-cases-soar-.html Shiite Muslim devotees take part in a procession to commemorate the death anniversary of Prophet Mohammad's companion and son-in-law Imam Ali in Lahore on May 4, 2021. Thousands of Shiite Muslim devotees — many not wearing masks — gathered in Pakistan’s eastern city of Lahore for a religious procession on Tuesday, fanning fears about the spread of the coronavirus after similar crowds were blamed in neighboring India for its own surge.Members of Pakistan’s Shiite sect make up around 20 percent of the Islamic republic’s 220 million population. Smaller processions were also held in major cities across the country. Dressed in black, devotees chanted slogans and slapped their chests in unison while others whipped themselves with blades.
    - 阿拉维派（阿拉伯语：علوية‎，Alawite），又称“努赛尔派”The Alawis, or Alawites (Arabic: علوية‎ Alawīyah), are a sect of Shia Islam. The Alawites revere Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib), considered the first Imam of the Twelver school. The group is believed to have been founded by Ibn Nusayr during the 9th century. Ibn Nusayr was a disciple of the tenth Twelver Imam, Ali al‐Hadi and of the eleventh Twelver Imam, Hasan al‐Askari. For this reason, Alawites are sometimes called Nusayris (Arabic: نصيرية‎ Nuṣayrīyah), although the term has come to be used as a pejorative in the modern era. Another name, Ansari, is believed to be a mistransliteration of "Nusayri".According to Mehrdad Izady surveys suggest, Alawites represent 17.2 percent of the Syrian population, an increase from 11.8 percent in 2010 and are a significant minority in the Hatay Province of Turkey and northern Lebanon. There is also a population living in the village of Ghajar in the Golan Heights. Alawites form the dominant religious group on the Syrian coast and towns near the coast which are also inhabited by Sunnis, Christians, and Ismailis. They are often confused with the Alevis of Turkey.Alawites identify as a separate ethnoreligious group. The Quran is only one of their holy books and texts, and their interpretation thereof has very little in common with the Shia Muslim interpretation but in accordance with the early Batiniyya and other Muslim ghulat sects. Alawite theology and rituals break from mainstream Shia Islam in several important ways. For one, the Alawites drink wine as Ali's transubstantiated essence in their rituals; while other Muslims abstain from alcohol, Alawites are encouraged to drink socially in moderation. Finally, they also believe in reincarnation.The establishment of the French Mandate of Syria marked a turning point in Alawi history. It gave the French the power to recruit Syrian civilians into their armed forces for an indefinite period and created exclusive areas for minorities, including an Alawite State. The Alawite State was later dismantled, but the Alawites continued to be a significant part of the Syrian Armed Forces. Since Hafez al-Assad took power through the 1970 Corrective Movement, the government has been dominated by a political elite led by the Alawite Al-Assad family. During the Islamist uprising in Syria in the 1970s and 1980s, the establishment came under pressure. Even greater pressure has resulted from the Syrian Civil War.
    • In older sources, Alawis are often called "Ansaris". According to Samuel Lyde, who lived among the Alawites during the mid-19th century, this was a term they used among themselves. Other sources indicate that "Ansari" is simply a Western error in the transliteration of "Nusayri". However, the term "Nusayri" had fallen out of currency by the 1920s, as a movement led by intellectuals within the community during the French Mandate sought to replace it with the modern term "Alawi".
    • Economic crisis begins to crack the bedrock of Assad’s Alawi support Syria’s coastal areas prospered after supporting the president in wartime, but now sanctions and Covid are straining ties https://www.ft.com/content/794a8db4-0c9e-4495-bae1-433d66b2cf41
    • any relations?
      • 阿拉維王朝The Alaouite dynasty, or Alawite dynasty (Arabic: سلالة العلويين الفيلاليين‎, Sulālat al-ʿAlawiyyīn al-Fīlālīyn), is the current Moroccan royal family.
      • Mariam Sayed Sameer Marbella Al-Alawi (Arabic: مريم سيد سمير ماربيلا العلوي) (born December 25, 1996), better known by her screen name Ivana Alawi, is a Filipino-Moroccan actress, model, and YouTuber.Alawi was born to a Filipino mother and a Moroccan father.
    - according to "how to read islamic carpets" published by the met, 17thcentury roman catholic poloish and shi'ite muslim persian kings had one thing in common - both opposed to sunni muslim ottoman turkish empire
    - iran - mainly shia muslims

    ibadi
    - The Ibāḍī movement, Ibadism or Ibāḍiyya, also known as the Ibadis (Arabic: الاباضية‎‎, al-Ibāḍiyyah), is a school of Islam dominant in Oman. It is also found in Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and East Africa. The movement is said to have been founded 20 years after the death of the Muslim prophet Muhammad, predating both the Sunni and Shia denominations. Some historians believe that the denomination is a reformed sect of the Khawarij movement; Ibāḍīs, however, deny anything more than a passing relation to the Khawarij and point out that they merely developed out of the same precursor group called Muhakkima.
    - hkej 28jul17 shum article

    Wahhabis
    - Wahhabism (Arabic: الوهابية‎‎, al-Wahhābiya(h)) or Wahhabi mission (/wəˈhɑːbi, wɑː-/; nArabic: الدعوة الوهابية‎‎, ad-Da'wa al-Wahhābiya(h) ) is a religious movement or branch of Sunni Islam. It has been variously described as "ultraconservative", "austere","fundamentalist", "puritanical" or "puritan" and as an Islamic "reform movement" to restore "pure monotheistic worship" (tawhid) by scholars and advocates, and as an "extremist pseudo-Sunni movement" by opponents. Adherents often object to the term Wahhabi or Wahhabism as derogatory, and prefer to be called Salafi or muwahhid. The movement emphasises the principle of tawhid (the "uniqueness" and "unity" ofGod). Its principal influences include Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855) and Ibn Taymiyyah(1263–1328). Wahhabism is named after an eighteenth-century preacher and scholar, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792). He started a revivalist movement in the remote, sparsely populated region of Najd, advocating a purging of practices such as the popular "cult of saints", and shrine and tomb visitation, widespread among Muslims, but which he considered idolatry (shirk), impurities and innovations in Islam (Bid'ah).[5][17] Eventually he formed a pact with a local leader Muhammad bin Saud offering political obedience and promising that protection and propagation of the Wahhabi movement mean "power and glory" and rule of "lands and men." The alliance between followers of ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad bin Saud's successors (the House of Saud) proved to be a durable one. The House of Saud continued to maintain its politico-religious alliance with the Wahhabi sect through the waxing and waning of its own political fortunes over the next 150 years, through to its eventual proclamation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932, and then afterwards, on into modern times. Today Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab's teachings are the official, state-sponsored form of Sunni Islam in Saudi Arabia. With the help of funding from Saudi petroleum exports (and other factors), the movement underwent "explosive growth" beginning in the 1970s and now has worldwide influence.
    - hkej 13jun17 shum article


    Sufism or Tasawwuf (Arabic: تصوف‎), is defined as the inner mystical dimension of Islam. Practitioners of Sufism (Tasawwuf), referred to as Sufis (ṣūfī) (/ˈsuːfi/; صُوفِيّ), often belong to different ṭuruq or "orders"—congregations formed around a grand master referred to as aMawla who maintains a direct chain of teachers back to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. These orders meet for spiritual sessions (majalis) in meeting places known as zawiyahs,khanqahs, or tekke. Sufis strive for ihsan (perfection of worship) as detailed in a hadith: "Ihsan is to worship Allah as if you see Him; if you can't see Him, surely He sees you." Jalaluddin Rumi stated: "The Sufi is hanging on to Muhammad, like Abu Bakr."[5] Sufis regard Muhammad as Al-Insān al-Kāmil, which is a concept that describes Muhammad as the primary perfect man who exemplifies the morality of God. Sufis regard Muhammad as their leader and prime spiritual guide. All Sufi orders trace many of their original precepts from the Islamic prophet Muhammadthrough his cousin and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib, with the notable exception of theNaqshbandi order who claim to trace their origins through the first sunni Caliph, Abu Bakr.[7]Sufi orders are largely Sunni and follow one of the four schools of Sunni Islam and maintain a Sunni Aqidah or creed. Over the years various Sufi orders have been influenced by and adopted into various Shi'ite movements, especially Ismailism, which led to the Safaviyyaorder's conversion to Shi'ite Islam and the spread of Twelver Shi'ism throughout Persia.[9]Sufi orders include Ba 'Alawiyya, Badawiyya, Bektashi, Burhaniya, Chishti, Khalwati, Mevlevi,Naqshbandi, Nimatullahi, Uwaisi, Qadiria Boutshishia, Qadiriyyah, Qalandariyya, Rifa'i, Sarwari Qadiri, Shadhiliyya, Suhrawardiyya, Tijaniyyah, and many others.
    - A dervish or darvesh (from Persian: درویش‎‎, Darvīsh viaTurkish, Somali: Daraawiish, Arabic: درويش‎, Darwīš) is someone guiding a Sufi Muslim ascetic down a path or "Tariqah", known for their extreme poverty and austerity. His focus is on the universal values of love and service, deserting the illusions of ego to reach God. In most Sufi orders, a dervish is known to practice dhikr through physical exertions or religious practices to attain the ecstatic trance to reach Allah. Their most common practice is Sema which is associated with Rumi. The whirling dance or Sufi whirling that is proverbially associated with dervishes is best known in the West by the practices (performances) of the Mevlevi order in Turkey, and is part of a formal ceremony known as the Sema. It is, however, also practiced by other orders. The Sema is only one of the many Sufi ceremonies performed to try to reach religious ecstasy (majdhb, fana). The name Mevlevi comes from the Persian poet Rumi, who was a dervish himself. This practice, though not intended as entertainment, has become a tourist attraction in Turkey. The Dervish State was an early 20th-century Somali SunniIslamic state that was established by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, a religious leader who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and united them into a loyal army known as the Dervishes. This Dervish army enabled Hassan to carve out a powerful state through conquest of lands claimed by the Somali Sultans, the Ethiopians and the European powers. The Dervish State acquired renown in the Islamic and Westernworlds due to its resistance against Britain and Italy. The Dervish State successfully repulsed British-led Somali and Ethiopian forces four times and forced them to retreat to the coastal region. The polity also maintained relations with other authorities, receiving support from the Ottoman andGerman empires. The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation, and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire. The Dervish State was finally defeated by the British in 1920.
    - orders
    •  Bektashi Order or Shī‘ah Imāmī Alevī-Bektāshī Ṭarīqah (Albanian: Tarikati Bektashi; Turkish: Bektaşi Tarîkatı) is a dervish order (tariqat) named after the 13th century Alevi Wali (saint) Haji Bektash Veli from Khorasan, but founded by Balım Sultan. The order, whose headquarters is in Tirana, Albania, is mainly found throughout Anatolia and the Balkans, and was particularly strong in Albania, Bulgaria, and among Ottoman era Greek Muslims from the regions of Epirus, Crete and Macedonia. However, the Bektashi order does not seem to have attracted quite as many adherents from among Bosnian Muslims, who tended to favor more mainstream Sunni orders such as the Naqshbandiyya and Qadiriyya. The order represents the official ideology of Bektashism (Turkish: Bektaşilik). In addition to the spiritual teachings of Haji Bektash Veli, the Bektashi order was later significantly influenced during its formative period by the Hurufis (in the early 15th century), the Qalandariyya stream of Sufism, and to varying degrees the Shia beliefs circulating in Anatolia during the 14th to 16th centuries. The mystical practices and rituals of the Bektashi order were systematized and structured by Balım Sultan in the 16th century after which many of the order's distinct practices and beliefs took shape. A large number of academics consider Bektashism to have fused a number of Shia and Sufi concepts, although the order contains rituals and doctrines that are distinct. Throughout its history Bektashis have always had wide appeal and influence among both the Ottoman intellectual elite as well as the peasantry. 
    • hkej 9aug18 shum article
    - music
    - Sufi whirling (or Sufi turning) (Turkish: Semazen) is a form of Sama or physically active meditation which originated among Sufis, and which is still practiced by the Sufi Dervishes of the Mevlevi order and other orders such as the Rifa'i-Marufi. It is a customary meditation practice performed within the Sema, or worship ceremony, through which dervishes (also called semazens, from Persian سماعزن) aim to reach the source of all perfection, or kemal. This is sought through abandoning one's nafs, egos or personal desires, by listening to the music, focusing on God, and spinning one's body in repetitive circles, which has been seen as a symbolic imitation of planets in the Solar Systemorbiting the sun. The Mevlevi practice gave rise to an Egyptian form, tanoura, distinguished by the use of a multicolored skirt. This has also developed into a performance dance by non-Sufis, including dancers outside the Islamic world.
    - west africa
    • A small anecdote. Few years ago, I met a Senegalese man whose last name was Tijani. I recognized the name as being derived from an 18th century Sufi brotherhood that I knew was widespread in West Africa, the so-called Tijaniyyah. But the founder of the brotherhood was actually an Algerian, and the Sufi order was most successful in attracting adherents in West Africa, where it went on to become the dominant creed of Sufism. In Morocco and Algeria it died out, losing out against other orders, but it went on to prosper in the countries of West Africa, where many folk can still be found named after the mystical order.The city I had met the man in was Marrakesh, a major urban settlement of Morocco, the city that gave its name to the country at large. Marrakesh is an old city, having roots in a late 11th century Almoravid military camp. These people originated among a religious reform movement of (semi-)nomadic communities of the south of the Sahel, the border region between what is now Mauritania and Mali.https://www.quora.com/Why-do-the-people-of-North-Africa-have-almost-nothing-in-common-with-the-rest-of-Africa-or-African-people

    白山派，是叶尔羌汗国Yarkent Khanate, also spelled as Yarkand Khanate 納克什班迪教團的一个分支。白山派最初发展于撒马尔罕一地。“白山派”在十八世紀出現，又叫“白帽派”、“白帽回子”。叶尔羌汗国统治时期，他们与黑山派发生了激烈的战斗（其中黑山派受哈薩克汗国支持）。后来阿帕克和卓在达赖与准噶尔干预下回新疆辦理回務，后被黑山派驱逐。阿帕克和卓后裔被囚禁在伊犁。准噶尔部灭亡后，阿帕克和卓之孙波罗尼都、霍集占被清朝释放，不久发动了大小和卓之乱，最后为清朝军队所平息。
    - the only alternative wiki version is turkish
    - 阿帕克霍加麻扎（香妃墓）地处离市区5公里处的艾孜热特村，始建于1640年，是今新疆境内规模和影响最大的伊斯兰教圣人后裔的陵墓，整个陵园占地面积72亩，墓主为喀什噶尔“霍加政权”、白山派首领阿帕克霍加。相传墓中还葬有清朝皇帝的妃子——“香妃”，故当地群众又称之为“香妃墓”

    The Bhishti Abbasi (Hindustani: भिश्ती, بهِشتی) are a Muslim tribe or biradari found in North India and Pakistan. They claim to be descendants from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib,the paternal uncle of Muhammad. In Maharashtra, the tribe is often referred to as Pakhali.[1][2] Bhishti or Saqqa, also known as Sheikh Abbasi or Abbasi .The Sheikh Abbasi belong to Arab tribe (Banu Abbas). The title character of Rudyard Kipling's poem "Gunga Din" is a Bhishti (In contrast to Kipling's later poem "The White Man's Burden", "Gunga Din" (/ˌɡʌŋɡə ˈdiːn/) is named after the Indian and portrays him as a heroic character who is not afraid to face danger on the battlefield as he tends to wounded men. The white soldiers who order Din around and beat him for not bringing them water fast enough are presented as being callous and shallow and ultimately inferior to him.).The Abbasi are the traditional water carriers[4] of South Asia,[5] and the word Bhishti is derived from the Persian word behesht, meaning paradise, and the name is said to have been given to the community on account of their ministering to Muslim soldiers at a battle. They were historically the suppliers of water from a goat-skin bag known as the mashk or mashq.In Gujarat, the Bhishti claim to be Abbasi arab,who from North India during the rule of the Mughal Emperor Akbar. Like the Bhishti of North India, They provided water for the Mughal armies that conquered Gujarat.The Bhisti of Maharashtra are unaware of their origin. They are found mainly in the districts of Sangli, Sholapur, Kolhapur and Pune. The community speaks the Dakhini dialect of Urdu, as well as Marathi.A good many Bhishti of Delhi emigrated to Pakistan, at the partition of India. They are now found mainly in Karachi, and form a sub-group within the larger Muhajir ethnic group.
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    Hizmet movement
    - http://www.bbc.com/news/world-13503361 Supporters regard the Hizmet movement inspired by US-based Turkish preacher Fethullah Gulen as the benign, modern face of Islam, but critics question its motives. The influence of the movement has been in the spotlight again in Mr Gulen's home country, where a feud between his followers and other members of the political class has been blown into the open by a series of arrests. Ill-feeling is said to have grown since the Turkish government moved to close down a network of private schools run by Hizmet. Until then, the movement played a part in driving the electoral success of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan's Islamist-rooted AK Party, which has been in power for three terms. But the movement's influence extends far beyond Turkey, funding schools, and think tanks and media outlets, from Kenya to Kazakhstan. It has attracted millions of followers and billions of dollars.



    javanese islam
    - Sunan Kalijaga (1460-1513), born as Raden Mas Said son of a Duke of Tuban in East Java, Indonesia, was one of the "nine saints" of Javanese Islam (Wali Sanga). the "Kalijaga" title was derived from an orchard known as "Kalijaga" in Cirebon. Other accounts suggest the name derives from his hobby of submerging himself in Kali ("river" in Javanese). Others note that the name Kalijaga derived its nature from the Arabic notion of qadli dzaqa which means "holy leader" in the sultanate.
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