- mks system / SI
- fps system
heat
- 0 degrees - freezing
- 1000 degrees - red hot
- heat materials like steel or coal - glow red, therefore red hot
- 6000 degrees - white hot, temperature sun
- additional heat will shift peak into uv zone, but a tail of that emission will extend into the visible spectrum - blue hot. However, need to get materials up to more than 25000 degrees to see that and this generally does not happen, so we don't have the term blue hot.
Latent heat
- fusion
- vaporisation
- sublimation
Heat transfer
- convection
- Natural
- Forced - fan/pump
- radiation
- electromagnetic radiation (ascending order in wavelength, descending order in energy)
- gamma rays
- x-rays
- uv rays
- infrared rays
- systems
- radar waves, microwaves
- radiowaves
- elf waves
- In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a device or unit used to condense a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, by cooling it. In so doing, the latent heat is given up by the substance and transferred to the surrounding environment. Condensers can be made according to numerous designs, and come in many sizes ranging from rather small (hand-held) to very large (industrial-scale units used in plant processes). For example, a refrigerator uses a condenser to get rid of heat extracted from the interior of the unit to the outside air. Condensers are used in air conditioning, industrial chemical processes such as distillation, steam power plants and other heat-exchange systems. Use of cooling water or surrounding air as the coolant is common in many condensers.
- All condensers can be classified as one of three types: air cooling, water cooling, or evaporative cooling. An air cooling condenser uses air as the heat conducting media by blowing air through the surface of condensers, which carries heat away from the high-pressure, high-temperature refrigerant vapor.
- A water cooling condenser uses water as the heat conducting media to cooling refrigerant vapor to liquid.
- An evaporative condenser cools the refrigerant vapor by using heat exchange between the evaporator pipes and the evaporated water which is sprayed on the surface of the pipes. This type of condenser is capable of working in warm environments; they are also very efficient and reliable.
The four laws of thermodynamics define fundamental physical quantities (temperature, energy, and entropy) that characterize thermodynamic systems at thermal equilibrium. The laws describe how these quantities behave under various circumstances, and forbid certain phenomena (such as perpetual motion).
The four laws of thermodynamics are:
- Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law helps define the notion of temperature.
- First law of thermodynamics: When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out from a system, the system's internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of energy. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind (machines that produce work without the input of energy) are impossible.
- Second law of thermodynamics: In a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems increases. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the second kind (machines that spontaneously convert thermal energy into mechanical work) are impossible.
- Third law of thermodynamics: The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.[2] With the exception of non-crystalline solids (glasses) the entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically close to zero, and is equal to the logarithm of the product of the quantum ground states.
Coulomb's law, or Coulomb's inverse-square law, is a law of physics that describes force interacting between static electrically charged particles.Coulomb's law states that:
クーロンの法則（クーロンのほうそく、 Coulomb's law）とは、荷電粒子間に働く反発し、または引き合う力がそれぞれの電荷の積に比例し、距離の2乗に反比例すること（逆2乗の法則）を示した電磁気学の基本法則。 Raman spectroscopy (/ˈrɑːmən/; named after Sir C. V. Raman) is a spectroscopic technique used to observe vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system.[1]Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry to provide a structural fingerprint by which molecules can be identified.
Storing energy
- An electrochemical cell is a device capable of either generating electrical energy from chemical reactions or facilitating chemical reactions through the introduction of electrical energy. A common example of an electrochemical cell is a standard 1.5 - volt[1]cell meant for consumer use. This type of device is known as a single galvanic cell. A battery consists of one or more cells, connected in either parallel or series pattern.
fire, fireworks
- fireplace - orange from sodium, blue from copper and hydrogen , that's why copper-based fireworks are always in demand on 4th of july [eckstut]
- firework
- firework
- color
- red-orange stronium+lithium components
- orange calcium compnents
- yellow sodium comonents
- green barum components
- blue copper components
- red-purple strontium +copper components
rock melt with silica dioxide molecules will form quartz. If the melt freezes rapidly because of a volcanic eruption, it will form into a rock that may be opaque and white. If the same melt freezes slowly (very, very slowly, over a million years' time), its molecules will align in an ordered, six sided crystal that can range in color from gray to rose. A mineral's internal structure can be stretched, pulled and bent until it is deformed. The new deformed structure will reflect light differently from the original structure. If quartz is deformed by tectonic forces such as creation of mountains, it will metamorphose into quartzite, a completely opaque rock, where its crystalline structure is bent. Depending on its heat, the composition of rock can change if other elements (called enrichments) are added to it - eg from clear to purple. In case of quartz, manganese can enrich clear quartz and turn it to amethyst quartz. Veins in rock - either gases or fluuds came up thru cracks or veins enriched by ions and molecules. Marble is metamorphic rock, iron, magnesium and silica are just a few of enrichments.
Ultraviolet (UV) is an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays. UV radiation constitutes about 10% of the total light output of the Sun, and is thus present in sunlight. It is also produced by electric arcs and specialized lights, such as mercury-vapor lamps, tanning lamps, and black lights. Although it is not considered an ionizing radiation because its photons lack the energy to ionize atoms, long-wavelength ultraviolet radiation can cause chemical reactions and causes many substances to glow or fluoresce. Consequently, the chemical and biological effects of UV are greater than simple heating effects, and many practical applications of UV radiation derive from its interactions with organic molecules. Suntan, freckling and sunburn are familiar effects of over-exposure, along with higher risk of skin cancer. Living things on dry land would be severely damaged by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun if most of it were not filtered out by the Earth's atmosphere.[1] More-energetic, shorter-wavelength "extreme" UV below 121 nm ionizes air so strongly that it is absorbed before it reaches the ground.[2] Ultraviolet is also responsible for the formation of bone-strengthening vitamin D in most land vertebrates, including humans.[3] The UV spectrum thus has effects both beneficial and harmful to human health. Ultraviolet rays are invisible to most humans, although insects, birds, and some mammals can see near-UV.
- Because of its ability to cause chemical reactions and excite fluorescence in materials, ultraviolet radiation has a number of applications. The following table[81] gives some uses of specific wavelength bands in the UV spectrum
- 13.5 nm: Extreme ultraviolet lithography
- 30–200 nm: Photoionization, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, standard integrated circuit manufacture by photolithography
- 230–365 nm: UV-ID, label tracking, barcodes
- 230–400 nm: Optical sensors, various instrumentation
- 240–280 nm: Disinfection, decontamination of surfaces and water (DNA absorption has a peak at 260 nm)
- 200–400 nm: Forensic analysis, drug detection
- 270–360 nm: Protein analysis, DNA sequencing, drug discovery
- 280–400 nm: Medical imaging of cells
- 300–320 nm: Light therapy in medicine
- 300–365 nm: Curing of polymers and printer inks
- 350–370 nm: Bug zappers (flies are most attracted to light at 365 nm)
- 潮流資訊平台HYPEBEAST上周五在中環一商場舉辦時裝活動，疑因場地安裝了紫外線殺菌燈，傳有人因被紫外線直接照射一段時間導致曬傷，有人事後眼睛感痛楚或臉、手刺痛及脫皮；有參加者向警方備案。HYPEBEAST指共六十二名賓客、表演者及員工表示對健康狀況感到疑慮；初步調查顯示，負責燈光裝置的承辦商涉在HYPEBEAST不知情下，於場內部分區域安裝一款未經許可燈飾，承辦商正配合保險公司調查。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20171027/00176_081.html
- 根據參加者提供資料，場內安裝的紫外線殺菌燈是Philips的「TUV30W/G30 T8」型號光管（圖）。Philips網站顯示，該型號光管是UV-C殺菌燈，專門用於水與空氣消毒，UV-C輻射量為12伏特，產品說明的警告指光管會發出高能量紫外線輻射，引致眼睛及皮膚嚴重受傷，應用於封閉環境，避免眼睛及皮膚被直接照射。本報就事故向機電工程署查詢，發言人稱會派人到事發場地了解。翻查資料，內地不少學校課室均裝有紫外線殺菌燈，在放學後無人時着燈消毒，不時發生因忘記關燈或錯誤開燈，導致大批學生集體被灼傷意外。另外，今年7月澳門氹仔一間超市的壽司製作室3名員工，早上上班時忘記關掉紫外線殺菌燈，被照射幾小時後出現臉、頸及手肘灼熱與疼痛、眼部不適等徵狀。退休工程師盧覺強指，紫外線（UV）分近紫外線（UV-A）、中紫外線（UV-B）及遠紫外線（UV-C），UV-A殺傷力最低，一般用於美容；UV-B殺傷力中等，一般用於醫學用途；UV-C殺傷力最強，一般用於水及空氣殺菌消毒，若人體暴露於UV-C下，不足30分鐘已會受傷，「當人係細菌咁殺，就好似喺太陽下暴曬咁，皮膚會被曬傷，眼睛亦會受傷」。https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/daily/article/20171027/20195813
- specific elements like hydrogen, helium and oxygen carry specific color patterns. Refracting the light from a star into a rainbow enables us to see whuch colors are missing from the star's spectrum.
- water molecules - made up of hydrogen and oxygen - absorb red, orange, yellow light and reflect blue and green light. Algae, which itself comes in numerous colors ranging from red and yellow- green to blue-green and brown, can powerfully color the water it inhabits. eg red sea, pink lakes, red tides. Amazonian rio negro 's color comes from the breakdown of decaying plants which absorbs light. Individual bubbles scatter a rainbow of light, when there is a multitude of bubbles, their wavelengths add together to form white light. Snow is made up of tiny crystals that bounce light. But light dies not bounce when it hits a glacier. Instead, it is trapped inside the glacier's solid crystals where it is then refracted into all the colors of the spectrum. Low energy wavelengths of light on red end of spectrum are absorbed by densely packed crystals, high energy wavelengths of light on blue and violet end of spectrum are not absorbed, thus resulting in glacier's shocking turquoise color esp in cracks and crevices.
The nadir (UK: /ˈnædɪər/), (US: /ˈneɪdɪər/) (from Arabic: نظير / ALA-LC: naẓīr, meaning "counterpart"[a]) is the direction pointing directly below a particular location; that is, it is one of two vertical directions at a specified location, orthogonal to a horizontal flat surface there. Since the concept of being below is itself somewhat vague, scientists define the nadir in more rigorous terms. Specifically, in astronomy, geophysics and related sciences (e.g., meteorology), the nadir at a given point is the local vertical direction pointing in the direction of the force of gravity at that location. The direction opposite of the nadir is the zenith. Nadir is also used figuratively to mean the lowest point of a person's spirits, or the quality of an activity or profession.
A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device. (This definition can be recalled by using the mnemonic CCD for cathode current departs.) A conventional current describes the direction in which positive electronic charges move. Electrons have a negative electrical charge, so the movement of electrons is opposite to that of the conventional current flow (consequently, the mnemonic cathode current departs also means that electrons flow into the device's cathode).
Co-fired ceramic devices are monolithic, ceramic microelectronic devices where the entire ceramic support structure and any conductive, resistive, and dielectric materials are fired in a kiln at the same time. Typical devices include capacitors, inductors, resistors, transformers, and hybrid circuits. The technology is also used for a multi-layer packaging for the electronics industry, such as military electronics, MEMS, microprocessor and RFapplications. Co-fired ceramic devices are made by processing a number of layers independently and assembling them into a device as a final step. This differs from semiconductor device fabrication where layers are processed serially; each new layer being fabricated on top of previous layers. Co-firing can be divided into low temperature (LTCC) and high temperature (HTCC) applications: low temperature means that the sintering temperature is below 1,000 °C (1,830 °F), while high temperature is around 1,600 °C (2,910 °F).[2] Compared to LTCC, HTCC has higher resistance conductive layers.
A turbine blade is the individual component which makes up the turbine section of a gas turbine or steam turbine. The blades are responsible for extracting energy from the high temperature, high pressure gas produced by the combustor. The turbine blades are often the limiting component of gas turbines.[1] To survive in this difficult environment, turbine blades often use exotic materials like superalloys and many different methods of cooling, such as internal air channels, boundary layer cooling, and thermal barrier coatings. Blade fatigue is a major source of failure in steam turbines and gas turbines. Fatigue is caused by the stress induced by vibration and resonance within the operating range of machinery. To protect blades from these high dynamic stresses, friction dampers are used. Blades of wind turbines and water turbines are designed to operate in different conditions, which typically involve lower rotational speeds and temperatures.
making ice
- https://www.quora.com/How-did-ancient-civilizations-living-near-the-equator-e-g-Egyptians-get-make-ice
time
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-time-2
people
- *********Richard Phillips "Dick" Feynman,[1][2][3][4] ForMemRS (/ˈfaɪnmən/; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model. For contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 jointly with Julian Schwinger and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga. Feynman developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions describing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World he was ranked as one of the ten greatest physicists of all time. He assisted in the development of the atomic bomb during World War II and became known to a wide public in the 1980s as a member of the Rogers Commission, the panel that investigated the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. Along with his work in theoretical physics, Feynman has been credited with pioneering the field of quantum computing and introducing the concept of nanotechnology. He held the Richard C. Tolman professorship in theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology. Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There's Plenty of Room at the Bottomand the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiographical books Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! and What Do You Care What Other People Think? and books written about him such as Tuva or Bust! by Ralph Leighton and the biography Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman by James Gleick.Feynman was born on May 11, 1918, in Queens, New York City,[6] to Lucille née Phillips, a homemaker, and Melville Arthur Feynman, a sales manager[7] originally from Minsk in Belarus[8] (then part of the Russian Empire). Both were Lithuanian Jews.
- **********In 1978, Feynman sought medical treatment for abdominal pains and was diagnosed with liposarcoma, a rare form of cancer. Surgeons removed a tumor the size of a football that had crushed one kidney and his spleen. Further operations were performed in October 1986 and October 1987.[183] He was again hospitalized at the UCLA Medical Center on February 3, 1988. A ruptured duodenal ulcer caused kidney failure, and he declined to undergo the dialysis that might have prolonged his life for a few months. Watched over by his wife Gweneth, sister Joan, and cousin Frances Lewine, he died on February 15, 1988, at age 69.When Feynman was nearing death, he asked Danny Hillis why he was so sad. Hillis replied that he thought Feynman was going to die soon. Feynman said that this sometimes bothered him, too, adding, when you get to be as old as he was, and have told so many stories to so many people, even when he was dead he would not be completely gone.Near the end of his life, Feynman attempted to visit the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) in Russia, a dream thwarted by Cold War bureaucratic issues. The letter from the Soviet government authorizing the trip was not received until the day after he died. His daughter Michelle later made the journey.His burial was at Mountain View Cemetery and Mausoleum in Altadena, California.
- On January 27, 2016, Bill Gates wrote an article "The Best Teacher I Never Had" describing Feynman's talents as a teacher which inspired Gates to create Project Tuva to place the videos of Feynman's Messenger Lectures, The Character of Physical Law, on a website for public viewing. In 2015 Gates made a video on why he thought Feynman was special. The video was made for the 50th anniversary of Feynman's 1965 Nobel Prize, in response to Caltech's request for thoughts on Feynman.
- another richard feynman https://www.quora.com/Why-are-manhole-covers-round
Websites
- http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/linear-expansion-coefficients-d_95.html
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