- 24歲被告楊宇楷（Yukai Yang，音譯）於理海大學主修化學。楊承認2018年3月購買重金屬鉈，在涉案室友洛尤的牛奶、食水和漱口水中投放，洛尤早前出庭作供時表示，他中毒後出現頭痛、嘔吐及體重下降的情況。鉈無味無臭，但可以對人類致命。質地柔軟的鉈一般用於製造電子產品，美國曾用鉈作老鼠藥，惟上世紀70年代起禁止。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201202/00180_025.html
Dentifrices, including toothpowder and toothpaste, are agents used along with a toothbrush to clean and polish natural teeth. They are supplied in paste, powder, gel or liquid form. Many dentifrices have been produced over the years, some focusing on marketing
strategies to sell products, such as offering whitening
capabilities. The most essential dentifrice recommended by dentists is toothpaste which is used in conjunction with a toothbrush
to help remove food debris and dental plaque. Dentifrice is also the French word for toothpaste.Toothpaste is a dentifrice used in conjunction with a toothbrush to help maintain oral hygiene. The essential components are an abrasive, binder, surfactant and humectant. Other ingredients are also used. The main purpose of the paste is to help remove debris and plaque with some marketed to serve accessory functions such as breath freshening and teeth whitening.Tooth powder is an alternative to toothpaste. Modern versions may be sold with or without fluoride. Tooth powder was historically used among the Romans to clean and whiten teeth, to fix them when loose, to strengthen the gums, and to assuage toothache. They made tooth powder from a variety of substances, such as the bones, hoofs, and horns of certain animals;[1]crabs; oyster[4] and murex shells; and egg-shells. These ingredients were reduced to a fine powder, sometimes after having been previously burnt.[1][4] Some versions contained honey,[4] ground myrrh, nitre,[2], salt,[3] and hartshorn, which would be added after the initial powdering process. Pliny the Elder reported the use of pounded pumice as a dentifrice.[5] The earliest mention of tooth care among the Romans comes from a letter by Apuleius, complaining that using tooth powder is nothing to be ashamed of, especially compared to the "utterly repulsive things they do in Spain." Apuleius quotes Catullus in saying that he would be using his own urine "to brush his teeth and his red gums." By 1924, diatomaceous earth was mined for tooth powder.[7] In modern times, baking soda has been the most commonly used tooth powder, although this has now been mostly supplanted by commercial toothpastes.[citation needed] The use of powdered substances such as charcoal, brick, and salt for cleaning teeth has been historically widespread in India, particularly in rural areas.[8] Modern tooth powder has been positioned as a cost-effective substitute for toothpaste, as it can be applied with the index fingerwithout requiring use of a toothbrush.Panthenol (also called
pantothenol) is the
alcohol analog of
pantothenic acid (vitamin B
5), and is thus a
provitamin of B
5. In organisms it is quickly oxidized to pantothenic acid. It is a viscous transparent liquid at room temperature. Panthenol is used as a
moisturizer and to improve wound healing in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.In pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and personal-care products, panthenol is a moisturizer and
humectant, used in
ointments, lotions, shampoos, nasal sprays, eye drops,
lozenges, and cleaning solutions for contact lenses.In ointments it is used for the treatment of
sunburns, mild
burns, minor skin injuries and disorders (in concentrations of up to 2–5%).
[2] It improves
hydration, reduces itching and inflammation of the skin, improves skin elasticity, and accelerates
epidermal wounds' rate of healing.
Denatured alcohol, also called
methylated spirits (in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom) or
denatured rectified spirit,
[1] is
ethanol that has additives to make it
poisonous, bad-tasting, foul-smelling, or
nauseating to discourage
recreational consumption. It is sometimes dyed so that it can be identified visually.
Pyridine,
methanol, or both can be added to make denatured alcohol poisonous, and
denatoniumcan be added to make it bitter.Denatured alcohol is used as a
solvent and as fuel for
alcohol burners and
camping stoves. Because of the diversity of industrial uses for denatured alcohol, hundreds of additives and denaturing methods have been used. The main additive has traditionally been 10% methanol, methyl alcohol, giving rise to the term "methylated spirits". Other typical additives include
isopropyl alcohol,
acetone,
methyl ethyl ketone, and
methyl isobutyl ketone.
- 生產蟲膠及其產品中常用變性乙醇作為溶劑。另外因其揮發性和溫和性，衣物、家具、玻璃和金屬的高效清潔也可使用變性乙醇。版畫印刷中還可用變性乙醇溶解松香。露營爐具常用變性乙醇作為燃料，主要因為它價格低廉，易於用水撲滅，而且便於運輸。變性乙醇作為爐具燃料比純淨乙醇更安全，因為乙醇的火焰幾乎無色，有人從旁邊經過而未加注意就可能被燒傷。在建築工程中有時需要打磨木材，木材打磨完後會有木屑產生的沙粒。用變性乙醇作為打磨助劑後可以有效去除這些沙粒，乙醇蒸發後木頭表面塗層會更加光滑。
- Kẽm in viet
- 日本福島縣一間化學工廠周二發生爆炸，造成至少4人受傷，其中兩人傷勢嚴重。涉事工廠製造用於化妝品等產品的鋅粉，位於JR常磐線湯本站以南約3公里，事故原因尚待調查。有在附近工作的男子表示，看到現場出現蘑菇雲，並嗅到化學物質的氣味。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210512/00180_016.html
Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula
ZnO. ZnO is a white powder that is insoluble in water, and it is widely used as an additive in numerous materials and products including rubbers, plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, lubricants, paints, ointments, adhesives, sealants, pigments,
foods, batteries, ferrites, fire retardants, and first-aid tapes. Although it occurs naturally as the mineral
zincite, most zinc oxide is produced synthetically.
氧化锌是
锌的
氧化物，难溶于
水，可溶于
酸和强
碱。它是白色固体，故又称
锌白。它能通过燃烧
锌或焙烧
闪锌矿（
硫化锌）取得。在自然中，氧化锌是
矿物红锌矿的主要成分。人造氧化锌有两种制造方法：由纯锌氧化或烘烧锌矿石而成。
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification
technology that uses a partially permeable membrane to remove ions
, unwanted molecules
and larger particles from drinking water. In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure, a colligative property, that is driven by chemical potentialdifferences of the solvent, a thermodynamic parameter. Reverse osmosis can remove many types of dissolved and suspended chemical species as well as biological ones (principally bacteria) from water, and is used in both industrial processes and the production of potable water. The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To be "selective", this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should allow smaller components of the solution (such as solvent molecules, i.e., water, H2O) to pass freely.逆滲透（Reverse osmosis、又稱 RO）、反滲透，是一種淨化水的辦法。原理是利用滲透作用，將清水（低張溶液）和鹹水（高張溶液）置於一管中，中間以一支允許水通過的半透膜分隔開來，可見到水從滲透壓低（低張溶液）的地方流向滲透壓高（高張溶液）的地方。然若在高張溶液處施予力，則可見水由滲透壓高的地方流向滲透壓低的地方。逆滲透是“正滲透”的反向，通常比正滲透的自然過程，耗費更多的能量。正滲透分離技術，逐漸成為新趨勢。-
In addition to desalination, reverse osmosis is a more economical operation for concentrating food liquids (such as fruit juices) than conventional heat-treatment processes. Research has been done on concentration of orange juice and tomato juice. Its advantages include a lower operating cost and the ability to avoid heat-treatment processes, which makes it suitable for heat-sensitive substances such as the protein and enzymes found in most food products. Reverse osmosis is extensively used in the dairy industry for the production of whey protein powders and for the concentration of milk to reduce shipping costs. In whey applications, the whey (liquid remaining after cheese manufacture) is concentrated with reverse osmosis from 6% total solids to 10–20% total solids before ultrafiltration processing. The ultrafiltration retentate can then be used to make various whey powders, including whey protein isolate. Additionally, the ultrafiltration permeate, which contains lactose, is concentrated by reverse osmosis from 5% total solids to 18–22% total solids to reduce crystallization and drying costs of the lactose powder.- RO逆透纯水机源于美国太空技术，在90年代引入我国。- use in keep cool products http://www.trycompany.co.jp/59/表面活性劑（又稱界面活性劑） Surfactants are compounds that lower the
surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids, between a gas and a liquid, or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as
detergents,
wettingagents,
emulsifiers,
foaming agents, and
dispersants.
- A wetting agent is a surfactant that, when dissolved in water, lowers the advancing contact angle, aids in displacing an air phase at the surface, and replaces it with a liquid phase. Examples of application of wetting to pharmacy and medicine include the displacement of air from the surface of sulfur, charcoal, and other powders for the purpose of dispersing these drugs in liquid vehicles; the displacement of air from the matrix of cotton pads and bandages so that medicinal solutions can be absorbed for application to various body areas; the displacement of dirt and debris by the use of detergents in the washing of wounds; and the application of medicinal lotions and sprays to surface of skin and mucous membranes.
- The human body produces different types of surfactant in different parts or organs for different purposes.
Pulmonary surfactant is produced in
lungs in order to facilitate breathing by increasing total lung capacity, TLC, and lung compliance. In respiratory distress syndrome or RDS
surfactant replacement therapy helps patients have normal respiration by using pharmaceutical forms of the surfactants. One example of pharmaceutical pulmonary surfactants is Survanta (
beractant) or its generic form Beraksurf produced by
Abbvie and
Tekzima respectively.
- Surfactants play an important role as cleaning,
wetting,
dispersing,
emulsifying,
foaming and
anti-foaming agents in many practical applications and products, including
detergents,
fabric softeners,
emulsions,
soaps,
paints,
adhesives,
inks,
anti-fogs,
ski waxes, snowboard wax,
deinking of
recycled papers, in flotation, washing and enzymatic processes,
laxatives. Also agrochemical formulations such as
Herbicides (some),
insecticides,
biocides (sanitizers), and
spermicides (
nonoxynol-9). Personal care products such as
cosmetics,
shampoos,
shower gel,
hair conditioners (after shampoo),
toothpastes. Surfactants are used in
firefighting and pipelines (liquid drag reducing agents). Alkali surfactant polymers are used to mobilize oil in
oil wells). Surfactants are used as
plasticizer in
nanocellulose Ferrofluids, and leak detectors. Surfactants are used with
quantum dots in order to manipulate growth. and assembly of the dots, reactions on their surface, electrical properties, etc., it is important to understand how surfactants arrange on the surface of the
quantum dots.
- In colloidal and surface chemistry, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) 臨界微胞濃度 is defined as the concentration of
surfactants above which
micelles form and all additional surfactants added to the system go to micelles.
- companies
- www.surfacechemistry.nouryon.com
- www.schaerer-surfactants.com
塑化劑，或稱增塑劑、可塑劑A plasticizer (UK: plasticiser) is a substance that is added to a material to make it softer and more flexible, to increase its plasticity, to decrease its viscosity, or to decrease friction during its handling in manufacture.Plasticizers are commonly added to polymers such as plastics and rubber, either to facilitate the handling of the raw material during fabrication, or to meet the demands of the end product's application. For example, plasticizers are commonly added to polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which otherwise is hard and brittle, to make it soft and pliable; which makes it suitable for products such as clothing, bags, hoses, and electric wire coatings.Plasticizers are also often added to concrete formulations to make them more workable and fluid for pouring, thus allowing the water contents to be reduced. Similarly, they are often added to clays, stucco, solid rocket fuel, and other pastes prior to molding and forming. For these applications, plasticizers largely overlap with dispersants.
A hydrotrope is a compound that solubilizes hydrophobic compounds in aqueous solutions by means other than micellar solubilization. Typically, hydrotropes consist of a hydrophilic part and a hydrophobic part (similar to surfactants), but the hydrophobic part is generally too small to cause spontaneous self-aggregation. Hydrotropes do not have a critical concentration above which self-aggregation spontaneously starts to occur (as found for micelle- and vesicle-forming surfactants, which have a critical micelle concentration (cmc) and a critical vesicle concentration (cvc)). Instead, some hydrotropes aggregate in a step-wise self-aggregation process, gradually increasing aggregation size. However, many hydrotropes do not seem to self-aggregate at all, unless a solubilizate has been added. Examples of hydrotropes include urea, tosylate, cumenesulfonate and xylenesulfonate.Hydrotropes are in use industrially and commercially in cleaning and personal care product formulations to allow more concentrated formulations of surfactants. colloid 膠體 is a mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. Sometimes the dispersed substance alone is called the colloid;[1] the term colloidal suspension refers unambiguously to the overall mixture (although a narrower sense of the word suspension is distinguished from colloids by larger particle size). Unlike a solution, whose solute and solvent constitute only one phase, a colloid has a dispersed phase (the suspended particles) and a continuous phase (the medium of suspension) that arise by phase separation. To qualify as a colloid, the mixture must be one that does not settle or would take a very long time to settle appreciably.-
Milk is an emulsified colloid of liquid butterfat globules dispersed within a water-based solution. N-香草基壬酰胺（N-vanillylnonanamide，Nonivamide）又称壬酸香兰基酰胺（Nonyl Vanillylamide）、天竺葵酸香兰基酰胺（pelargonic acid vanillylamide，缩写PAVA）、诺香草胺（Nonivamide）、合成辣椒素等 Nonivamide, also called pelargonic acid vanillylamide or PAVA, is an organic compound and a capsaicinoid. It is an amide of pelargonic acid (n-nonanoic acid) and vanillyl amine. It is present in chili peppers, but is commonly manufactured synthetically. It is more heat-stable than capsaicin. Nonivamide is used as a food additive to add pungency to seasonings, flavorings, and spice blends. It is also used in the confectionery industry to create a hot sensation, and in the pharmaceutical industry in some formulations as a cheaper alternative to capsaicin. Like capsaicin, it can deter mammals (but not birds or insects) from consuming plants or seeds (e.g. squirrels and bird feeder seeds).[3] This is consistent with nonivamide's role as a TRPV1 ion channel agonist. Mammalian TRPV1 is activated by heat and capsaicin, but the avian form is insensitive to capsaicin. Nonivamide is used (under the name PAVA) as the payload in "less-lethal munitions" such as the Fabrique Nationale Herstal FN 303[5] or as the active ingredient in most pepper sprays – in both applications, the idea is to temporarily incapacitate people so that they can either be detained prior to arrest or deterred from acts of violence toward law-enforcement personnel or third parties (such as rioting or other group violence). 叶蜡石 Pyrophyllite is a phyllosilicate mineral composed of aluminium silicate hydroxide: Al2Si4O10(OH)2. It occurs in two forms (habits): crystalline folia and compact masses; distinct crystals are not known.The compact variety of pyrophyllite is used for slate pencils and tailors' chalk (French chalk), and is carved by the Chinese into small images and ornaments of various kinds. Other soft compact minerals (steatite and pinite) used for these Chinese carvings are included with pyrophyllite under the terms agalmatolite and pagodite.[citation needed]Pyrophyllite is easily machineable and has excellent thermal stability, so it is added to clay to reduce thermal expansion when firing, but it has many other industry uses when combined with other compounds, such as in insecticide and for making bricks. Pyrophyllite is also widely used in high-pressure experiments, both as a gasket material and as a pressure-transmitting medium.工业用途广泛，如耐火材料、陶瓷、电瓷、坩埚、玻璃纤维、橡胶、造纸、颜料、製药、製糖、化妆品、塑料制品的辅助材料。少部分材质好的叶蜡石在中国作为篆刻的石料。中国著名四大印石矿是：寿山石、青田石、巴林石、昌化石。Potassium Hexafluorotitanate(IV) is a water insoluble Titanium source for use in oxygen-sensitive applications, such as metal production. In extremely low concentrations (ppm), fluoride compounds are used in health applications. Fluoride compounds also have significant uses in synthetic organic chemistry. They are commonly also used to alloy metal and for optical deposition. Certain fluoride compounds can be produced at nanoscale and in ultra high purity forms. https://www.americanelements.com/potassium-hexafluorotitanate-iv-16919-27-0
卵磷脂屬於一種混合物，是存在於植物組織以及
卵黃之中的一組黃褐色的油脂性物質，其構成成分包括
磷酸、
膽鹼、
脂肪酸、
甘油、
糖脂、
三酸甘油酯以及
磷脂（如
磷脂酰膽鹼、
磷脂酰乙醇胺和
磷脂酰肌醇）。然而，
卵磷脂有時還是純
磷脂酰膽鹼的
同義詞（
生物化學），而磷脂酰膽鹼只是一種作為其磷脂部分主要成分的
磷脂。採用機械方法或者化學方法（利用
己烷萃取），可以從
卵黃（
希臘語：λέκιθος）或
大豆之中分離出卵磷脂。1846年，法國化學家及藥理學家
Theodore Nicolas Gobley首次分離出卵磷脂。1850年，他將磷酸酰膽鹼命名為「
léchithine」
[2]。因為Gobley一開始是從
蛋黃中萃取出卵磷脂—，而「λέκιθος 」（
lekithos）為
古希臘語的「蛋黃」之意—，並在1874年鑑定出結構。卵磷脂在水中的
溶解度較低。在水溶液中，根據不同的
水合和溫度條件，其磷脂可以形成
脂質體、
脂質雙分子層、
微團（micelles）或
板層狀結構。從而，人們通常將其歸為一種具有兩性（amphoteric）特徵的
表面活性劑。市場上銷售的卵磷脂有的屬於
食品添加劑，而有的則屬於醫療用途。Commercial lecithin, as used by food manufacturers, is a mixture of
phospholipids in
oil. The lecithin can be obtained by
water degumming the extracted oil of seeds. It is a mixture of various phospholipids, and the composition depends on the origin of the lecithin. A major source of lecithin is
soybean oil.
Because it contains phosphatidylcholines, lecithin is a source of choline, an essential nutrient. Clinical studies have shown benefit in acne, in improving liver function, and in lowering cholesterol, but older clinical studies in dementia and dyskinesias had found no benefit.Soy-derived lecithin is considered by some to be kitniyot and prohibited on Passover for Ashkenazi Jews when many grain-based foods are forbidden, but not at other times. This does not necessarily affect Sephardi Jews, who do not have the same restrictions on rice and kitniyot during Passover.Muslims are not forbidden to eat lecithin per se; however, since it may be derived from animal as well as plant sources, care must be taken to ensure this source is halal. Lecithin derived from plants and egg yolks is permissible, as is that derived from animals slaughtered according to the rules of dhabihah.对于大多数穆斯林来说，允许食用卵磷脂或任何其他源自植物、卵黄或动物的衍生物。[來源請求]对于禽蛋来源的卵磷脂而言，素食主义者之间目前尚未达成任何的普遍共识，但由于其属于动物来源，耆那教徒、严格的素食主义者以及严守素食主义者（vegans）都不予以选择食用。
Copper(II) sulfate, also known as copper sulphate, are the inorganic compounds with the chemical formula CuSO4(H2O)x, where x can range from 0 to 5. The pentahydrate (x = 5) is the most common form. Older names for this compound include blue vitriol, bluestone,[9]vitriol of copper,[10] and Roman vitriol. 硫酸銅，化學式CuSO4[3][4]，無水為白色粉末，或因不純而呈淡灰綠色，是可溶性銅鹽。硫酸銅常見的形態為其結晶體，一水合硫酸四水合銅(［Cu(H2O)4］SO4·H2O，五水合硫酸銅）為藍色固體，故俗名為藍礬、膽礬。其水溶液因水合銅離子的緣故而呈現出藍色，故在實驗室里無水硫酸銅常被用於檢驗水的存在。在現實生產生活中，硫酸銅常用於煉製精銅，與熟石灰混合可製農藥波爾多液。硫酸銅屬於重金屬鹽，有毒，成人致死劑量0.9g/kg。若誤食，應立即大量食用或飲用牛奶、雞蛋清等富含蛋白質食品，或者使用EDTA鈣鈉鹽解毒。 -業界人士指出，不少農民種植蔬菜時，均會噴灑藍礬溶液，能起到防腐保鮮之用，也可令蔬菜色澤更鮮艷；至於藍礬混合熟石灰後，即製成波爾多液，可用作殺菌劑。該人士補充，菜農收割前一至兩周「停藥期」，期間的雨水、露水或噴灑作業均已逐步把殘留的波爾多液洗掉，估計有農戶不嚴格執行「停藥期」，導致有殘留情況。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210114/00178_014.html
Carbonated water (also known as soda water, sparkling water, fizzy water, water with gas or, especially in the U.S., seltzer or seltzer water) is water containing dissolved carbon dioxide gas, either artificially injected under pressure or occurring due to natural geological processes. Carbonation causes small bubbles to form, giving the water an effervescent quality. Common forms include sparkling natural mineral water, club soda, and commercially produced sparkling water.Club soda and sparkling mineral water and some other sparkling waters contain added or dissolved minerals such as potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, or potassium sulfate. These occur naturally in some mineral waters but are also commonly added artificially to manufactured waters to mimic a natural flavor profile. Various carbonated waters are sold in bottles and cans, with some also produced on demand by commercial carbonation systems in bars and restaurants, or made at home using a carbon dioxide cartridge.Natural and manufactured carbonated waters may contain a small amount of sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, potassium sulfate, or disodium phosphate, depending on the product. These occur naturally in mineral waters but are added artificially to commercially produced waters to mimic a natural flavor profile.[citation needed]Artesian wells in such places as Mihalkovo in the Bulgarian Rhodope Mountains, Medžitlija in North Macedonia, and most notably in Selters in the German Taunus mountains, produce naturally effervescent mineral waters.
氣懸膠體（aerosol；又称 氣膠、煙霧質），是指固体或液体微粒稳定地悬浮于气体介质中形成的分散体系，其中顆粒物質則被稱作懸浮粒子，其粒徑大小多在0.01-10微米之間，根據其生成原因可分為自然源及人為源兩種。氣懸膠體會吸收或散射大氣輻射減少到達地表之輻射量，另外也會成為凝結核而影響雲的性質，進而改變地球的氣候。Examples of natural aerosols are fog, mist, dust, forest exudates and geyser steam. Examples of anthropogenic aerosols are particulate air pollutants and smoke. The liquid or solid particles have diameters typically less than 1 μm; larger particles with a significant settling speed make the mixture a suspension
, but the distinction is not clear-cut. In general conversation, aerosol usually refers to an aerosol spray that delivers a consumer product from a can or similar container. Other technological applications of aerosols include dispersal of pesticides, medical treatment of respiratory illnesses, and combustion technology. Diseases can also spread by means of small droplets in the breath, also called aerosols (or sometimes bioaerosols).Aerosol science covers generation and removal of aerosols, technological application of aerosols, effects of aerosols on the environment and people, and other topics. - 香港城市大學（城 大）發現，生物氣溶膠研究可以解決香港及全球 面對的迫切問題，快速偵測及殺滅空氣中的病原 體，包括新冠病毒。研究計劃為期四年，名為 「生物氣溶膠的快速檢測及遠紫外線和負離子 的協同消毒效應：機理與現場研究」 ，此項計 劃獲研究資助局的研究影響基金撥款615萬元資 助。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20210301/PDF/a5_screen.pdf
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, commonly known as DDT, is a colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless crystalline chemical compound, an organochloride. Originally developed as an insecticide, it became infamous for its environmental impacts. DDT was first synthesized in 1874 by the Austrian chemist Othmar Zeidler. DDT's insecticidal action was discovered by the Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Müller in 1939. DDT was used in the second half of World War II to limit the spread of the insect-born diseases malaria and typhus among civilians and troops. Müller was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948 "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods".By October 1945, DDT was available for public sale in the United States. Although it was promoted by government and industry for use as an agricultural and household pesticide, there were also concerns about its use from the beginning.[7] Opposition to DDT was focused by the 1962 publication of Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring.
- 美國傳媒日前報道，發現疑似大量滴滴涕（DDT，化學名稱是二氯二苯基三氯乙烷）被棄置在美國聖卡塔利娜島附近海底3,000呎下深處，情況嚇人。原來，1947年Montrose化工廠成立，由於DDT利潤好，以生產DDT起家。早期DDT的發現，可以說是人類救星，它殺蟲力強，治蟲和防蟲功效令全球增加三分之一糧食，亦成功遏制了虐疾、腦炎、霍亂、傷寒等疾病，當年可以說，它拯救了不少人。然而，DDT這種化學物質非常穩定，它可以長期遺害環境，會污染環境，改變成對人類有害的狀況；而它在食物鏈中向上移，最後也會傷害人。上世紀60年代，「環保之母」Rachel Carson出版《寂靜的春天》後，反DDT運動興起，而在1969年，加州發現竹莢魚體內DDT含量是美國食品及藥物管理局規定的兩倍，亦是加州海獅患癌的元兇。其後，醫學上更證明DDT是2A類致癌物，可導致女性乳腺癌和糖尿病風險，而且可以遺傳兩代，令反DDT運動更烈。美國遂於1972年設立《海洋傾廢法》，禁止在海洋棄置DDT，並於1979年徹底禁用DDT。然而，Montrose化工廠卻把DDT丟入海底，每月2,000桶，大概有767噸。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20210430/00184_005.html
chemicals for making explosives
- 硫酸 一種具有高腐蝕性的強礦物酸，一般為透明至微黃色，在任何濃度下都能與水混溶且放熱。它能對人體皮肉造成極大傷害，除可造成化學性燒傷，迅速將皮肉碳化外，還會造成二級火焰性灼傷。若不慎接觸到眼睛，視網膜會受嚴重破壞而可能造成永久性失明；若不慎誤服，則會對體內器官造成不可逆轉的傷害，甚至致命。硝酸 一種強酸，其水溶液俗稱「硝鏹水」。純硝酸為無色液體，不論濃稀溶液都有氧化性和腐蝕性，對人非常危險，僅濺到皮膚上可引起嚴重燒傷，皮膚會慢慢變黃，最後變黃的表皮會起皮脫落。此外，濃硝酸受到光照反應會釋出有毒的二氧化氮，人體若吸入會對肺組織造成強烈刺激性和腐蝕性傷害。己烷 是常用的非極性具汽油味的有機溶劑，其具一定毒性，可通過呼吸道、皮膚等途徑進入人體，長期接觸可致人體出現頭痛、頭暈、乏力、四肢麻木等慢性中毒症狀，嚴重的可導致暈倒、神志喪失、甚至死亡。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/11/18/a04-1118.pdf- HMTD屬高爆炸性炸藥，坊間不容易 買到，要在化學品店、大學實驗室都可找 到。要製作高爆炸性的HMTD，其反應物 叫做六亞甲基四胺，並要混入雙氧水及檸 檬酸，產生化學反應才會成為HMTD。至 於土製炸彈內另一種化學品硝酸鋁不是炸 藥，本身是很強的氧化劑，當HMTD引爆 時候，令硝酸鋁快速分解，會產生大量熱 力，令炸彈火勢更強。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191211/PDF/a2_screen.pdf
- 化學名稱為「三過氧化三丙酮」的TATP，有「撒旦之母」之稱，是雙氧水、鹽酸等化學物的常見成分。TATP外形為白色細小晶體，屬於烈性炸藥，只要稍微震動、摩擦甚至太陽照射就會爆炸。由於製作簡單、引爆且殺傷力強，TATP常用於恐怖攻擊，只要純度夠高，爆炸威力可能比同等質量的黃色炸藥大。
https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191215/00178_002.html
鹽析
