government procurement

procurement criteria to change society

- https://unops.economist.com/digital-essay-the-future-of-public-spending/  Public spending has an extremely large footprint, typically representing 15-30% of GDP. Which projects governments choose to spend money on—and who they spend it with—therefore makes a substantive difference. Rather than being “neutral”, such spending will positively or negatively impact everything from local employment to levels of carbon emissions, making public spending integral to many of the SDGs. Adopted by UN member states in 2015, the SDGs set out 17 clear goals aimed at reducing poverty, hunger and disease, building peaceful, inclusive and equal societies, protecting the planet and supporting sustainable economic growth. These are bold aims. But the goals, through their many targets and indicators, also lay out a critical guide for how countries ought to steer money and government policy towards areas where they can do the most good. In this respect, how local and national economies spend money will be just as important as what they spend it on.

lowest bidder 
- south africa - reserves right not to award to lowest bidder https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201908/ten307316aug.pdf

rfi
- The RFI is a voluntary information gathering process regarding a possible future operating model for DVA’s rehabilitation services. Through the RFI, DVA is seeking to collect information and opinions from interested parties involved in the delivery of medical, allied health, occupational, and other rehabilitation services. The RFI will invite interested parties to provide information on market developments, service delivery or product solutions and other relevant information to meet DVA’s requirements and facilitates an opportunity for industry to inform DVA on innovative options to achieve Program outcomes. The ultimate aim is for DVA to be an informed buyer for any future approaches to market.The RFI will not be a pre-condition to any future procurement process, but enables DVA to progress through further Future Rehabilitation Services Program development with an informed understanding of current industry practices and developments.https://www.tenders.gov.au/Atm/Show/5e93f167-7917-4132-933e-f12d30bef806

aruba
- http://www.overheid.aw/news/public-tenders_44442/archief/

australia
- https://www.tenders.gov.au/
- https://www.employment.gov.au/employment-services-purchasing-information

• https://www.employment.gov.au/request-tender-harvest-trail-services-2020-2023-and-harvest-trail-information-service-2020-2023 The Harvest Trail Services aims to link workers, including Australian job seekers and working holiday makers, with seasonal harvest jobs to meet seasonal peaks in employer demand in locations across Australia.

EU
- https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/tenders-contracts_en
- https://europa.eu/youreurope/business/public-tenders/tools-database/index_en.htm
- https://europa.eu/european-union/business/public-contracts_en
- EU's new rules on public contracts and concessionshttp://bookshop.europa.eu/en/new-rules-on-public-contracts-and-concessions-pbKM0214193/
Public contracts and concessions are tools to modernise the public sector and contribute to a more equitable and sustainable model of growth. The rules we have adopted will allow public policymakers to use these tools more effectively, and at the same time make the best use of taxpayers' money. The simplification and legal certainty brought about by this reform will mean that public contracts can be managed more easily and effectively, with savings in terms of time and resources for both public clients and enterprises, in particular SMEs. Social inclusion, the environment and innovation are also recognised as priorities in their own right, allowing public policymakers to opt for the best offer rather than simply the cheapest one

hong kong
- 教育局早前就引薦香港家庭教育學院總監狄志遠團隊同小學學界洽商，提供中童口罩予全港資助小學，確保口罩有穩定供應。不過，社會上有人質疑局方，點解只係推薦狄志遠團隊，而唔搵其他團體幫手，認為口罩嘅來源應該盡量多元化咁話。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200411/00176_056.html
- 薛永恒話，其實政府舊年四月已經有一個新嘅採購政策，目的係支持創新產品，得到政府優先採用，將採購部分分開咗技術水平同價錢兩個部分，當中技術水平最少有百分之二十係屬於創新，佢話政府部門會好努力去推廣同採用先進科技，期望未來可以透過政策做得更好。薛又承諾會約見業界，等佢哋認識自己。
https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200425/00176_083.html

- 政府再被揭發將兩份興建竹篙灣隔離營餘下單位及提供支援設施合約，採局限性招標，涉款八億多元。區議員批評政府的做法欠透明，惹人懷疑。政府在竹篙灣以組合屋形式分期興建約一千五百個檢疫單位，惟早前因直接委聘個別承建商作首期工程而捱轟，事後聲言日後會作公開招標。不過，到第二期工程，政府則採取「單一及局限性」招標及批出相關合約。建築署網頁顯示，政府以局限性招標方式，即邀請有限數目的承建商投標，於四月向中國建築工程，批出約四億三千萬元合約，興建第二批約七百個單位。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200625/00176_011.html

- conned

• 
  

- suing govt

• 電訊盈科旗下公司九年前與政府簽約，為政府製作及管理社會保障電腦系統工程，期間並要處理合約範圍以外的修改。電盈現在聲稱政府其後無理終止相關合約，日前遂入稟高等法院原訟庭提出民事訴訟，指政府屬不合法解約，要求政府賠償三億五千萬元。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200627/00176_067.html

- prosecution

• 物流服務署曾購入一批口罩分發予各部門，但該批口罩被指懷疑附有虛假商品說明，最終要停用及回收。海關昨就案件公布案情，指有供應商向政府物流署供應懷疑附有虛假商品說明的外科口罩，兩間涉案供應商的兩名董事及兩名職員共四人，因涉嫌違反《商品說明條例》而被捕。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200703/00176_045.html
• 香港應用科技研究院有限公司研究及發展總監劉文建（四十九歲），隱瞞自己、其妻子和好友直接或間接持有兩間供應商利益，將應科院總值逾五十三萬元訂單批予該兩間公司，劉早前被裁定公職人員行為失當罪罪成，昨在沙田法院判刑。裁判官判劉入獄六個月，但考慮到他對社會和科研界的貢獻，定罪亦已令他失去一切，加上已被還押十四天，故准他緩刑兩年半。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200718/00176_050.html
• 香港特區政府於前日向高院入稟，就已竣工十三年，於去年發生鋼纜疑因生銹折斷事件的深港西部通道工程，向六名承建商及工程顧問公司索償。政府指由於各被告的疏忽及違約令政府蒙受損失，因此要求對方賠償及擔保政府日後的損失。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200730/00176_066.html
• 政府物流服務署疑再被騙，該署昨表示，今年三月以近一億元購入三千二百萬個聲稱由日本生產的口罩，其後揭發該批口罩並非全數來自日本，案件轉交海關跟進，涉事口罩現時全部在物流署儲存，未有分發給任何政府部門使用。海關表示，前日拘捕兩名涉案男女，兩人獲准保釋候查。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200903/00176_028.html

india
- 中印早前發生邊境流血衝突後，關係急轉直下。印度政府前日宣布，有意競投官方採購合約的鄰國企業，需事先登記及通過安全檢查，以強化印度國防及國家安全。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200725/00180_004.html

northern ireland
- e-sourcingni.bravosolution.co.uk
- https://etendersni.gov.uk/epps/home.do

israel
- https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/publications (search by tender)

scotland
- www.publiccontractsscotland.gov.uk/

south africa
- https://www.gov.za/documents/tender

switzerland
- emergency reserve

• Switzerland faces a shortage of the raw material needed to make disinfectant to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic after the country abandoned its emergency reserve of 10,000 tonnes of ethanol two years ago, newspaper Tages-Anzeiger reported on Monday (Apr 6). Switzerland keeps emergency stockpiles of everything from coffee, wheat, rice and cooking oil. In 2018, the country ended its longtime practice of stocking ethanol as part of efforts to privatise the country's alcohol market, the Swiss newspaper said. The decision has contributed to shortages of disinfectant - it disappeared weeks ago from many store shelves as people stocked up - prompting distilleries, wineries and even beer brewers to begin making it.https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/switzerland-ethanol-shortage-covid-19-stockpile-12613928

taiwan
- government procurement law passed in 1998
- 兩岸關係持續陷入僵局，大陸暫停赴台個人遊後，台灣當局即出手反制，台媒報道，台灣高鐵為採購新列車招標，上月廣邀請全球廠商參與，卻拒絕大陸廠商入標。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190811/00178_010.html

uk
- www.contractsfinder.service.gov.uk/
- A new standard public sector contract has been introduced across government today as part of an effort to meet the Whitehall target for one third of its procurement budget to be spent with small- and medium-sized firms (SMEs). The changes, led by Chris Stanley, a lawyer within the Government Legal Department's (GLD) commercial law group, have condensed and simplified the existing Crown Commercial Service (CCS) contract terms into a new slimline public sector contract framework.
The new terms will offer SMEs a more user-friendly route to government work and a quicker, more streamlined way of working, according to GLD. They will be applied first to the facilities management contracts from today.https://www.civilserviceworld.com/articles/news/whitehall-collaboration-creates-streamlined-procurement-open-government-smes

usa
- 美國司法部長巴爾周三去信聯邦通訊委員會（FCC），指中國科技巨企華為及中興通訊不可信兼構成安全風險，因此支持郊區無線電訊商禁用八十五億美元（約六百六十三億港元）政府撥款，購買上述企業的設備及服務。美國商務部長羅斯表示，中美貿易談判代表周五舉行電話通話，但補充仍可能下月十五日如期對中國進口貨加徵關稅。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191116/00180_013.html
- dispute cases

• 美國國防部價值可達一百億美元（約七百八十億港元）的雲端運算項目「聯合企業國防基建」（JEDI）合約，上月由電腦公司微軟擊敗大熱門亞馬遜子公司奪得。亞馬遜發言人周四表示，計劃提出正式的法律訴訟，抗議當局的有關決定。防長埃斯珀翌日回應稱，投標過程自由公正，沒有受到外部影響。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191116/00180_021.html

• 美國國防部去年為雲端運算項目「聯合企業國防基建」（JEDI）的一百億美元（約七百八十億港元）合約招標，最終由電腦巨企微軟擊敗大熱的亞馬遜子公司奪得。國防部監察總長前日公布調查結果，表示未能排除白宮影響五角大樓決定的可能性。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200417/00180_035.html

wales
- www.sell2wales.gov.wales


third party sites
-  https://www.publictenders.net (uk and eu)


event
- Procurex Scotland http://www.procurexlive.co.uk/scotland/
- Procurex Wales

france arts, literature

The Song of Roland (French: La Chanson de Roland) is an epic poem (Chanson de geste) based on the Battle of Roncevaux in 778, during the reign of Charlemagne. It is the oldest surviving major work of French literature and exists in various manuscript versions, which testify to its enormous and enduring popularity in the 12th to 14th centuries.

Marie de France (fl. 1160 to 1215) was a medieval poet who was probably born in France and lived in England during the late 12th century. She lived and wrote at an unknown court, but she and her work were almost certainly known at the royal court of King Henry II of England. Virtually nothing is known of her life; both her given name and its geographical specification come from her manuscripts.Marie de France wrote in Francien with some Anglo-Norman influence. She was evidently proficient in Latin, as were most authors and scholars, as well as English, and possibly Breton. She is the author of the Lais of Marie de France. She translated Aesop's Fables from Middle English into Anglo-Norman French and wrote Espurgatoire seint Partiz, Legend of the Purgatory of St. Patrick, based upon a Latin text. Recently, she has been (tentatively) identified as the author of a saint's life, The Life of Saint Audrey. Her Lais, in particular, were and still are widely read and influenced the subsequent development of the romance/heroic literature genre.

Chrétien de Troyes (French: [kʁe.tjɛ̃ də.tʁwa]) was a late-12th-century French poet and trouvère known for his work on Arthurian subjects, and for originating the character Lancelot. This work represents some of the best-regarded of medieval literature. His use of structure, particularly in Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, has been seen as a step towards the modern novel. Little is known of his life, but he seems to have been from Troyes, or at least intimately connected with it, and between 1160 and 1172 he served at the court of his patroness Marie of France, Countess of Champagne, daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine, perhaps as herald-at-arms (as Gaston Paris speculated).

Bernart de Ventadorn, also known as Bernard de Ventadour or Bernat del Ventadorn, was a prominent troubadour of the classical age of troubadour poetry. Now thought of as "the Master Singer" he developed the cançons into a more formalized style which allowed for sudden turns.^[1] He is remembered for his mastery as well as popularisation of the trobar leu style, and for his prolific cançons, which helped define the genre and establish the "classical" form of courtly love poetry, to be imitated and reproduced throughout the remaining century and a half of troubadour activity.

François Rabelais (/ˌræbəˈleɪ/; French: [fʁɑ̃.swa ʁa.blɛ]; between 1483 and 1494 – 9 April 1553) was a French Renaissance writer, physician, Renaissance humanist, monk and Greek scholar. He has historically been regarded as a writer of fantasy, satire, the grotesque, bawdy jokes and songs. His best known work is Gargantua and Pantagruel.
- The Life of Gargantua and of Pantagruel (French: La vie de Gargantua et de Pantagruel) is a pentalogy of novels written in the 16th century by François Rabelais, which tells of the adventures of two giants, Gargantua (/ɡɑːrˈɡæntʃuːə/; French: [ɡaʁ.ɡɑ̃.ty.a]) and his son Pantagruel (/pænˈtæɡruːˌɛl, -əl, ˌpæntəˈɡruːəl/; French: [pɑ̃.ta.ɡʁy.ɛl]). The text is written in an amusing, extravagant, and satirical vein, and features much crudity, scatological humor, and violence (lists of explicit or vulgar insults fill several chapters).

Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, Lord of Montaigne (/mɒnˈteɪn/; French: [miʃɛl ekɛm də mɔ̃tɛɲ]; 28 February 1533 – 13 September 1592) was one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance, known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre. His work is noted for its merging of casual anecdotes^[4] and autobiography with serious intellectual insight; his massive volume Essais contains some of the most influential essays ever written.In his own lifetime, Montaigne was admired more as a statesman than as an author. The tendency in his essays to digress into anecdotes and personal ruminations was seen as detrimental to proper style rather than as an innovation, and his declaration that, "I am myself the matter of my book", was viewed by his contemporaries as self-indulgent. In time, however, Montaigne would come to be recognized as embodying, perhaps better than any other author of his time, the spirit of freely entertaining doubt which began to emerge at that time. He is most famously known for his skeptical remark, "Que sçay-je?" ("What do I know?", in Middle French; now rendered as Que sais-je? in modern French). Remarkably modern even to readers today, Montaigne's attempt to examine the world through the lens of the only thing he can depend on implicitly—his own judgment—makes him more accessible to modern readers than any other author of the Renaissance. Much of modern literary non-fiction has found inspiration in Montaigne and writers of all kinds continue to read him for his masterful balance of intellectual knowledge and personal storytelling.

• "On the Power of the Imagination" 
• Of Cannibals is an essay, one of those in the collection Essays, by Michel de Montaigne, describing the ceremonies of the Tupinambá people in Brazil. In particular, he reported about how the group ceremoniously ate the bodies of their dead enemies as a matter of honor. In his work, he uses cultural relativism and compares the cannibalism to the "barbarianism" of 16th-century Europe.
• Of the inconstancy of our actions
• Of coaches

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, known by his stage name Molière (/mɒlˈjɛər/ or /moʊlˈjɛər/;^[1] French: [mɔ.ljɛːʁ]; 15 January 1622 – 17 February 1673), was a French playwright, actor and poet, widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the French language and universal literature. His extant works includes comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, and more. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed at the Comédie-Française more often than those of any other playwright today. Born into a prosperous family and having studied at the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was well suited to begin a life in the theatre. Thirteen years as an itinerant actor helped him polish his comic abilities while he began writing, combining Commedia dell'arte elements with the more refined French comedy. Through the patronage of aristocrats including Philippe I, Duke of Orléans—the brother of Louis XIV—Molière procured a command performance before the King at the Louvre. Performing a classic play by Pierre Corneille and a farce of his own, The Doctor in Love, Molière was granted the use of salle du Petit-Bourbon near the Louvre, a spacious room appointed for theatrical performances. Later, Molière was granted the use of the theatre in the Palais-Royal. In both locations he found success among Parisians with plays such as The Affected Ladies, The School for Husbands and The School for Wives. This royal favour brought a royal pension to his troupe and the title Troupe du Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as the official author of court entertainments. Though he received the adulation of the court and Parisians, Molière's satires attracted criticism from moralists and the Catholic Church. Tartuffe and its attack on perceived religious hypocrisy roundly received condemnations from the Church, while Don Juan was banned from performance. Molière's hard work in so many theatrical capacities took its toll on his health and, by 1667, he was forced to take a break from the stage. In 1673, during a production of his final play, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, who suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, was seized by a coughing fit and a haemorrhage while playing the hypochondriac Argan. He finished the performance but collapsed again and died a few hours later.
- Molière was born in Paris, the son of Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, the daughter of a prosperous bourgeois family.^[5] He lost his mother when he was ten and he did not seem to have been particularly close to his father. After his mother's death, he lived with his father above the Pavillon des Singes on the rue Saint-Honoré, an affluent area of Paris. It is likely^{[citation needed]} that his education commenced with studies in a Parisian elementary school; this was followed with his enrollment in the prestigious Jesuit Collège de Clermont, where he completed his studies in a strict academic environment and got a first taste of life on the stage.

Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (French: [ʒɑ̃ kɔkto]; 5 July 1889 – 11 October 1963) was a French writer, designer, playwright, artist and filmmaker. Cocteau is best known for his novel Les Enfants Terribles (1929), and the films The Blood of a Poet (1930), Les Parents Terribles (1948), Beauty and the Beast (1946) and Orpheus (1949). His circle of associates, friends and lovers included Kenneth Anger, Pablo Picasso, Gertrude Stein, Jean Hugo, Jean Marais, Henri Bernstein, Yul Brynner, Marlene Dietrich, Coco Chanel, Erik Satie, Albert Gleizes, Igor Stravinsky, Marie Laurencin, María Félix, Édith Piaf, Panama Al Brown, Colette, Jean Genet, and Raymond Radiguet.Cocteau was born in Maisons-Laffitte, Yvelines, a town near Paris, to Georges Cocteau and his wife, Eugénie Lecomte; a socially prominent Parisian family. His father was a lawyer and amateur painter who committed suicide when Cocteau was nine. From 1900–1904, Cocteau attended the Lycée Condorcet where he met and began a physical relationship with schoolmate Pierre Dargelos who would later reappear throughout Cocteau's oeuvre.

fabulist/writer

• Jean de La Fontaine
• François Rabelais
• jules verne
François-René de Chateaubrian
• Charles Perrault (French: [ʃaʁl pɛʁo]; 12 January 1628 – 16 May 1703) was a French author and member of the Académie française. He laid the foundations for a new literary genre, the fairy tale, with his works derived from pre-existing folk tales. The best known of his tales include Le Petit Chaperon rouge (Little Red Riding Hood),Cendrillon (Cinderella), Le Chat Botté (Puss in Boots), La Belle au bois dormant (The Sleeping Beauty), and Barbe bleue (Bluebeard).^[1] Some of Perrault's versions of old stories may have influenced the German versions published by theBrothers Grimm 200 years later.
• Honoré de Balzac (/ˈbɔːlzæk, ˈbæl-/; French: [ɔ.nɔ.ʁe d(ə) bal.zak], born Honoré Balzac,^[1] 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. The novel sequence La Comédie Humaine, which presents a panorama of post-Napoleonic French life, is generally viewed as his magnum opus. Owing to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of realism in European literature.^[3] He is renowned for his multi-faceted characters; even his lesser characters are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. Inanimate objects are imbued with character as well; the city of Paris, a backdrop for much of his writing, takes on many human qualities. His writing influenced many famous writers, including the novelists Émile Zola, Charles Dickens, Gustave Flaubert, Jack Kerouac, Akira Kurosawa and Henry James, as well as important philosophers such as Friedrich Engels. Many of Balzac's works have been made into films, and they continue to inspire other writers. An enthusiastic reader and independent thinker as a child, Balzac had trouble adapting to the teaching style of his grammar school. His willful nature caused trouble throughout his life and frustrated his ambitions to succeed in the world of business. When he finished school, Balzac was apprenticed in a law office, but he turned his back on the study of law after wearying of its inhumanity and banal routine. Before and during his career as a writer, he attempted to be a publisher, printer, businessman, critic, and politician; he failed in all of these efforts. La Comédie Humaine reflects his real-life difficulties, and includes scenes from his own experience. Balzac suffered from health problems throughout his life, possibly due to his intense writing schedule. His relationship with his family was often strained by financial and personal drama, and he lost more than one friend over critical reviews. In 1850, Balzac married Ewelina Hańska, a Polish aristocrat and his longtime love; he died in Paris five months later.

- Victor Marie Hugo (French: [viktɔʁ maʁi yɡo] ; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement. Hugo is considered to be one of the greatest and best-known French writers. Outside of France, his most famous works are the novels Les Misérables, 1862, and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (French: Notre-Dame de Paris), 1831. In France, Hugo is known primarily for his poetry collections, such as Les Contemplations (The Contemplations) and La Légende des siècles (The Legend of the Ages).Though a committed royalist when he was young, Hugo's views changed as the decades passed, and he became a passionate supporter of republicanism; his work touches upon most of the political and social issues and the artistic trends of his time. He is buried in the Panthéon in Paris. Hugo decided to live in exile after Napoleon III's coup d'état at the end of 1851. 
- Savinien de Cyrano de Bergerac (6^{[note 1]} March 1619 – 28 July 1655) was a French novelist, playwright, epistolarian and duelist.A bold and innovative author, his work was part of the libertine literature of the first half of the seventeenth century. Today he is best known as the inspiration for Edmond Rostand's most noted drama Cyrano de Bergerac which, although it includes elements of his life, also contains invention and myth.

• Cyrano de Bergerac is a play written in 1897 by Edmond Rostand. Although there was a real Cyrano de Bergerac, the play is a fictionalization of his life that follows the broad outlines of it.The play has been translated and performed many times, and is responsible for introducing the word "panache" into the English language.^[1] Cyrano (the character) is in fact famed for his panache, and the play ends with him saying "My panache" just before his death. 

to kiv links

- Thaïs (French pronunciation: ​[ta.is]) is an opera, a comédie lyrique in three acts and seven tableaux, by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Louis Gallet, based on the novel Thaïs by Anatole France. It was first performed at the Opéra Garnier in Paris on 16 March 1894, starring the American soprano Sibyl Sanderson, for whom Massenet had written the title role. The original production was directed by Alexandre Lapissida, with costumes designed by Charles Bianchini and sets by Marcel Jambon (act 1, scene 1; act 3) and Eugène Carpezat (act 1, scene 2; act 2). The opera was later revised by the composer and was premiered at the same opera house on 13 April 1898. The work was first performed in Italy at the Teatro Lirico Internazionale in Milan on 17 October 1903 with Lina Cavalieri in the title role and Francesco Maria Bonini as Athanaël. In 1907, the role served as Mary Garden's American debut in New York in the U.S. premiere performance. Thaïs takes place in Egypt during Byzantine rule, where a Cenobite monk, Athanaël, attempts to convert Thaïs, an Alexandrian courtesan and devotee of Venus, to Christianity, but discovers too late that his obsession with her is rooted in lust; while the courtesan's true purity of heart is revealed, so is the religious man's baser nature. The work is often described as bearing a sort of religious eroticism, and has had many controversial productions. Its famous Méditation, the entr'acte for violin and orchestra played between the scenes of act 2, is an oft-performed concert music piece; it has been arranged for many different instruments.

Music
- Pérotin (fl. c. 1200, died 1205 or 1225), also called Perotin the Great, was a European composer, believed to be French, who lived around the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th century. He was the most famous member of the Notre Dame school of polyphony and the ars antiqua style. He was one of very few composers of his day whose name has been preserved, and can be reliably attached to individual compositions; this is due to the testimony of an anonymous English student at Notre Dame known as Anonymous IV, who wrote about him and his predecessor Léonin. Anonymous IV called him "Magister Perotinus" ("Pérotin the Master").^[2] The title, employed also by Johannes de Garlandia, means that Perotinus, like Leoninus, earned the degree magister artium, almost certainly in Paris, and that he was licensed to teach. The name Perotinus, the Latin diminutive of Petrus, is assumed to be derived from the French name Pérotin, diminutive of Pierre. The diminutive was presumably a mark of respect bestowed by his colleagues. He was also designated "magnus" by Anonymous IV, a mark of the esteem in which he was held, even long after his death.

• 梵蒂岡西斯廷教堂打破五百年的性別禁忌，首度准許女性擔任合唱團的領唱。意大利著名女歌唱家巴爾托利（Cecilia Bartoli）上周五（17日）率領全男班的合唱團，唱出中世紀名曲，優美歌聲令觀眾如癡如醉。巴爾托利指對參與演出感到光榮，但她對教宗方濟各未能出席而緣慳一面，感到可惜。在文藝復興時期意大利藝術大師米高安哲羅所繪的《創世紀》穹頂畫下方，曾五次榮獲格林美音樂獎的巴爾托利，帶領由二十名成年男子及三十名男童組成、最古老之一的合唱團，唱起十三世紀作曲家佩羅坦（Perotin）的名曲《Beata Viscera》。巴爾托利事前受訪稱，她對在西斯廷教堂領唱感到十分興奮。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171120/00180_034.html

- le manuscrit du roi (the manuscript of the king), probably commissioned around 1250-70 by guillaume of villehardouin, prince of moria, include eight dance tunes identified as royal stamples.
- Adam de la Halle, also known as Adam le Bossu (Adam the Hunchback) (1245–50 – 1285–88?, or after 1306^[1]) was a French-born trouvère, poet and musician. Adam's literary and musical works include chansonsand jeux-partis (poetic debates) in the style of the trouvères; polyphonic rondel and motets in the style of early liturgical polyphony; and a musical play, "Jeu de Robin et Marion" (c. 1282-83), which is considered the earliest surviving secular French play with music. He was a member of the Confrérie des jongleurs et bourgeois d'Arras.

• De ma dame vient/dieus, comment porroie/omnes combines the court tradition of trouvere song with newer form of the motet. The piece uses the new notation known as franconian, after franco of cologne, which indicates a precise rhythm for each note.

- petrus de cruce

• Aucun ont trouve/ lonc tans / annuntiantes

- Philippe de Vitry (31 October 1291 – 9 June 1361) was a French composer, music theoristand poet. He was an accomplished, innovative, and influential composer, and may also have been the author of the Ars Nova treatise. 
- Guillaume de Machaut (French: [gijom də maʃo]; sometimes spelled Machault; c. 1300 – April 1377) was a medieval French poetand composer. He is a part of the musical movement known as the ars nova. Machaut helped develop the motet and secular song forms (particularly the lai and the formes fixes: rondeau, virelai and ballade). Machaut wrote the Messe de Nostre Dame, the earliest known complete setting of the Ordinary of the Massattributable to a single composer. Some of his best-known rondeaus are "Ma fin est mon commencement" and "Rose, liz, printemps, verdure".
- Philippus de Caserta, also Philipoctus, Filipotto, or Filipoctus (dates unknown; late 14th century), Italian composer of French chansons.
- Josquin des Prez (French: [ʒɔskɛ̃ depʁe]; c. 1450/1455 – 27 August 1521), often referred to simply as Josquin, was a French^[2] composer of the Renaissance. His original name is sometimes given as Josquin Lebloitte and his later name is given under a wide variety of spellings in French, Italian, and Latin, including Iosquinus Pratensis and Iodocus a Prato. His motetIllibata Dei virgo nutrix includes an acrosticof his name, where he spelled it "Josquin des Prez".
- Jean-Baptiste Lully (French: [ʒɑ̃ ba.tist ly.li]; born Giovanni Battista Lulli [dʒoˈvanni batˈtista ˈlulli]; 28 November 1632 – 22 March 1687) was an Italian-born French composer, instrumentalist, and dancer who spent most of his life working in the court of Louis XIV of France. He is considered a master of the French baroque style. Lully disavowed any Italian influence in French music of the period. He became a French subject in 1661.

• te deum is his longest and most splendid grand motet

- Denis Gaultier (Gautier, Gaulthier; also known as Gaultier le jeune and Gaultier de Paris) (1597 or 1602/3 – 1672) was a French lutenist and composer. He was a cousin of Ennemond Gaultier. He was active in paris as a perfomer in salons but had no known court appointment. Most of his pieces for lute are stylised dances, such as courante from a manuscript titled la rhetorique des dieux (the rhetoric of gods)
- Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre (full name Élisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre; born Élisabeth Jacquet, 17 March 1665, Paris – 27 June 1729, Paris) was a French musician, harpsichordist and composer.
- François Couperin (French: [fʁɑ̃swa kupʁɛ̃]; 10 November 1668 – 11 September 1733^{[citation needed]}) was a French Baroque composer, organist and harpsichordist. He was known as Couperin le Grand ("Couperin the Great") to distinguish him from other members of the musically talented Couperin family.
- Jean-Philippe Rameau (French: [ʒɑ̃filip ʁamo]; 25 September 1683 – 12 September 1764) was one of the most important French composers and music theorists of the Baroque era. He replaced Jean-Baptiste Lully as the dominant composer of French opera and is also considered the leading French composer for the harpsichord of his time, alongside François Couperin. Little is known about Rameau's early years, and it was not until the 1720s that he won fame as a major theorist of music with his Treatise on Harmony(1722) and also in the following years as a composer of masterpieces for the harpsichord, which circulated throughout Europe. He was almost 50 before he embarked on the operatic career on which his reputation chiefly rests today. His debut, Hippolyte et Aricie (1733), caused a great stir and was fiercely attacked by the supporters of Lully's style of music for its revolutionary use of harmony. Nevertheless, Rameau's pre-eminence in the field of French opera was soon acknowledged, and he was later attacked as an "establishment" composer by those who favoured Italian opera during the controversy known as the Querelle des Bouffons in the 1750s. Rameau's music had gone out of fashion by the end of the 18th century, and it was not until the 20th that serious efforts were made to revive it. Today, he enjoys renewed appreciation with performances and recordings of his music ever more frequent.
- Jean-Baptiste Forqueray (3 April 1699 – August 1782), the son of Antoine Forqueray, was a player of the viol and a composer.En 1747, Jean-Baptiste Forqueray obtient le privilège de publier 29 pièces pour viole de son père et trois pièces de sa propre plume; il publie également la transcription pour clavecin de ces mêmes pièces. La pratique de la transcription était monnaie courante à l’époque; la préface d’autres pièces de viole stipule que l’on pouvait jouer ces pièces au clavecin seul. Plusieurs de ces pièces sont nommées d'après de célèbres musiciens contemporains : Couperin, Rameau, Leclair, Guignon, Forqueray lui-même.

• ***note that suite no 1 include la portugaise 

- genre

• musique mesurée, (French: “measured music”), style of late 16th-century French vocal music in which the duration of the notes reflected the metre of the poetic text. Musique mesurée was one of several late 16th-century attempts to emulate the unity of verse and music supposedly achieved in classical antiquity. It was associated with vers mesurés à l’antique, poetry written to classical quantitative metres (based on long and short syllables).Musique mesurée was in large part the product of a circle of poets and musicians, the Academy of Poetry and Music, founded in 1570 by Jean-Antoine de Baïf, one of the members of La Pléiade, a prominent group of French poets who drew inspiration from classical literature; also associated with the academy was the principal poet of the period and the most influential member of La Pléiade, Pierre de Ronsard. To forward the cause of musique mesurée, the academy sponsored concerts, a number of which were attended by its patron, King Charles IX.https://www.britannica.com/art/musique-mesuree
• A rondeau (plural rondeaux) is a form of medieval and Renaissance French poetry, as well as the corresponding musical chanson form. Together with the ballade and the virelai it was considered one of the three formes fixes, and one of the verse forms in France most commonly set to music between the late 13th and the 15th centuries. It is structured around a fixed pattern of repetition of material involving a refrain. The rondeau is believed to have originated in dance songs involving alternating singing of the refrain elements by a group and of the other lines by a soloist.^[1] The term "Rondeau" is today used both in a wider sense, covering several older variants of the form – which are sometimes distinguished as the triolet and rondel – and in a narrower sense referring to a 15-line variant which developed from these forms in the 15th and 16th centuries.^[2] The rondeau is unrelated with the much later instrumental dance form that shares the same name in French baroque music, which is an instance of what is more commonly called the rondo form in classical music.

Arts and craft

- Cloisonné (French pronunciation: ​[klwazɔne]) is an ancient technique for decorating metalwork objects. In recent centuries, vitreous enamel has been used, and inlays of cut gemstones, glass and other materials were also used during older periods. The resulting objects can also be called cloisonné. The decoration is formed by first adding compartments (cloisons in French^[1]) to the metal object by soldering or affixing silver or gold wires or thin strips placed on their edges. These remain visible in the finished piece, separating the different compartments of the enamel or inlays, which are often of several colors. Cloisonné enamel objects are worked on with enamel powder made into a paste, which then needs to be fired in a kiln. In antiquity, the cloisonné technique was mostly used for jewellery and small fittings for clothes, weapons or similar small objects decorated with geometric or schematic designs, with thick cloison walls. In the Byzantine Empire techniques using thinner wires were developed to allow more pictorial images to be produced, mostly used for religious images and jewellery, and by then always using enamel. By the 14th century this enamel technique had spread to China, where it was soon used for much larger vessels such as bowls and vases; the technique remains common in China to the present day, and cloisonné enamel objects using Chinese-derived styles were produced in the West from the 18th century.

• Examples in china- Ming Dynasty cloisonné enamel bowl, using nine colors of enamel., Chinese cloisonné enamel incenseburner, 17th-18th centuries

Costume
- https://www.beqbe.com/costumes-traditionnels-de-france


Film
- Jean-Luc Godard (French: [ʒɑ̃lyk ɡɔdaʁ]; born 3 December 1930) is a French-Swiss film director, screenwriter and film critic. He is often identified with the 1960s French film movement La Nouvelle Vague, or French New Wave. From his father, he is the cousin of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, current President of Peru.Jean-Luc Godard was born on 3 December 1930^[15] in the 7th arrondissement of Paris,^[16] the son of Odile (née Monod) and Paul Godard, a Swiss physician.^[17] His wealthy parents came from Protestant families of Franco–Swiss descent, and his mother was the daughter of Julien Monod, a founder of the Banque Paribas. She was the great-granddaughter of theologian Adolphe Monod. Relatives on his mother's side include also composer Jacques-Louis Monod, naturalist Théodore Monod and pastor Frédéric Monod.^[18][19] Four years after Jean-Luc's birth, his father moved the family to Switzerland. At the outbreak of the Second World War, Godard was in France and returned to Switzerland with difficulty. He spent most of the war in Switzerland, although his family made clandestine trips to his grandfather's estate on the French side of Lake Geneva. Godard attended school in Nyon, Switzerland. 
- La Chinoise (1967) saw Godard at his most politically forthright so far. The film focused on a group of students and engaged with the ideas coming out of the student activist groups in contemporary France. Released just before the May 1968 events, the film is thought by some to foreshadow the student rebellions that took place.

Salons
- Les Salons de Charles Baudelaire, sont des critiques des œuvres exposées lors des salons d'arts parisiens de 1845, 1846 et 1859.Influencé par les Salons de Denis Diderot, le poète français, sous le pseudonyme de Baudelaire Dufaÿs, publie, à 24 ans, le Salon de 1845. Ce Salon est une liste d'auteurs et de leurs œuvres, classés par genres : tableaux d'histoire, portraits, tableaux de genre, paysages, dessins et gravures et sculptures. 


festival
- Alors que les travaux d'agrandissement du château n'ont commencé que depuis deux ans (1662), Louis XIV donne sa première grande fête pour un public très restreint : Les Plaisirs de l’Île enchantée. Elle dure une semaine, du 7 au 13 mai 1664. Le titre s'inspire d'un épisode du Roland furieux de l'Arioste, où la magicienne Alcine retient le chevalier Roger et ses compagnons prisonniers sur son île. Pendant une semaine, la cour se voit offrir une succession de divertissements (carrousel, courses de bagues, de têtes, théâtre, ballets, feux d'artifice, collations, promenades, loteries) avant de quitter Versailles pour Fontainebleau. Les deux artisans principaux de la fête sont Lully et Molière (dont furent joués La Princesse d'Elide, Les Fâcheux et Le Mariage forcé). L'événement fait l'objet de nombreuses relations et les gravures d'Israël Sylvestre répandent dans toute l'Europe les fastes versaillais. Publiées en 1673 par l’imprimerie royale, soit neuf ans après les événements décrits, ces planches étaient destinées à diffuser auprès de l'aristocratie française et européenne une image idéale et grandiose des fêtes de Louis XIV. https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2020/eclectic-paris/livre-de-fetes-les-plaisirs-de-lisle-enchantee-et

Lettrism is a French avant-garde movement, established in Paris in the mid-1940s by Romanian immigrant Isidore Isou.^[1] In a body of work totaling hundreds of volumes, Isou and the Lettrists have applied their theories to all areas of art and culture, most notably in poetry, film, painting and political theory. The movement has its theoretical roots in Dada and Surrealism. Isou viewed his fellow countryman Tristan Tzara as the greatest creator and rightful leader of the Dada movement, and dismissed most of the others as plagiarists and falsifiers.^[2] Among the Surrealists, André Breton was a significant influence, but Isou was dissatisfied by what he saw as the stagnation and theoretical bankruptcy of the movement as it stood in the 1940s.

• Isidore Goldstein is born at Botoşani, Romania, on January 31 1925, to an Ashkenazi Jewish family.
• [situationist international] saint germain de pres is a parisian neighborhood frequented by lettrists in early 1950s.  It was famous as the scene of post war bohemianism and existentialism (camus, sattre, simone de beauvoir, etc)