russia politics

soviet union

- The 1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union, officially the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,^[a] was the constitution of the Soviet Union adopted on 7 October 1977.The 1977 Constitution, also known as the Brezhnev Constitution or the constitution of the developed Socialism, was the third and final constitution of the Soviet Union, adopted unanimously at the 7th (Special) Session of the Supreme Soviet Ninth Convocation and signed by General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev. The 1977 Constitution replaced the 1936 Constitution and the Soviet public holiday of USSR Constitution Day was shifted from 5 December to 7 October.The 1977 Constitution's preamble stated that "the aims of the dictatorship of the proletariat having been fulfilled, the Soviet state has become the state of the whole people" and no longer represented the workers and peasants alone. The 1977 Constitution extended the scope of the constitutional regulation of society compared to the 1924 and 1936 constitutions. The first chapter defined the leading role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and established the organizational principles for the state and the government. Article 1 defines the USSR as a socialist state, as did all previous constitutions:The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a socialist state of the whole people, expressing the will and interests of the workers, peasants, and intelligentsia, the working people of all the nations and nationalities of the country.

putin government
- [the territories of russian federation 2018 published by routledge books] between putin's presidential inauguration in may 2012 and the end of 2017, 47 of 83 heads of federal subjects (as the territories are known) were replaced. Some regional leaders moved on to other state positions, eg aleksandr tkachyov
- constitution

• Russian President Vladimir Putin announced several constitutional amendments in the closing minutes of his annual state of the nation address Wednesday.While Putin said the package of amendments should be put to a nationwide vote, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said that vote does not entail a referendum.The national vote on Putin’s package of constitutional amendments is expected to be held before May 1, a source in Russia’s upper house of parliament told the state-run TASS news agency.Here’s a look at the constitutional amendments Putin proposed:Limit the presidency to two terms, regardless of whether they were served back-to-back.Tighten restrictions on presidential candidates, including banning them from holding second citizenship or permanent residency abroad and requiring them to have lived in Russia for 25 years.Prioritize the Russian Constitution over international treaties and other acts.Make the State Council — Putin’s advisory body that he established when he was first elected in 2000 — an official governing body.Ban lawmakers, cabinet ministers, judges and other federal-level officials from holding second citizenship or permanent residency abroad. Grant Russia’s lower house of parliament the authority to appoint the prime minister, their deputies and cabinet ministers. Bar the president from rejecting these nominations.Grant senators the authority to consult the president on appointing the heads of all security agencies.Grant senators the power to dismiss “dishonorable” Constitutional and Supreme Court judges based on the president’s proposal.Grant Constitutional Court judges the authority to review draft laws at the president’s request before the head of state signs them.Set Russia’s minimum wage at or above the poverty line and adjust pensions to inflation every year.https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/01/16/what-changes-is-putin-planning-for-russias-constitution-a68928

• The amendments cover dozens of existing articles, and add several new ones. They fall broadly into three categories and many enshrine things in the constitution that are already federal law: Banning any action aimed at the "expropriation" of Russian territory, or calls for that.Protecting the "historical truth" of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) and banning any "belittling" of the feats of those who fought.Protection of the institution of marriage as the union of a man and a woman.Senior officials barred from holding foreign passports, residency or overseas bank accounts.Refers to Russians' faith in God, as handed down by their ancestors.https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53255964