moldova

基西紐（羅馬尼亞語：Chișinău [kiʃiˈnəw]  聆聽；俄語：Кишинёв，蘇聯時期根據俄語發音曾譯為基什尼奧夫）Chișinău (/ˌkɪʃɪˈnaʊ/; Romanian: [kiʃiˈnəw] (listen)), also known as Kishinev (Russian: Кишинёв, tr. Kishinyov), is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Moldova.The origin of the city's name is unclear, but in one version, the name comes from the archaic Romanian word chișla (meaning "spring", "source of water") and nouă ("new"), because it was built around a small spring, at the corner of Pușkin and Albișoara streets. The other version, formulated by Ștefan Ciobanu, Romanian historian and academician, holds that the name was formed the same way as the name of Chișineu(alternative spelling: Chișinău) in Western Romania, near the border with Hungary. Its Hungarian name is Kisjenő, from which the Romanian name originates.^[10]Kisjenő comes from kis "small" and the "Jenő", one of the seven Hungarian tribes that entered the Carpathian Basin in 896. At least 24 other settlements are named after the "Jenő" tribe. Chișinău is known in Russian as Кишинёв (Kishinyov [kʲiʂɨˈnʲɵf]]). It is written Kişinöv in the Latin Gagauz alphabet. It was also written as "Chișineu" in pre-20th-century Romanian^[13] and as "Кишинэу" in the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet. Historically, the English language name for the city, "Kishinev", was based on the modified Russian one because it entered the English language via Russian at the time Chișinău was part of the Russian Empire (e.g. Kishinev pogrom). Therefore, it remains a common English name in some historical contexts. Otherwise, the Romanian-based "Chișinău" has been steadily gaining wider currency, especially in written language. The city is also historically referred to as German: Kischinau, Polish: Kiszyniów, Ukrainian: Кишинів, or Yiddish: קעשענעװ‎, translit. Keshenev.


Transnistria, officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR; Russian: Приднестровская Молдавская Республика; Moldovan: Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ; Ukrainian: Придністровська Молдавська Республіка); also called Transdniester, Trans-Dniestr or Transdniestria is a self proclaimed republic on a strip of land between the River Dniester and the eastern Moldovan border with Ukraine recognised only by three non-United Nations (UN) states. The region is considered by the UN to be part of Moldova. PMR controls most of the territory to the east of the River Dniester, and also the city of Bender and its surrounding localities on the west bank, in the historical region of Bessarabia. Unrecognised by any United Nations member state, Transnistria is designated by the Republic of Moldova as the Transnistria autonomous territorial unit with special legal status (Romanian: Unitatea teritorială autonomă cu statut juridic special Transnistria), or Stînga Nistrului ("Left Bank of the Dniester").^[5][6][7] After the dissolution of the USSR, tensions between Moldova and the breakaway Transnistrian territory escalated into a military conflict that started in March 1992 and was concluded by a ceasefire in July of the same year. As part of that agreement, a three-party (Russia, Moldova, Transnistria) Joint Control Commission supervises the security arrangements in the demilitarized zone, comprising twenty localities on both sides of the river. Although the ceasefire has held, the territory's political status remains unresolved: Transnistria is an unrecognized but de facto independent^{[8][9][10][11]} presidential republic with its own government, parliament, military, police, postal system, currency and license plates. Its authorities have adopted a constitution, flag, national anthem, and coat of arms. However, after a 2005 agreement between Moldova and Ukraine, all Transnistrian companies that seek to export goods through the Ukrainian border must be registered with the Moldovan authorities.^[12] This agreement was implemented after the European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine (EUBAM) took force in 2005.^[13] Most Transnistrians also have Moldovan citizenship,^[14] but many Transnistrians also have Russian and Ukrainian citizenship. The largest ethnic group is Moldovan (32.1%), who historically had a higher share of the population, up to 49.4% in 1926.
Transnistria, Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia are post-Soviet "frozen conflict" zones.^[15][16] These four partially recognized states maintain friendly relations with each other and form the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations.

• featured in viuTV programme on unrecognised states

politics
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-moldova-politics/with-moldova-in-crisis-two-rival-governments-hold-meetings-idUSKCN1TB1GQ Over the weekend, the leaders of the pro-European Union ACUM bloc and the Russian-backed Socialist Party agreed to form a government aimed at fighting corruption and keeping a party run by tycoon Vladimir Plahotniuc out of power. But Plahotniuc’s Democratic Party refused to recognize the new government and insisted that Pavel Filip, the prime minister who led the government until the election, was still in charge. The crisis threatens more instability in one of Europe’s smallest and poorest countries, where the West and Russia vie for influence.


People
- The Basarabs (also Bazarabs orBazaraads, Romanian: Basarabpronounced [basaˈrab]) were a family which had an important role in the establishing of the Principality ofWallachia, giving the country its first line ofPrinces, one closely related with theMușatin rulers of Moldavia. Its status as adynasty is rendered problematic by the official elective system, which implied that male members of the same family, including illegitimate offspring, were chosen to rule by a council of boyars(more often than not, the election was conditioned by the military force exercised by candidates). After the rule of Alexandru I Aldea (ended in 1436), the house was split by the conflict between the Dăneștiand the Drăculești, both of which claimed legitimacy. Several late rulers of theCraiovești claimed direct descent from the House after its eventual demise, includingNeagoe Basarab, Matei Basarab,Constantin Șerban, Șerban Cantacuzino, and Constantin Brâncoveanu.
- The Drăculești were one of two major rival lines ofWallachian voivodes of the House of Basarab, the other being the Dănești.  These lines were in constant contest for the throne from the late fourteenth to the early sixteenth centuries. Descendants of the line of Drăculești would eventually come to dominate this principality until its unification with Transylvania and Moldavia by Mihai Viteazul in 1600. The line of the Drăculești began with Vlad II Dracul, son of one of the most important rulers of the Basarab dynasty,Mircea cel Bătrân. The name Drăculești is derived from the membership of Vlad II Dracul, "the Dragon," in the Order of the Dragon (founded 1408).

• Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia (1431–1476/77) was a member of the House of Drăculești, a branch of the House of Basarab, also known as Vlad Drăculea orVlad Dracula (Old Church Slavonic: Владъ Дрьколъ), using his patronymic. He was posthumously dubbed Vlad the Impaler(modern Romanian: Vlad Țepeș,pronounced [ˈvlad ˈt͡sepeʃ]). He was a three-time Voivode of Wallachia, ruling mainly from 1456 to 1462, the period of the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. His father Vlad II Dracul was a member of the Order of the Dragon, which was founded to protect Christianity in Eastern Europe. Vlad III is revered as a folk hero inRomania and Bulgaria for his protection of the Romanians and Bulgarians both north and south of the Danube. Following his raids on the Ottomans, a significant number of Bulgarian common folk and remaining boyars resettled north of the Danube to Wallachia and recognized his leadership.^[1] As the cognomen "The Impaler" suggests, his practice of impaling his enemies is part of his historical reputation.^[2] During his lifetime, his reputation for excessive cruelty spread abroad to Germany and elsewhere in Europe. The name of thevampire Count Dracula in Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula was inspired by Vlad'spatronymic and reputation.

• Count Dracula is the title character and main antagonist of Bram Stoker's 1897Gothic horror novel Dracula. He is considered to be both the prototypical and the archetypal vampire in subsequent works of fiction. He is also depicted in the novel to be the origin of werewolflegends.^[12] Some aspects of the character are believed to have been inspired by the 15th-century Romanian general andWallachian Prince Vlad III the Impaler, who was also known as Dracula. Other character aspects have been added or altered in subsequent popular fictional works. The character has subsequently appeared frequently in popular culture, from films to animated media to breakfast cereals.

- Alexander the Good (Romanian: Alexandru cel Bun pronounced [alekˈsandru t͡ʃel bun] or Alexandru I Mușat) was a Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia, reigning between 1400 and 1432,^[1] son of Roman I Mușat. He succeeded Iuga to the throne,^[2] and, as a ruler, initiated a series of reforms while consolidating the status of the Moldavian Principality. Alexander expanded the bureaucraticalsystem by creating the "Council of the Voivode", the Chancellory and by adding (in 1403) the institution of Logofăt – Chancellor of the official Chancellery. During his reign, he introduced new fiscal laws, by adding commercial privileges to the traders of Lviv (1408) and Kraków (1409), improved the situation of the trading routes (especially the one linking the port of Cetatea Albă to Poland), strengthened the forts guarding them, and expanded the Moldavian ports of Cetatea Albă and Chilia.

• The main concern of Alexander the Good was to defend the country in wars against superior armies. In order to do that, he forged a system of alliances with Wallachia and Poland, generally against Hungary (although he had been backed to the throne by Sigismund of Hungary). In 1402, he was sworn vassal of Jogaila, the King of Poland.^[3] The treaty was renewed in 1404, 1407, 1411 and 1415. 
• Alexander makes the first documentary confirmation of the gypsy slavery in Moldova, giving the monastery of Bistrița 31 gypsy families along with some cattle.
• Alexandru cel Bun had four legitimate wives

- Stephen III of Moldavia, known as Stephen the Great (Romanian: Ștefan cel Mare; pronounced [ˈʃtefan t͡ʃel ˈmare]; died on 2 July, 1504) was voivode (or prince) of Moldavia from 1457 to 1504. He was the son and co-ruler of Bogdan II of Moldavia who was murdered in 1451. Stephen fled to Hungary, and later to Wallachia. With the support of Vlad Dracula, Voivode of Wallachia, he returned to Moldavia and forced Peter III Aaron to seek refuge in Poland in the summer of 1457. Teoctist I, Metropolitan of Moldavia, anointed him prince. Stephen continued to pay a yearly tribute to the Ottoman Empire. He broke into Poland and prevented Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland, from supporting Peter Aaron, but acknowledged Casimir's suzerainty in 1459.

• Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava, romania was named in his honor

Usa
- US-NATO hardware forced out of Moldova’s capital after public outrage https://www.rt.com/news/342315-moldova-nato-military-vday-protest/

russia
- https://www.ft.com/content/52651bb6-dcd4-11e6-86ac-f253db7791c6 Moldova could scrap its trade agreement with the EU in favour of a rival Russia-led economic bloc, the country’s president said in Moscow on Tuesday.

uk
- https://www.economist.com/britain/2018/10/27/brexits-latest-obstacle-a-moldovan-veto In June Britain filed to rejoin the Government Procurement Agreement (gpa), part of the framework of the World Trade Organisation (wto). It now finds its bid unexpectedly blocked. 

romania
- Several thousand Moldovans have gathered in the capital Chisinau to call for reunification with Romania. Supporters carried the Romanian and Moldovan flags, which are virtually identical, and shouted: "Unity," and "Bessarabia, Romanian land," using the old name for Moldova. Moldova united with Romania in 1918 and was annexed to the Soviet Union in 1940. It gained independence in 1991. Demonstrators applauded a group of several dozen Romanians who joined Saturday's reunification rally after a 1,300-kilometer (812-mile) "Centenary March" march they started in Romania on July 1. The Romanians had been barred entry from Moldova for several days this week after border police said they were a threat to public order.https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/thousands-moldova-rally-call-reunite-romania-57545950

china
- https://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/3003323/chinese-contractors-talks-build-two-highways-moldova Two Chinese contractors are in final negotiations to build two highways in Moldova, marking the first time China has extended the nation’s engineering and construction prowess to the eastern European nation. China Hyway Group and
China Railway Group Limited are in talks to build two highways with a combined length of 300 kilometres in Moldova, according to Vitalie Lurcu, the Modolvan State Secretary of the ministry of Economy and Infrastructure. The first highway will encircle the Moldovan capital of Chisinau, while the second will connect Moldova’s northern districts with neighbouring Ukraine, Lurcu said. Financing for the two projects, estimated at a combined US$400 million , may take two options: wholly funded by China, or split between China and Moldova 85:15.