origin
- Between 3300 to 2600 BC, the Yamnaya invaded & settled in Europe, Anatolia, Iran, Tarim basin China & India. These countries speak the Indo-European language family. With the exception of Anatolia & Tarim Basin. The Celtic language branch originated in Switzerland & Austria. Around 500 BC, they expanded in a triangle from Britannia to Iberia to Anatolia. Celtic languages are closest in resemblance to Italic languages which included Latin. Branches that also share similarities are Baltic & Slavic then Indo-Iranian languages.https://www.quora.com/Where-did-the-Celtic-people-originally-come-from
The Bretons are an ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. They trace much of their heritage to groups ofBrittonic speakers who emigrated from southwestern Great Britain including Cornwall to avoid the invading Germanic peoples. They also descend from the Gauls and in some parts from Vikings. They migrated in waves from the third to ninth century (most heavily from 450-600) into Armorica, which was subsequently named Brittany after them. The main traditional language of Brittany isBreton (Brezhoneg), spoken in Lower Brittany (i.e. the western part of the peninsula). Today, Breton is spoken by less than 200,000 people. The other principal minority language of Brittany is Gallo; Gallo is spoken only in Upper Brittany, where Breton is less dominant, and adjacent parts of France including Nantes. As one of the Brittonic languages, Breton is related closely to Cornish and more distantly to Welsh, while the Gallo language is one of the Romance langues d'oïl. Currently, most Bretons' native language is standard French. Brittany and its people are counted as one of the six Celtic nations. Ethnically, along with theCornish and Welsh, the Bretons are Celtic Britons. The actual number of ethnic Bretons in Brittany and France as a whole is difficult to assess as the government of France does not collect statistics on ethnicity. The population of Brittany, as of a January 2007 estimate, was 4,365,500. It is said that, in 1914, over 1 million people spoke Breton west of the boundary between Breton and Gallo-speaking regions – roughly 90% of the population of the western half of Brittany. In 1945, it was about 75%, and today, in all of Brittany, the most optimistic estimate would be that 20% of Bretons can speak Breton. Brittany has a population of roughly 4 million, including the department of Loire-Atlantique, which the Vichy governmentseparated from "official" Brittany in 1941. Three-quarters of the estimated 200,000 to 250,000 Breton speakers using Breton as an everyday language today are over the age of 65. A strong historical emigration has created a Breton diaspora within the French borders and in the overseas departments and territories of France; it is mainly established in the Paris area, where more than 1 million people claim Breton heritage. Many Breton families have also emigrated to the Americas, predominantly to Canada (mostly Quebec and Atlantic Canada) and the United States. People from the region of Brittany were among the first white settlers to permanently settle the French West Indies, i.e. Guadeloupe and Martinique, where remnants of their culture can still be seen to this day.[citation needed] The only places outside of Brittany that still retain significant Breton customs are in Île-de-France (mainly Le Quartier duMontparnasse in Paris), Le Havre and in Îles des Saintes, where a group of Breton families settled in the mid-17th century.
- education
- Diwan (pronounced [ˈdiwɑ̃n]; "seed" in Breton) is a federation of Breton-medium schools in Brittany. The Diwan concept, which allows children to learn French and Breton through language immersion, was inspired by the Gaelscoileanna movement in Ireland, the Ikastolak movement in the Basque Country, and the Mudiad Ysgolion Meithrin movement in Wales, the Calandretaschools in Occitania and La Bressola schools of Northern Catalonia. However, as Diwan educates up to the age of eighteen its schools are more like Welsh-medium educationschools in Wales. From ages two to six, Breton is the sole language of instruction. At the age of seven and a half, French is introduced during two out of twenty-six school hours. When the students are ten, French (six hours out of twenty-three) is taught at the same level as Breton.[clarification needed] This remains the same when they reach middle school, but English and a choice of Spanish or German are taught in addition. The first Diwan school was created by a few parents in 1977 at Lampaul-Ploudalmézeau(Breton: Lambaol-Gwitalmeze) near Brest, because the centralized French state schools were unwilling to offer the Breton language in the curriculum. The initial nursery school was followed by the first primary school in 1980, the first collège in 1988 and the first lycée in 1994.
- https://www.quora.com/Are-Celtic-languages-mutually-intelligible/answer/Brian-Collins-56 Less so than Romance or Slavic languages. Breton and Cornish were mutually intelligible 400 years ago. There are accounts of Renaissance traders from Cornwall communicating with their counterparts across the sea. They probably are not now though.
- economist 15feb2020 the emoji wars - tweet for brittany
Fingen, dans la mythologie celtique irlandaise, est l’un des druides de Conchobar Mac Nessa, le roi d’Ulster. Il est particulièrement réputé pour sa connaissance et sa pratique de la magie et de la médecine. Il est expert dans les trois formes de la médecine : magique, végétale et sanglante. En examinant la fumée qui s’échappe du toit d’une maison, il est capable de déterminer le nombre de ses occupants et de dire de quelles maladies ils sont atteints. Lors d’une guerre contre le royaume de Connaught, Conchobar est blessé à la tête par le projectile d’une fronde, projectile confectionné avec la cervelle de Mesgegra. Fingen le prévient : s’il retire la balle, il meurt, s’il le guérit, il demeure infirme. Le roi choisit de vivre, mais avec des interdits : la course, l’équitation, la colère, l’abus de nourriture et de sexe. Au bout de sept ans, la cervelle de Mesgegra éclate dans sa tête et il meurt. Lors de la Razzia des vaches de Cooley (Táin Bó Cúailnge), il est requis pour soigner Cethern Mac Fintan. À la fin de l’examen, il propose deux solutions : soit il guérit complètement le blessé, mais les soins dureront une année entière, soit il le remet sur pied rapidement, prêt à combattre, mais dans ce cas il meurt trois jours après. C’est cette seconde option qui est choisie. Le traitement consiste à le plonger dans un tonneau de moelle pendant trois jours et trois nuits. Provisoirement guéri, le guerrier d’Ulster peut reprendre le combat, ses viscères sont retenus par les planches de son char. Il reprend la tuerie jusqu’à ce qu'il meure.
The Gallo-Roman city of Lutetia (also Lutetia Parisiorum in Latin, in French Lutèce) was the predecessor of present-day Paris.The city was referred to as "Λουκοτοκία" by Strabon, "Λευκοτεκία" by Ptolemeus and "Lutetia" by Julius Caesar. The origin of this name is uncertain. The name may contain the Celtic root *luco-t-, which means "mouse" and -ek(t)ia, meaning "the mice" and which can be found today in the Breton word logod, the Welsh llygod, and the Irish luch. Alternatively, it may derive from another Celtic root, luto- or luteuo-, which means "marsh" or "swamp" and which survives today in the Gaelic loth ("marsh") and the Breton loudour("dirty"). As such, it would be related to other place names in Europe including Lutudarum (Derbyshire, England); Lodève (Luteua) and Ludesse (France); and Lutitia (Germany).The oppidum of the Gallic tribe of the Parisii was originally believed to be on the Île de la Cité from Caesar's Gallic Wars. However, archaeological discoveries between 1994 and 2005 strongly undermine the traditional location of the Île de la Cité for Gallic Lutece: the discovery of a large area of proto-urban urbanisation (15 hectares) on the current territory of Nanterre. In 52 BC, a year or so before the end of the Gallic Wars, the Parisii destroyed the bridges to the Île de la Cité. However the garrison led by Vercingetorix's lieutenant Camulogenus, whose army camped on the Mons Lutetius (where the Panthéon is now situated), fell to the Roman military forces led by Titus Labienus, one of Julius Caesar's lieutenants. The Romans crushed the Gauls at nearby Melun and took control of Lutetia.
- Canal de l'Ourcq
- When Paris was known as Lutetia, the inhabitants of île Saint-Louis used water from the Seine. In the Gallo-Roman era, while the montagne Sainte-Geneviève was occupied, the water quality began to deteriorate and people began to frequent the Roman Baths or public baths. During the 4th century, construction of the aqueduc d’Arcueil began under Emperor Julian the Apostate. This structure directed water to the Cluny Baths. After the fall of Rome, the aqueducts, to a large extent, were destroyed. For four centuries, from the Merovingian to the Carolingian the waters of the Seine were used, mainly from sources at Belleville and Le Pré-Saint-Gervais. King Philip II, while establishing the Halles de Paris, a sheltered marketplace, had two fountains built in order to aid construction. By the 18th century, little improvements had been made to bring potable water to Paris. Engineer Pierre-Paul Riquet proposed building a canal from the Ourcq, however his suggestion was not implemented before his death in 1680.On 19 May 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the creation of the canal. Specifically, he decreed that the Seine be diverted from below the Bassin de l'Arsenal to the Bassin de la Villette. The canals would have the dual purposes of providing shipping channels which avoided the Seine and bringing water to Paris.
德魯伊（又譯督伊德，或意譯為橡木賢者）A druid was a member of the high-ranking class in ancient Celtic cultures. Druids were religious leaders as well as legal authorities, adjudicators, lorekeepers, medical professionals and political advisors. Druids left no written accounts. While they were reported to have been literate, they are believed to have been prevented by doctrine from recording their knowledge in written form. Their beliefs and practices are attested in some detail by their contemporaries from other cultures, such as the Romans and the Greeks.The earliest known references to the druids date to the fourth century BCE. The oldest detailed description comes from Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico (50s BCE). They were described by other Roman writers such as Cicero,[2] Tacitus,[3] and Pliny the Elder. Following the Roman invasion of Gaul, the druid orders were suppressed by the Roman government under the 1st-century CE emperors Tiberius and Claudius, and had disappeared from the written record by the 2nd century.In about 750 CE, the word druid appears in a poem by Blathmac, who wrote about Jesus, saying that he was "better than a prophet, more knowledgeable than every druid, a king who was a bishop and a complete sage." The druids appear in some of the medieval tales from Christianized Ireland like the "Táin Bó Cúailnge", where they are largely portrayed as sorcerers who opposed the coming of Christianity. In the wake of the Celtic revival during the 18th and 19th centuries, fraternal and neopagan groups were founded based on ideas about the ancient druids, a movement known as Neo-Druidism.
-The origin of the word ‘Druid’’ is unclear, but the most popular view is that it comes from ‘doire’, an Irish-Gaelic word for oak tree (often a symbol of knowledge), also meaning ‘wisdom’. Druids were concerned with the natural world and its powers, and considered trees sacred, particularly the oak.Druidism can be described as a shamanic religion, as it relied on a combination of contact with the spirit world and holistic medicines to treat (and sometimes cause) illnesses. They were said to have induced insanity in people and been accurate fortune tellers. Some of their knowledge of the earth and space may have come from megalithic times. There is a lot of mystery shrouding the actual history of the Druids, as our knowledge is based on limited records. Druidism is thought to have been a part of Celtic and Gaulish culture in Europe, with the first classical reference to them in the 2nd century BC.https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofWales/Druids/
- ********Their places of worship (‘Temples of the Druids’) were quiet, secluded areas, like clearings in woods and forests, and stone circles. Probably the most famous stone circle in Britain is Stonehenge, an ancient megalithic monument dating back to about 2400 B.C. Most people’s first thoughts about the Druids might be of them congregating around Stonehenge and casting magical incantations. There is indeed thought that this was a place of worship for them, as it still is today for pagans and other neo-druids. There is disagreement though, about whether the Druids built Stonehenge or not. It is not clear exactly when the Druids came to Britain, but it is likely that they actually arrived after Stonehenge was built.https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofWales/Druids/- note other similar structures
- Dolmen de Sorginetxe, alava, spain
-https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/ireland-s-modern-druids-there-is-hidden-knowledge-you-are-asked-not-to-share-1.4440913The couple, who are both Dutch, met within the druid community in the Netherlands 13 years ago. It’s a community with its own vocabulary. A “grove” is a local group, which is facilitated by a druid who has completed certain studies. Not everyone in the grove is a druid; it includes people who are simply curious and interested in learning more. In the Netherlands. Jan was one of the founders of a grove there, which had 400 members, including Karen, which is how they met.
Once you’ve joined a grove, and wish to become a druid, there is a process to follow. “You start your study at the Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids,” Jan explains. “The order connects over 20,000 individuals, either studying, or who have completed, the study of druidery.”These 20,000 people are located all over the world. “Our worldwide gatherings are in Glastonbury, also known as Avalon. The order is located in the UK, so most are in the UK. I know of big groups in Germany, France, the Netherlands, Italy. There are smaller groups in Australia and the United States.” The Tetteroos know at least six other practising druids living in Kerry alone.
- The ritual of oak and mistletoe is a Celtic religious ceremony, in which white-clad druids climbed a sacred oak, cut down the mistletoe growing on it, sacrificed two white bulls and used the mistletoe to make an elixir to cure infertility and the effects of poison. The ritual, known from a single passage in Pliny's Natural History, has helped shape the image of the druid in the popular imagination.
People
- Anglo-Celtic people are those of British or English and Celtic descent. The concept is mainly relevant outside of Great Britain and Ireland, particularly in Australia but also in Canada, the United States, New Zealand and South Africa, where a significant diaspora is located. The term is a combination of the combining form Anglo- and the adjective Celtic. Anglo-, meaning English is derived from the Angles, a Germanic people who settled in Britain (mainly in what is now England) in the middle of the first millennium. The name England (Old English: Engla land or Ængla land) originates from these people. Celtic, in this context, refers to the people of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, the Isle of Man and Cornwall. Recorded usage dates as far back to at least the mid-19th century. A newspaper of the name, The Anglo-Celt (pronounced in this case as 'Anglo-Selt'), was founded in County Cavan in Ireland in 1846. In an 1869 publication, the term was contrasted with Anglo-Saxon as a more appropriate term for people of Irish and British descent worldwide
- 皮克特人指數世紀前，先於蘇格蘭人居住於福斯河以北的皮克塔維亞，也就是加勒多尼亞（現今的蘇格蘭）的先住民。最早的文獻中的皮克特「Pict」是出現在297年，古羅馬時期的創作者Eumenius所著作的頌詞裡。此外，依照字本身的拉丁文含意，Picti常被認為有「被彩繪者」或「背刺青者」，但這個字的字源可能與凱爾特語族的語言有關：說蓋爾亞支語言的凱爾特人以他們的語言稱皮克特人為cruithne「克魯恩亞人」，而說布立吞亞支語言的凱爾特人則以prydyn稱呼他們，也就是「不列顛」Britain的出處。 The Picts were a confederation of Celtic language-speaking peoples who lived in what is today eastern and northern Scotland during the Late British Iron Age and Early Medieval periods. Where they lived and what their culture was like can be inferred from early medieval texts and Pictish stones. Their Latin name, Picti, appears in written records from Late Antiquity to the 10th century. They lived to the north of the rivers Forth and Clyde. Early medieval sources report the existence of a distinct Pictish language, which today is believed to have been an Insular Celtic language, closely related to the Brittonic spoken by the Britons who lived to the south. Picts are assumed to have been the descendants of the Caledonii and other Iron Age tribes that were mentioned by Roman historians or on the world map of Ptolemy. Pictland, also called Pictavia by some sources, achieved a large degree of political unity in the late 7th and early 8th centuries through the expanding kingdom of Fortriu, the Iron Age Verturiones. By 900, the resulting Pictish over-kingdom had merged with the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata to form the Kingdom of Alba (Scotland); and by the 13th century Alba had expanded to include the formerly Brittonic kingdom of Strathclyde, Northumbrian Lothian, Galloway and the Western Isles. Pictish society was typical of many Iron Age societies in northern Europe, having "wide connections and parallels" with neighbouring groups. Archaeology gives some impression of the society of the Picts. While very little in the way of Pictish writing has survived, Pictish history since the late 6th century is known from a variety of sources, including Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, saints' lives such as that of Columba by Adomnán, and various Irish annals.The term Pict is thought to have originated as a generic exonym used by the Romans in relation to people living north of the Forth–Clyde isthmus.[2] The Latin word Picti first occurs in a panegyric written by Eumenius in AD 297 and is taken to mean "painted or tattooed people"[3] (from Latin pingere "to paint";[4] pictus, "painted", cf. Greek "πυκτίς" pyktis, "picture"[5]). Pict is Pettr in Old Norse, Peohta in Old English,[a] Pecht in Scots and Peithwyr ("pict-men") in Welsh. Some think these words suggest an original Pictish root, instead of a Latin coinage. In writings from Ireland, the name Cruthin, Cruthini, Cruthni, Cruithni or Cruithini (Modern Irish: Cruithne) was used to refer both to the Picts and to another group of people who lived alongside the Ulaid in eastern Ulster.[8] It is generally accepted that this is derived from *Qritani, which is the Goidelic/Q-Celtic version of the Britonnic/P-Celtic *Pritani.[9] From this came Britanni, the Roman name for those now called the Britons. What the Picts called themselves is unknown. It has been proposed that they called themselves Albidosi, a name found in the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba during the reign of Máel Coluim mac Domnaill, but this idea has been disputed.[11] A unified "Pictish" identity may have consolidated with the Verturian hegemony established following the Battle of Dun Nechtain in 685 AD.愛爾蘭語的史料則記錄了七個曾存在於歷史上的皮克特王國，分別是：
- Cait—位於現今的開斯納斯及薩瑟蘭
- Ce—位於現今的Mar及布肯
- Circinn—位於現今的安格斯郡及Mearns
- Fib—位於現今的伐夫郡及琴洛斯郡（其中伐夫郡至今仍被稱為「伐夫王國」，the Kingdom of Fife）
- Fidach—位於現今的莫立郡及羅斯郡
- Fotla—位於現今的阿受爾及高瑞
- Fortriu—位於現今的Strathearn及門蒂斯（羅馬人分別將之稱為Fortrenn及Verturiones）
但一些良好的考古證據及文獻紀錄也都顯示，在蘇格蘭北方的奧克尼群島上，可能還有另一個皮克特王國存在。
- https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191016/00180_031.html英國考古學家近月在蘇格蘭高地一處早期基督教教堂遺址中，發現一塊一千二百年歷史、十字架旁刻有兩隻巨大野獸的立石。由於石上圖案在蘇格蘭原住民皮克特人（Pictish）其他石碑從未出現，或有望更進一步了解原住民當時如何製作象形雕塑。
- 英國蘇格蘭一個考古學團隊，近日利用航拍機和雷射技術，研究阿伯丁郡南部一個山上的丘堡群遺址，發現該個歷史可遠溯至公元三世紀時期青銅器時代遺址上，有多達八百間茅屋，當時可能住了近四千名皮克特人。這是蘇格蘭歷來發現最大型的皮克特人群居遺址。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200518/00180_039.html
- [horrible histories]sacred animal - horses
- !!!The Viking Queen is a 1967 Hammer adventure film directed by Don Chaffey and starring Don Murray. It is set in Roman Britain.According to her father's wishes, Queen Salina agrees to share the rule of Icena with Justinian, a Roman. This decision angers both the bloodthirsty Druids and Romans less just than Justinian. As the two rulers fall in love, the Druids and the Romans begin to plot their downfall. It's not long before the hills of Britain are stained with the lovers blood.The title of the film caused much confusion, because there are no NorseVikings in the movie. However, another meaning of the word "viking" is that of a raider or plunderer, of which there are many such characters in this film.The plot combines elements of life of the historic queen Boudica (featuring the Icenitribe, combat chariots) with elements seemingly drawn from Vincenzo Bellini's opera Norma, though that is set in Gaul.
- Norma (Italian: [ˈnɔrma]) is a tragedia lirica or opera in two acts by Vincenzo Bellini with libretto by Felice Romani after the play Norma, ou L'infanticide (Norma, or The Infanticide) by Alexandre Soumet. It was first produced at La Scala in Milan on 26 December 1831.
- 李叔同愛國之心非常強烈，這是值得人們敬重的。李叔同不止一次用歌曲讚美國家，這首《大中華》更是熱情激昂地唱出來，採用意大利歌劇《諾爾瑪》中的進行旋律，為四部合唱歌曲。歌曲作於1912年，在浙江兩級師範學校任教之時，歌曲當年激勵了無數學子和人民。據資料顯示，在2001年北京《世紀壇》揭幕聯歡會上，再以合唱形式演出，可見李叔同的藝術長青。大中華（節錄）振衣崑崙之巔，濯足扶桑之漪。山川靈秀所鍾，人物光榮永垂。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2021/03/13/b06-0313.pdf
- red hair trait
- https://www.quora.com/Is-it-true-the-Scots-and-Irishmen-are-the-descendants-of-the-original-Vikings-thats-why-most-of-them-have-red-hair The Scots and the Irish are primarily descended from Bronze Age herders who arrived in these islands about 4,200 to 4,400 years ago. Many other people added their genes to the mix, including the Norse (“vikings”) who made their first appearance at the end of the eighth century AD. There was a medieval Norse state (for want of a better word) that at its peak extended from Orkney, the Western Isles, and parts of coastal western Scotland to the Isle of Man. The Norse established several important towns in Ireland; the most prominent was Dublin, which was also closely linked to Orkney/the Isle of Man.Naturally, the Norse intermarried with Irish and Scottish women, and as a consequence, many (maybe even most) Irish people have some Norse ancestry, as do many Scots. But it would be a massive overstatement to say that we are “the descendants of the original Vikings.”It is also a huge overstatement to assert that most of us have red hair. The genetic mutation that causes red hair is relatively rare, and only small percentages of the Irish and Scottish populations are so blessed. What is true, however, is that red hair is less rare in Scotland than in any other country, with Ireland in second place. Red hair is also less rare among some Scandinavian populations than in most of the rest of the world.
- [comments section]
- The Vikings and Scandinavians inhabited and settled in Yorkshire and the North East. Their capital in England, they named Jorvik which was later to come present day York. Danelaw ruled Yorkshire and the North East also, there's even a Viking museum in York and the Yorkshire one day cricket team is called Yorkshire Vikings. Red hair doesn't derive from Scandinavians and very few have red hair. There's actually more Germans with red hair than them, but red hair likely comes from the Celts orginally. There wasn't any particular large settlements in Scotland, although there were some in the North West. Dublin was Irelands largest Viking settlement and then congregations around the next largest coastal towns in the East and South East of the Island. In the whole of Britain and Ireland, the largest Viking and other Scandinavian settlements were by far in Yorkshire. There are more Viking/ Scandinavian place names throughout Yorkshire than anywhere in Europe outside Scandinavia. Not sure about place name numbers in the USA, would need researching that… Not here for any arguments, just constructive discussions.
- Last ice age in Ireland/Scot ended approx 15,000 years ago. People arrived as soon as the ice retreated. Oldest megalithic monuments approx 7,000+ years. These people with small amounts of migrations are the ancestors of Scots & Irish.The post-Ice Age settlers were largely replaced by Neolithic farmers who originated in Anatolia, arrived in Ireland about 6,500 years ago, and built the megaliths. Agriculture can support a much larger population than hunting and gathering and it appears the Neolithic newcomers swamped the earlier inhabitants. They were superseded in turn by Bronze Age herders and horsemen who originated on the Pontic Steppe, and who are our principal ancestors.I think the scots and irish got it from the norse since it's stated in the myth that the god Thor had red hair which means that scandinavians knew about red hair very early on… many hundreds of years before they knew the british isles existed. just what I concluded tho, have a good one distant kinsman.You have a Point. But ITS just romantization.Torian are Croatian. Croats Are Viking. We Got stories of 3 Kings out of 6 that left todays Jugoslavia, to stop barbarians, From croatia. So ITS very clear.My Dregovichian king WENT North To Ukraina first then to Scandinavia.ITS the story of 6 Kings. They left on horses in 6 directions. Every direction were to old alliances. Very spectacular story i vant go into now.Tor is Rot.But meaning Is different.Tor basically is A clan symbol for a warrior.Rot Is red. And a Viking Can speak serpent tongue, backwards. One of 5 ways.Hard to explain in Short.I AM a Tor. Of Šutjan Dračjan Lučjan.4 tribes. Šutyan, Peryan, Turyan, Samartyan.
soap
- The Romans have heard of soap. But since it was used by the “barbaric” Celts. They abhorred it. They emulated proper civilized folks like the Greeks & Phoenicians who lathered olive oil & scraped it off with a bronze strigil.https://www.quora.com/Did-the-Roman-have-soapSamhain (/ˈsɑːwɪn,
- https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/ten-secrets-to-know-about-halloween-106367698-237784511
- intriguing - https://www.quora.com/How-do-you-pronounce-Samhain
celtic (language)
- https://www.quora.com/Are-there-things-that-Celtic-languages-do-that-no-other-Indo-European-language-does
- There are three languages that could be described as “Gaelic languages”: Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx. A speaker of one of these languages has a considerably better chance of getting at least the gist of what's being said to them in one of the other languages than a speaker of another language might.Celtic and Gaelic are not synonyms! The Gaelic (or Goidelic) languages form one branch of the Celtic language family. Welsh, Breton, and Cornish are not Gaelic/Goidelic languages. They are Brythonic (or Brittonic), with the Brythonic branch forming the other branch of the Insular Celtic language family.The Brythonic languages are not at all mutually comprehensible with the Goidelic languages. Sure, if you speak Welsh (like me) and learn Scottish Gaelic, you'll notice some related words and some very striking grammatical similarities, but you're hardly better off than a monolingual German speaker in understanding Gaelic without studying it. Nor are the Brythonic languages as mutually comprehensible with each other as the Goidelic languages are. Cornish and Breton are closer to each other than either is to Welsh, and you certainly have a slight advantage in understanding other Brythonic languages if you speak one of the three, but if I look at a page of Breton or Cornish and try to understand it as a Welsh speaker, the most I can really say is that I do better than I do with Irish. https://www.quora.com/Among-the-five-Gaelic-languages-still-spoken-are-any-of-them-mutually-understandable
gaelic (language)
- https://www.quora.com/What-Gaelic-word-has-the-most-silent-letters
- https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-difference-between-Scottish-Gaelic-and-Irish-Gaelic
- !!!? "English" in gaelic is "baarle"
- [NATS] irish gaelic ['ke:lik] different from scottish gaelic ['ka:lik] (language of outer hebrides and isle of skye)
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-the-two-Gaelic-languages-of-Scotland-and-Ireland-and-how-they-are-close-to-the-ancient-Gaelic-language
- use of "an" in names of places (in front)
- adding "t" (small letter) before places such as an tSeicia (czech republic); an tSlóivéin (slovenia); an tSlóvaic (slovakia); an tSualainn (sweden)
- learning resources
- adding "t" (small letter) before places such as an tSeicia (czech republic); an tSlóivéin (slovenia); an tSlóvaic (slovakia); an tSualainn (sweden)
- learning resources
- When Conradh na Gaeilge was founded in 1893, it started a revival of the Irish language in the arts, media and everyday life. Bliain na Gaeilge (The Year of Irish) was initiated in 2018 as a way of celebrating the 125th anniversary of this organisation and sparking renewed interest in all things Gaeilge.https://www.independent.ie/storyplus/bliain-na-gaeilge-a-look-back-at-the-highlights-from-the-past-year-37644679.html
- vocab
- https://www.quora.com/What-does-Anam-Cara-mean-in-Gaelic
The Brittonic, Brythonic or British Celtic languages (Welsh: ieithoedd Brythonaidd/Prydeinig; Cornish: yethow brythonek/predennek; Breton: yezhoù predenek) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family; the other is Goidelic.[2] The name Brythonic was derived by Welsh Celticist John Rhys from the Welsh word Brython, meaning an indigenous Briton as opposed to an Anglo-Saxon or Gael. The name Brittonic derives ultimately from the name Πρεττανική (Prettanike), recorded by Greek authors for the British Isles. The Brittonic languages derive from the Common Brittonic language, spoken throughout Great Britain south of the Firth of Forth during the Iron Age and Roman period. In addition, North of the Forth, the Pictish language is considered to be related; it is possible it was a Brittonic language, but it may have been a sister language. In the 5th and 6th centuries emigrating Britons also took Brittonic speech to the continent, most significantly in Brittany and Britonia. During the next few centuries the language began to split into several dialects, eventually evolving into Welsh, Cornish, Breton and Cumbric. Welsh and Breton continue to be spoken as native languages, while a revival in Cornish has led to an increase in speakers of that language. Cumbric is extinct, having been replaced by Goidelic and English speech. The Isle of Man and Orkney may also have originally spoken a Brittonic language, later replaced with a Goidelic one. Due to emigration, there are also communities of Brittonic language speakers in England, France, and Y Wladfa (the Welsh settlement in Patagonia).
- influence on english
- • the English took over many Brythonic placenames (London, Thames, Devon, Lichfield, Malvern, Berkshire, Penge, Chetwode, Ross), and they took over more the further west and northwest they spread (NB Chetwode implies they understood the name!)
• they took over practically no vocabulary: brock ‘badger’ (Welsh broch), coomb ‘small valley’ (Welsh cwm), tor ‘rocky peak’ (Welsh twr ‘heap’), crag (Welsh craig ‘cliff’), bogey(man) (Welsh bwg), gull (Welsh gwylan)https://www.quora.com/Did-the-Brythonic-languages-have-any-influence-on-the-English-language
- https://www.quora.com/What-evidence-suggests-the-Pictish-language-was-Brythonic
music
- [NATS] celtic dance styles inlcude irish sean-nos, scottish waulking and puirt a beul, welsh cerdd dant, ballads and composed songs especially those of robert burns. Ceilidh is a traditional scottish or irish social gathering, usually involves playing gaelic folk music and dancing either at a house party or a larger concert at a social hall or other community gathering place. Called ceili in irish.
myth
- The aos sí (pronounced [eːsˠ ˈʃiː]; older form aes sídhe [eːsˠ ˈʃiːə]) is the Irish term for a supernatural race in Irish mythology and Scottish mythology (where it is usually spelled Sìth, but pronounced the same), comparable to the fairies or elves.They are said to live underground in fairy mounds, across the western sea, or in an invisible world that coexists with the world of humans. This world is described in the Lebor Gabála Érenn as a parallel universe in which the aos sí walk amongst the living. In the Irish language, aos sí means "people of the mounds" (the mounds are known in Irish as "the sídhe"). In modern Irish the people of the mounds are also called daoine sídhe [ˈd̪ˠiːnʲə ˈʃiːə]; in Scottish mythology they are daoine sìth. They are variously said to be the ancestors, the spirits of nature, or goddesses and gods.
- A leprechaun (Irish: leipreachán/luchorpán) is a type of fairy of the Aos Sí in Irish folklore. They are usually depicted as little bearded men, wearing a coat and hat, who partake in mischief. They are solitary creatures who spend their time making and mending shoes and have a hidden pot of gold at the end of the rainbow. If captured by a human, they often grant three wishes in exchange for their freedom.[not verified in body] Like other Irish fairies, leprechauns may be derived from the Tuatha Dé Danann. Leprechaun-like creatures rarely appear in Irish mythology and only became prominent in later folklore.
- The Red Hand is rooted in Gaelic culture and, although its origin and meaning is unknown, it is believed to date back to pagan times. The Red Hand is first documented in surviving records in the 13th-century, where it was used by the Hiberno-Norman de Burgh earls of Ulster. It was Walter de Burgh who became first Earl of Ulster in 1243 who combined the de Burgh cross with the Red Hand to create a flag that represented the Earldom of Ulster and later became the modern Flag of Ulster.It was afterwards adopted by the O'Neills (Uí Néill) when they assumed the ancient kingship of Ulster (Ulaid), inventing the title Rex Ultonie (king of Ulster) for themselves in 1317 and then claiming it unopposed from 1345 onwards. An early Irish heraldic use in Ireland of the open right hand can be seen in the seal of Aodh Reamhar Ó Néill, king of the Irish of Ulster, 1344–1364.An early 15th-century poem by Mael Ó hÚigínn is named Lámh dhearg Éireann í Eachach, the first line of which is a variation of the title: "Lamh dhearg Éiriond Ibh Eathoch", translated as "The Úí Eachach are the 'red hand' of Ireland".[9] The Uí Eachach were one of the Cruthin tribes (known as the Dál nAraidi after 773[10]) that made up the ancient kingdom of Ulaid.The Red Hand symbol is believed to have been used by the O'Neills during its Nine Years' War (1594–1603) against English rule in Ireland, and the war cry lámh dearg Éireann abú! ("the Red Hand of Ireland to victory") was also associated with them.[13] An English writer of the time noted "The Ancient Red Hand of Ulster, the bloody Red Hand, a terrible cognizance! And in allusion to that terrible cognizance- the battle cry of Lamh dearg abu!"The Order of Baronets was instituted by letters patent dated 10 May 1612, which state that "the Baronets and their descendants shall and may bear, either in a canton in their coat of arms, or in an inescutcheon, at their election, the arms of Ulster, that is, in a field argent, a hand gules, or a bloody hand." The oldest baronets used a dexter (right) hand just like the O'Neills, however it later became a sinister (left) hand. The exclusive rights to the use of the Red Hand symbol has proved a matter of debate over the centuries, primarily whether it belonged to the O'Neills (Uí Néill) or the Magennises (Méig Aonghasa). The O'Neills became the chief dynasty of the Cenél nEógain of the Northern Uí Néill and later the kings of Ulster, whilst the Magennises were the ruling dynasty of the Uí Eachach Cobo, the chief dynasty of the Cruthin of Ulaid,[12] and also head of the Clanna Rudraige. A 16th-century poem noted disagreement between the "Síol Rúraí" (an alias for Clanna Rudraige) and the Northern Uí Néill.
usa
- [NATS] mining centuries of oral tradition, several irish pub bands of 1950s and 1960s sparked renewed interest in folk songs of ireland and scotland. This movement was concurrent with a similar folk revival in the usa.The use of irish music in hollywood film scores was another major factor that contributed to worldwide popularity of celtic music. Beginning in 1950s, hollywood films featured stories with irish characters, underscored by distinctive music. Note - including lotr tiology.
uk
- https://www.quora.com/Before-the-Roman-invasions-were-all-the-people-of-Britain-and-France-Celtic Gaul, as Caesar famously said, was divided into three parts. One, covering most of central, north-west and south-east France, was inhabited by a people who called themselves Celtae, although the Romans called them Galli. In the south-west were the Aquitani, and in the north-east/Low Countries, the Belgae. Both the Celtae and the Belgae spoke languages modern linguistic scholars would class as “Celtic”. The Aquitani spoke a different language, not part of the Celtic family, which appears to be related to Basque. There were two languages we know of that were spoken in Britain - Brittonic, which was a Celtic language, and Pictish, which is not well attested but is probably also Celtic. It was only in the late seventeeth century that the relationship between all the Celtic languages was understood, and the term “Celtic” was applied to them. So all the inhabitants of Britain and France, with the exception of the Aquitani in the south-west of France, spoke Celtic languages, but only one group, covering a substantial portion of France, used the name for themselves.
scotland
- https://www.quora.com/Is-it-true-the-Irish-and-the-Scots-are-Germanized-Celts Scotland gets its Celtic Identity via Dal riada and Irish colonisation , so you cannot really describe them as Germanised celts at least in the western part of Scotland.
- https://www.quora.com/Is-it-true-the-Irish-and-the-Scots-are-Germanized-Celts Scotland gets its Celtic Identity via Dal riada and Irish colonisation , so you cannot really describe them as Germanised celts at least in the western part of Scotland.
ireland
- A quick review of Irish history reveals that the island was subject to a number of influxes of foreign cultures. The Celts arrived on the island about the year 500 B.C.E
Whether or not this was an actual invasion or rather a more gradual migration and assimilation of their culture by the native Irish is open to conjecture, but there is sufficient evidence to suggest that this latter explanation is more likely.The Idea of a Celtic Ireland is largely a 19th century re invention .Ireland was/ is not a Celtic country. That term itself was assigned to Ireland in the 19th century by a Welsh linguist- and was seized by the fledgling Irish nationalist movement as evidence of an us and them heritage (us Celtic- them British/Roman)The historical documents/evidence suggest that the true Celts were limited to an area of Gaul, the Rhine, Eastern Europe and western Turkey. This can be proven by a combination of historical evidence/archaeological finds/art and languages/ and the peoples own myths/foundation stories. Ireland and Britain were instead an Iron age culture- which adapted and acquired La Tene (later Celtic) art. A lack of wealthy burial sites, evidence of Celtic existence leads Prof Johnston to observe that rather like the wealthy Californias who become au fait in all things European, they may acquire pieces of European design, but cannot be called Celtic. She concludes that the knowledge of Celtic culture by ancient Irelands wealthy trading elites, should not be confused with a widespread Celtic people/culture existing in Ireland. Instead Prof Johnston points out that throughout Iron age Europe, dominant cultures influenced each other- so that parts of Gaul adapted Roman elements, parts of Ireland adapted Celtic elements from trade, and minor settlements.Keltoi was the name given by the Ancient Greeks to a 'barbaric' (in their eyes) people who lived to the north of them in central Europe. While early Irish art shows some similarities of style to central European art of the Keltoi, historians have also recognised many significant differences between the two cultures.At the beginning of the twenty-first century suggests that the early inhabitants of Ireland were not directly descended from the Keltoi of central Europe. Genome sequencing performed on remains of early settlers in Ireland by researchers at Trinity University in Dublin and Queens University has revealed at least two waves of migration to the island in past millennia. Analysis of the remains of a 5,200 year-old Irish farmer suggested that the population of Ireland at that time was closely genetically related to the modern-day populations of southern Europe, especially Spain and Sardinia. Her ancestors, however, originally migrated from the Middle East, the cradle of agriculture.Meanwhile, the research team also examined the remains of three 4,000 year-old men from the Bronze Age and revealed that another wave of migration to Ireland had taken place, this time from the edges of Eastern Europe. One third of their ancestry came from the Steppe region of Russia and Ukraine, so their ancestors must have gradually spread west across Europe. These remains, found on Rathlin Island also shared a close genetic affinity with the Scottish, Welsh, and modern Irish, unlike the earlier farmer. This suggests that many people living in Ireland today have genetic links to people who were living on the island at least 4,000 years ago.One of the oldest texts composed in Ireland is the Leabhar Gabhla the Book of Invasions. It tells a semi-mythical history of the waves of people who settled in Ireland in earliest times. It says the first settlers to arrive in Ireland were a small dark people called the Fir Bolg, followed by a magical super-race called the Tuatha de Danaan (the people of the goddess Dana) (note- In Irish mythology, Bres (or Bress) was a king of the Tuatha Dé Danann. He is often referred to by the name Eochaid / Eochu Bres. He was an unpopular king, and favoured his Fomorian kin. Eochu Bres has been translated as "beautiful horseman." The scribes who wrote down the text of the Cath Maige Tuired record Bres as meaning 'beautiful', however, this may be a false etymology. The original meaning of Bres may have derived from a root meaning "fight," "blow," "effort," "uproar," or "din. ).
iberia- https://www.quora.com/Did-the-Celts-come-from-Iberia
Probably not. As the previous answers to this question should make clear, there is no agreement as to where “the Celts” came from. Indeed, it is increasingly accepted that there was not a single ethno-linguistic group who may be labelled “the Celts.” There is, however, growing support for the theory that the languages we call Celtic did originate in Iberia, from where they spread along the Atlantic seaboard. The confusion originated with ancient Greeks who promiscuously referred to various tribal groups in or around what is now southern France as “Κελτοί” (Keltoi, or Celts). A few hundred years later, the Romans clashed with tribes in northern Italy and France that they called “Galli,” and later concluded that these “Gauls” were the same as the “Celts” mentioned by the Greeks. The Romans went on to slap the Celtic label on people as far apart as present-day Belgium, Spain and Portugal, many of whom may have had nothing in common with Keltoi or Galli of southern France. A long time later, 17th and 18th century linguists noticed the similarities between surviving languages on the fringe of northwestern Europe such as Irish, Scots Gaelic, Welsh and Breton and concluded that these must be remnants of the tongue(s) of the ancient Celts.
germany
- The Nahe is a river in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, Germany, a left tributary to the Rhine. It has also given name to the wine region Nahe situated around it.The name Nahe is derived from the Latin word Nava, which is supposed to be based upon the Celtic origin for the wild river.
- [ochsle] many vineyard names on mosel end in "-lay", indicating that vines are planted on slate. Ancient celtic term for slate is "ley"
- 3800 years ago, a pre-Celtic group of people lived next to the Taklamakan desert, in what’s now northwestern China. These people looked like Celts: tall, pale-skinned, with European faces, sometimes with red hair. They wore beautifully-colored woolen clothing, woven in plaids and twills. All this is known because their burial practices, and the desert’s cold, dry climate, caused some of their dead loved ones to be mummified naturally, without embalming. One can see, in some of these mummies, that the men were handsome, the women were beautiful, and the babies were cute, in very familiar ways, to a Northern European’s eye. The best guess is that they spoke an early proto-Indo-European language called Tocharian. https://www.quora.com/Where-did-the-Irish-language-come-from
hk
- association
- hong kong gaelic athletic association www.gaa.hk
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