indigenous people
- https://insiderguides.com.au/australian-indigenous-culture
- https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/1406130/Aboriginals-sue-Crown-over-loss-of-their-land.html 3sep2002
- https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/1406130/Aboriginals-sue-Crown-over-loss-of-their-land.html 3sep2002
- https://www.ft.com/content/826a1a46-2dc1-11ea-bc77-65e4aa615551 Indigenous groups in Australia are suing state governments for tens of billions of dollars in compensation for loss of ancestral lands in a move that experts warn could dent public budgets and force miners and other industries to make payouts. Court documents show the Bigambul and Kooma Aboriginal peoples are each claiming A$25bn ($17bn) compensation from Queensland for economic and cultural loss related to land on which they were granted native title, a form of legal recognition over rights to land or water. The lawsuits, filed on December 23, follow a similar claim made by a group claiming to represent the Noongar people for A$290bn lodged against Western Australia — a sum that is more than the value of the resource-rich state’s entire economy. Aboriginal people have been registering native title claims for decades since a 1992 High Court decision that overturned the concept of terra nullius, the declaration made by British colonisers when they first arrived 250 years ago that Australia was unoccupied. The claims now cover around 2.8m sq km of Australia. However, there has been new interest in seeking compensation following a landmark ruling by Australia’s High Court in March. The so-called Timber Creek judgment helped to establish how native title compensation claims should be assessed and decided. “Timber Creek was by far the most significant native title decision since the Mabo case in 1992, which first recognised the land rights of Indigenous peoples,” said Tony Denholder, partner at Ashurst, a law firm, which is not involved in the Western Australian case but could yet be commissioned by a party in the Queensland one. “It is now triggering claims from the hundreds of native title holder groups, which could potentially cost states tens of billions of dollars in compensation.
- Long ago, four giant beings arrived in southeast Australia. Three continued to travel inland, following the songline, paths across the land that, according to the belief system of Aboriginal Australians, mark the route followed by creator beings during the Dreamtime, when the world was created. However, one being bent down close to the ground, transforming his body into a mountain called Budj Bim, his teeth becoming molten rock, pouring from his mouth into the surrounding landscape. This traditional story by the Aboriginal Gunditjmara people may be based on real geological events, as new research published in the journal Geology suggests. Studying lava fields of the two volcanic mountains of Budj Bim, located in the Gunditjmara territory, geologists were able to date a volcanic eruption about 37,000 years ago. It is not impossible that humans living in the area observed the eruption, even if the oldest accepted evidence for human occupation of the area dates back no more than about 13,000 years. If so, it would make the Gunditjmara people story one of the oldest myths retold to this day.According to the involved geologists, stories of the local Aborigines tribe, the Gugu Badhun people, describe how once a pit formed in the plains. Dust filled the air, a river of fire emerged from the ground and many people died. If this myth really describes a volcanic eruption, the memory of the event has been passed by storytelling down through more than 230 generations, until the 1970s, when anthropologists recorded for the first time this myth.The Klamath people of Oregon tell of the time when the two mythical chiefs Skell and Llao decided to settle a dispute. For many days the battle between the mighty warriors persisted, the two adversaries hurling rocks and flames at each other, and soon darkness covered the land. Lost in the fog, chief Llao decided to climb the highest mountain he could find, the ancient volcano Mount Mazama, but as soon as he reached the peak, the mountain collapsed with terrible thunder, burying him forever in the underworld. The caldera of the collapsed volcano filled with water, becoming modern Crater Lake. The eruption of Mount Mazama and the formation of Crater Lake occurred, based on modern geological research, some 6,000 years ago.https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2020/02/13/aboriginal-myth-may-inspired-by-37000-year-old-volcano-could-be-the-oldest-story-ever-told/#71a36f2b5e71
- economist 29feb2020 fossilised folk tales
- Australian aboriginal people myth on rainbow serpent - before anything existed, earth was just a sphere of rock. Rainbow serpent lived beneath the surface and had the power to create. One she woke up and crawled the earth surface, a small mountain was formed from where she emerged. As she travelled all over the land, she made deep indentations in the ground. The sun rose and the irisdescent colours of hervrainbow body leapt up, the serpent sang and made great gorges, valleys, ridges and mountains with her body. Animals lying dormant in her belly woke up . Mammals, reptiles, birds and insects of all kinds walked out of serpent's mouth to the newly formjng earth. A funny, new kind of animal frog leaped out in thousands . They were giant and heavy, poured out floods of water and made oceans, rivers, lakes and streams. Rainbowvserpent made laws for each place and ruled over the world. Those who break or disrespect the law will be turned into stone. Well-behaved animals were turned into humans, each with a talisman signifying their original form. The rainbow serpent commenced a long slumber. When she woke again, she emerged as goorialla and took a male form. Two boys went into its mouth and flew out as colourful birds. But serpent was angry with what human done to him and vanished into sea forever. Men can only glimpse him as a rainbow in the sky.
- [wisdom of pacific islanders] one tribe is one totem group, each named by a plant or animal; in some tribes, men and women have their own totems eg in south victoria, bat is men's totem while 欧夜鹰is women's totem; there are also totems for individuals and 亚图腾
- A Tjurunga or as it is sometimes spelled, Churinga, is an object considered to be of religious significance by Central Australian indigenous people of the Arrernte (Aranda, Arunta) groups. Tjurunga often had a wide and indeterminate native significance. They may be used variously in sacred ceremonies, as bullroarers, in sacred ground paintings, in ceremonial poles, in ceremonial headgear, in sacred chants and in sacred earth mounds.
- The Wandjina (sometimes Wondjina) are cloud and rain spirits from Australian Aboriginal mythology that are depicted prominently in rock art in Australia. Some of the artwork in the Kimberley region of Western Australia dates back approximately 4,000 years ago. The stories of the Wandjina and the artwork depicting them remain important to the Mowanjum Community of Indigenous people.
- artefacts
- 澳洲考古學家日前發表報告，指他們在澳洲西北部淺海床地區，發現年期可追溯至八千五百年前原住民製造的石器工具，是首次發現水下的古代原住民石器，有助了解他們的生活習性。位於布魯吉埃爾角二點四米深的遺址，找到磨石等二百六十九件石製工具。另於「飛行泡沫通道」（Flying Foam Passage）十四米水深下，發現有人類在淡水泉活動的痕迹，以及至少一個以就地材料製成的石器切割工具。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200705/00180_030.html
- Indigenous leaders are disappointed with the Turnbull government's decision to reject calls for a constitutionally-enshrined indigenous voice in parliament. The situation was like groundhog day for Aboriginal people, Uluru Statement Working Group co-chair Jesephine Crawshaw said. "Yet again after a decade of discussions and millions of dollars spent on Constitutional Recognition it is unfortunate we have come to this," she said. "We have come to a point where seemingly no action will be taken." But Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull said such a "radical change" to Australia constitution's representative institutions did not have any realistic prospect of being supported by a majority of Australians in a majority of States. "The government does not believe such an addition to our national representative institutions is either desirable or capable of winning acceptance in a referendum," Mr Turnbull said in a joint statement with Indigenous Affairs Minister Nigel Scullion. The prime minister says Australia's democracy is built on the foundation of all Australian citizens having equal civic rights - all being able to vote for, stand for and serve in either of the two chambers of our national Parliament - the House of Representatives and the Senate. During a summit at Uluru in May indigenous leaders rejected symbolic constitutional recognition in favour of an elected parliamentary advisory body and a treaty. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/latest-news/turnbull-rejects-indigenous-voice-reports/news-story/32e29fdba0442bfc86672b52f1311cbe
- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-40024622
- economist 7jul18 issue "230 years later" australia states offer treaty the federal government has never signed
- https://www.dw.com/en/australia-promises-vote-on-recognition-of-indigenous-people/a-49532296-0 Australia is to hold a referendum on whether to give explicit recognition to Indigenous people in its constitution. Reformers want descendants of Australia's first inhabitants to have a greater voice in decision-making. Australia will hold a national vote on whether to recognize Indigenous people in its constitution within the next three years, a government minister said on Wednesday. While Australia's first settlers arrived on the continent some 50,000 years before European colonialization, the status of their descendants has never been enshrined in law.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2019-07/16/content_37491826.htm A zinc producer in Australia's far north is set to hire a workforce made up of 50 percent indigenous staff, after a landmark joint partnership agreement was reached with the local aboriginal community. Situated in Queensland state's Gulf of Carpentaria, the area around the New Century Resources mine site is a vast and remote region. Although a beautiful landscape with such isolation, many indigenous communities nearby have experienced high levels of unemployment and a significant amount of social disadvantage.
- 澳洲新南威爾士省參議院選舉將於下周六舉行，右翼單一民族黨參選人萊瑟姆（Mark Latham）周一表示，為了打擊「金髮藍眼」的澳洲人濫用原住民福利，將提出要求申請人接受DNA檢驗，以驗明正身。綠黨批評DNA檢驗政策是「公然的種族主義」。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190312/00180_026.html- The Stolen Generations (also known as Stolen Children) were the children of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent who were removed from their families by the Australian Federal and State government agencies and church missions, under acts of their respective parliaments. The removals of those referred to as "half-caste" children were conducted in the period between approximately 1905 and 1969, although in some places mixed-race children were still being taken into the 1970s. Documentary evidence, such as newspaper articles and reports to parliamentary committees, suggest a range of rationales. Apparent motivations include child protection, the belief that the Aboriginal people would die out given their catastrophic population decline after white contact, and the belief that full-blooded Aboriginal people resented miscegenation and the mixed-race children fathered and abandoned by white men. A few historians dispute that substantial numbers of mixed-blood Aboriginal children were forcibly taken from their families. They contend that some children were removed mainly to protect them from neglect and abuse. They note that in this period, the state also removed white children from their families as part of protection programs, often placing them in foster care or institutions.
- http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21715697-he-has-his-work-cut-out-him-australia-gets-its-first-aboriginal-minister
- suing government
- https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/aug/04/australia-to-be-sued-over-mining-projects-unmerciful-destruction-of-indigenous-land The federal government is facing a lawsuit over damage done to Indigenous land by the decades-old mining project that sparked the Yirrkala Bark Petitions. Gumatj leader Galarrwuy Yunupingu revealed on Saturday that he and his people were taking legal action against the commonwealth, seeking compensation for the loss of native title over the minerals exploited by mine operator Nabalco and its successor, Rio Tinto, as well as the destruction of key dreaming sites. The suit is expected to use the historic precedent set by the Timber Creek judgment by the high court in March, which ruled on monetary compensation for loss of native title.
Aṉangu is the name used by members of several Aboriginal Australian groups, roughly approximate to the Western Desert cultural bloc, to describe themselves. The term, which embraces several distinct "tribes" or peoples, in particular the Ngaanyatjarra, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara groups, is pronounced with the stress on the first syllable: [ˈaɳaŋʊ].The original meaning of the word is "human being, person", "human body" in a number of eastern varieties of the Western Desert Languages (which are in the Pama–Nyungan group of languages), in particular Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara. It is now used as an Aboriginal endonym by a wide range of Western Desert Language (WDL) peoples to describe themselves.[1] It is rarely or never applied to non-Aboriginal people when used in English, although the word now has a dual meaning in Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara. It has come to be used also as an exonym by non-Aboriginal Australians to refer to WDL-speaking groups or individuals.The Aṉangu dwell primarily in the Central Western desert, to the south of the traditional lands of the Arrernte and Walpiri peoples.
- myth
- uluru
- two tribes during creation of earth - kuniya (devoted to nonvenomous kuniya or woma python, lived in east of pugabuga, gentle and water-seeking); vicious liru (dedicated to poisonous snake, lived west of pugabuga in mountain kata tjuta, dangerous and stalking thru rough desert lands). They were separated by unforgiving terrain. Over time, kuniya travelled west and settled in a huge sand hill. They carved homes into the side of sand hill. The land transformed into giant rock uluru. Liru planned an attack led by warrior kulikudgeri. Kuniya woman bulari spat out arukwita (spirit of disease and death). Bulari and her newborn baby were killed. Warrior inkridi and his mother killed kulikudgeri. Desert oaks, said to be bodies of liru warriors, line the path where they snuck upmon kuniya. Bodies of those perished were preserved within rock uluru, which finally solidified and made uluru what it is today.
The Arrernte /ərʌndə/ people, sometimes referred to as the Aranda, Arunta, or Arrarnta are an Aboriginal Australian people who live in the Arrernte lands, at Mparntwe[1][2](Alice Springs)[a] and surrounding areas of the Central Australia region of the Northern Territory. Some Aranda live in other areas far from their homeland, including the major Australian cities and overseas. Aranda mythology and spirituality focuses on the landscape and the Dreamtime. Altjira is the creator being of the Inapertwa that became all living creatures. Tjurunga are objects of religious significance.阿蘭達人，亦稱阿龍塔人，是一支大洋洲原住民，有四大支系：坦卡人、達拉人、羅阿拉人和烏利巴人。身高中等，膚色深棕，發黑，呈波狀，鼻寬、唇厚。分布於澳大利亞中部阿龍塔地區。信仰原始宗教聖物「丘靈加」和巫術。英軍入侵後人口大量減少。本民族語言已瀕於消亡。
- [wisdom of pacific islanders] tradition of men first seek his mother-in-law (not yet married, and has to wait for the birth and growth of her daughter to get married; if that woman never bears a child, he has to find another one)
The Barapa Barapa people (also known as Baraparapa) are an indigenous Australian people whose territory covered parts of southern New South Wales and northern Victoria. They had close connections with the Wemba-Wemba. Barapa Barapa have extensive shared country with their traditional neighbours, the Wemba-Wemba and Yorta Yorta, covering Deniliquin, the Kow Swamp and Perrricoota/Koondrook. The Barapa Barapa form part of the North-West Nations Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Group, and undertake significant cultural heritage and Natural Resource Management work in the area.
The Gundangara (also spelt Gundungara and Gundungurra) are an Indigenous Australian people in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Their traditional lands include present day Goulburn and the Southern Highlands.The ethnonym Gundangara combines lexical elements signifying both "east" and west'.
- Mulgoa people were the indigenous inhabitants of mulgoa and spoke the Dharug language. The name is believed to mean black swan. The Mulgoa weren't the only inhabitants of the area. They shared the Mulgoa Valley with the Gandangara people of the Southern Highlands, whose territory extended up into the Blue Mountains. They lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle governed by traditional laws, which had their origins in the Dreamtime. Their homes were bark huts called 'gunyahs'. They hunted kangaroos and emus for meat, and gathered yams, berries and other native plants.
- Mulgoa people were the indigenous inhabitants of mulgoa and spoke the Dharug language. The name is believed to mean black swan. The Mulgoa weren't the only inhabitants of the area. They shared the Mulgoa Valley with the Gandangara people of the Southern Highlands, whose territory extended up into the Blue Mountains. They lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle governed by traditional laws, which had their origins in the Dreamtime. Their homes were bark huts called 'gunyahs'. They hunted kangaroos and emus for meat, and gathered yams, berries and other native plants.
- The centre of Mulgoa's spiritual life in the colonial era was St Thomas' Anglican Church, which dates from 1838. It was the first public building in the Mulgoa Valley and was constructed out of sandstone and cedar on paddocks donated by the Cox family, with Sir John Jamison serving as one of its patrons. The Reverend Thomas Cooper Makinson was St Thomas' inaugural rector. Attached to the church was Mulgoa's first school which operated until 1871–72, when the Mulgoa Provisional School replaced it. In 1893, Mulgoa's population was sufficiently large to be granted the status of a municipality. Its area extended beyond the current suburb boundaries. In 1949, however, council rationalisations led to it merging with Penrith, St Marys and Castlereagh into a larger Penrith Municipality. These days, Mulgoa is still primarily a rural area. Mulgoa Post Office opened on 1 September 1863.
- notable people
The Ngunnawal are an indigenous Australian people of southern New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory.Ngunnawal, known also as Gundungurra or Burragorang, is classified, together with Ngarigo as one of several southern tableland languages of New South Wales.When first encountered by European settlers in the 1820s, the Ngunnawal people were called the Yass Blacks or Yass mob with a reputation for hostility. The Ngunnawal people were neighbours of the Nyamudy/Namadgi people who lived to the south on the Limestone Plains, Wiradjuri people(to the west) and Gundungurra (to the north) peoples. However an alternative view is that Ngunnawal was not a people but the southern dialect of the Wallaballoa clan whose territory extended north from Yass to north of Borrowa.[citation needed]The 2013 report to the ACT Government as part of its "Our Kin, Our Country" project accepted that based on the difference between word lists collected at Yass and the Limestone Plain, the people of the Canberra area were Ngarigo speaking Nyamudy/Namadgi people not Ngunnawal people.[citation needed] Some Ngunnawal people speak of their group as constituted by several clan groups, such as the Wallababularound Yass, the Ginninderra and the Pialligo.At present four groups contest ownership in the Canberra area: the Ngambri, the Ngarigo, the Walgalu speaking Ngambri-Guumaal, represented by Shane Mortimer, with widespread connections from across the Snowy Mountains down to the Blue Mountains, and fourthly, the Ngunnawal.
- The Reverend Thomas Cooper Makinson (1809–1893), Mulgoa's first resident Anglican clergyman and schoolmaster, who later converted to Catholicism.
- marisa Payne is in a long-term relationship with Stuart Ayres, who is a minister in the New South Wales state government. She is 16 years his senior.[11] The couple met while campaigning together at the 2007 federal election.[2] As of 2010, they were building a home together in Mulgoa.
- street theatre is also called ngunnawal theatre https://www.thestreet.org.au/about-us The Street Theatre acknowledge the Ngunnawal people who are the traditional custodians of the land on which we are we gather and pay respect to the Elders of the Ngunnawal Nation both past and present and extend this respect to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
The Kurung were identified as an indigenous Australian group of the State of Victoria by Norman Tindale. The theory that they constituted an independent tribe has been challenged with modern scholarship generally considering them as a clan, associated to one of two major tribes. Their language is unconfirmed.Tindale, prefacing his remarks with an admission that '(t)he triangle between Melbourne, Echuca and Albury remains one of the problem areas,' cited in support of treating nthe Kurung as a distinct tribal entity the material given in 1856 for the deliberation of the Legislative Council of Victoria. According to this early documentation, the Kurung were one of 5 distinct tribes in and around Melbourne, the others being the Taungurong, the Wurundjeri, the Bunurong and the Wathaurung. note in particular the alternative names
- it is also the venue of an event of defense procurement briefing em 11nov19
- 澳洲礦業巨擘力拓（Rio Tinto）上周在西澳省進行開採時，炸毀兩個有四萬六千年歷史的史前原住民洞穴遺址，引發眾怒。事發於珀斯以北的皮爾巴拉鐵礦區，力拓上周炸毀了兩個位於Juukan峽谷的遠古岩洞。考古學家曾在該個岩洞發現早於四萬六千年前就有人長期居住的證據，亦曾出土過古人製品及有四千年歷史的髮辮，相信與澳洲原住民「Puutu Kunti Kurrama and Pinikura（PKKP）」的祖先有關。PKKP族群負責人明言，遺迹被毀令原住民感難過傷痛。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200603/00180_019.html
The ethnonym Yuin refers to a group of Australian Aboriginal people from the South Coast of New South Wales. All Yuin people share ancestors who spoke, as their first language, one or more of the Yuin language dialects, including Djiringanj, Thaua, Walbanga, Wandandian[1][2] and Dhurga language, from Narooma to Nowra.The name Yuin ("man") was selected by early Australian ethnographer, Alfred Howitt, to denote two distinct tribes of News South Wales, namely the Djiringanj and the Thaua.[3][a] In Howitt's work, the Yuin were divided into northern (Kurial-Yuin) and southern (Gyangal-Yuin) branches.The term "Yuin" is commonly used by South Coast Aboriginal people to describe themselves,[5][6] although in a 2016 New South Wales native title application for land overlapping Yuin country, "South Coast people" is used.
- Moruya is a town located on the far south coast of New South Wales, Australia, situated on the Moruya River. The South Coast region of New South Wales is the traditional home of the Yuin People, with the area in and around Moruya home to the Bugelli-Manji clan.The name Moruya is derived from an Aboriginal Tharawal[5] word (Tharawal pronunciation [mherroyah]) believed to mean "home of the black swan", although this is not probable and not verifiable.[2] Black swans can be seen in the lakes and rivers around Moruya, and the black swan is used locally as an emblem.European settlement commenced in the 1820s following the extension of the limits of location in 1829, although the coast from Bateman's Bay to Moruya was surveyed the previous year by Surveyor Thomas Florance.[6] The first European settler was Francis Flanagan, a tailor from Ireland who was granted title to four square miles on the north bank of the river at Shannon View in 1829. In 1830, the next settler, John Hawdon, set up a squat at Bergalia but being beyond the limits, could not gain title to the land. However, in 1831 he was granted land on the north bank of the river, upstream from Flanagan. He called the property Kiora and it also occupied four square miles. A village named after the property soon grew.In 1835, across the river from Flanagan, William Morris, squatted a block he called Gundary. William Campbell took up as a manager there and eventually bought the place himself in 1845. The town centre was surveyed in 1850 by surveyor Parkinson and the town gazetted in 1851. It centred about the track opposite where the road from Broulee terminated at the river bank, the two being linked by a punt. As there was a blacksmith on that track, it was named Vulcan Street. Campbell Street owed its name to the squatter, Queen Street to patriotism and Church Street to the Catholic Church's presence there. Land sales commenced in 1852.Moruya was proclaimed a municipality in 1891.
- hk
- scmp 16sep2020 obit of evelyn marie osmond (of macanese descent, softball and hockey player) who died in moruya
- 澳洲一名有原住民血統的華裔男子，自小有從醫以改善原住民生活的夢想。他十多年前圓夢，成為澳洲首名有原住民背景的外科醫生。四十三歲的貢凱文（Kelvin Kong，音譯）來自一個醫學世家，母親是原住民護士，父親是馬來西亞華人醫生，他的兩名姊姊現時亦是醫生。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180130/00180_034.html
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