Presbyterianism

 Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition withinProtestantism which traces its origins to the British Isles. Presbyterian churches derive their name from thepresbyterian form of church government, which is government by representative assemblies of elders. Many Reformed churches are organized this way, but the word "Presbyterian," when capitalized, is often applied uniquely to the churches that trace their roots to the Scottish and English churches that bore that name and English political groups that formed during the English Civil War. Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ. Presbyterian church government was ensured in Scotland by the Acts of Union in 1707 which created the kingdom of Great Britain. In fact, most Presbyterians found in England can trace a Scottish connection, and the Presbyterian denomination was also taken to North America mostly by Scots and Scots-Irish (Scotch-Irish American) immigrants. The Presbyterian denominations in Scotland hold to the theology of John Calvin and his immediate successors, although there are a range of theological views within contemporary Presbyterianism.

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• Robert Morrison, FRS (5 January 1782 – 1 August 1834), was an Anglo^[1]-Scottish^[2] Protestant missionary to Portuguese Macao, Qing-era Guangdong, and Dutch Malacca, who was also a pioneering sinologist, lexicographer, and translator considered the "Father of Anglo-Chinese Literature".Morrison, a Presbyterian preacher, is most notable for his work in China. After twenty-five years of work he translated the whole Bible into the Chinese language and baptized ten Chinese believers, including Cai Gao, Liang Fa, and Wat Ngong. Morrison pioneered the translation of the Bible into Chinese and planned for the distribution of the Scriptures as broadly as possible, unlike the previous Roman Catholic translation work that had never been published.Morrison cooperated with such contemporary missionaries as Walter Henry Medhurst and William Milne (the printers), Samuel Dyer (Hudson Taylor's father-in-law), Karl Gützlaff (the Prussian linguist), and Peter Parker (China's first medical missionary). He served for 27 years in China with one furlough home to England. The only missionary efforts in China were restricted to Guangzhou (Canton) and Macau at this time. They concentrated on literature distribution among members of the merchant class, gained a few converts, and laid the foundations for more educational and medical work

• 由於清政府官員不諳英語，《南京條約》內 容的中文翻譯工作全部由英方承擔，首席翻譯官 為 英 方代表團的 「中文秘書」 馬儒翰（John Robert Morrison）， 「副翻譯官」 為英國人羅伯 聃（Robert Thom）和德國傳教士郭士立（Karl Gützlaff）。三人皆是當年在華洋人裏能夠流利使 用漢語的佼佼者。《南京條約》的翻譯，實際上就 是由這幾位譯員發揮主要作用的一次外交談判。每 一次都由英國人提出草案，由英方譯員提出，然後 與中國代表逐款討論。中國代表有時提出 「另換字 樣」 ，但結果往往是 「該夷不允」 。擔任首席翻譯的馬儒翰，為 「來華傳教第一人 」 、英國傳教士馬禮遜（Robert Morrison）次子 ，他在澳門出生，精通中文。鴉片戰爭爆發前幾年 ，中英因為鴉片貿易屢起衝突，交涉漸趨繁劇，英 方文件大多由馬儒翰翻譯。鴉片戰爭爆發後，馬儒 翰順理成章地成為英方的首席翻譯，全程參加鴉片 戰爭和《南京條約》的起草談判工作。 香港開埠初期，馬儒翰擔任議政局（今行政會 議）和定例局（今立法會）委員，兼代輔政司（今 政務司司長）。 沒過多久，馬儒翰於1843年8月 29日發燒在澳門去世，當天恰好是《南京條約》簽 署一周年。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200902/PDF/a9_screen.pdf

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• John Leighton Stuart (司徒雷登; pinyin: Sītú Léidēng; June 24, 1876 – September 19, 1962) was a Chinese missionary educator who became the first President of Yenching University and later United States ambassador to China. He was a towering figure in U.S.-Sino relations in the first half of the 20th century, a man TIME magazine called "perhaps the most respected American in China."John Leighton Stuart was born in Hangzhou, China, on June 24, 1876, of Presbyterian missionary parents from the United States. His father was a third-generation Presbyterian minister from a distinguished family in Virginia and Kentucky and arrived in China in 1868, one of the first three Presbyterian ministers sent to China from the U.S. and the first Christian minister to preach in Hangzhou. Stuart's mother, Mary Horton (known affectionately as "Mother Stuart" in Hangzhou), founded the Hangzhou School for Girls, one of the first institutions of its kind in China. His mother's family had played a leading role in the American revolution in Boston and her Boston Yankee culture valued the education of women. Stuart had three younger brothers, David Todd (1878), Warren Horton (1880) and Robert Kirland (1883). Although an American by nationality who spoke English with a Southern accent, Stuart considered himself more Chinese than American. He spoke the Hangzhou dialect. At age 11, he left China to live for several years with relatives of his mother in Mobile, Alabama. At 16, he was sent to prep school in Virginia, where his outdated clothing and mid-19th century diction handed down from his missionary family in China made him a target for teasing by classmates. He graduated from Hampden-Sydney College and later Union Theological Seminary in Richmond, Virginia, where he aspired to become a missionary educator, inspired by the influence of Robert Speer.In 1908, Stuart became a professor of New Testament Literature and Exegesis at the Nanking Theological Seminary. During his tenure, he published 'Essentials of New Testament Greek in Chinese' and 'Greek-Chinese-English Dictionary of the New Testament' (1918). His missionary work in China was sponsored by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's church in Washington, D.C., where Stuart preached and visited Wilson in the White House on home leave. Stuart's family had close ties with Wilson's family in Staunton, Virginia, where Stuart's father, John Linton, had been named after Wilson's uncle. In January 1919, Stuart became the first president of Yenching University. He established financial, educational and physical foundations of the institution. He quickly made the university among the top universities, and the leading Christian institution, in China. He developed the Yenching campus (now home to Beijing University) in traditional Chinese architectural styles, even though many Chinese faculty preferred a campus more western in design. Stuart's hope was that China would one day absorb the institution as its own, rather than view it as an imposition of cultural imperialism. He also served on the Board of Trustees of Tsinghua University. He forged partnerships between Yenching and Harvard University, and helped to create the Harvard－Yenching Institute, an important legacy in cultural exchange, in 1928. He also formed partnerships with Princeton University, Wellesley College, and the University of Missouri. He cared much about students and teachers and their interactions and is remembered fondly by Yenching alumni for hosting an ongoing salon for student intellectuals on campus. Princeton awarded him an honorary doctorate of humane letters in 1933. In 1936, Yenching threw him a 60th birthday banquet, where kitchen and cleaning workers presented him with a plaque to hang above his door that read, "His kindness knows no class boundaries." After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Yenching University ceased to exist. In 1952, Peking University relocated to the Yenching campus and absorbed most of its academic departments while Tsinghua University absorbed other departments. The official Beijing University history museum makes no mention of Stuart or the institution's western ties, yet the campus stands as his memorial.