模控學是探索調節系統的跨學科研究， 它用於研究控制系統的結構，局限和發展。諾伯特·維納在1948年將模控學定義為「對動物和機器中的控制與通信的科學研究。」 換句話說，這是關於人，動物和機器如何相互控制和通信的科學研究。Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary[1] approach for exploring regulatory systems—their structures, constraints, and possibilities. Norbert Wiener defined cybernetics in 1948 as "the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine".Cybernetics is applicable when a system being analyzed incorporates a closed signaling loop—originally referred to as a "circular causal" relationship—that is, where action by the system generates some change in its environment and that change is reflected in the system in some manner (feedback) that triggers a system change. Cybernetics is relevant to, for example, mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive, and social systems. The essential goal of the broad field of cybernetics is to understand and define the functions and processes of systems that have goals and that participate in circular, causal chains that move from action to sensing to comparison with desired goal, and again to action. Its focus is how anything (digital, mechanical or biological) processes information, reacts to information, and changes or can be changed to better accomplish the first two tasks.[3] Cybernetics includes the study of feedback, black boxes and derived concepts such as communication and control in living organisms, machines and organizations including self-organization.The word cybernetics comes from Greek κυβερνητική (kybernētikḗ), meaning "governance", i.e., all that are pertinent to κυβερνάω (kybernáō), the latter meaning "to steer, navigate or govern", hence κυβέρνησις (kybérnēsis), meaning "government", is the government while κυβερνήτης (kybernḗtēs) is the governor or "helmsperson" of the "ship". Contemporary cybernetics began as an interdisciplinary study connecting the fields of control systems, electrical network theory, mechanical engineering, logic modeling, evolutionary biology, neuroscience, anthropology, and psychology in the 1940s, often attributed to the Macy Conferences. During the second half of the 20th century cybernetics evolved in ways that distinguish first-order cybernetics (about observed systems) from second-order cybernetics (about observing systems).[4] More recently there is talk about a third-order cybernetics (doing in ways that embraces first and second-order).
- The term cybernetics stems from κυβερνήτης (kybernḗtēs) "steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder". As with the ancient Greek pilot, independence of thought is important in cybernetics.[11] French physicist and mathematician André-Marie Ampère first coined the word "cybernetique" in his 1834 essay Essai sur la philosophie des sciences to describe the science of civil government.[12] The term was used by Norbert Wiener, in his book Cybernetics, to define the study of control and communication in the animal and the machine. In the book, he states: "Although the term cybernetics does not date further back than the summer of 1947, we shall find it convenient to use in referring to earlier epochs of the development of the field.
- [situationist int] "stalino-cyberneticians"
パタフィジック（形而超学、空想科学、パタフィジックス） 'Pataphysics (also spelled without the apostrophe) is a difficult-to-define "philosophy" of science invented by French writer Alfred Jarry (1873–1907)[1] intended to be a parody of science.The word 'pataphysics is a contracted formation, derived from the Greek τὰ ἐπὶ τὰ μεταφυσικά (tà epì tà metàphusiká),[4] a phrase or expression meaning "that which is above metaphysics", and is itself a sly variation on the title of Aristotle's Metaphysics, which in Greek is "τὰ μετὰ τὰ φυσικά" (ta meta ta physika).The term first appeared in print in the text of Alfred Jarry's play Guignol in the 28 April 1893 issue of L'Écho de Paris littéraire illustré, but it has been suggested that the word has its origins in the same school pranks at the lycée in Rennes that led Jarry to write Ubu Roi.[11] Jarry considered Ibicrates and Sophrotatos the Armenian as the fathers of this "science".The Collège de 'Pataphysique, founded in 1948 in Paris, France,[13] is "a society committed to learned and inutilious research".[14] (The word 'inutilious' is synonymous with 'useless'.) The motto of the college is Latin: Eadem mutata resurgo ("I arise again the same though changed").In the 1950s, Buenos Aires in the Western Hemisphere and Milan in Europe were the first cities to have pataphysical institutes. London, Edinburgh, Budapest, and Liège, as well as many other European cities, caught up in the sixties.During the communist era, a small group of 'pataphysicists in Czechoslovakia started a journal called PAKO, or Pataphysical Collegium.The London Institute of 'Pataphysics was established in September 2000 to promote 'pataphysics in the English-speaking world. The institute has various publications, including a journal, and has six departments:[34] Bureau for the Investigation of Subliminal Images, Committee for Hirsutism and Pogonotrophy, Department of Dogma and Theory, Department of Potassons, Department of Reconstructive Archaeology, and The Office of Patentry.Musée Patamécanique is a private museum located in Bristol, Rhode Island.[36] Founded in 2006, it is open by appointment only to friends, colleagues, and occasionally to outside observers. The museum is presented as a hybrid between an automaton theater and a cabinet of curiosities and contains works representing the field of Patamechanics, an artistic practice and area of study chiefly inspired by 'Pataphysics.A 'Pataphysics Institute opened in Vilnius, Lithuania in May 2013.In the song "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" on the Beatles album Abbey Road, "'Pataphysical science" is mentioned as a course of study for Maxwell Edison's first victim, Joan.
Culture of fear (or climate of fear) is the concept that people may incite fear in the general public to achieve political or workplace goals through emotional bias; it was developed as a sociological framework by Frank Furedi[1] and has been more recently popularized by the American sociologist Barry Glassner.
- in workplace
- Ashforth discussed potentially destructive sides of leadership and identified what he referred to as petty tyrants: leaders who exercise a tyrannical style of management, resulting in a climate of fear in the workplace.[15] Partial or intermittent negative reinforcement can create an effective climate of fear and doubt.[16] When employees get the sense that bullies are tolerated, a climate of fear may be the result.[17] Several studies have confirmed a relationship between bullying, on one hand, and an autocratic leadership and an authoritarian way of settling conflicts or dealing with disagreements, on the other. An authoritarian style of leadership may create a climate of fear, with little or no room for dialogue and with complaining being considered futile.In a study of public-sector union members, approximately one in five workers reported having considered leaving the workplace as a result of witnessing bullying taking place. Rayner explained the figures by pointing to the presence of a climate of fear in which employees considered reporting to be unsafe, where bullies had been tolerated previously despite management knowing of the presence of bullying. Individual differences in sensitivity to reward, punishment and motivation have been studied under the premises of reinforcement sensitivity theory and have also been applied to workplace performance. A culture of fear at the workplace runs contrary to the "key principles" established by W. Edwards Deming for managers to transform business effectiveness. One of his fourteen principles is to drive out fear in order to allow everyone to work effectively for the company.
general self management, councils
- [situationist int] councils will naturally distinguish bw priority sectors (food, transportation, telecommunications, metallurgy, construction, clothing, electronics, printing, armament, health care, comfort, and in general whatever material equipment is necessary for the permanent transformation of historical condictions); reconversion sectors (workers consider that they can detourn them to revolutionary uses); and parasital sectors (whose assemblies decide purely and simply to suppress them). The workers of eliminated sectors (administration, bureaucratic agencies, spectacle production, purely commercial industries) will obviously prefer to put in 3 or 4 hours a week at some work they have freely chosen from among the priority sectors rather than 8 hours a day at their old workplace. The councils will experiment with attractive forms of carrying out necessary tasks, not in order to hide their unpleasant aspects, but in order to compensate for such unpleasantness with a playful organisation of it, as far as possible to eliminate such tasks in favor of creativity (in accordance with the principle:"work no, pleasure yes"). As the transformation of the world comes to be identical with the construction of life, necessary labor will disappear in the pleasure of history itself. Wage labour can be ended the moment the councils are set up, the moment the equipment and provisions section of each council organises production and distribution in accordance with the desires of plenary assembly. People group into communes of more or less equal size (8000 to 10000?). New rights of man - everyone's right to live as they please, to build their own house, to participate in all assemblies, to arm themselves, to live as nomads, to publish what they think, to love without restraints, the right to meet, the right to material equipment necessary for the realization of desires, right to creativity, right to the conquest of nature, end of commodity time, end of history in itself, realization of art and imagination.
- councils: st petersburg in 1905 turin in 1920 catalonia in 1936 budapest 1956
conquest of space
- [situationist int] priests in black cassocks replaced by white-uniformed astronauts. Space function as a new "america".
total factor productivity
- http://wangyujian.hku.hk/?p=8331&lang=en&fbclid=IwAR3tI4G-nvRfmZmz_CUauqmSz5pWMSWIjq2Gq-3m_TF8DuNmp3jlKHS6w_M
How to Understand Twenty Years of Economic Performance essay was published in Hong Kong Economic Journal on 21 June 2017.
scheme to indicate person's civilness
- 江蘇蘇州市公安局近日推出「蘇城文明碼」，通過「一人一碼」構築文明積分訊息識別體系。文明積分等級高的市民將會享受工作、生活、就業、學習、娛樂的優先和便利。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200907/00178_007.html
usa
- A hobo is a migrant worker or homeless vagrant, especially one who is impoverished. The term originated in the Western—probably Northwestern—United States around 1890.[1] Unlike a "tramp", who works only when forced to, and a "bum", who does not work at all, a "hobo" is a traveling worker.
- A hobo is a migrant worker or homeless vagrant, especially one who is impoverished. The term originated in the Western—probably Northwestern—United States around 1890.[1] Unlike a "tramp", who works only when forced to, and a "bum", who does not work at all, a "hobo" is a traveling worker.
- In the history of the United States, carpetbagger was a derogatory term applied by former Confederates to any person from the Northern United States who came to the Southern states after the American Civil War; they were perceived as exploiting the local populace. The term broadly included both individuals who sought to promote Republican politics (including the right of African Americans to vote and hold office), and individuals who saw business and political opportunities because of the chaotic state of the local economies following the war. In practice, the term carpetbagger was often applied to any Northerner who was present in the South during the Reconstruction Era (1863–1877). The term is closely associated with "scalawag", a similarly pejorative word used to describe native White Southerners who supported the Republican Party-led Reconstruction.The term carpetbagger, used exclusively as a pejorative term, originated from the carpet bags(a form of cheap luggage made from carpet fabric) which many of these newcomers carried. The term came to be associated with opportunism and exploitation by outsiders. The term is now used in the United States to refer to a parachute candidate, that is, an outsider who runs for public office in an area without having lived there for more than a short time, or without having other significant community ties.In the United Kingdom at the end of the 20th century, carpetbagger developed another meaning: in British English it refers to people who join a mutual organization, such as a building society, in order to force it to demutualize, that is, to convert into a joint stock company. Such individuals are seeking personal financial gain through such actions.
Uk
- 1950s
Uk
- 1950s
- Teenager - american word came to use to identity youth in britain in 1950s, who adopt values more akin to countercultural groups such as bohemians (or beatniks). Alternative social scene in london centred pm coffee bars and nightclubs of soho.
- Kitchen sink realism (or kitchen sink drama) is a term coined to describe a British culturalmovement that developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s in theatre, art, novels, film, and television plays, whose protagonistsusually could be described as "angry young men" who were disillusioned with modern society. It used a style of social realism, which depicted the domestic situations of working class Britons, living in cramped rented accommodation and spending their off-hours drinking in grimy pubs, to explore controversial social and political issues ranging from abortion to homelessness. The harsh, realistic style contrasted sharply with the escapism of the previous generation's so-called "well-made plays". The films, plays and novels employing this style are often set in poorer industrial areas in the North of England, and use the accents and slang heard in those regions. The film It Always Rains on Sunday (1947) is a precursor of the genre, and the John Osborne play Look Back in Anger (1956) is thought of as the first of the genre. The gritty love-triangle of Look Back in Anger, for example, takes place in a cramped, one-room flat in the English Midlands. Shelagh Delaney's 1958 play A Taste of Honey (which was made into a film of the same name in 1961), is about a teenage schoolgirl who has an affair with a black sailor, gets pregnant, and then moves in with a gay male acquaintance; it raises issues such as class, race, gender and sexual orientation. The conventions of the genre have continued into the 2000s, finding expression in such television shows as Coronation Street and EastEnders. In art, "Kitchen Sink School" was a term used by critic David Sylvester to describe painters who depicted social realist–type scenes of domestic life. In the United Kingdom, the term "kitchen sink" derived from an expressionist painting by John Bratby, which contained an image of a kitchen sink.
germany
- Neue Ostpolitik (German for "new eastern policy"), or Ostpolitik for short, was the normalization of relations between the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, or West Germany) and Eastern Europe, particularly the German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany) beginning in 1969. Influenced by Egon Bahr, who proposed "change through rapprochement" in a 1963 speech at the Evangelische Akademie Tutzing, the policies were implemented beginning with Willy Brandt, fourth Chancellor of the FRG from 1969 to 1974. Ostpolitik was an effort to break with the policies of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), which was the elected government of West Germany from 1949 until 1969. The Christian Democrats under Konrad Adenauer and his successors tried to combat the Communist regime of East Germany, while Brandt's Social Democrats tried to achieve a certain degree of cooperation with East Germany. The term Ostpolitik has since been applied to Pope Paul VI's efforts to engage Eastern European countries during the same period. The term Nordpolitik was also coined to describe similar rapprochement policies between North and South Korea beginning in the 1980s (Nordpolitik (German for "Northern Policy") was the signature foreign policy of South Korean president Roh Tae-woo.[1] The policy guided South Korean efforts to reach out to the traditional allies of North Korea, with the goal of normalized relations with the closest allies to North Korea, China and the Soviet Union. By adopting Nordpolitik policy, South Korea abolished the doctrine of the enemy of my enemy is my friend and understood that the indirect approach was a more plausible way to engage with North Korea. The policy improved the South's economy while leaving the North more isolated and was a dramatic and historic turning point of South Korea’s diplomatic goals.).
japan
- Neue Ostpolitik (German for "new eastern policy"), or Ostpolitik for short, was the normalization of relations between the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, or West Germany) and Eastern Europe, particularly the German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany) beginning in 1969. Influenced by Egon Bahr, who proposed "change through rapprochement" in a 1963 speech at the Evangelische Akademie Tutzing, the policies were implemented beginning with Willy Brandt, fourth Chancellor of the FRG from 1969 to 1974. Ostpolitik was an effort to break with the policies of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), which was the elected government of West Germany from 1949 until 1969. The Christian Democrats under Konrad Adenauer and his successors tried to combat the Communist regime of East Germany, while Brandt's Social Democrats tried to achieve a certain degree of cooperation with East Germany. The term Ostpolitik has since been applied to Pope Paul VI's efforts to engage Eastern European countries during the same period. The term Nordpolitik was also coined to describe similar rapprochement policies between North and South Korea beginning in the 1980s (Nordpolitik (German for "Northern Policy") was the signature foreign policy of South Korean president Roh Tae-woo.[1] The policy guided South Korean efforts to reach out to the traditional allies of North Korea, with the goal of normalized relations with the closest allies to North Korea, China and the Soviet Union. By adopting Nordpolitik policy, South Korea abolished the doctrine of the enemy of my enemy is my friend and understood that the indirect approach was a more plausible way to engage with North Korea. The policy improved the South's economy while leaving the North more isolated and was a dramatic and historic turning point of South Korea’s diplomatic goals.).
- hkej 7nov18 shum article
- the US and NATO were encouraging West Germany in their plans to recover the lost territories in the east. Only the mighty USSR would thwart these sinister plans. The theme of alleged German “revision of the results of WW2” was actively used both in propaganda and our relations with Central European satellites all the way until the German Social Democrats established in the 1970s their Ostpolitik as the new standard of the national foreign policy.https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Joseph-Stalin-return-Northern-Transylvania-to-Romania-after-the-end-of-World-War-II
japan
- 唯一・随一
- 両巨頭
- 両巨頭
- 双璧
- 御三家（ごさんけ）とは、ある分野で最も有力な、最も有名な、最も高く格付けされた、あるいは最も人気がある3者を総称する際の表現の一つ。江戸時代に徳川将軍家に連なる尾張徳川家・紀州徳川家・水戸徳川家の3家が「御三家」と呼ばれて並みいる諸大名の中でも特に別格扱いされていたことに因んだ表現である。
- 四天王
- 四天王
- 仏教用語で、仏法を守護する持国天・増長天・広目天・多聞天（毘沙門天）の4守護神の総称。中華圏では「四大天王」「四大金剛」とも称される。これになぞらえ、特定分野・集団の中で有力な4者の総称。「四大○○」「四強」の類義語。命名の時点では若手や中堅の有力者から4人が選ばれ、それが年月を経ることによって4人の大御所、さらには4人の長老となっているケースも多いため、位置づけはさまざまである。
- 摂家（せっけ）とは、鎌倉時代に成立した藤原氏嫡流で公家の家格の頂点に立った5家（近衛家・九条家・二条家・一条家・鷹司家）のこと。大納言・右大臣・左大臣を経て摂政・関白、太政大臣に昇任できた。摂関家（せっかんけ）、五摂家（ごせっけ）、執柄家（しっぺいけ）ともいう。この5家の中から藤氏長者も選出された。
- 七賢
- 十傑
- The word hāfu (ハーフ, "half") is used in Japanese to refer to somebody who is biracial with half Japanese ethnic origin. The label emerged in the 1970s in Japan and is now the most commonly used and preferred term of self-definition. The word comes from the English word "half," indicating half foreign-ness.
- no japanese version
south korea
- economist 1jun19 "what makes you kkondae" a new word for condescending geezer reveals a lot about hierarchy in south korea
se asia
- economist 1jun19 "what makes you kkondae" a new word for condescending geezer reveals a lot about hierarchy in south korea
se asia
- pinkerton syndrome
- (chiefly Singapore, derogatory) The tendency of some Asians to regard Caucasians as superior or more desirable, especially where marriage or relationships are concerned. In reference to the character Lieutenant B. F. Pinkerton in the opera Madama Butterfly (first performed in 1904) by Italian composer Giacomo Puccini (1858–1924); or Named after Scottish antiquarian, author and historian John Pinkerton (1758–1826), coined by J. Derrick McClure: see 1985 quotation.
singapore
- Sarong party girl (also known as SPG) is a derogatory term used in Singapore and (to a lesser extent) in Peninsular Malaysia. It describes a local, solely Asian woman (e.g., a Chinese or Malay or Indian girl) who usually dresses and behaves in a provocative manner, and who exclusively dates and prefers white men. The Sarong Party Girl stereotype was popularised by a series of humorous books by Jim Aitchison in the 1990s, offering a satirical portrayal of the SPG and related aspects of Singaporean culture. The term has its fairly innocuous roots in the late 1940s-early 1950s when Singapore was still ruled by the British. As a general practice, the British forces personnel socialised very much among themselves, according to their military ranks and status (i.e. officers as opposed to enlisted men). However, there were some instances when specific local "guests" were invited to social functions hosted by the British. The term 'sarong party' came into use to describe social functions which included local invited 'ladies'. The sarong is a local native word for wrap-around skirt, popular among local men and women of the time. It is still worn today. Over time, the term has taken on a somewhat more derogatory meaning.
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