- reference
- Raymond Guidot (rééd. 2004), Histoire du design de 1940 à nos jours, Hazan.
Hong kong design centre
- institute of design knowledge http://www.idk-hkdc.org
- innodesign leadership programme http://www.hkia.net/en/Events/action.do?method=detail&mappingName=LocalEvent&id=4028813c3a96c750013adf6cd0480245
media
- http://www.tlmagazine.com/
colour
- terminology
- Achromatic
- Advancing
- Analogous
- Accent
- Complimentary
- Monochromatic
- Contrasting
- Discordant
- Harmonious
- Juxtaposition
- Natural order od colour
- Split complementary
- Tints and shades
- primary colors - red, yellow, blue
- secondary colors - orange, green, purple (created by mixing primary colors)
- tertiary colors - primary color + secondary color
- hue - 100% pure saturated color
- value - lightness/darkness of a color
- Tint - a hue/color to which white has been added
- tone - a hue to which grey has been added
- standards
- Bs4800
- Bs381
- Bs2660
- https://www.quora.com/Why-were-Latin-colour-names-in-particular-so-heavily-replaced-by-foreign-borrowings-from-Germanic-into-Romance-languages
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/07/03/a26-0703.pdf 彩印不用顏料 物理生成色彩
-*******https://www.quora.com/What-word-has-the-most-interesting-etymology
- history
- [eckstut] by the time impressionists started painting, modern chemistry could offer close to 2000 colours
- In 1839, michel chevreul published the results of his research under the title De la loi du contraste simultané des couleurs; It was translated into English and published in 1854 under the title The Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colors. A new translation[6] titled On the Law of Simultaneous Contrast of Colors, with commentary, additional chapters, and color graphics by Dan Margulis appeared in 2020.
- [eckstut} rust as a form of iron oxide is the stuff that makes up the surface of planet mars (known as red planet). Rust is created when iron comes into contact with oxygen or water and turns an irange-red. Iron-oxide is also is also the stuff of very first pigements used by humans, pigments that include ochre (which, despite its common use as a mustard color, is often more red than yellow) and sienna (the base of its more populat counterpart, burnt sienna). Ochre ans sienna were used to create cave drawungs at lascaux (17000bce). It was used as the base for paints on red barns, which are commonly associated with the iconic new england landscape. Starting in 18thc america, farmers made use of it to keep mold from forming on wood. Rust or blood would be mixed with other common products found on a farm like milk and linseed oil to create an easy-to-make paint. Nowadays, ochre and sienna and ither iron oxides are used as pigments in a plethora of man-made products, from makeup to commercial paints.
- economist 7nov2020 "paint it black" red is the badge of loyalty and success in china and of power and devotion in russia. In nathaniel hawthorne's new england it was the sign of adultery.
- friar brown
- note the Order of Friars Minor (Brown Franciscans), Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (Brown Friars with long pointed hoods)
- Russet is a coarse cloth made of wool and dyed with woad and madder to give it a subdued grey or brown shade. By the statute of 1363, poor English people were required to wear russet or cheap blanket. Humble squires and priests, such as Franciscans wore russet as a sign of humility but preferred a good quality russet such as that made in Colchester, which was better than the cheapest cloth.
- 绛Crimson is a strong, red color, inclining to purple. It originally meant the color of the kermes dye produced from a scale insect, Kermes vermilio, but the name is now sometimes also used as a generic term for slightly bluish-red colors that are between black and rose. Crimson (NR4) is produced using the dried bodies of the kermes insect, which were gathered commercially in Mediterranean countries, where they live on the kermes oak, and sold throughout Europe.[2] Kermes dyes have been found in burial wrappings in Anglo-Scandinavian York. They fell out of use with the introduction of cochineal, because although the dyes were comparable in quality and color intensity it needed ten to twelve times as much kermes to produce the same effect as cochineal. The word crimson has been recorded in English since 1400,[3] and its earlier forms include cremesin, crymysyn and cramoysin (cf. cramoisy, a crimson cloth). These were adapted via Old Spanish from the Medieval Latin cremesinus (also kermesinus or carmesinus), the dye produced from Kermes scale insects, and can be traced back to Arabic qermez ("red"), also borrowed in Turkish kırmızı and many other languages, e.g. German Karmesin, Italian cremisi, French cramoisi, Portuguese carmesim, etc. (via Latin). The ultimate source may be Sanskrit कृमिज kṛmi-jā meaning "worm-made".
- Carmine is the general term for some deep red colours that are very slightly purplish but are generally slightly closer to red than the colour crimson is. Some rubies are coloured the colour shown below as rich carmine. The deep dark red color shown at right as carmine is the colour of the raw unprocessed pigment, but lighter, richer, or brighter colours are produced when the raw pigment is processed, some of which are shown below. The first recorded use of carmine as a color name in English was in 1523.The rich carmine color tone displayed at right matches the color shown as carmine in the 1930 book A Dictionary of Color (cited below). This color is also called Chinese carmine. This is the color usually referred to as carmine in fashion and interior design.Spanish carmine is the color that is called Carmin (the Spanish word for "carmine") in the Guía de coloraciones (Guide to colorations) by Rosa Gallego and Juan Carlos Sanz, a color dictionary published in 2005 that is widely popular in the Hispanophonerealm.The color Japanese carmine in Japanese is enji-iro, which means cochineal color.カーマイン (英語 carmine) は、赤系統の色である。カーミン (独語 Karmin)、カーミンロート (独語 Karminrot)、カーミンレッド。洋紅色（ようこうしょく）と訳すこともある。ラテン語のカルミヌス (carminus) に由来する。カルミヌスはさらにはアラビア語のキルミツ (qirmiz) に由来する。クリムゾンも元は同じ語源である。
- マルーンは、暗い茶色から、紫がかった赤にかけての色。えび茶色（えんじ）。栗色（くりいろ）。Maroon (US & UK /məˈruːn/ mə-ROON,[2] Australia /məˈroʊn/ mə-ROHN[3]) is a dark brownish red color which takes its name from the French word marron, or chestnut. The Oxford English Dictionary describes it as "a brownish crimson or claret color." In the RGB model used to create colors on computer screens and televisions, maroon is created by turning down the brightness of pure red to about one half. Maroon is the complement of teal. Maroon is derived from French marron ("chestnut"),[7] itself from the Italian marrone that means both chestnut and brown (but the color maroon in Italian is granata and in French is grenat), from the medieval Greek maraon. The first recorded use of maroon as a color name in English was in 1789.フランス語、イタリア語などでは、ボルドー（Bordeaux）と呼ぶ。これはフランスのボルドーで産出するボルドーワインに由来する。
- The distinctive maroon beret has been worn by many airborne forces around the world since 1942.[13] It is sometimes referred to as the "red beret."
- Vajrayana Buddhist monks, such as the Dalai Lama, wear maroon robes.
- Maroon, along with golden yellow, is worn in the Philippines by Catholic devotees of the Black Nazarene, especially during its procession on 9 January.
- Maroon and white are the colors of the Flag of Qatar. The Flag of Latvia is sometimes called maroon and white, but the legal colors were red and white,[25] but in 2009 the colors were changed to carmine and white.
- Cinnabar (/ˈsɪnəbɑːr/) and cinnabarite (/sɪnəˈbɑːraɪt/), likely deriving from the Ancient Greek: κιννάβαρι[6] (kinnabari), refer to the common bright scarlet to brick-red form of mercury(II) sulfide, formula HgS, that is the most common source ore for refining elemental mercury, and is the historic source for the brilliant red or scarlet pigment termed vermilion and associated red mercury pigments.Cinnabar has been used for its color since antiquity in the Near East, including as a rouge-type cosmetic, in the New World since the Olmec culture, and in China since as early as the Song dynasty, where it was used in coloring lacquerware. Associated modern precautions for use and handling of cinnabar arise from the toxicity of the mercury component, which was recognized as early as ancient Rome.The name comes from Ancient Greek: κιννάβαρι[6] (kinnabari),[7] a Greek word most likely applied by Theophrastus to several distinct substances. Other sources say the word comes from the Persian: شنگرف shangarf (Arabicized as زنجفرة zinjifrah), a word of uncertain origin (also compare, Sanskrit सुगर sugara).[citation needed] In Latin it was sometimes known as minium, meaning also "red cinnamon", though both of these terms now refer specifically to lead tetroxide.
- alhambra red (refer to entry in spain)
- Indian red is a pigment composed of naturally occurring iron oxides that is widely used in India.The name Indian red derives from the red laterite soil found in India, which is composed of naturally occurring iron oxides. The first recorded use of Indian red as a color term in Englishwas in 1792.
- Oxblood is a color considered to be a dark shade of red. It resembles burgundy, but has more purple and dark brown hues. The first use of the term oxblood as a color name in the English language dates back to 1695–1705.Le sang de bœuf est une teinture rouge sang tirant sur le marron.Le rouge sang de bœuf est une teinture couramment utilisée pour peinturer les ponts et les granges au début des années 1900. La tradition proviendrait des États-Unis. La mode serait née en Pennsylvanie au début du xixe siècle. Il faut noter que la grande disponibilité et la popularité de cette couleur a influencé l'utilisation de celle-ci au Québec4.
- peachbloom glaze豇豆红是铜红高温釉中的一种，为清代康熙晚期出现的铜红釉品种。因其色调淡雅宜人，以不均匀的粉红色、犹如红豇豆一般、造型轻灵秀美而得名。 又因其浅红娇艳似小孩脸蛋、如三月桃花，又被人称为“娃娃脸”、“桃花片”、“美人醉”。
- bossa nova
- note that it is also the name of a genre of brazilian music
- [中国民政通史下卷] in yuan dynasty, common people cannot use this colour in clothes and tents
- School bus yellow is a color that was specifically formulated for use on school buses in North America in 1939. The color is now officially known in Canada and the U.S. as National School Bus Glossy Yellow and was originally called National School Bus Chrome. The pigment used for this color was, for a long time, the lead-containing chrome yellow.The color was chosen because it attracts attention and is noticed quickly in peripheral vision, faster than any other color. Scientists describe this as follows: "Lateral peripheral vision for detecting yellows is 1.24 times greater than for red."In April 1939, Dr. Frank W. Cyr, a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University in New York organized a conference that established national school-bus construction standards for the U.S., including the standard color of yellow for the school bus. It became known officially as "National School Bus Chrome". The color was selected because black lettering on that hue was easiest to see in the semi-darkness of early morning. The conference met for seven days and the attendees created a total of 44 standards, including specifications regarding body length, ceiling height and aisle width. Paint experts from DuPont and Pittsburgh Paints participated. Dr. Cyr's conference, funded by a $5,000 grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, was also a landmark event in as much as it included transportation officials from each of the then-48 states, as well as specialists from school bus manufacturing and paint companies. The color was adopted by the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) as Federal Standard No. 595a, Color 13432. The conference approach to school bus safety, as well as the yellow color, have endured into the 21st century. Dr. Cyr became known as the "Father of the Yellow School Bus."
- green
- economist 7nov2020 "paint it black" green was for bankers in early modern europe, in the kenyan flag it respresents the land
- orpiment - [futurelearn re book of kells] It's a mineral pigment, and it's incredibly toxic. The vibrant yellow is used in a manner that gold perhaps would have been used. Gold was used at this time on manuscripts. However, we have no gold used on this manuscript. It's the sheer brilliance of the orpiment that replicates the gold effect. Also known as arsenic sulphide this poisonous pigment was most likely imported from the Iberian peninsula.
- yellow jersey Le maillot jaune est un maillot distinctif de couleur jaune porté par le coureur occupant la première place d'un classement au cours de certaines compétitions de cyclisme sur route, dont le Tour de France.There is doubt over when the yellow jersey began. The Belgian rider Philippe Thys, who won the Tour in 1913, 1914 and 1920, recalled in the Belgian magazine Champions et Vedettes when he was 67 that he was awarded a yellow jersey in 1913 when the organiser, Henri Desgrange, asked him to wear a coloured jersey. Thys declined, saying making himself more visible in yellow would encourage other riders to ride against him.The yellow jersey was made for decades, like all other cycling jerseys, from wool. No synthetic fibres existed which had both the warmth and the absorption of wool. Embroidery was expensive and so the only lettering to appear on the jersey was the H.D. of Desgrange's initials. Riders added the name of the team for which they were riding or the professional team for which they normally rode (in the years when the Tour was for national rather than sponsored teams) by attaching a panel of printed cloth to the front of the jersey by pins.While synthetic material did not exist in a way to create whole jerseys, synthetic thread or blends were added in 1947, following the arrival of Sofil as a sponsor. Sofil made artificial yarn.[20] Riders, especially the Frenchman Louison Bobet (Louis Bobet as he was still known), believed in the pureness of wool. Bobet insisted that cyclists needed wool for their long days of sweating in the heat and dust. It was a matter of hygiene. Artificial fabrics made riders sweat too much. And, in his first Tour de France, he refused to wear the jersey with which he had been presented. Raymond Poulidor (French pronunciation: [ʁɛmɔ̃ pulidɔʁ]; born 15 April 1936 – died 13 November 2019), nicknamed "Pou-Pou" (pronounced [pu pu]), was a French professional racing cyclist, who rode for Mercier his entire career. He was known as "The Eternal Second", because he never won the Tour de France despite finishing in second place three times, and in third place five times (including his final Tour at the age of 40). Despite his consistency, he never once wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification in 14 Tours, of which he completed 12. The French bank, Crédit Lyonnais, has sponsored the maillot jaune since 1987. The company has been a commercial partner of the Tour since 1981. It awards a toy lion - le lion en peluche - to each day's winner as a play on its name. In 2007, sponsorship of the jersey was credited to LCL, the new name for Crédit Lyonnais following its takeover by another bank, Crédit Agricole.
- Malachite green is an organic compound that is used as a dyestuff and controversially as an antimicrobial in aquaculture. Malachite green is traditionally used as a dye for materials such as silk, leather, and paper. Despite its name the dye is not prepared from the mineralmalachite, and the name just comes from the similarity of color.孔雀石綠（Malachite green，又名aniline green、basic green 4、diamond green B或victoria green B，IUPAC名稱4-[(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-phenyl-methyl]-N,N-dimethyl-aniline）是一種有毒的三苯甲烷類人工合成有機化合物，既是染料，也是殺菌劑，可致癌。其製成可由1摩爾（mol）的苯甲醛和2摩爾的二甲苯胺在濃鹽酸混和下，加熱縮合成隱色素鹼，在酸性下加過氧化鉛使其氧化，並在溶液中沉澱出色素鹼。
- verdigris (range from true green to a turquoise blue)
- yellow jersey Le maillot jaune est un maillot distinctif de couleur jaune porté par le coureur occupant la première place d'un classement au cours de certaines compétitions de cyclisme sur route, dont le Tour de France.There is doubt over when the yellow jersey began. The Belgian rider Philippe Thys, who won the Tour in 1913, 1914 and 1920, recalled in the Belgian magazine Champions et Vedettes when he was 67 that he was awarded a yellow jersey in 1913 when the organiser, Henri Desgrange, asked him to wear a coloured jersey. Thys declined, saying making himself more visible in yellow would encourage other riders to ride against him.The yellow jersey was made for decades, like all other cycling jerseys, from wool. No synthetic fibres existed which had both the warmth and the absorption of wool. Embroidery was expensive and so the only lettering to appear on the jersey was the H.D. of Desgrange's initials. Riders added the name of the team for which they were riding or the professional team for which they normally rode (in the years when the Tour was for national rather than sponsored teams) by attaching a panel of printed cloth to the front of the jersey by pins.While synthetic material did not exist in a way to create whole jerseys, synthetic thread or blends were added in 1947, following the arrival of Sofil as a sponsor. Sofil made artificial yarn.[20] Riders, especially the Frenchman Louison Bobet (Louis Bobet as he was still known), believed in the pureness of wool. Bobet insisted that cyclists needed wool for their long days of sweating in the heat and dust. It was a matter of hygiene. Artificial fabrics made riders sweat too much. And, in his first Tour de France, he refused to wear the jersey with which he had been presented. Raymond Poulidor (French pronunciation: [ʁɛmɔ̃ pulidɔʁ]; born 15 April 1936 – died 13 November 2019), nicknamed "Pou-Pou" (pronounced [pu pu]), was a French professional racing cyclist, who rode for Mercier his entire career. He was known as "The Eternal Second", because he never won the Tour de France despite finishing in second place three times, and in third place five times (including his final Tour at the age of 40). Despite his consistency, he never once wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification in 14 Tours, of which he completed 12. The French bank, Crédit Lyonnais, has sponsored the maillot jaune since 1987. The company has been a commercial partner of the Tour since 1981. It awards a toy lion - le lion en peluche - to each day's winner as a play on its name. In 2007, sponsorship of the jersey was credited to LCL, the new name for Crédit Lyonnais following its takeover by another bank, Crédit Agricole.
- Malachite green is an organic compound that is used as a dyestuff and controversially as an antimicrobial in aquaculture. Malachite green is traditionally used as a dye for materials such as silk, leather, and paper. Despite its name the dye is not prepared from the mineralmalachite, and the name just comes from the similarity of color.孔雀石綠（Malachite green，又名aniline green、basic green 4、diamond green B或victoria green B，IUPAC名稱4-[(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-phenyl-methyl]-N,N-dimethyl-aniline）是一種有毒的三苯甲烷類人工合成有機化合物，既是染料，也是殺菌劑，可致癌。其製成可由1摩爾（mol）的苯甲醛和2摩爾的二甲苯胺在濃鹽酸混和下，加熱縮合成隱色素鹼，在酸性下加過氧化鉛使其氧化，並在溶液中沉澱出色素鹼。
- verdigris (range from true green to a turquoise blue)
- [eckstut]in statue of liberty, old penny, roof of hofburg palace in vienna; made of copper carbonate that was intentionally produced and scraped off. Greeks hung copper sheets over vats of vinegar or wine to hasten the patina, which would then be scraped off. Greeks, romans and egyptians use its natural antibaterial properties to ward off infection; an important pigment during renaissance because it was most vibrant and stable. When combined with oil, it would turn from aqua green to mossy grass green. It would turn brown if not mix with oil.
- scheele's green [eckstut] a pea green made with arsenic. In dry conditions, tiny particles of poison would become airborne. In damp conditions the dye would form a mold that released larger amounts of arsenic into atmosphere, giving off a smell that was variously described as eau de garlic and mouse
- emerald green (also knownnas paris green) [eckstut] came to mkt in 1814 was laced with arsenic. It was brighter and lasted longer. Deemed fatal and eliminated from green dyes
- absinthe is the combination of anise (star anise, green anise seeds), fennel, wormwood (sometimes herbs such as coriander, angelica root), was used by greeks, egyptians, romans for antiseptic, cure for worms, insect repellent. Became a recreational drink mat close of 18thc. French soldiers in africa were given the drink tonward off disease and were hooked by its sweetblicorice taste and high alcohol content. In france circa 1860s, 5 o'clock came to known as the green hour, the time when cafes and bistros came alive with absinthe drinkers. Its greenness came from chlorophyll released by uts muddled plant leaves, to the mixture were added water (1 part absintge and 3 parts water) and sugar. Drink banned in switzerland in 1907 and france in 1915, re-emerged in 1980s. Cheap absinthe were made by replacing its natural green color with a food coloring made from copper salts.
- Turquoise /ˈtɜːrkɔɪz/ or /ˈtɜːrkwɔɪz/ is the name of a bluish-green color, based on the gem of the same name. The word turquoise comes from the French for Turkish, as the gem was originally imported from Turkey.[2][3] The first recorded use of turquoise as a color name in English was in 1573.[4] It is generally thought to consist of 70% blue and 30% green.- absinthe is the combination of anise (star anise, green anise seeds), fennel, wormwood (sometimes herbs such as coriander, angelica root), was used by greeks, egyptians, romans for antiseptic, cure for worms, insect repellent. Became a recreational drink mat close of 18thc. French soldiers in africa were given the drink tonward off disease and were hooked by its sweetblicorice taste and high alcohol content. In france circa 1860s, 5 o'clock came to known as the green hour, the time when cafes and bistros came alive with absinthe drinkers. Its greenness came from chlorophyll released by uts muddled plant leaves, to the mixture were added water (1 part absintge and 3 parts water) and sugar. Drink banned in switzerland in 1907 and france in 1915, re-emerged in 1980s. Cheap absinthe were made by replacing its natural green color with a food coloring made from copper salts.
- blue
- different kinds of blue https://www.quora.com/Why-do-some-languages-have-different-names-for-different-shades-of-blue-Could-there-be-a-lost-gene-variant-that-allowed-greater-color-differentiation
- Besides water and sky, there are very few things in nature that are blue. Thus, in simpler times few things, even man-made, were blue, and those that were likely represented luxury goods.Such items were surely more commonly possesions of the Norman conquerors than of the Anglo-Saxon commoners. Because of that, there was probably a tendancy for the French word for blue to be heard more frequently than the the Old English version. https://www.quora.com/Why-did-English-borrow-the-word-blue-from-French-if-it-already-had-a-very-similar-word-for-blue
- *****https://www.quora.com/Is-it-true-that-the-ancient-Greeks-could-not-see-blue people who live in jungles struggle to differentiate blue from green (but their eyes are sensitively adapted to the green flora around them), while people who live in the Arctic tundras can see LOTS of shades of blue. This would seem to indicate adaption to environment rather than evolution of the whole species over time.
- [eckstut]in modern european languages, the origin for word blue is usually derived from black and sometimes from green. And in these languages, prior to a name for blue, you'll find things we would describe as blue, instead described as black or green, Ancient egyptians placed a high value on color blue. Lapis lazuli and azurite were rare but present, and egyptians set to worknon producing a substance that reflected the beauty of natural minerals they adored. The result was one of the first, if not the first, synthetic pigments. During renaissance, Lapis lazuli was imported from long distance (mostly mined in afghanistan). Compared with azurite, azurite was greener and mire translucent. It turns black once it's cool (lapis lazuli does not). It his painting the last supper, leonardo used the cheaper azurite for robe of judas
- Maya blue (Spanish: azul maya) is a unique bright azure blue pigment manufactured by cultures of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, such as the Maya and Aztec.The Maya blue pigment is a composite of organic and inorganic constituents, primarily indigo dyes derived from the leaves of añil(Indigofera suffruticosa) plants combined with palygorskite, a natural clay which, mysteriously, is not known to exist in abundant deposits in Mesoamerica. Smaller trace amounts of other mineral additives have also been identified.Maya blue first appeared around 800, and it was still used in the 16th century in several Convents of Colonial Mexico, notably in the paintings of the Indian Juan Gerson in Tecamachalco. These paintings are a clear example of the combination of Indian and European techniques sometimes known as Arte Indocristiano. After that, the techniques for its production were lost in Mexico, but in Cuba there are examples from as late as 1830.Despite time and the harsh weathering conditions, paintings colored by Maya blue have not faded over time. More remarkably, the color has resisted chemical solvents and acids such as nitric acid. Recently, its resistance against chemical aggression (acids, alkalis, solvents, etc.) and biodegradation was tested, and it was shown that Maya blue is an extremely resistant pigment, but it can be destroyed using very intense acid treatment under reflux.
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/07/03/a26-0703.pdf 早於公元前4,000多年，居住於南美洲的當地人類的祖先已從槐藍屬（Indigofera）植物中提取靛藍色（indigo）染料
- Le bleu persan Persian blue (not to be confused with Prussian blue) comes in three major tones: Persian blue proper—a bright medium blue; medium Persian blue (a medium slightly grayish blue that is slightly indigoish); and a kind of dark blue that is much closer to the web colorindigo; this darker shade of Persian blue is referred to as Persian indigo, dark Persian blue, or regimental. Other colors associated with Persia include Persian pink, Persian rose, Persian red, Persian plum, Persian orange and Persian green.The color Persian blue is named from the blue color of some Persian pottery and the color of tiles used in and on mosques and palacesin Iran and in other places in the Middle East. Persian blue is a representation of the color of the mineral lapis lazuli which comes from Persia (i.e. modern Iran) and Afghanistan. (The color azure is also named after the mineral lapis lazuli.) The first recorded use of Persian blue as a color name in English was in 1669.
- Tekhelet (Hebrew: תְּכֵלֶת; alternate spellings include tekheleth, t'chelet, techelet and techeiles) is a "blue-violet",[1] "blue",[2] or "turquoise"[3] dye highly prized by ancient Mediterranean civilizations and mentioned 49[4][5] times in the Hebrew Bible/Tanakh. It was used in the clothing of the High Priest, the tapestries in the Tabernacle, and the tzitzit(fringes) affixed to the corners of one's four-cornered garments, including the tallit.Tekhelet dye was critical for the production of certain articles in the Temple, as well as for the commandment of tzitzit. Tekhelet is most notably mentioned in the third paragraph of the Shema, quoting Numbers 15:37–41. However, neither the source nor method of production of Tekhelet is specified in the Bible, but according to the Tosefta[6] the Ḥillazon is the exclusive source of the dye. The Talmud further informs us that the dye of Tekhelet was produced from a marine creature known as the Ḥillazon.
- [eckstut] in 2ndc, ancient scholar rabbi me'ir wrote about why the torah requres a thread of blue (translation of tekhelet) in fringes of ritual jewish prayer shawls - tekhelet resembles color of sea, sea resembles color of sky, sky resembles color of a sapphire, and sapphire resembles color of throne of glory
7(CN)
18. To better understand the binding situation in this complex compound the formula can also be written as Fe
4[Fe(CN)
6]
3 · xH
2O. Another name for the color is Berlin blue or, in painting, Parisian or Paris blue. Turnbull's blue is the same substance, but is made from different reagents, and its slightly different color stems from different impurities.In medicine, Prussian blue is used as an antidote for certain kinds of heavy metal poisoning, e.g., by thallium and radioactive isotopes of caesium. In particular it was used to absorb 137Cs+ from those poisoned in the Goiânia accident. Prussian blue is orally administered. The therapy exploits Prussian blue's ion exchange properties and high affinity for certain "soft" metal cations.From the beginning of the 18th century, Prussian blue was the predominant uniform coat color worn by the infantry and artillery regiments of the Prussian Army.This Prussian blue pigment is significant since it was the first stable and relatively lightfast blue pigment to be widely used following the loss of knowledge regarding the synthesis of Egyptian blue. European painters had previously used a number of pigments such as indigo dye, smalt, and Tyrian purple, which tend to fade, and the extremely expensive ultramarine made from lapis lazuli. Japanese painters and woodblock print artists likewise did not have access to a long-lasting blue pigment until they began to import Prussian blue from Europe. To date, the Entombment of Christ, dated 1709 by Pieter van der Werff (Picture Gallery, Sanssouci, Potsdam) is the oldest known painting where Prussian blue was used. Around 1710, painters at the Prussian court were already using the pigment. At around the same time, Prussian blue arrived in Paris, where Antoine Watteau and later his successors Nicolas Lancret and Jean-Baptiste Pater used it in their paintings.
- [eckstut]prussian blue (made by mixing iron sulfate and potash for another pigment called red lake) cures ailment caused by ingestion of thallium or radioactive cesium.
- https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/big-ben-ring-new-years-eve-blue-clock-face-parliament-elizabeth-tower-a9263201.html The 96-metre-tall Elizabeth Tower, which is one of the most notable buildings in the UK, has been covered in scaffolding for the last two years as the four clock dials are reglazed, ironwork is repainted and intricately carved stonework is cleaned and repaired.In March, sections of the scaffolding were removed to show the clock’s repainted blue face, in line with its original design.The north clock face was originally painted Prussian blue in 1859 but was turned black due to pollution and weathering before being painted black in the 1980s.
- ukiyo-e artist katsushika hokusai used prussian blue in his famous print, great wave of kanagawa
- 玉置浩二song prussia blue no shoes
- Ultramarine 群青is a deep blue color and a pigment which was originally made by grinding lapis lazuli into a powder. The name comes from the Latin ultramarinus, literally "beyond the sea", because the pigment was imported into Europe from mines in Afghanistan by Italian traders during the 14th and 15th centuries. Ultramarine was the finest and most expensive blue used by Renaissance painters. It was often used for the robes of the Virgin Mary, and symbolized holiness and humility. It remained an extremely expensive pigment until a synthetic ultramarine was invented in 1826.Synthetic ultramarine, being very cheap, is largely used for wall painting, the printing of paper hangings and calico, etc., and also as a corrective for the yellowish tinge often present in things meant to be white, such as linen, paper, etc. Bluing or "Laundry blue" is a suspension of synthetic ultramarine (or the chemically different prussian blue) that is used for this purpose when washing white clothes. Also often found in make up such as mascaras or eye shadows. Large quantities are used in the manufacture of paper, and especially for producing a kind of pale blue writing paper which was popular in Britain.[4] During World War I, the RAF painted the outer roundels with a color made from Ultramarine Blue. This became BS 108(381C) Aircraft Blue. It was replaced in the 1960s by a new color made on Phthalocyanine Blue, BS110(381C) Roundel Blue.The name derives from Middle Latin ultramarinus, literally "beyond the sea" because it was imported from Asia by sea.[6] In the past, it has also been known as azzurrum ultramarine, azzurrum transmarinum, azzuro oltramarino, azur d'Acre, pierre d'azur, Lazurstein. Current terminology for ultramarine includes natural ultramarine (English), outremer lapis (French), Ultramarin echt (German), oltremare genuino (Italian), and ultramarino verdadero (Spanish). The first recorded use of ultramarine as a color name in English was in 1598. The first noted use of lapis lazuli as a pigment can be seen in the 6th and 7th-century AD cave paintings in Afghanistani Zoroastrian and Buddhist temples, near the most famous source of the mineral. Lapis lazuli has also been identified in Chinese paintings from the 10th and 11th centuries, in Indian mural paintings from the 11th, 12th, and 17th centuries, and on Anglo-Saxon and Norman illuminated manuscripts from c.1100.
- Majorelle Blue is a clear, intense, fresh blue. In 1924 the French artist Jacques Majorelleconstructed his largest art work, the Majorelle Garden in Marrakech, Morocco, and painted the garden walls, fountains, features and villa this very intense shade of blue, for which he trademarked the name Majorelle Blue.[1] He had noticed the colour in Moroccan tiles, in Berber burnouses, and around the windows of buildings such as kasbahs and native adobe homes.
- Tiffany Blue is the colloquial name for the light medium robin egg blue color associated with Tiffany & Co., the New York City jewelry company. The color was used on the cover of Tiffany's Blue Book, first published in 1845. Since then Tiffany & Co. has used the color extensively on promotional materials, including boxes and bags.The Tiffany Blue color is protected as a color trademark by Tiffany & Co. in some jurisdictions including the U.S.[2][3][dead link] The color is produced as a private custom color by Pantone, with PMS number 1837, the number deriving from the year of Tiffany's foundation. As a trademarked color, it is not publicly available and is not printed in the Pantone Matching System swatch books.
- Lymington Blue, named after the lovely Hampshire port town and gateway to the Isle of Wight. debrett's em 1nov19, looks quite like tiffany blue
- A deep blue-purple colour has been called "mazarine blue" in commemoration of Cardinal Mazarin since the eighteenth century.
- Indanthrone blue, also called indanthrene, is an organic dye made from 2-aminoanthraquinone treated with potassium hydroxide in the presence of a potassium salt. It is a pigment that can be used in the following mediums: acrylic, alkalyd, casein, encaustic, fresco, gouache, linseed oil, tempera, pastel, and watercolor painting. It is used to dye unmordanted cotton and as a pigment in quality paints and enamels. As a food dye, it has E number E130, but it is not approved for use in either the United States or the European Union.[1][2]Indanthrene Blue RS was patented in 1901 by Rene Bohn as the first anthraquinone vat dye, one of the dyes with very good fastness to light and washing.
- hkej 20mar18 colour used for qipao
- AN IZNIK LIGHT AND COBALT BLUE POTTERY TILE WITH SAZ LEAVES, TURKEY, CIRCA 1545-55 https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2020/eclectic-london/an-iznik-light-and-cobalt-blue-pottery-tile-with
- 回青（也稱蘇麻離青、蘇勃泥青）是一种蓝色颜料，主要用于瓷器烧制上色，因明朝时从西域进口顏料原料及接受朝貢，故而得名。回青一般需要和石子青混合运用，所呈现的颜色较霁蓝浅淡，多见于嘉靖和万历年间的瓷器。明宋应星《天工开物·回青》：“回青乃西域大青，美者亦名佛头青。”《明史·吕坤传》：“至饶州磁器，西域回青，不急之须，徒累小民敲骨。”《窥天外乘》：“回青者，出外国。正德间，大铛镇云南，得之，以炼石为伪宝。其价，初倍黄金，已知其可烧窑器，用之果佳。”回青多与石子青配合使用。配制时二者比例不同，则呈色各异，《江西大志·陶书》：“回青淳，则色散而不收；石青多，则石沉而不亮。”嘉靖青花浓重鲜艳的蓝色，正是掌握了回青与石子青恰当的配料比例的结果。
- 霁青，读音jì qīng，是汉语词汇，为瓷器釉色名。瓷器釉色名。因其色如雨后的天空之色，故称。亦代指这种颜色的瓷器。
- purple
- often associated with rich and profligate; during lent, many catholic churches drape their altars in purple; in bible, pontius pilate and his minions cloak jesus in a purple robe before he is crucified; purple heart was the first medal of honour (creared by george washiington in 1782) was the first medal of honour awarded to enlisted men and noncommissioned officers in american army regardless of their rank
- Tyrian purple (Greek, πορφύρα, porphyra, Latin: purpura), also known as Phoenician purple, Tyrian red, royal purple, imperial purple or imperial dye, is a bromine-containing reddish-purple natural dye. It is a secretion produced by several species of predatory sea snails in the family Muricidae, rock snails originally known by the name Murex. In ancient times, extracting this dye involved tens of thousands of snails and substantial labor, and as a result, the dye was highly valued.Tyrian purple may first have been used by the ancient Phoenicians as early as 1570 BC.The dye was greatly prized in antiquity because the colour did not easily fade, but instead became brighter with weathering and sunlight. Its significance is such that the name Phoenicia means 'land of purple.' It came in various shades, the most prized being that of "blackish clotted blood".
- [eckstut] ancient greeks credit melqart for the dye - myth that he finds his dog lapping up mollusks on the beach and mouth turned purple. He gathered mollusks and turned them into a dye he applies to a piece of silk as a gift for tyrus. Dye is named after her or tyre, the pheonician port town where she lived. Dye mentioned in writing as early as 1600 bc. Pheonicians kept the origins and recipe of dye a secret for centuries. In 60ad pliny the elder described the source and method of dye in his natural history. The roman emperor wasn't happy and in 1st c, emperor nero decreed that only he could wear the color. After his reign, the law loosened and use of it is restricted to certain ranks. The dye recipe was lost when constantinople fell in 1453 and it wasn't 2 centuries later that instructions were rediscovered
- I could come to North Macedonia with my family and you could take photographs of us to put on your mantelpiece or to save money I could send you photographs of my uncle who lived to 100 years, he died in the morning of his birthday and his mother lived to 102, No need to thank me it is my pleasure because we the descendants of ancient Greeks are always hospitable. Are you feeling less desperate now that you found us.This aunt and uncle of mine came from the island where Tyrian purple was produced. https://www.quora.com/Are-there-any-descendants-of-the-ancient-Greeks-If-so-where-in-the-world-are-they-today
- The Phoenicians also made an indigo dye, sometimes referred to as royal blue or hyacinth purple, which was made from a closely related species of marine snail. The Phoenicians established an ancillary production facility on the Iles Purpuraires at Mogador, in Morocco. The sea snail harvested at this western Moroccan dye production facility was Hexaplex trunculus (mentioned above) also known by the older name Murex trunculus. This second species of dye murex is found today on the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts of Europe and Africa (Spain and Portugal, Morocco, and the Canary Islands).
- black
- 玄色起源于玄武 玄武是一种由龟和蛇组合成的一种灵物。玄武的本意就是玄冥，武、冥古音是相通的。武，是黑色的意思；冥，就是阴的意思。玄冥起初是对龟卜的形容：龟背是黑色的，龟卜就是请龟到冥间去诣问袓先，将答案带回来，以卜兆的形式显给世人。
- 黑里带微赤的颜色。- 出处《周礼·考工记·钟氏》“五入为緅，七入为缁” 汉郑玄注：“凡玄色者，在緅缁之间，其六入者与？” 緅为青赤色，缁为黑色。
- according to tv series zhongguo tongshi, black is the colour of court costumes in zhou dynasty
- https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-origin-of-the-Aromanian-word-lae-black
- according to 说文解字，“党”意即“尚黑”
- japan (not a place name) - any of various hard, durable, black varnishes, originally from Japan, for coating wood, metal, or other surfaces
- prior to the Victorian era, a bride was married in any color, black being especially popular in Scandinavia.
- https://www.quora.com/Was-everything-in-Medieval-England-really-as-filthy-as-it-always-is-portrayed-as-in-movies-like-the-King-Wouldnt-this-have-been-quite-unhygienic-and-smelly/answer/Joanna-Arman-1 The sumptuary laws dealt more with the types of fabric used to make clothing than the colours, but the main thing is that it was actually quite hard to find a good, cheap source of black for dyeing clothing. So for a long time, black was a colour that only the wealthy and orders of monks and friars wore. Not really ordinary people.
- economist 7nov2020 "paint it black" black is bound up with witchcraft, underworld, night-time and far side of the moon
- Vantablack is the trademarked name (owned by Surrey NanoSystems Limited)[1] for a chemical substance made of vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays[2] and is one of the darkest artificial substances known, absorbing up to 99.965% of radiation in the visible spectrum.
- white
- according to tv series zhongguo tongshi, white is the colour of court costumes in shang dynasty
- 茅草、芦苇之类的小白花 [the white flower of congongrass,reeds,etc.]。如：荼火（形容军容壮盛。荼是白色茅花，火是红色，此指白、红相间的戎装。今以“如火如荼”形容声势盛 大）；荼首（发白如茅花。喻白发老人）；荼白（如荼之白色）；荼锦（荼茅草的白花）
- white is national color of korea
- White became a popular option in 1840, after the marriage of Queen Victoria to Albert of Saxe-Coburg, when Victoria wore a white gown trimmed with Honiton lace.
- economist 7nov2020 "paint it black" hue of death in india and in some slavic cultures is white, yet white also means spiritual rebirth for muslims participating in the haj
dye
- in 1856, william perkin used an organic compound called aniline (turned into a black mass once oxidised) to make synthetic dye. Before long, chemists all over europe were using aniline as a base for all kinds of new dyes, including magenta. Within a few decades, approximately two thousand synthetic dyes were available. Mauve was thr first mass-produced synthetic dye. Perkin also made synthetic alizarin red
Event
- createch https://cogx.co/
- hong kong design year 2012
- hong kong design year 2012
- http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201203/23/P201203230450.htm, https://m.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=369321749810655&id=227442750665223&set=pb.227442750665223.-2207520000.1444132742.&source=54
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