A mammoth is any species of the extinct genus Mammuthus, one of the many genera that make up the order of trunked mammals called proboscideans. The various species of mammoth were commonly equipped with long, curved tusks and, in northern species, a covering of long hair. They lived from the Pliocene epoch (from around 5 million years ago) into the Holocene at about 4,000 years ago, and various species existed in Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. They were members of the family Elephantidae, which also contains the two genera of modern elephants and their ancestors.The oldest representative of Mammuthus, the South African mammoth (M. subplanifrons), appeared around 5 million years ago during the early Pliocene in what is now southern and eastern Africa. Descendant species of these mammoths moved north and continued to propagate into numerous subsequent species, eventually covering most of Eurasia before extending into the Americas at least 600,000 years ago. The last species to emerge, the woolly mammoth (M. primigenius), developed about 400,000 years ago in East Asia, with some surviving on Russia's Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean until as recently as roughly 3,700 to 4,000 years ago, still extant during the construction of the Great Pyramid of ancient Egypt.
- 墨西哥考古學家近日在中部圖爾特佩克，出土至少十四具已絕種的長毛象骸骨，被視為最大規模的同類考古發現，更首次發現由古時人類所設置的長毛象陷阱。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191108/00180_034.html
Glyptodontinae (glyptodonts or glyptodontines) is an extinct subfamily of large, heavily armored relatives of armadillos, members of the mostly South American mammalian superorder Xenarthra. They developed in South America around 20 million years ago and spread to southern North America after the continents became connected several million years ago.雕齒獸亞科（學名：Glyptodontinae）是一類大型及重裝甲的動物，現今犰狳的近親。牠們首先於中新世的南美洲演化出來，且保留了牠們的物種多樣性中心。但當巴拿馬地峽於三百萬年前形成後，幾個物種向北擴散，是為南北美洲生物大搬風的一部份。雕齒獸科的特徵是牠們那像龜的甲殼，是由骨板所組成。雕齒獸科的每一個物種都有其獨特的骨板形狀及殼，這個甲殼就像龜的一樣，不過牠們不能把頭縮入殼內，取而代之是在頭顱骨頂有一個骨冠。雕齒獸科的尾巴有環形骨作為保護。星尾獸甚至有一個像大星尾鎚的尾巴，可以抵禦其他星尾獸及獵食者。雕齒獸科的體型亦可以保護牠們，如雕齒獸就有一輛車的大小。重裝甲可以預先制衡大型及強壯的獵食者。當雕齒獸科演化時，南美洲最高位的獵食者是巨大而不能飛的駭鳥。
Macrauchenia ("long llama", based on the now superseded Latin term for llamas, Auchenia, from Greek "big neck") was a large, long-necked and long-limbed, three-toed native South American mammal in the order Litopterna.[1] The genus gives its name to its family, the Macraucheniidae or "robust litopterns." Like other litopterns, it is not closely related to any living mammal. The oldest fossils in the genus date to the late Miocene, around seven million years ago, and M. patachonica disappears from the fossil record during the late Pleistocene, around 20,000-10,000 years ago. M. patachonica is the last and best known member of the family and is known primarily from the Luján Formation in Argentina. The type specimen was discovered by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle. In life, Macrauchenia may have resembled a huge humpless camel even though it is not closely related to camels.後弓獸（學名Macrauchenia patagonica），又名滑距獸
Glyptodontinae (glyptodonts or glyptodontines) is an extinct subfamily of large, heavily armored relatives of armadillos, members of the mostly South American mammalian superorder Xenarthra. They developed in South America around 20 million years ago and spread to southern North America after the continents became connected several million years ago.雕齒獸亞科（學名：Glyptodontinae）是一類大型及重裝甲的動物，現今犰狳的近親。牠們首先於中新世的南美洲演化出來，且保留了牠們的物種多樣性中心。但當巴拿馬地峽於三百萬年前形成後，幾個物種向北擴散，是為南北美洲生物大搬風的一部份。雕齒獸科的特徵是牠們那像龜的甲殼，是由骨板所組成。雕齒獸科的每一個物種都有其獨特的骨板形狀及殼，這個甲殼就像龜的一樣，不過牠們不能把頭縮入殼內，取而代之是在頭顱骨頂有一個骨冠。雕齒獸科的尾巴有環形骨作為保護。星尾獸甚至有一個像大星尾鎚的尾巴，可以抵禦其他星尾獸及獵食者。雕齒獸科的體型亦可以保護牠們，如雕齒獸就有一輛車的大小。重裝甲可以預先制衡大型及強壯的獵食者。當雕齒獸科演化時，南美洲最高位的獵食者是巨大而不能飛的駭鳥。
Macrauchenia ("long llama", based on the now superseded Latin term for llamas, Auchenia, from Greek "big neck") was a large, long-necked and long-limbed, three-toed native South American mammal in the order Litopterna.[1] The genus gives its name to its family, the Macraucheniidae or "robust litopterns." Like other litopterns, it is not closely related to any living mammal. The oldest fossils in the genus date to the late Miocene, around seven million years ago, and M. patachonica disappears from the fossil record during the late Pleistocene, around 20,000-10,000 years ago. M. patachonica is the last and best known member of the family and is known primarily from the Luján Formation in Argentina. The type specimen was discovered by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle. In life, Macrauchenia may have resembled a huge humpless camel even though it is not closely related to camels.後弓獸（學名Macrauchenia patagonica），又名滑距獸
劍齒虎 A saber-toothed cat (alternatively spelled sabre-toothed cat)[1] is any member of various living and extinct groups of predatory mammals that are characterized by long, curved saber-shaped canine teeth which protruded from the mouth even when closed. The saber-toothed cats, both living and extinct, have been found almost worldwide from the Eocene epoch to the end of the Pleistocene epoch 42 million years ago (mya) – 11,000 years ago (kya).[2][3][4] The first saber-toothed cat fossil in Canada was found in Medicine Hat, Alberta. One of the best-known genera is Smilodon, species of which, especially S. fatalis, are popularly, but incorrectly, referred as a "saber-toothed tiger". However, usage of the word cat is in some cases a misnomer, as many species referred to as saber-toothed "cats" are not closely related to modern cats (Felidae). Instead, many are members are classified into different families of Feliformia, such as Barbourofelidae and Nimravidae;[6][6] the oxyaenid "creodont" genera Machaeroides and Apataelurus; and two extinct lineages of metatherian mammals, the thylacosmilids of Sparassodonta, and deltatheroideans, which are more closely related to marsupials. In this regard, saber-toothed cats can be viewed as examples of convergent evolution.[7] This convergence is remarkable due not only to the development of elongated canines, but also a suite of other characteristics, such as a wide gape and bulky forelimbs, which is so consistent that it has been termed the "saber-tooth suite."
in ancient times there was a kind of giant fennel plant called silphium that was grown in North Africa in the region around the Greek city of Kyrene that was a highly effective contraceptive, perhaps even the most effective one of all time. According to the articles on the internet, the ancient Romans were so horny and they loved having sex so much that they overharvested silphium, leading it to go totally extinct in around the middle of the first century AD.https://www.quora.com/Did-the-ancient-Romans-really-overharvest-silphium-a-highly-effective-contraceptive-leading-it-to-go-extinct
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