government
- Francisco Franco Bahamonde (/ˈfræŋkoʊ/; Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko ˈfɾaŋko βa.aˈmonde];[note 2] 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a military dictator from 1939 until his death in 1975.Franco was born at half past noon on 4 December 1892 at 108 Calle Frutos Saavedra in Ferrol, Galicia. He was baptised thirteen days later at the military church of San Francisco, with the baptismal name Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo; Francisco for his paternal grandfather, Paulino for his godfather, Hermenegildo for his maternal grandmother and godmother, and Teódulo for the saint day of his birth.His father was of Andalusian ancestry.[note 3] After relocating to Galicia, the family was strongly involved in the Spanish Navy, and over the span of two centuries produced naval officers for six uninterrupted generations, down to Franco's father Nicolás Franco y Salgado Araújo (22 November 1855 – 22 February 1942).His mother was María del Pilar Bahamonde y Pardo de Andrade (15 October 1865 – 28 February 1934)[14] and she was an upper middle-class Roman Catholic. His parents married in 1890. The young Franco spent much of his childhood with his two brothers, Nicolás (Ferrol, 1891–1977) and Ramón, and his two sisters, María del Pilar (Ferrol, 1894 – Madrid, 1989), and María de la Paz (Ferrol, 1899 – Ferrol, 1903). The latter died in infancy. Nicolás was later a naval officer and diplomat who in time married María Isabel Pascual del Pobil y Ravello. Ramón was a pioneer aviator, a Freemason with originally leftist political leanings who was killed in an air accident on a military mission in 1938. María del Pilar married Alonso Jaráiz y Jeréz.
- 前西班牙獨裁者佛朗哥的獨生女兒卡門（Carmen Franco）上周五，在首都馬德里的寓所逝世，終年九十一歲。卡門生前致力扭轉民眾對父親的負面印象，更於一九七六年創立全國佛朗哥基金會，帶領民眾紀念父親。卡門膝下有七名子女和多位孫兒，早年獲前國王卡洛斯賜予「佛朗哥女公爵」的頭銜，其家族多年來一直被批評，指他們繼承佛朗哥從獨裁政治而獲得的龐大財產，價值高達數以億計歐元。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171231/00180_015.html
colonial
- Bartolomé de las Casas (Spanish: [bartoloˈme ðe las ˈkasas] ; c. 1484 – 18 July 1566) was a 16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar. He became the first resident Bishop of Chiapas, and the first officially appointed "Protector of the Indians". His extensive writings, the most famous being A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies and Historia de Las Indias, chronicle the first decades of colonization of the West Indies and focus particularly on the atrocities committed by the colonizers against the indigenous peoples. Arriving as one of the first European settlers in the Americas, he initially participated in, but eventually felt compelled to oppose the atrocities committed against the Native Americansby the Spanish colonists. In 1515, he reformed his views, gave up his Indian slaves and encomienda, and advocated, before King Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, on behalf of rights for the natives. In his early writings, he advocated the use of African slaves instead of Natives in the West-Indian colonies; consequently, criticisms have been leveled at him as being partly responsible for the beginning of the Transatlantic slave trade. Later in life, he retracted those early views as he came to see all forms of slavery as equally wrong. In 1522, he attempted to launch a new kind of peaceful colonialism on the coast of Venezuela, but this venture failed, causing Las Casas to enter the Dominican Order and become a friar, leaving the public scene for a decade. He then traveled to Central Americaundertaking peaceful evangelization among the Maya of Guatemala and participated in debates among the Mexican churchmen about how best to bring the natives to the Christian faith. Traveling back to Spain to recruit more missionaries, he continued lobbying for the abolition of the encomienda, gaining an important victory by the passing of the New Laws in 1542.
- Bartolomé de las Casas was born in Seville in 1484, on 11 November. With his father, Las Casas immigrated to the island of Hispaniola in 1502 on the expedition of Nicolás de Ovando. Las Casas became a hacendado and slave owner, receiving a piece of land in the province of Cibao.[12] He participated in slave raids and military expeditions against the native Taíno population of Hispaniola.[13] In 1510, he was ordained a priest, the first one to be ordained in the Americas.
- Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro, Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca (Spanish pronunciation: [erˈnaŋ korˈtes ðe monˈroj i piˈθaro]; 1485 – December 2, 1547) was aSpanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers who began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Born in Medellín, Spain, to a family of lesser nobility, Cortés chose to pursue a livelihood in the New World. He went toHispaniola and later to Cuba, where he received an encomienda and, for a short time, became alcalde (magistrate) of the second Spanish town founded on the island. In 1519, he was elected captain of the third expedition to the mainland, an expedition which he partly funded. His enmity with the Governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, resulted in the recall of the expedition at the last moment, an order which Cortés ignored. Arriving on the continent, Cortés executed a successful strategy of allying with someindigenous people against others. He also used a native woman, Doña Marina, as aninterpreter; she would later bear Cortés a son. When the Governor of Cuba sent emissaries to arrest Cortés, he fought them and won, using the extra troops as reinforcements. Cortés wrote letters directly to the king asking to be acknowledged for his successes instead of punished for mutiny. After he overthrew the Aztec Empire, Cortés was awarded the title of Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca, while the more prestigious title of Viceroywas given to a high-ranking nobleman, Antonio de Mendoza. In 1541 Cortés returned to Spain, where he died peacefully but embittered, six years later.
- Bernal Díaz del Castillo (c. 1496 – 1584) was a Spanish conquistador, who participated as a soldier in the conquest of Mexico under Hernán Cortés and late in his life wrote an account of the events. As an experienced soldier of fortune, he had already participated in expeditions to Tierra Firme, Cuba, and to Yucatán before joining Cortés. In his later years he was an encomendero and governor in Guatemala where he wrote his memoirs called The True History of the Conquest of New Spain.
- Juan de Garay (1528–1583) was a Spanish conquistador. Garay's birthplace is disputed. Some say it was in the Castile city of Junta de Villalba de Losa, while others argue he was born in the area of Orduña (Basque Country). There's no birth certification whatsoever, though Juan De Garay regarded himself as somebody from Biscay (a region from the Basque Country). He served under the Crown of Castille, in the Viceroyalty of Peru. He was governor of Asunción(present day Paraguay) and founded a number of cities in present-day Argentina, many near the Paraná River area, including the second foundation of Buenos Aires, in 1580.According to García Carraffa, the Garay's coat of arms (gules with rampant lion in gold with a silver banner) indicates an origin from the noble Garay Family of Tudela (Navarra), already mentioned in the thirteenth century. Juan de Garay as a Biscayan had the title of knight, a title the "Fueros" granted to all the Vizcayans. The family had a certain economic and cultural level, it should be kept in mind that his uncle was appointed Judge and "Alcalde Mayor" of Segovia and his cousin attended the University of Salamanca. Juan joined the family of his uncle that was made by Pedro Ortiz de Zárate, his wife Catalina Uribe and Salazar and his cousins: Pedro Ortiz de Zárate, Ana Salazar and the youngest of the brothers Francisco Uribe. It is interesting that the three children bear different surnames, only the firstborn retains that of the father, while the others adopt the mother's surname (which was very common at the time). He also had a family relationship with Juan Ortiz de Zárate, third "Adelantado" (advanced) of the Rio de la Plata.
- Sebastián Vizcaíno (1548–1624) was a Spanish soldier, entrepreneur, explorer, and diplomat whose varied roles took him to New Spain, the Philippines, the Baja California peninsula, the California coast and Japan.Vizcaíno was born in 1548, in Extremadura, Crown of Castile (Spain).
- In 1611, Vizcaíno carried a Japanese delegation led by Tanaka Shōsuke from Mexico back to Japan. In an ambassadorial capacity, Vizcaíno met with the shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada and his father, the retired first shōgun, Tokugawa Ieyasu, founder of the Tokugawa dynasty. However, diplomacy soured due to Vizcaíno's disregard of Japanese court etiquette. After taking his leave in 1612, he surveyed the east coast of Japan and searched for two mythical islands called Rico de Oro and Rico de Plata. Failing to find them, he returned to Japan. In 1613, Vizcaíno accompanied the Japanese embassy led by Hasekura Tsunenaga to Mexico. In Acapulco, Vizcaíno was seriously injured in a fight with the Japanese, as recorded by 17th-century Aztec historian Chimalpahin in his journal, "Annals of His Time." The Japanese entourage continued to Mexico City, and embarked a ship at Veracruz bound for Europe.なおこの人選は、ヨーロッパの鉱山技術[5]に興味があった徳川家康の要請に沿ったもので、同時にヌエバ・エスパーニャ側にも日本の金や銀に興味があったことによるとされ、日本近海にあると言われていた「金銀島」の調査も兼ねていた。3月22日にヌエバ・エスパーニャ（現在のメキシコ）のアカプルコを発ち、6月10日浦賀に入港[6]、6月22日に江戸城で徳川秀忠に謁見し[7]、8月27日に駿府城で家康に謁見する[8]。しかし第一に通商を望んでいた日本側に対し、ヌエバ・エスパーニャ側の前提条件はキリスト教の布教[9]であり、友好については合意したものの、具体的な合意は得られなかった。家康から日本沿岸の測量についての許可の朱印状は得られ、11月8日に仙台に着き、11月10日に伊達政宗に謁見、11月27日から仙台藩の北部沿岸の測量を始める。12月2日、気仙郡越喜来村（現大船渡市）沖を航海中に慶長三陸地震の大津波に遭遇したが、海上にいたため被害はなかった。測量を終えて12月8日に仙台へ戻り、次いで南下し九州沿岸まで測量を行った。日本沿岸の測量を終え、1612年（慶長17年）9月16日に家康、秀忠の返書を受け取り、ヌエバ・エスパーニャへの帰途につく。帰途金銀島を探すが発見できず、11月14日暴風雨に遭遇二代目「サン・フランシスコ号」が大破損し浦賀に戻る。乗船を失ったため、ヌエバ・エスパーニャへ帰るための船の建造費の用立てを幕府に申し入れたが、日本側の外交政策の変更もあって断わられ[10]、1613年（慶長18年）にルイス・ソテロや支倉常長ら慶長遣欧使節団のサン・ファン・バウティスタ号に同乗し帰国した。仙台城のことを以下のように評した。
- Diego de Pantoja or Diego Pantoja (龐迪我, Pang Diwo; April 1571, Valdemoro, Spain – January 1618, Portuguese Macau, China) was a Spanish Jesuit and missionary to China who is best known for having accompanied Matteo Ricci in Beijing. His name also appears in some sources as Didaco Pantoia. He arrived in Portuguese Macau on 20 July, 1597, where he received his final instructions for his work in China at São Paulo Jesuit University.[2] He was then sent to the Ming dynasty's southern capital, Nanjing, where he stayed from March 1600. He worked with Matteo Ricci, who later completed his work on the Zhifang waiji, China's first global atlas.[3] Together, they left Nanjing on 19 May, 1600, and arrived at the Ming dynasty's Northern and overall capital, Beijing, on 24 January, 1601. He worked in Beijing for many years, including as a musician, astronomer (with calendar corrections) and as a geographer (working with latitude). On 18 March, 1617 he was tried as an enemy of the Chinese astronomers and was expelled from China, along with his colleague Sabatino de Ursis, and settled in Macao, where he lived for the short time remaining before his death.
- En China, Diego de Pantoja adoptó el nombre chino 龐迪峨 (en chino tradicional, chino simplificado: 庞迪峨, pinyin: Páng Dí'é), también escrito como 龐迪我 (庞迪我, Páng Díwǒ), en el que tomó la primera sílaba de su apellido y las dos primeras sílabas de su nombre de pila para formar un nombre de estilo chino, con un apellido monosilábico inicial seguido de un nombre de dos sílabas. Diego De Pantoja utilizó también un nombre de honor o cortesía: 順陽 (顺阳, Shùnyáng).1 En algunas fuentes, su nombre aparece también como Didace de Pantoja, utilizando una versión francesa de "Diego".
- La estrategia de los misioneros jesuitas para la evangelización de China tenía su fundamento en la "política de adaptación" por la que había abogado ya Francisco Javier, el estrecho colaborador del fundador de la Compañía de Jesús, Ignacio de Loyola. Francisco Javier había visitado India y Japón y falleció en una islita frente a la costa de China, hoy bajo administración de Taiwán. Francisco Javier defendía la idea de que la difusión del catolicismo en Asia debía hacerse por medios pacíficos y acercando la fe y la liturgia católicas a las costumbres y tradiciones orientales. Frente a esta visión original de los jesuitas, que continuarían Ricci y Pantoja, hubo también religiosos que abogaron por la conquista militar de China, respaldando los planes, nunca consumados, del gobernador español en Filipinas. Incluso muchos religiosos que defendían la introducción pacífica del cristianismo en China rechazaban, sin embargo, esta política de adaptación empleada por Ricci y Pantoja. Estos habían adoptado modos de vestir propios de los letrados chinos y presentaban la doctrina cristiana como una creencia compatible con la ética confuciana. Además, Ricci había acuñado como traducción china de "Dios" el nombre Tiānzhǔ (天主, "Señor del Cielo"), al que identificaban con Shàngdì (上帝), una antigua deidad de las primeras dinastías chinas.13 Esta manera de presentar el cristianismo como una combinación de moral confuciana y adoración de Shàngdì había permitido una rápida expansión del cristianismo en China, pero era rechazada por muchos religiosos europeos en Asia, que creían que el cristianismo debía ser presentado como una creencia que refutaba cualquier sistema religioso o moral previo, y que el nombre de Dios sólo podía representarse en chino mediante una adaptación fonética del "Deus" latino, y nunca adoptando el nombre de una deidad local.14 Este debate, en aquellos momentos limitado a la comunidad jesuita en Asia, se mantendría abierto durante mucho tiempo y acabaría extendiéndose a la jerarquía católica, dando lugar a la famosa disputa de los ritos, que varias décadas más tarde acabaría en la prohibición de los llamados "ritos chinos" por parte de la Santa Sede.
- パントーハのもっとも有名な著作である『七克』（1614年序）は伏傲・解貪・坊淫・熄忿・塞饕・平妬・策怠の全7巻から構成され、克罪七端（七元徳）によって罪宗七端（七つの大罪）を克服すべきことを西洋の古今の例を引いて述べている。
- The (Cancino) family was a Spanish-Jewish family, famous in history for its wealth and influence, its scholars and poets. Jacob Cansino I served as an interpreter at Oran, a Spanish colony in northwestern Africa, under Charles V, until 1556, when he was sent as an ambassador to the king of Morocco. The office was then held in regular succession by his son Isaac Cansino from 1568 to 1599, by his grandson Chayyim (Chayen) from 1601 to 1621, and by his great-grandson Aaron from 1621 to 1633. After an interval of three years Aaron's brother, Jacob Cansino, received the appointment (1636), and served until his death in 1666. He is known by his translation into Castilian of Extremas y Grandenzas de Constantinopla, from the Hebrew of Moses Almosnino. Other prominent members of the family were Solomon Cansino, poet; Moses Cansino, scholar; Samuel Cansino, cantor in the synagogue, and wealthy philanthropist, who ultimately lost the whole of his fortune to gamblers; and Rabbi Abraham Cansino II, secretary of the Jewish community of Oran.
- curious - the planned ipo of biotech company (amidst a strings of news of vaccine fraud in china in jul18) is also called cansino
architects
- Juan de Herrera (1530 – 15 January 1597) was a Spanish architect, mathematician and geometrician. One of the most outstanding Spanish architects in the 16th century, Herrera represents the peak of the Renaissance in Spain. His sober style was fully developed in buildings like the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial. The Herrerian style was named after him, and was representative of the architecture of the Spanish Empire of Philip II and his Austrian successors. As a Renaissance man, Herrera was interested in all the branches of knowledge of his times. His Discurso sobre la figura cúbica (Discussion of the Cubic form) tells us about his notable knowledge about geometry and mathematics. He also participated in the military campaigns of Charles V in Germany, Flanders and Italy.
economist
- Hernandez de Cos, 47, has spent the past decade at the Bank of Spain, where he was most recently director general for economics. He worked as an economist there from 1997 to 2004 and was also at one point an adviser to the Executive Board of the European Central Bank.Spain’s government nominated Pablo Hernandez de Cos to head the country’s central bank, backing an internal candidate with years of experience at the institution.https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-28/spanish-government-proposes-de-cos-for-central-bank-governor
geography
- Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani as-Sabti, or simply Al-Idrisi /ælɪˈdriːsiː/ (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي القرطبي الحسني السبتي; Latin: Dreses; 1100 – 1165), was a Muslim geographer,cartographer and Egyptologist who lived inPalermo, Sicily at the court of King Roger II. Muhammed al-Idrisi was born in Ceuta, then belonging to the Almoravids.
galician
- Mariano Rajoy Brey (Spanish: [maˈɾjano raˈxoi ˈβɾei]; born 27 March 1955) has been Prime Minister of Spain since 2011. Born 27 March 1955 in Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Galicia,[3][4] Rajoy is the grandson of Enrique Rajoy Leloup, one of the architects of the Statute of Autonomy of Galicia in 1932, who was removed from university teaching by the dictatorship in the early 1950s. He is the son of Olga Brey López and Mariano Rajoy Sobredo, a jurist, and president of the Provincial Court of Pontevedra, the city where he grew up. Later on, his father was transferred to León and the whole family moved there. He was duly enrolled, together with his brothers Luis and Enrique, and spent ten years there before moving to the Jesuit school in Vigo. After finishing secondary school he started university, enrolling in the Law Faculty in Santiago de Compostela. Rajoy graduated from the University of Santiago de Compostela and passed the competitive examination required in Spain to enter into the civil service, becoming the youngest-ever property registrar at age 23.
- Hernandez de Cos, 47, has spent the past decade at the Bank of Spain, where he was most recently director general for economics. He worked as an economist there from 1997 to 2004 and was also at one point an adviser to the Executive Board of the European Central Bank.Spain’s government nominated Pablo Hernandez de Cos to head the country’s central bank, backing an internal candidate with years of experience at the institution.https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-28/spanish-government-proposes-de-cos-for-central-bank-governor
geography
- Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani as-Sabti, or simply Al-Idrisi /ælɪˈdriːsiː/ (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي القرطبي الحسني السبتي; Latin: Dreses; 1100 – 1165), was a Muslim geographer,cartographer and Egyptologist who lived inPalermo, Sicily at the court of King Roger II. Muhammed al-Idrisi was born in Ceuta, then belonging to the Almoravids.
galician
- Mariano Rajoy Brey (Spanish: [maˈɾjano raˈxoi ˈβɾei]; born 27 March 1955) has been Prime Minister of Spain since 2011. Born 27 March 1955 in Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Galicia,[3][4] Rajoy is the grandson of Enrique Rajoy Leloup, one of the architects of the Statute of Autonomy of Galicia in 1932, who was removed from university teaching by the dictatorship in the early 1950s. He is the son of Olga Brey López and Mariano Rajoy Sobredo, a jurist, and president of the Provincial Court of Pontevedra, the city where he grew up. Later on, his father was transferred to León and the whole family moved there. He was duly enrolled, together with his brothers Luis and Enrique, and spent ten years there before moving to the Jesuit school in Vigo. After finishing secondary school he started university, enrolling in the Law Faculty in Santiago de Compostela. Rajoy graduated from the University of Santiago de Compostela and passed the competitive examination required in Spain to enter into the civil service, becoming the youngest-ever property registrar at age 23.
philippines related
- Juan Niño de Tabora (died July 22, 1632), was a Spanish general and colonial official. From June 29, 1626 until his death on July 22, 1632, he was governor of the Philippines. Juan Niño de Tabora was born in Galicia. Like many Spanish noblemen of the day, he spent part of his early years in the Habsburg Netherlands, where he served in the Army of Flanders and at the court of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella. Due to the influence of his powerful uncle, Rodrigo Niño y Lasso, Count of Añover, he became a Gentleman of the Archduke's Bedchamber and was given the command of a company of lancers as well as a knighthood in the Order of Calatrava.Nominated governor and captain general of the Philippines and president of the Royal Audiencia of Manila, he left New Spain for the Philippines on March 25, 1626 aboard the galleon El Almirante. He brought with him a wooden statue, carved in New Spain, of the Virgin Mary. During a three-month voyage beset by storms and one shipboard fire, this statue was thought to have protected the ship. After his arrival on June 29, 1626, Niño de Tabora ordered that it be welcomed into the colony with pomp and ceremony. This statue became known as Nuestra Señora de la Paz y Buen Viaje (Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage). It became the patron of the Manila-Acapulco galleons. It is located today in the church in Antipolo City.
- In 1627 he was in command of a naval squadron sent to Formosa (Taiwan) to resupply the Spanish fort there and to attempt to dislodge the Dutch from their fort on the island.
- When the Spanish galleons arrived back in Manila, news was received that Dutch ships were lying in wait for the five Portuguese galliots about to return to Macau from Manila, laden with silver. Since they were ready, Governor Niño de Tabora ordered the two galleons to accompany the Portuguese ships as an escort. He did not accompany the expedition. The Portuguese paid 20,000 pesos for the escort.
- Governor Niño de Tabora established a shipyard in the province of Camarines (Luzon) in 1628. The sultan of Jolo, who had not been in rebellion against the Spanish for some years, captured some vessels and also the shipyard. When he was informed of this, the governor ordered retaliation against Jolo. A force from Cebu of 200 Spaniards and 1,600 Filipino allies landed on Jolo on April 22, 1628. They captured the village at the foot of the hill where the king's fort was. This was burned, along with a large quantity of rich and many boats. On orders of the governor, they also found three royal tombs, highly esteemed by the Joloans, and destroyed those. The Spanish were under orders not to attack the fort, which was deemed too strong for a force of their size. Some Joloans were killed and others captured. Some of their captives were freed, but not all. The single Spaniard, a woman, who had been captured by the Joloans at the shipyard was not freed because terms for her ransom could not be agreed upon. The Spanish force took much booty, and did not lose a single man.
- re scmp 8feb18 report, he wrote to king of spain about chinese in 1628
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