bulgaria

royalty

- Terter (Bulgarian: Тертер), also Terterids or Terterovtsi (Тертеровци), was a Bulgarian noble and royal house of Cuman origin, a branch of the Cuman noble dynasty of Terteroba, that ruled the Second Bulgarian Empire between 1280 and 1292, as well as between 1300 and 1323.The Terterids were originally of Cuman origin (from the Cuman-Kipchak confederation), according to Plamen Pavlov they were a branch of the Cuman noble dynasty of Terteroba who had settled in Bulgaria as part of the second wave of Cuman migration, coming from the Kingdom of Hungary after 1241. The Terteroba had ruled the Cuman-Kipchak confederation in the late 11th century, as well as in the mid-13th century under Khan Köten.

• there is a korean wiki version
• Theodore Svetoslav (Bulgarian: Тодор Светослав, Todor Svetoslav and also Теодор Светослав, Teodor Svetoslav) ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 1300 to 1322. The date of his birth is unknown. He was a wise and capable ruler who brought stability and relative prosperity to the Bulgarian Empire after two decades of constant Mongol intervention in the internal issues of the Empire. Theodore Svetoslav's reign began with the return of Southern Bessarabia to Bulgaria and a few years later he managed to defeat the Byzantines and retake most of northern Thrace occupied by them during the crisis. After 1307 he led a peaceful policy towards all neighbours, which resulted in expanded trade and economy. Apart from his external and economic successes, Theodore Svetoslav dealt with the separatists among the nobility including his uncle. He persecuted the traitors who he thought were responsible for the Mongol interference and even the Patriarch, Joachim III, was executed.

• Second Bulgarian Empire under Theodore Svetoslav https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgaria-Theodore_Svetoslav.png

- Simeon II of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Симеон Борисов Сакскобургготски, (transliteration: Simeon Borisov Sakskoburggotski) or Цар Симеон II (Tsar Simeon II); German: Simeon von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha or Simeon von Wettin; Spanish: Simeón de Sajonia-Coburgo-Gotha; born 16 June 1937) was the last reigning Bulgarian monarchfrom 1943 to 1946, before later serving as Prime Minister of Bulgaria from 2001 to 2005. During his reign as Simeon II, Tsar of Bulgaria, he was a minor, with royal authority being exercised over the tsardom on his behalf by a regency led by Simeon's uncle Tsarevich Kiril, General Nikola Mihov and the prime minister, Bogdan Filov. In 1946 the monarchy was abolished as a consequence of a referendum, and Simeon was forced into exile in Spain. He returned to his home country in 1996, formed the political party National Movement for Stability and Progress (NMSP) and was elected Prime Ministerof the Republic of Bulgaria from July 2001 until August 2005. In the next elections, as a leader of NMSP, he took part in a coalition government with the ex-communist party BSP. In 2009, after NMSP failed to win any seats in Parliament, he left politics. Simeon is one of the two remaining living heads of state from the time of World War II(the other is Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet), the only living person who has borne the title "Tsar", and one of only two former monarchs in history to have become head of government through democratic elections (the other is the now-deceased Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia).

• Simeon was born to Boris III and Giovanna of Italy. Following his birth, Boris III sent an air force officer to the Jordan Riverto obtain water for Simeon's baptism in the Orthodox faith. He acceded to the throne on 28 August 1943 upon the death of his father, who had just returned to Bulgaria from a meeting with Adolf Hitler. Since Tsar Simeon was only six years old when he ascended the throne, his uncle Prince Kyril, Prime Minister Bogdan Filov, and Lt. General Nikola Mikhov of the Bulgarian Army were appointed regents. Under his father, Bulgaria had reluctantly joined the Axis powers in World War II but had managed to preserve diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. Still, on 5 September 1944 Stalin declared war on Bulgaria and three days later, the Red Army entered the country without encountering resistance. On the next day, 9 September 1944, Prince Kyril and the other regents were deposed by a Soviet-backed coup and arrested. The three regents, all members of the last three governments, Parliament deputies, heads of the army and eminent journalists were executed by the Communists in February 1945.The royal family—Queen Giovanna, Simeon II, and his sister Maria-Louisa—remained at Vrana Palace near Sofia, while three new regents were appointed (Todor Pavlov, Venelin Ganev and Tsvetko Boboshevski). On 15 September 1946, a referendum was held in the presence of the Soviet army. It resulted in a 97% approval for republic and abolition of the monarchy, and the boy-king Simeon was deposed. On 16 September 1946, the royal family was exiled from Bulgaria. Simeon II has never signed any abdication papers—neither at that moment when he was nine years old and his legal capacity to sign such an instrument would be questionable in any event, nor at any time later. The royal family first went to Alexandria, Egypt, where Queen Giovanna's father Vittorio Emanuele III, the former king of Italy, lived in exile. There, Simeon II finished Victoria College (along with Crown Prince Leka of Albania). In July 1951, General Franco's dictatorship in Spain granted asylum to the family.
• On 21 January 1962, Simeon married a Spanish aristocrat, Doña Margarita Gómez-Acebo y Cejuela. The couple have had five children – four sons (Kardam, Kiril, Kubrat and Konstantin) and a daughter, Kalina, all of whom subsequently married Spaniards. All of his sons received names of Bulgarian kings, his daughter has a Bulgarian name, although only three of his eleven grandchildren have Bulgarian names (Boris,Sofia and Simeon).

government

- ministry of economy

- invest bulgaria agency

- The Bulgarian Institute for Standardization (BDS) is the national executive body for standardization in the Republic of Bulgaria. BDS develops, accepts and approves Bulgarian standards, participates in the work of international and European organizations for standardization, as its main target is to defend the Bulgarian interests in that sphere.https://www.bds-bg.org/en

Buzludzha (Bulgarian: Бузлуджа [ˈbuzɫod͡ʒɐ]) is a historical peak in the Central Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria. The mountain is located to the east of the Shipka Pass near the town of Kazanlak and is a site of historical importance. The peak is 1,432 metres (4,698 feet) high.^[2] It was renamed to Hadzhi Dimitar (Хаджи Димитър) in 1942 but remains popularly known as Buzludzha.^[3] The summit is limestone and granite. Its slopes are covered with grassy vegetation; its foothills and the neighbouring peaks sustain beech forests.^[3] The peak's name derives from Turkish: buzlu 'icy'.In 1868 it was the place of the final battle between Bulgarian rebels led by Hadzhi Dimitar and Stefan Karadzha^[4] and forces of the Ottoman Empire. On 31 July, Hadzhi Dimitar and a band of 30 chetniks fought a losing battle against 700 Ottoman troops; only four Bulgarians survived.^[5] Their action served as an inspiration for the Liberation of Bulgaria from the Ottomans ten years later; the decisive battle of that conflict was fought a few miles away at the Shipka Pass. In 1891 the mountain was the site chosen for the first congress of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers Party (later the Bulgarian Communist Party) led by Dimitar Blagoev. 

- In 1944 the peak was the scene of fighting between Communist partisans and detachments of the Bulgarian Army when the latter were attacked whilst operating there.Following a desire for a national monument at the peak to commemorate these events (proposed as early as 1898) the Buzludzha Monument was built between 1971 and 1981, by public subscription.

• In the opera Frankenstein by Mark Grey, the creature is discovered at a point with coordinates 42°44'09.4"N 25°23'37.6"E, which are those of the Buzludzha Monument.
• https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/things-to-do-buzludzha-monument

Kazanlak (Bulgarian: Казанлъ̀к, Kazanlǎk, Thracian and Greek Σευθόπολις (Seuthopolis) is a Bulgarian town in Stara Zagora Province, located in the middle of the plain of the same name, at the foot of the Balkan mountain range, at the eastern end of the Rose Valley. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Kazanlak Municipality. It is the center of rose oil extraction in Bulgaria and the oil-producing rose of Kazanlak is one of the most widely recognizable national symbols.

洛姆Lom was founded by the Thracians under the name of Artanes in Antiquity. After the Romanscalled the fortress and the town Almus, from where the name of the today's city and of the Lom River comes. There are no reports proving that there existed a big settlement in the Middle Ages. It was not until Ottoman rule that it enlarged but for a long time it was under the shadow of the dominant towns of Vidin, Nikopol and Silistra. It is assumed that the Ottoman village was founded in 1695 by Kara Mustafa^{[dubious – discuss]} and Murad Bey^{[clarification needed]}, who were defeated at Viennain 1683 and who came here sailing rafts along the Danube. The name Lom Palanka was mentioned for the first time in 1704. The settlement then called Palanka stood between village and town in size and importance. In 1798 Lom suffered from brigand raids. With the development of shipping along the Danube after 1830, the importance of the town grew. The road to Sofia contributed to its progress and turned it into a main export port to Vienna (Austria). By 1869 there were 120 shops, 148 trade offices, 175 food shops, 34 coffee bars, six hotels and two mills. The town was centred on the old Kale (fortress), which was entered through three kapii (gates) — Vidinska, Belogradchishka, Sofiyska. The tradesmen from Lom offered goods at the biggest fairs in the region and beyond. In 1880 there were 7,500 inhabitants in the town. Lom is proud of its traditions from the period of the Bulgarian National Revival. During the national revival, the first community centre in Bulgaria (1856) was founded in the town, the first women's society in the country was also established in 1858 and one of the first theatre performances took place in the town. Krastyu Pishurka, a noted educator, also worked in Lom. Until the Second World War it was a major market town. In 1943, the Bulgarian government transported several thousand Jewish captives from Bulgarian-occupied territory in Greeceand Yugoslavia to Lom to be embarked on boats bound for Vienna in Nazi Germany, from where they were taken to be exterminated in Treblinka. Lom was the main hub for the first deportations of victims of the Holocaust from the Axis-aligned Balkans. After 1944 the industry developed — sugar factory, can factory, grain industry. It became a port for the northwestern part of Bulgaria.Lom Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Lom.

montana

- When the town was first settled by Slavs it was known as Kutlovitsa; later in Ottoman Turkish as Kutlofça. The town was renamed Ferdinand in 1890, receiving the benevolence of Bulgarian Knyaz Ferdinand and town status. On 1 March 1945, by a decree of the government, the communist authorities changed the town's name to Mihaylovgrad after the Communist Party activist Hristo Mihaylov (died 1944), a leader of the 1923 September Uprising in the region. In 1993, after a presidential decree, the town received the name Montana, inspired by the name of the nearby Roman settlement,^[2] setting up a military camp, Castra ad Montanesium, on top of existing Thracian settlement.

• The region around Montana became part of the Roman province of Upper Moesia in 29 BC. Around 160 AD, a military camp that was most likely founded on the remains of an older Thracian settlement acquired city rights under the name of Civitas Montanensium. ^[11] The town developed and urbanized after a Roman model and became the second most important settlement in the province after Raciaria (near modern-day Archar). A fortress was built atop the hill overlooking Montana, as well as public and residential buildings, temples, baths and theatres. Montana became a typical imperial settlement, where the local romanized population coexisted alongside Italic and Anatolian settlers. The base of the town's economy was the big landowners of Italic origin and their villas and mansions, while the locals served to work in agricultural production and gold mining in the Ogosta river valley. A community of Greek settlers engaged in craftsmanship and money-lending lived in the town during the period. The patrons of Montana, in the spirit of Hellenism, were Diana and Apollo.
• Kosharnik - rundown neighbourhood on the outskirts of the town populated mainly with Roma Gypsies.

Momchilovtsi (Bulgarian: Момчиловци) is a Bulgarian village and ski resort in the Central Rhodopes, about 15 km northeast of Smolyan. Thracian and Roman artifacts have been discovered close to the village. It is thought that it was founded by exiles from Raykovo (now part of Smolyan) that sought to escape forcible conversion to Islam by the Ottomans. The present village is named after Momchil Voyvoda, a medieval fighter against the Ottoman invasion that had a fortress in the area. 

- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2017-09/27/content_32536114.htm The Bulgarian villagers hunker over their books, struggling with their Mandarin words and characters. But they are not going to China - China is coming to them. Because of yogurt.

Plovdiv (Bulgarian: Пловдив, pronounced [pɫovˈdif]) is the second-largest city in Bulgaria with a population of 341,567 inhabitants as of 2015, while 544,628 live in its urban area. It is an important economic, transport, cultural, and educational center. Plovdiv has evidence of habitation since the 6th millennium BC when the first Neolithic settlements were established. The city is continuously inhabited since 4000 BC raking it among world's oldest continuously inhabited cities. Plovdiv was known in the West for most of its recorded history by the name Philippopolis(Greek: Φιλιππούπολη; Turkish: Filibe; "Philip's Town") as Philip II of Macedon conquered it in the 4th century BC and gave his name to it.^[7] The city was originally a Thracian settlement,^[8] later being invaded by Persians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Goths, Huns, Bulgarians, Slav-Vikings, Crusaders and Turks. On 4 January 1878, Plovdiv was liberated from Ottoman rule by the Russian army. It remained within the borders of Bulgaria until July of the same year, when it became the capital of the autonomous Ottoman region of Eastern Rumelia. In 1885, Plovdiv and Eastern Rumelia joined Bulgaria. Plovdiv is situated in a fertile region of south-central Bulgaria on the two banks of the Maritsa River. The city has historically developed on seven syenite hills, some of which are 250 metres (820 feet) high. Because of these hills, Plovdiv is often referred to in Bulgaria as "The City of the Seven Hills". Plovdiv is host to cultural events such as the International Fair Plovdiv, the international theatrical festival "A stage on a crossroad", and the TV festival "The golden chest". There are many remains preserved from antiquity such as the ancient Plovdiv Roman theatre, Roman odeon, Roman aqueduct, Roman Stadium, the archaeological complex Eirene, and others. The oldest American educational institution outside the United States was founded in Plovdiv in 1860, which was later moved to Sofia – today's American College of Sofia.

洛多皮山脈 The Rhodopes (/ˈrɒdəpiːz/; Bulgarian: Родопи, Rodopi; Greek: Ροδόπη, Rodopi; Turkish: Rodoplar) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, with over 83% of its area in southern Bulgaria and the remainder in Greece. Golyam Perelik is its highest peak at 2,191 meters (7,188 ft). The mountain range gives its name to the terrestrial ecoregion Rodope montane mixed forests that belongs in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome and the palearctic ecozone. The region is particularly notable for its karst areas with their deep river gorges, large caves and specific sculptured forms, such as the Trigrad Gorge.A significant part of Bulgaria's hydropower resources are located in the western areas of the range. There are a number of hydro-cascades and dams used for electricity production, irrigation and as tourist destinations. In Greece there are also the HPPs of Thisavros and Platanovrysi. The Rhodopes have a rich cultural heritage including ancient Thracian sites such as Perperikon, Tatul and Belintash, and medieval castles, churches, monasteries and picturesque villages with traditional Bulgarian architecture from the 18th and 19th centuries.The name of the Rhodope mountains has a Thracian provenance^{[citation needed]}. Rhod-ope (Род-oпа) is interpreted as the first name of a river, meaning "rusty/reddish river", where Rhod- has the same Indo-European root as the Bulgarian "руда" (ore, "ruda"), "ръжда" (rust, "rǎžda"), "риж" (red-haired, "riž"), Latin "rufus" (red), German "rot" (red) and English "red".^{[citation needed]}.In Greek mythology, Queen Rhodope of Thrace, the wife of King Haemus of Thrace, offended the gods,^[1] and was changed into a mountain by Zeus and Hera as a punishment along with her husband. The mountains are associated with the mythic figure of Orpheus.

- Monnaie romaine représentant la déesse des monts Rhodopes (Philippopolis, 150 apr. J.-C.) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monnaie_romaine_repr%C3%A9sentant_la_d%C3%A9esse_Rhodope.jpg?uselang=fr

魯塞  Ruse (also transliterated as Rousse, Russe; Bulgarian: Русе [ˈrusɛ]) is known for its 19th- and 20th-century Neo-Baroque and Neo-Rococoarchitecture, which attracts many tourists. It is often called the Little Vienna.^[1][2] The Ruse-Giurgiu Friendship Bridge, until 14 June 2013 the only one in the shared Bulgarian-Romanian section of the Danube, crosses the river here.Scholars suggest that the city on the river bank derived its present name from the Finnish root ruskeameaning "brown", or *ru- ("river", "stream") or from the Cherven fortress, meaning "red," through the root rous, which is present in many Slavic languages. A popular legend claims that the name Ruse comes from Finnish ruskea, or the name of a female founder of the city, whose name was Rusa, meaning "brown hair". In the 13th and 14th centuries, during the time of the Second Bulgarian Empire, a fortified settlement called Rusi, first mentioned in 1380, emerged near the ruins of the earlier Roman town. Other theories include settlement by people from Rus; a connection to the village of Rusokastro in Burgas Province; an unattested tribe of Getae with a name such as Riusi, or; the pagan festival of Rosalia.

Varna (Bulgarian: Варна, pronounced [ˈvarnɐ]) is the third largest city in Bulgaria and the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. The oldest gold treasure in the world, belonging to the Varna culture, was discovered in the Varna Necropolis and dates to 4200–4600 BC.Theophanes the Confessor first mentioned the name Varna, as the city came to be known, with the Slavic conquest of the Balkans in the 6th to 7th centuries. The name could be of Varangian origin, as Varangians had been crossing the Black Sea for many years, reaching Constantinople in the early Middle Ages. In Swedish, the meaning of värn is "shield, defense" – hence Varna could mean "defended, fortified place".^[6] The name may be older than that; perhaps it derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *u̯er- "to flow, wet, water, river"^[7][8] (cf. Varuna), or from the Proto-Slavic root varn "black", or from Iranian bar or var "camp, fortress" (see also Etymological list of provinces of Bulgaria).
- Beloslav (Bulgarian: Белослав) is an ancient settlement populated probably about 12,000^{[citation needed]} years ago. The first settlers inhabited the cave near today's town, where 12,000-year-old items were found. Around the 5th century BC the Thracians settled in the region. The town was also known as Krushevo, Gebedzhe (Turkish: Gebece), Belovo, and Belevo. The Ottoman name is still used today in certain situations. Beloslav is a transportation and industrial hub of national significance, part of the Varna-Devnya Industrial Complex. Beloslav is an old centre of artistic glassblowing and fireproof glassmaking and currently supplies glass vials to international pharmaceutical companies. 
- “金沙滩”是保黑海沿岸著名的海滨浴场，全长4公里，距瓦尔纳市区17公里。

Association
- bulgarian wine export association

company
- Bulgarian Development Bank (Bulgarian: Българска банка за развитие, Bylgarska banka za razvitie) (BDB) is a leading Bulgarian development and commercial bankwith headquarters in Sofia. It is one of the largest development institutions in Southeast Europe that provides financing and professional advising for the purposes of development. It is the largest Bulgarian financing facility provider to banks operating in the country, the sole national loan guarantee provider, and the only microfinanceprovider. Further to that, its direct lending commercial business division ranks as the 14th commercial bank in terms of assets in Bulgaria, with 850 million euro in assets as of June 2011. BDB is majority owned by the Republic of Bulgaria, and has a public-interest mandate to finance projects of regional and national importance, to encourage the growth of export oriented companies, to assist small and medium enterprises compete internationally, and to promote sustainable development.^[3] The bank's activities are financed with credit lines from multilateral development banks, investment funds,^[3] and sovereign wealth funds.

• BDB was established on March 11, 1999 as a joint stock company with the intention of promoting economic and social development in Bulgaria. In April 2008, the Bulgarian Parliament adopted a special law, which changed the mandate of the bank and reorganized the bank group in its current form. BDB receives its funding from the European Investment Bank,^[3] the Black Sea Trade and Development Bank,^[4] the Qatar Investment Authority,^[5] the Council of Europe Development Bank,^[3] KfW,^[3] the China Development Bank,^[3] the Japan Bank for International Cooperation,^[3] the Nordic Investment Bank,^[3] and others.

- Bulgaria’s sole nuclear power plant – Kozloduy NPP is to deliver almost half of the power for the country’s liberalised market for the July 1 2017 – June 30 2018 period, or 11.4 TWh. Bulgaria’s biggest thermal power plant – Maritsa East 2 TPP will have a 27 per cent which is equivalent to 6.4 TWh. Bulgarian power incumbent NEK which owns a number of hydropower plants comes in third with 24 per cent, or 5.7TWh, the Energy Management Institute (EMI) said in its report called “Who is Who on the Liberalised Market”.http://www.publics.bg/en/news/16464/Kozloduy_NPP_to_Supply_50_of_Power_on_the_Liberalised_Market_in_Bulgaria.html
- comSY S4 - Vasil Zashev & associates

• Exhibited at 2017 tdc ict expo

- m.p. el ltd

• Featured buyer of 2017 tdc electronic fair 

- The Bulgarian National Television (Bulgarian: Българска национална телевизия, Bŭlgarska natsionalna televiziya) or BNT (БНТ) is the public broadcaster of Bulgaria. The company was founded in 1959 and began broadcasting on December 26 of the same year.^[1] It began broadcasting in color in 1970. BNT's headquarters are located in Sofia, Bulgaria, in a building located at the well-known address of 29 San Stefano Str. BNT's first live broadcast was the parade on the occasion of the October Revolution anniversary. BNT is funded from government funds (around 60%) with the rest coming from television commercials.
- Novinite is a Bulgarian English-language news provider based in Sofia. "Novinite" (Bulgarian: Новините) means "The News" in Bulgarian. It is also sometimes referred to as SNA by its forum users. Novinite publishes Sofia Morning News, an online daily newspaper with paid subscription, and The Sofia Weekly, a free online weekly newspaper which comes out every Saturday. Novinite is part of One Click Media Group. Novinite was founded in 2001 by the Bulgarian journalist, businessman, and public relations expert, Maxim Behar. It was formally launched on March 11, 2001.
- vest-m-compani

• exhibited at 2020 tdc toy fr

people
- 西美昂一世（大帝）（保加利亞語：Симеон I Велики），又译西蒙一世  Simeon (also Symeon) I the Great (Bulgarian: Симеон I Велики, transliterated Simeon I Veliki [simɛˈɔn ˈpɤ̞rvi vɛˈliki]) ruled over Bulgaria from 893 to 927,^[3] during the First Bulgarian Empire. Simeon's successful campaigns against the Byzantines, Magyars and Serbs led Bulgaria to its greatest territorial expansion ever,^[4] making it the most powerful state in contemporary Eastern and Southeast Europe.^[5] His reign was also a period of unmatched cultural prosperity and enlightenment later deemed the Golden Age of Bulgarian culture. During Simeon's rule, Bulgaria spread over a territory between the Aegean, the Adriaticand the Black Sea.^[7][8] The newly independent Bulgarian Orthodox Church became the first new patriarchate besides the Pentarchy, and Bulgarian Glagolitic and Cyrillictranslations of Christian texts spread all over the Slavic world of the time.^[9] It was at the Preslav Literary School in the 890s that the Cyrillic alphabet was developed. Halfway through his reign, Simeon assumed the title of Emperor (Tsar),^[13] having prior to that been styled Prince (Knyaz). Simeon was born in 864 or 865, as the third son of Knyaz Boris I^[14] of Krum's dynasty.^[15] As Boris was the ruler who Christianized Bulgaria in 865, Simeon was a Christian all his life. Because his eldest brother Vladimir was designated heir to the Bulgarian throne, Boris intended Simeon to become a high-ranking cleric,^[17] possibly Bulgarian archbishop, and sent him to the leading University of Constantinopleto receive theological education when he was thirteen or fourteen.^[16] He took the name Simeon^[18] as a novice in a monastery in Constantinople.^[16] During the decade (ca. 878–888) he spent in the Byzantine capital, he received excellent education and studied the rhetoric of Demosthenes and Aristotle.

• Simeon WAS recognized as possessing an Imperial title (that of tsar, a transliteration of the Roman Imperial title of Caesar into Slavonic). However, Simeon was recognized as Emperor of the Bulgarians, but not of the Romans. This was confirmed in 913 with a makeshift Imperial coronation by the Patriarch of Constantinople after the Bulgars agreed to relieve their siege of Constantinople. However, despite having an Imperial title, Simeon - and his successors - were not recognized as equal to the Emperor of the Romans. The Emperor of the Roman Empire was viewed as being the supreme monarch of the Christian world; the Byzantines believed in the concept of universal monarchy, which effectively stated that all other rulers were subordinate to the Basileus of the Empire, who was the leader of all Christendom. Having an Imperial title was very beneficial, sure, but you were still subordinate to the ruler of Rhomania. Simeon was enraged after the new regent, Zoe, revoked her recognition of Simeon’s Imperial title. After routing a Byzantine army at Achelous, he claimed to be Emperor of both the Bulgarians and the Romans. To this end, he consistently sought to impose himself on the Roman throne without success. In 922, he entered peace negotiations and the Byzantines effectively agreed to renew recognition of his Imperial title. This would be passed down through his heirs, renewed in 1185 after Bulgaria was reformed, and the title of Tsar was adopted by Bulgarian monarchs from 1908 until the eventual demise of the Bulgarian monarchs in 1946.https://www.quora.com/When-Simeon-1-of-Bulgaria-became-Emperor-did-the-Byzantine-Empire-see-this-as-making-him-their-honorific-equal

- Samuel^[2] (also Samuil; Bulgarian: Самуил, pronounced [sɐmuˈiɫ]; Macedonian: Самоил/Самуил, pronounced [samɔˈiɫ/sɐmuˈiɫ]; Old Church Slavonic: Самоилъ) was the Tsar (Emperor) of the First Bulgarian Empire from 997 to 6 October 1014.^[5] From 977 to 997, he was a general under Roman I of Bulgaria,^[6] the second surviving son of Emperor Peter I of Bulgaria, and co-ruled with him, as Roman bestowed upon him the command of the army and the effective royal authority.^[7] As Samuel struggled to preserve his country's independence from the Byzantine Empire, his rule was characterized by constant warfare against the Byzantines and their equally ambitious ruler Basil II.In his early years Samuel managed to inflict several major defeats on the Byzantines and to launch offensive campaigns into their territory.^[8] In the late 10th century, the Bulgarian armies conquered the Serb principality of Duklja^[9] and led campaigns against the Kingdoms of Croatia and Hungary. But from 1001, he was forced mainly to defend the Empire against the superior Byzantine armies. Samuel died of a heart attack on 6 October 1014, two months after the catastrophic battle of Kleidion. His successors failed to organize a resistance, and in 1018, four years after Samuel's death, the country capitulated, ending the five decades-long Byzantine–Bulgarian conflict.

During Samuel's reign, Bulgaria gained control of most of the Balkans (with the notable exception of Thrace) as far as southern Greece. He moved the capital from Skopje to Ohrid,^[8][15] which had been the cultural and military centre of southwestern Bulgaria since Boris I's rule,^[16] and made the city the seat of the Bulgarian Patriarchate. Because of this, his realm is sometimes called the Western Bulgarian Empire. Samuel is considered also a heroic ruler in North Macedonia. Samuel was the fourth^[22] and youngest son of count Nicholas, a Bulgarian noble, who might have been the count of Sredets district (modern-day Sofia),^[23] although other sources suggest that he was a regional count of Prespa district in the region of Macedonia.^[24] His mother was Rhipsime of Armenia.^[25] The actual name of the dynasty is not known. Cometopuli is the nickname used by Byzantine historians which is translated as "sons of the count". The Cometopuli rose to power out of the disorder that occurred in the Bulgarian Empire from 966 to 971.

- Ferdinand I (Bulgarian: Фердинанд I; 26 February 1861 – 10 September 1948), born Ferdinand Maximilian Karl Leopold Maria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was the second monarch of the Third Bulgarian State, firstly as knyaz (ruling prince) from 1887 to 1908, and later as tsar (emperor) from 1908 until his abdication in 1918. He was also an author, botanist, entomologist and philatelist. 

• Ferdinand was born on 26 February 1861 in Vienna, a German prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry. He was baptised in St. Stephen's Cathedral, Viennaon 27 February, having as godparents Archduke Maximilian of Austria and his wife Princess Charlotte of Belgium.^[2] He grew up in the cosmopolitan environment of Austro-Hungarian high nobility and also in their ancestral lands in Hungary and in Germany. The House of Koháry descended from an immensely wealthy Upper Hungarian noble family, who held the princely lands of Čabraď and Sitno in present-day Slovakia, among others. The family's property was augmented by Clémentine of Orléans' remarkable dowry. The son of Prince August of Saxe-Coburgand his wife Clémentine of Orléans, daughter of King Louis Philippe I of the French, Ferdinand was a grandnephew of Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gothaand of Leopold I, first king of the Belgians. His father August was a brother of King Ferdinand II of Portugal, and also a first cousin to Queen Victoria, her husband Albert, Empress Carlota of Mexico and her brother Leopold II of Belgium. These last two, Leopold and Carlota, were also first cousins of Ferdinand I's through his mother, a princess of Orléans. This made the Belgian siblings his first cousins, as well as his first cousins once removed. Indeed, the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha had contrived to occupy, either by marriage or by direct election, several European thrones in the course of the 19th century. Following the family trend, Ferdinand was himself to found the royal dynasty of Bulgaria.
• in his youth, he joined a research expedition to brazil, and he is credited with beingbthe first person to breed birds such as bush petronias, sudan golden sparrows, and paradise parrots
• after bulgaria achieved independence from ottoman empire, he became prince regnant in 1887 and tsar in 1908, before going into exile in coburg, germany after ww1.

- Todor Khristov Zhivkov (Bulgarian: Тодор Христов Живков; 7 September 1911 – 5 August 1998) was a Bulgarian politician who served as the de facto leader of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) from 1954 until 1989 as General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party. The youngest and longest-serving leader in the Eastern bloc, his 33-year dictatorship was marked by both stability and oppression.He became First Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) in 1954–General Secretary from April 1981–and from 1978 concurrently as President of the Republic remained on this position for 35 years, until 1989, thus becoming the second longest-serving leader of any Eastern Bloc nation after World War II,^[2] and one of the longest ruling non-royal leaders in modern history. His rule marked a period of unprecedented political and economic stability for Bulgaria, marked both by complete submission of Bulgaria to Soviet directives^[3] and a desire for expanding ties with the West. His rule remained unchallenged until the deterioration of East-West relations in the 1980s, when a stagnating economic situation, a worsening international image and growing careerism and corruption in the BCP weakened his positions.^[4] He resigned on 10 November 1989, under pressure by senior BCP members due to his refusal to recognize problems and deal with public protests.^[5] Within a month of Zhivkov's ouster, Communist rule in Bulgaria had effectively ended, and within nearly a year the People's Republic of Bulgaria had formally ceased to exist.Zhivkov was born in the Bulgarian village of Pravets into a peasant family, to Hristo Todorov Zhivkov^[6] and Maruza Gergova Zhivkova.^[7] In 1928, he joined the Bulgarian Communist Youth Union (BCYU), an organisation closely linked with the Bulgarian Workers Party (BWP) – later the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP).

• Zhivkov's reforms resulted in some expansion of trade with the West, as evidenced by licensed Coca-Cola production since the 1960s with a Cyrillic logo

- Petar Stefanov Stojanov (Bulgarian: Петър Стефанов Стоянов; born 25 May 1952) is a Bulgarian politician who was President of Bulgaria from 1997 to 2002. He was elected as a candidate of the Union of Democratic Forces (UDF). He did not succeed in the next presidential elections and after leaving office refrained from politics for a while, but, later became an MP in 2005 and was Chairman of UDF from 1 October 2005 to 22 May 2007.Stoyanov was born on 25 May 1952, in Plovdiv, Bulgaria.^[2] After graduating from secondary school, Stoyanov entered the Saint Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia law faculty where he graduated with honors in 1976.^[3] He practiced civil law in Plovdiv through the next fifteen years. Stoyanov also speaks English and German in addition to his mother tongue Bulgarian. Stoyanov serves as an Honorary Co-Chair for the World Justice Project. The World Justice Project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity. In 2002, as a fellow of The German Marshall Fund, Petar Stoyanov delivered lectures in the USA at John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, New York University, American Bar Association (Washington, DC) and other universities.

• https://www.quora.com/Did-Bulgaria-ever-consider-moving-from-the-Cyrillic-alphabet-to-the-Latin-alphabet-like-Romania-did There was one suggestion from President Petar Stoyanov. He may have wanted to throw stones on it. Cyrillic is a Bulgarian patent and is part of our Bulgarian identity. 

- Kristalina Ivanova Georgieva-Kinova (Bulgarian: Кристалина Иванова Георгиева-Кинова; born 13 August 1953) is a Bulgarian economic analyst serving as Chief Executive of the World Bank since 2017. She served as Acting President of the World Bank Group from 1 February 2019 to 8 April 2019. She previously served as Vice-President of the European Commission under Jean-Claude Juncker from 2014 to 2016. From 1993–2010, she served in a number of positions in the World Bank Group, eventually rising to become its vice president and corporate secretary in March 2008. She has also served as a member of the board of trustees^[6] and associated professor in the Economics Department of the University of National and World Economy in Bulgaria. On 27 September 2016, the Bulgarian government nominated Kristalina Georgieva for the post of United Nations Secretary-General.^[8] Her short run Secretary-General at the UN ended following a vote at the UN Security Council on 5 October, where Georgieva ranked number eight out of ten candidates. In the same vote, António Guterres got the support of the Security Council for the post of UN Secretary-General. On 28 October, the World Bank announced that Georgieva would become the first CEO of the bank starting on 2 January 2017. Georgieva was named "European of the Year" in 2010 and "EU Commissioner of the Year" as an acknowledgment of her work, in particular, her handling of the humanitarian disasters in Haiti and Pakistan.

• economist 25sept2021 "why georgieva should go" a scandal over data and china has undermined the credibility of the IMF's boss

- Chudomir (Bulgarian: Чудомир) (March 25, 1890 – December 26, 1967), born Dimitar Hristov Chorbadjiev (Bulgarian: Димитър Христов Чорбаджиев), was a Bulgarian writer and painter. He is famous for his short stories, such as "I'm not One of Them" ("Не съм от тях") and "Locals" ("Нашенци"), satirizing the human weaknesses and political vices of his time. Chudomir Cove in Graham Land, Antarctica is named after Chudomir.
- architect

• Georgi Vladimirov Stoilov was born on 3rd April 1929 in Kondofrey, Bulgaria—a village in Pernik province, located roughly 60km from Sofia.During WWII, Stoilov was one of Bulgaria’s youngest anti-fascist partisans, serving with the Radomir Partisan Detachment at the age of 15. He joined the Labor Youth Union in 1944, becoming a full member of the Bulgarian Communist Party by 1949.In 1954, Stoilov went to study at the Moscow Architectural Institute and took a job the same year with the engineering firm Glavproekt. Later, in 1965, he would spend a year in Paris developing a specialism in urban planning. One of Stoilov’s early projects was the design for Hotel Rila in Sofia (1961), which was followed by various other state and leisure buildings throughout Bulgaria, including: the International Youth Camp at Druzhba near Varna (1961); the Bulgarian Communist Party Headquarters and People’s District Council in Pernik (1962); the building of the Bulgarian National Radio (1971), and many others. In addition to his work in Bulgaria, other projects by Georgi Stoilov include plans for a residential complex in Dubna, Russia; Bulgarian embassy buildings for Kabul, Afghanistan and Havana, Cuba; and a commercial project for Astana, Kazakhstan.The architect is also responsible for designing some of the most striking memorial complexes in Bulgaria. He created the Monument to the Dead in the Fatherland War at Dobrich (1964), the Arch of Liberty in the Beklemeto Pass (1980) and the Pantheon to the Heroes in the Serbo-Bulgarian War at Gurgulyat (1985).The Buzludzha Memorial House remains his most famous design.https://buzludzha-monument.com/architect/
• https://iaa-ngo.com/portfolio-posts/georgi-stoilov/

Kingdom of Balhara is a fringe theory of some Bulgarian scientists (for example: Georgi Bakalov, Petar Dobrev, Ian Mladjov) to have been the earliest known state  of the ancient Bulgars, situated in the upper course of Oxus River (present Amu Darya), and the foothills and valleys of Hindu Kush and Pamir Mountains (ancient Mount Imeon). One historian - Dr Peter Dobrev (senior research fellow), places the date of the kingdom around the 12th century BC, while others (from Ashharatsuyts) place the date 7/6th century BC.^{[citation needed]}In Sanskrit, "Bal" means "strength" and "hara" means "the possessor", thus, "Balhara" means "the possessor of strength" (and so, in that regard also the name of Bulgar could mean "possessor of strength");^{[citation needed]} another theory is that "Balh" refers to the city of Balkh (Balhara's capital) and that "ar" means "man of", so Bal-hara could mean "man of Balh/Balkh";^{[citation needed]} consequently "Balh-ar/Bulg-ar" could then mean "man of stength".^{[citation needed]} The name "Balkan" (mountains) could also come from this connection, instead of the Turkish word for mountain (this is an alternative theory).^{[citation needed]} 


Bulgaria’s parliament has passed legislation that effectively bans burqas – veils which fully cover the face, worn by Muslim women in public. https://www.rt.com/news/361228-burqa-ban-parliament-bulgaria/

language
- https://www.quora.com/How-is-Pomak-related-to-other-Bulgarian-dialects  linguistic map of the Bulgarian language. Muslim Bulgarians live in the Rhodopes, Teteven and Northwestern Bulgaria, and few in the Burgas region, and speak the local dialect form in the Bulgarian language.
- slav

• https://www.quora.com/How-come-that-Bulgarians-started-to-speak-a-Slavic-language I think the Bulgar khans were outnumbered by the Slavs in their territory. In the 800s they received a lot of Moravian clergy fleeing persecution from the Franks and the Papacy. They had been serving as acolytes of Saints Cyril and Methodius. Once they died the Papacy cracked down hard on them for daring to preach in Slavonic not Latin. The Bulgar khans granted them asylum and converted to Christianity. They adopted the Cyrillic alphabet. They gained the respect and loyalty of their Slavic vassals.

• From Bulgaria’s creation in 681 to 870, the Turkic-Bulgar language became less Turkic and adopted Slavic loanwords and by the mid-9th century was left to only a few words. This was a very gradual process, as the Bulgar ruling class started using Greek as it provided a uniform alphabet and in addition the Bulgar’s Slav subjects were given greater representation in government over-time which allowed for the influence of the Slavic language into the Bulgar ruling class. The only words which remained Turkic were noble titles like Khan or Boila or Kavhan, but everyday language became Slavic. By the 830s Malamir became the first Bulgar Khan to have a Slavic name (most likely because his mother was Slavic). In 860s Boris was the first Bulgar Khan to adopt the title Kneyz (Slavic for prince) as opposed to Khan. This was a very gradual process of assimilation to Slavic culture. And finally the grand finale was in 893 when OC Slavonic (Old Bulgarian Slavic language) was declared the official language of Bulgaria and thus a new Bulgarian-Slav identity was born, and Bulgar-Turkic culture became extinct.https://www.quora.com/How-did-the-Bulgarians-end-up-adopting-Slavic-culture

bulgarian (language)
-  баба (baba) - grandmother
- дядо (dyado) - grandfather
-  баща (bashta) - father
- майка - mother

- https://www.quora.com/What-do-you-know-about-the-Thracian-language Having been linked to Balto-Slavic, Tracian has definitely Satem characteristics, where the Proto-Indo-European consonants *kʰ, *gʰ, *dʰ, *tʰ and/or *pʰ either turn into “s”, “sh”, “z", “zh”, “ch”, “dz”, “ts” or “j”, it is however believed by some that Proto-Thracian (or Proto-Daco-Thracian) was initially a Centum language that came under Satemization, but it could also just be because the line that divides Centum and Satem languages isn't defined. There are Centum languages that exhibit Satem characteristics (like Germanic) and Satem languages who exhibit Centum characteristics (like Armenian), some like Albanian where described as midways.Alternatively to the Balto-Slavic theory there have been the Albanian-Thracian continuity theory and the Thraco-Illyrian theory, the first plausible but unlikely, the second even less likely than the first.For the Thraco-Albanian continuity theory, it is supposed that the Proto-Albanian language originated from the dialect spoken by the Bessi, a Thracian tribe that lived south of the Rodope mountains and that possibly survived until the 6th century, if not as far as the 8th where it could have cone in contact with the Bulgard and Slavic tribes (the city of Plovdiv in southern Bulgaria was called “Pupuldeva” in Thracian times but changed name in “Philippopolis” when the Macedoinans took over and stayed so until the Slavic migrations, which strangely renamed the city in a similar way Thracians called it).Thracian met its fate at the beginning of the Middle Ages, when Bulgar and Slavic people entered in the Balkans and surrounded the surviving Thracians (the Bessians), later assimilated by the Bulgarian people, who still carry their genes and even practice Thracian rituals, alongside the Aromanian people, descendants of Romanized Thracians, pushed westwards and southwards by the same Slavs and Bulgars.

music

- [NATS]  le mystere des voix bulgares albums in 1980s

bulgarian (people)

- https://www.quora.com/What-was-the-name-of-the-Bulgarians-before-being-conquered-by-the-Hungarians-after-which-they-were-later-named-Is-it-true-that-before-that-they-belonged-to-Serbian-tribes-and-called-themselves-Serbs The early Bulgars and Hungarians/Magyars were two separate tribal unions with a likely different ethnic mix. They probably did have some connections with each other though - for example, after Old Great Bulgaria disintegrated in the 660s and one of its main constituent groups moved north along the Volga, that group eventually established a state known today as Volga Bulgaria. Immediately to the east of Volga Bulgaria were the Paskatir tribes in modern Bashkiria, from which the Magyars probably originated. Thus, when the Hungarian Friar Julian went on his first mission to find the original homeland of the Hungarians in the early 13th century, he eventually found himself in Volga Bulgaria from where he was directed to the Magna Hungaria just to the east. And, of course, the Danubian Bulgars were also neighbours to the (western) kingdom of Hungary and had lots of interactions (read: wars) with them as well. They’re even directly connected with the Honfoglalas, the final migration of the Magyars from the Pontic steppes to their lands in Pannonia, modern Hungary.The Bulgarians were formed mainly from the mixing of the Bulgars, local Slavs and Byzantines (mostly Romanized Thracians, as well as Greeks), but those local Slavs were not Serbs - initially, they were the tribe of the Severi and the so-called “seven Slavic clans”, but at the time of the Bulgarian ethnogenesis they also included the Draguviti, Smolyani, Strumyantsi, Berziti etc. These formed the Bulgarian nation and the eastern branch of the South Slavs and it’s interesting that even today they have not only characteristic linguistic differences, marking them as separate from the western branch of the South Slavs, but even some genetic ones. And speaking of the western branch, the Serbs and Croatians also came to dominate the other Slavic tribes in their respective areas, like the Paganians/Narentines, Zachumlians, Travunians, Dukljans etc, eventually forming the Serbian and Croatian nations and the aforementioned western branch of the South Slavs (which today also includes the countries of Bosnia and Montenegro, whereas the eastern branch also includes (North) Macedonia). Of course, since the Bulgarians and Serbs were neighbours for over a thousand years and are quite similar (language, religion, even mentality and some customs), it’s quite obvious there would be some blurring of the lines in the contact regions between those two groups.

- https://www.quora.com/Are-Bulgarians-of-Serbian-origin As the other answers have already pointed out: No, Bulgarians are not of Serbian origin.Bulgaria as a polity slightly precedes any Serbian polity, and there never was any Serbian presence in Bulgarian core lands.Bulgarians and Serbs are pretty similar though, for multiple reasons. Both Serbia and Bulgaria make up historically coherent, South-Slavic states with their own autocephalous Orthodox Churches. The Bulgarian Church precedes the Serbian one - in fact, Bulgarian Christianity became the basis of Slavic Orthodoxy, which expressed itself in Old Church Slavonic and the Cyrillic alphabet originating in Bulgaria.Both Bulgarians and Serbs are essentially a product of Byzantinized Slavs who mixed with pre-Slavic populations of the Balkans, and eventually snapped back at the Byzantines - the Bulgarians are pretty well known for being the archenemies of the Byzantine Empire for centuries, whereas the Serbs had a similar, albeit shorter, period when Tsar Stefan Dušan carved his own Serbian Empire out of the Byzantine corpse in the 14th century.Bulgarian and Serbian areas of influence overlapped in areas of southern Serbia, as well as Kosovo and - quite some time later - North Macedonia. Kosovo specifically became the center of the Bulgarian Uprising of Georgi Voyteh, before ending up as the Serbian policial and cultural center under the Nemanjići.Bulgarians are not of Serbian origin. While both are descendants of the Slavs who migrated to the Balkans during the 6th and 7th centuries, they mostly descend from different groups of Slavs.The Bulgarians descend from the early Slavic(-Sarmatian) Antes tribal confederation, which settled the Eastern Balkans during the 6th century. The Antes, upon arriving, heavily intermixed with local pre-Slavic populations (mostly Thracians), and were eventually united by the Bulgars - a Turkic warrior elite leaving their name as the name of today's Bulgarians, although themselves being quickly absorbed by the Slavs they ruled. This is of course strongly simplified, but should give you a vague idea. Bulgarians, very simply put, are a Slav-Thracian mix, and genetically, they are among the most distinctive Slavic groups for that exact reason - more similar to non-Slavic Balkan populations like Greeks and Albanians than to most other Slavic peoples in Eastern Europe.The Serbs (and other peoples of former Yugoslavia) descend from the early Slavic Sclaveni tribal confederation, which settled the western and southern Balkans. Only a century after the Sclaveni arriving in the Balkans did the Serbs move into the Balkans from White Serbia (in today's eastern Germany and western Poland). The Serbian warrior elites, who arrived alongside the Croats (from White Croatia) to defeat the Pannonian Avars in the Balkans, imprinted their name and identity on the Sclaveni in their realm (who at that point had intermixed with pre-Slavic Thraco-Illyrians, Vlachs, Celts etc.) - eventually forming the Serbs.Interestingly, Albanians have retained the pre-Serbian name ‘Sclaveni' through the term ‘shkavell/shkije’ - meaning ‘Slav/non-Albanian', used for Serbs in particular (although with a pejorative meaning by now). Similar to Italians, who have retained the Sclaveni name as ‘Schiavona', an older name for Slovenians or Slavs in general.

• [comments section] The only part I would disagree is the assertion that the Second Bulgarian Empire was centered on Kosovo, as the main center of that kingdom was Tarnovo throughout its existence. The later part of the First Bulgarian Empire was centered in Macedonia (though it included Kosovo) with the capital being in Skopie and then Ohrid.

ft country special 11jan18


History
- Thracia or Thrace (Θρᾴκη Thrakē) is the ancient name given to the southeasternBalkan region, the land inhabited by theThracians.From the perspective of classical Greece, Thracia included the territory north of Thessaly, with no definite boundaries, sometimes to the inclusion of Macedonia and Scythia minor. Later, Thracia proper was understood to include the territory bordered by the Danube on the north, by the Black Sea on the east, by Macedonia in the south and by Illyria to the west,^[2]roughly equivalent with the territory of the Thracian kingdom as it stood during the 5th to 1st centuries BC. With the annexation of the Thracian kingdom by the Roman Empire, by order of emperorClaudius, in AD 46, Thracia (formally provincia Thracia "Thracian province", ἐπαρχία Θρᾳκῶν"eparchy of the Thracians") was established as a Roman province. After the administrative reforms of the 3rd century, Thracia was reduced to the territory of the six small provinces of the Diocese of Thrace. Later still, the medieval Byzantine theme of Thracia contained only what today is Eastern Thrace.

• The peoples of these countries also share a common genetic endowment - we are all descendants of the Thracians, with subsequent influences. The main difference - the linguistic one. Bulgarians and Serbs speak Slavic languages, and Romanians speak neo-Romance. But there were mutual influences here, and not just in terms of vocabulary. If you hear Serbs, Bulgarians or Romanians speaking in their language, but from a distance, so you don't understand them, you don't know what language they speak. The rhythms of Romanian, Bulgarian and Serbian are extremely similar.And in terms of general behavior, the attitude, the mentalities, the Romanians, the Bulgarians and the Serbs are very similar.Of course, there are some differences. Romanians are more open, sociable, inventive, but from their point of view nothing is important enough to be taken seriously. Bulgarians are more hard-working, but more introverted. Serbs are the most melancholy and fatalistic of all.https://www.quora.com/Is-Bulgaria-more-like-Romania-or-like-Serbia

- The emergence of a unified Bulgarian state dates back to the establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire in 681 AD, which dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavs during the Middle Ages. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came underOttoman rule for nearly five centuries. TheRusso-Turkish War (1877–78) led to the formation of the Third Bulgarian State. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both world wars. In 1946 it became a one-party socialist stateas part of the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. InDecember 1989 the ruling Communist Party allowed multi-party elections, which subsequently led to Bulgaria's transition into a democracy and a market-based economy.
- ww1

• The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (French: Traité de Neuilly-sur-Seine) required Bulgaria to cede various territories, after Bulgaria had been one of the Central Powers defeated in World War I. The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.

- ww2

• The Treaty of Craiova (Bulgarian: Крайовска спогодба, romanized: Kraĭovska spogodba; Romanian: Tratatul de la Craiova) was signed on 7 September 1940 and ratified on 13 September 1940 by the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Romania. Under its terms, Romania had to allow Bulgaria to retake Southern Dobruja, which Romania had gained after the 1913 Second Balkan War. Bulgaria had to pay 1 million lei as compensation for the investment provided to the region by Romania.The treaty stipulated that a population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania had to be made. Thus, 103,711 Romanians and Aromanians living in Southern Dobruja were forced to move to Northern Dobruja (part of Romania), and 62,278 Bulgarians located in the north were forcibly moved to the south. The Dobrujan Germans, who were affected by those relocations, would eventually be transferred to Nazi Germany.

usa
- 北約與俄羅斯關係緊張之際，保加利亞一名男子周二涉嫌入侵政府電腦系統及盜取大批納稅人的資料被捕。官員周三表示，疑犯與俄羅斯黑客集團有聯繫，懷疑事件與近日保加利亞決定購買八架美製F-16戰機有關。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190719/00180_012.html



russia
- soviet union era

• ???????******https://www.quora.com/Why-did-the-Soviet-Union-reject-Bulgaria-s-request-for-admission-into-the-USSR Keep in mind that Bulgaria had engaged in a bitter polemics naming dispute with Yugoslavia over the Macedonia naming dispute, an issue which angered not just Greece but also Bulgaria. It should be considered that in 1946–1948, Yugoslav and Bulgarian Communist leaders Josip Broz Tito and Georgi Dimitrov worked on a project to merge their two countries into the Balkan Federative Republic. As a concession to the Yugoslavian side, Bulgarian authorities agreed to the recognition of a distinct Macedonian ethnicity and language in part of their own population in the Bulgarian part of geographical Macedonia. This was one of the conditions of the Bled Agreement, signed between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria on 1 August 1947.However, the policies resulting from the agreement were reversed after the Tito–Stalin split in June 1948, when Bulgaria, being subordinated to Soviet interests, was forced to take a stance against Yugoslavia. One possible theory is that after Bulgaria’s fallout with Yugoslavia, Zhivkov steadfast in his loyalty to Moscow opted instead to merge Bulgaria with the USSR.In 1963, Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow recognized the autonomy of the Macedonian Orthodox Church. In response, the Bulgarian Communist Party openly declared that there was no "historic Macedonian nation." In the face of Moscow's post-1953 efforts to reach out to Belgrade and Athens, Zhivkov seemed to have calculated that a policy of unswerving loyalty to the Kremlin would ensure that it remained more valuable to the USSR compared to a non-aligned Yugoslavia.

- https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2015/09/03/russia-bans-bulgarian-food-imports-after-falsified-certificates-a49337 Russia has banned imports of all agricultural produce from Bulgaria as of Sept. 1 over forged certificates from the EU country, Russia's agriculture watchdog said in a statement Thursday. A wide range of food imports from Bulgaria is already subject to Russia's food embargo, which Russia introduced last year in response to Western sanctions imposed on the country over its role in the Ukraine crisis. The new restrictions were introduced after Bulgaria acknowledged that a number of export and re-export agricultural certificates were false, agriculture watchdog Rosselkhoznadzor said in a statement. Rosselkhoznadzor has imposed a temporary ban on all agricultural imports and re-exports from Bulgaria, the statement said. On April 25, Russia imposed a ban on re-exported fruit and vegetables from Bulgaria over a number of cases involving fake certificates. Rosselkhoznadzor suspected that exported apples, which according to Bulgarian certificates were being re-exported from Brazil, Morocco and China, actually came from EU countries, the Interfax news agency reported at the time.

south korea

- Bulgaria’s Prime Minister Boyko Borissov is going on an official visit to South Korea, which will last until September 27. The visit of the Bulgarian Prime Minister takes place on the eve of the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. This is the first visit of a Bulgarian Prime Minister to the Republic of Korea.   The second meeting of the Joint Bulgarian-Korean Economic Cooperation Commission in Seoul was held in mid-September, after which it became clear that the companies with South Korean participation in Bulgaria are 249, and the investments from the Asian country in Bulgaria amount to 213 million euros, which ranks it among the 30 countries in terms of total investment in Bulgaria.https://www.bnt.bg/en/a/bulgarias-prime-minister-boyko-borissov-goes-on-a-visit-to-south-korea

China
- agribusiness

• http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171127/PDF/a6_screen.pdf 中国─中东欧国家首个农产品物流中心及展示馆24日在保加利亚第二大城市普罗夫迪夫近郊的色雷斯经济区建成并投入运营。该物流中心以电商为主要平台，旨在促进中国和中东欧国家农业产品的贸易、销售、展示和流通。10多家来自中国的农产品公司和20多家保加利亚农业公司参加当天启动仪式。

- energy

• http://www.publics.bg/en/news/14804/ICBC_Interested_in_Bulgaria%E2%80%99s_Belene_NPP_Project.html The Industrial Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) is interested in financing Bulgaria’s Belene NPP project, the press center of the Bulgarian Council of Ministers announced. Bulgarian PM Boiko Borisov met with representatives of ICBC, VP for EU funds Tomislav Donchev and energy minister Temenuzhka Petkova were also present.

- airport

• http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-29/chinese-investors-to-finance-airport-luxury-hotels-in-bulgaria Chinese investors plan to spend about 270 million euros ($294 million) to build a cargo airport near Sofia, and develop luxury real estate to meet demand for seaside resort properties as Bulgaria’s economy picks up, an adviser to the projects said. Investments would cover the financing to build hotels, villas, a marina port and a casino in the Thracian Cliffs golf resort on the Black Sea, said Ilian Scarlatov, a managing partner at Mane Capital AD in Sofia, which is advising the deals. He declined to identify the Chinese investors until transactions are complete. “I hope both transactions will be finalized in about three months and construction works may start by mid-year,” Scarlatov said in an interview in Sofia on Thursday. Bulgaria, the European Union’s poorest member, is seeking to lure tourists to its Black Sea shore to help boost revenue as industry picks up. Prime Minister Boyko Borissov forecast on Jan. 19 that the economy will expand more than 3 percent this year, after growing 2.9 percent from a year earlier in the third quarter, driven by demand and exports machinery and oil products.
• hna to submit bid for airport hkej 19may17

- automobile

• http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201905/20/WS5ce20336a3104842260bc907.html Vehicles, made by a Bulgaria-based assembly plant of Great Wall Motor Co Ltd, are bound for the Italian market.

- ict

• http://www.reuters.com/article/us-zte-bulgaria-idUSKCN18A10Q?il=0 Bulgarian Development Holdings Ltd.(BDHL) has teamed up with Chinese telecom equipment maker ZTE Corp for a 1.5 billion euro ($1.6 billion) entertainment and commercial complex near Sofia, BDHL said on Sunday. BDHL, controlled by Chinese and Hong Kong investors, plans to launch the St. Sofia project, which will comprise a 2,000-room hotel, office buildings, a large aqua park, an exhibition center and an arena 20 km east of the Bulgarian capital in the second half of 2017.
• http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201903/28/WS5c9c5fc5a3104842260b314c.html A smart city project in Bulgarian capital Sofia, funded mostly by Chinese capital, will start construction by the end of March, according to a senior executive leading the initiative.Once up and running, the proposed high-tech entertainment and business complex, the first of its kind in Europe, is expected to create an incremental 1 percent of GDP growth and add at least 5,000 new jobs to the Eastern European nation, said Josie Lock, executive director of Chinese-owned Bulgaria Development Holdings Ltd, the major investor behind the massive project.

- film

• China's national performing arts theater chain CPAA Theaters and the Ivan Vazov National Theater of Bulgaria, signed a cooperation agreement in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, on Thursday during the third China-CEEC (Central and Eastern European Countries) Cultural Cooperation Forum.The agreement is the latest part of the Silk Road International League of Theaters, an open and developing institution initiated by CPAA Theaters in 2013. The institution comprises 81 theaters and organizations in 31 countries and regions.The Chinese and Bulgarian theaters will collaborate on events, such as an international cultural festival, and help develop cultural and artistic products in both countries.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-09/22/content_32325118.htm

- tourism

• http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/travel/2017-05/08/content_29242117.htm Chinese and Bulgarian officials in the Bulgarian capital on April 28 voiced hopes to boost tourism cooperation, promising to make full use of the countries' unique resources. At the opening of the conference of the "EU-China Tourism Year 2018: New Investment Opportunities for the Tourism Sector in Bulgaria", China's ambassador to Bulgaria Zhang Haizhou said: "Today's seminar reflects the strong desire of the Bulgarian side to tap its potential, improve its services and expand its market in tourism so as to attract more Chinese tourists."

- investors from china

• http://www.reuters.com/article/us-bulgaria-economy-alibaba-idUSKBN14V226 Chinese e-commerce group Alibaba is considering setting up a European logistics center in Bulgaria, the Bulgarian government and Xinhua said on Wednesday.

- bulgarians in china

• http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160403/PDF/a18_screen.pdf 甘揚道

Hong Kong
- http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/art/20151111/19367921 領航（399）近日宣佈，初步傾緊投資一個位於保加利亞嘅度假村。近呢兩年，唔少上市公司走去海外搞娛樂度假村，好似博華太平洋（1076）喺塞班島有個度假村項目，澳門勵駿（1680）又話同非洲佛得角共和國簽訂協議，計劃喺佛得角首都建成一個綜合消閒旅遊娛樂項目。藍鼎（582）就投資咗個濟州娛樂場。新近呢間領航話去保加利亞投資，初步傾緊可能成立合資公司或收購當地一個度假村，裏面包括有酒店、高爾夫球場同住宅物業。保加利亞喺希臘旁邊，出名出產玫瑰花。