royalty
- Petrović-Njegoš (Montenegrin and Serbian Cyrillic: Петровић-Његош, pl. Petrović-Njegoši / Петровић-Његоши) were the family that ruled Montenegro from 1696 to 1916. Montenegro had enjoyed de facto independence from the Ottoman Empire since 1711, but it only received formal international recognition as an independent principality in 1878.- Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола I Петровић-Његош; 7 October [O.S. 25 September] 1841 – 1 March 1921) was the ruler of Montenegro from 1860 to 1918, reigning as prince from 1860 to 1910 and as the country's first and only king from 1910 to 1918.Five of his daughters were married, each to princes and kings, giving Nikola the nickname "the father-in-law of Europe", a sobriquet he shared with the contemporary King of Denmark.
- The old Mediterranean port of Kotor is surrounded by fortifications built during the Venetian period. It is located on the Bay of Kotor (Boka Kotorska), one of the most indented parts of the Adriatic Sea. Some have called it the southern-most fjord in Europe, but it is a ria, a submerged river canyon. Kotor, first mentioned in 168 BC, was settled during Ancient Roman times, when it was known as Acruvium, Ascrivium, or Ascruvium (Ancient Greek: Ἀσκρήβιον) and was part of the Roman province of Dalmatia.Acruvium has been fortified since the early Middle Ages, when Emperor Justinian built a fortress above the town in 535, after expelling the Ostrogoths. This town was named Kotor in 9th century.[4] According to this source, in appointing the future town of Kotor, at the time the Hungarians often burst into the Bosnian Kingdom and that are repeatedly ravaged the territory of the Bosnian town of Kotor, which is the second book of Geography Gerard Rudniger marked as Vesekatro, "which is close to Banja Luka". It is possible that the vase derives from the notion of vassal (lat.vassallus, vassus = servant, from vassal of king of the Franks, and later other European rulers, who gets possession of the king as "leno" or feud) and possessive adjective cataro(= katar). One can not exclude the possibility that the Vasekatro was a refuge and/or settlement of Katars because they have the same root of vase Latin term for the noun vase (vasis, pl. vāsa, vasōrum = vessel, war machine), and guarantor, or endorser (= văs, vădis). The noblemen of the Bosnian Kotor, called Nendor, Miroslav, and Vuksan, along with some others, when he heard that the walls a new town on the sea, and they went with all his assets of high value in gold and silver to a known location, since the Bosnian Kingdom was rich in minerals of precious metal (gold, silver etc). When, according to Mihajlo Solinjanin (in the description of Dalmatia), arrived in Risan, announced their intention to raise the fortress in which to be sure. When they learned citizens of the settlement Ascrivium, urged that the planned cost of investing in the construction of a current city, "and that combined live as true friends and citizens".
The city (probably Ascrivium) was plundered by the Saracens in 840. Kotor was one of the more influential Dalmatian city-states of romanized Illyrians throughout the Middle Ages, and until the 11th century the Dalmatian language was spoken in Kotor. The city was part of Byzantine Dalmatia in that period. In 1002, the city suffered damage under the occupation of the First Bulgarian Empire, and in the following year it was ceded to Serbia by the Bulgarian Tsar Samuil. However, the local population resisted the pact and, taking advantage of its alliance with the Republic of Ragusa, only submitted in 1184, while maintaining its republican institutions and its right to conclude treaties and engage in war. It was already an episcopal see, and, in the 13th century, Dominican and Franciscan monasteries were established to check the spread of Bogomilism. During the Nemanjić dynasty-era, the city was autonomous. 1371 it came under suzerenity of Hungarian king who ruled Croatia and Hungary, and 1384. it became part of Kingdom of Bosnia under king Tvrtko I until 1420. The city acknowledged the suzerainty of the Republic of Venice in 1420. In the 14th century, commerce in Kotor competed with that of the nearby Republic of Ragusa and of the Republic of Venice.
- The city was part of the Venetian Albania province of the Venetian Republic from 1420 to 1797. It was besieged by the Ottomans in 1538 and 1657. Four centuries of Venetian domination have given the city the typical Venetian architecture, that contributes to make Kotor a UNESCO world heritage site.In the 14th- and 15th centuries, there was an influx of settlers from the oblasts of Trebinje (the region around forts Klobuk Ledenica and Rudina) and the Hum lands (Gacko and Dabar) to Kotor.[6] The Italian name of the city is Càttaro. Under Venetian rule, Kotor was besieged by the Ottoman Empire in 1538 and 1657, endured the plague in 1572, and was nearly destroyed by earthquakes in 1563 and 1667. It was also ruled by Ottomans at brief periods.
- After the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797, it passed to the Habsburg Monarchy. However, in 1805, it was assigned to the French Empire's client state, the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy by the Treaty of Pressburg, although in fact held by a Russian squadron under Dmitry Senyavin. After the Russians retreated, Kotor was united in 1806 with this Kingdom of Italy and then in 1810 with the French Empire's Illyrian Provinces. Kotor was captured by the British in an attack on the Bay led by Commodore John Harper in the brig sloop HMS Saracen (18 guns). To seal off Kotor, residents along the shore literally pulled the ship in windless conditions with ropes. The Saracen's crew later hauled naval 18-pounder guns above Fort St. John, the fortress near Kotor, and were reinforced by Captain William Hoste with his ship HMS Bacchante (38 guns). The French garrison had no alternative but to surrender, which it did on 5 January 1814. It was restored to the Habsburg Monarchy by the Congress of Vienna. Until 1918, the town, then known as Cattaro, was head of the district of the same name, one of the 13 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. In World War I, Kotor was one of three main bases of the Austro-Hungarian Navy and homeport to the Austrian Fifth Fleet, consisting of pre-dreadnought battleships and light cruisers. The area was the site of some of the fiercest battles between local Montenegrin Slavs and Austria-Hungary. After 1918, the city became a part of Yugoslavia and officially became known as Kotor.
- Between 1941 and 1943 the Kingdom of Italy annexed the area of Kotor which became one of three provinces of the Italian Governorate of Dalmatia - the Province of Cattaro
- note that winged lion statue in perast http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/travel/art/20170920/20157844
people
- Milo Đukanović (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Мило Ђукановић, pronounced [mǐːlɔ̝ d͡ʑǔkanɔ̝v̞it͡ɕ]; born 15 February 1962) is a Montenegrin politician. He served as Prime Minister of Montenegro in three governments from 1991 to 1998, as President of Montenegro from 1998 to 2002, and as Prime Minister again from 2003 to 2006, from 2008 to 2010, and from 2012 to 2016. Đukanović is also the long-term president of the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro, originally the Montenegrin branch of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, which has governed Montenegro since the introduction of multi-party politics.Born in Nikšić, to a middle-class family, his father, Radovan, was a judge, and his mother, Stana (née Maksimović), was a nurse.[9] He was named by his paternal grandmother after a relative, Milo, who fought in World War I together with Milo's grandfather Blažo (d. 1941).[9]His paternal ancestors settled in the Nikšić area after the Battle of Vučji Do (1876) from Čevo, Ozrinići tribe. Đukanović grew up in Rastovac, with younger brother Aco (born 1965) and older sister Ana (born 1960).[9] He completed primary and secondary school in his home town of Nikšić, before enrolling at Veljko Vlahović University's Faculty of Economics in Titograd where he graduated in 1986 with a diploma in tourism studies. As a youngster, Đukanović was an avid basketball player.
Nato
- http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21722872-nation-whose-premier-donald-trump-shoved-really-annoys-vladimir-putin-montenegro-completes In terms of muscle, Montenegro does not add much to NATO’s strength. It has 1,950 military personnel, 13 helicopters, two frigates and three patrol ships. Its defence budget is €50m, or 1.7% of GDP. But its soldiers have taken part in NATO, European Union and UN operations, including the war in Afghanistan. Mr Trump hectors NATO’s leaders about the need to spend 2% of GDP on defence, but he still signed off on Montenegro’s accession.
religion
- religious freedom law
- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50923647 Eighteen MPs were arrested by police as chaos broke out in Montenegro's parliament over a freedom of religion law that has sparked protests across the tiny Balkan republic.The law, which went through in the early hours of Friday, could enable the state to claim ownership of hundreds of religious buildings.Pro-Serb opposition MPs had tried to disrupt the vote and some were seen rushing towards the speaker.Bottles were hurled in the chamber.There was also one report of a firecracker or tear gas canister being thrown. Police entered the chamber, including some wearing gas masks. In all, 22 people were detained, including 18 MPs from the pro-Serbian opposition Democratic Front (DF).
orthodox church
- 奥斯特洛修道院 The Monastery of Ostrog (Serbian: Манастир Острог/Manastir Ostrog, pronounced [ǒstroɡ]) is a monastery of the Serbian Orthodox Church situated against an almost vertical background, high up in the large rock of Ostroška Greda, in Montenegro. It is dedicated to Saint Basil of Ostrog (Sveti Vasilije Ostroški), who was buried here. From the monastery, a superb view of the Bjelopavlići plain can be seen. The monastery is located in Danilovgrad Municipality, 50 km from Podgorica and 15 km from Nikšić. Ostrog monastery is the most popular pilgrimage place in Montenegro.The Monastery was founded by Vasilije, the Metropolitan Bishop of Herzegovina in the 17th century. He died there in 1671 and some years later he was glorified. His body is enshrined in a reliquary kept in the cave-church dedicated to the Presentation of the Mother of God to the Temple. The present-day look was given to the Monastery in 1923-1926, after a fire which had destroyed the major part of the complex. The two little cave-churches were spared and they are the key areas of the monument.During World War II, a detachment of Chetniks led by Blažo Đukanović and Bajo Stanišić took refuge at Ostrog up to October 18, 1943, when Yugoslav Partisans promised the Chetniks that their lives would be spared if they surrendered.[1] Đukanović and 23 Chetniks peacefully surrendered, expecting to be spared, but were all killed by the Partisans at Ostrog.[2] Stanišić and three members of his extended family initially did not surrender,[1] but did not survive at Ostrog. There are different accounts on what happened to Stanišić and his family; sources contradict each other on whether Stanišić and his family were killed fighting the Partisans[1] or committed suicide at Ostrog.
USA
- https://www.ft.com/content/9251043c-145c-11e7-80f4-13e067d5072c Montenegro’s bid to join Nato has moved a step closer, as the US Senate on Tuesday night overwhelmingly backed membership for the tiny Balkan state at the heart of a diplomatic tussle between Russia and the west.
Russia
- 北約 28個成員國的外長昨 日起在比利時布魯塞爾 舉行一連兩日會議，預計將會在今日 一致通過，正式邀請黑山加入為成員。北 約秘書長斯托爾滕貝格前日表示，黑山為加入 歐洲和大西洋的家庭已走了很長的道路，北約正式 邀請其加盟並展開會談，將是一個歷史性的決定，亦可 突顯出北約對巴爾幹半島西部的持續承諾。 俄外長：咄咄逼人 斯托爾滕貝格拒絕證實北約會否發出邀請，但有外交官員指 北約已向這個人口 65萬的國家「開綠燈」。一旦北約正式邀請 黑山加入，雙方將會就此展開會談，預計需時一年至一年半。黑 山加入北約別具歷史意義，因為 1999年南斯拉夫遭北約聯軍轟炸期 間，當時仍屬南斯拉夫的黑山亦成為目標。 上一次有巴爾幹半島國家加入北約已是 2009年，當時阿爾巴尼 亞和克羅地亞不顧俄羅斯反對，雙雙加入，令北約成員國增至 28 個。黑山計劃加入北約同樣引起俄國強烈抗議，俄外長拉夫羅 夫表示，黑山加入北約將向俄國傳達強力且咄咄逼人的訊 息。俄外交部發言人扎哈羅娃上周亦指，北約此舉不單止 無助維持巴爾幹地區和歐洲的和平穩定，亦會令本已緊 張的俄國北約關係愈趨複雜。據北約官員透露，俄國 已去信部分成員國，警告北約擴張並邀請黑山加入 對地區穩定毫無幫助。
china
- wind energy
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201905/06/WS5ccf9c01a3104842260b9fe3.html The Mozura Wind Park, whose construction started in November 2017, is a result of China-Malta-Montenegro cooperation within the framework of the China-proposed Belt and Road Initiative. The 92-million-euro (around $105 million) investment with a 46-MW capacity is set to stabilize local power supply and help the country better harness its rich renewable energy resources.
- Investors from china
- 中國鐵建股份有限公司中標 黑山鐵路項目，標誌着中國企業正式進軍歐洲 鐵路市場。 據中新社報道，中國鐵建旗下中土集團近日收 到黑山鐵路公司發來的黑山「Kolasin-Kos」段 鐵路修復改造項目中標通知書。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/10/15/a14-1015.pdf
- https://www.ft.com/content/d3d56d20-5a8d-11e9-9dde-7aedca0a081a Just north of Montenegro’s sleepy capital of Podgorica, workers are boring two road tunnels into the mountains that give the country its name. The work is arduous — and contentious. The highway, ultimately intended to link the Adriatic port of Bar to Serbia’s capital Belgrade, has been a symbol of Montenegro’s desire to build a state even before it declared independence in 2006. But its problematic construction has come to exemplify China’s divisive investment on the fringes of the EU and the pitfalls of funding large infrastructure projects with loans from Beijing. The Montenegrin government’s borrowing from China to finance the road’s cost, estimated at €1.3bn, has sent the country’s debt soaring from 63 per cent of gross domestic product in 2012 to almost 80 per cent. If Montenegro were to default, the terms of its contract for the loans even give China the right to access Montenegrin land as collateral.
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