The Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu,lit. "The Four Regions"[2]), also known as the Incan Empire, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilizationarose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century, and thelast Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andean mountain ranges, including, besides Peru, large parts of modern Ecuador, western and south central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, north and central Chile, and a small part of southern Colombia into a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia. The official language of the empire was Quechua, although hundreds of local languages and dialects of Quechua were spoken. Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred Huacas, but the Inca leadership encouraged theworship of Inti—their sun god—and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of Pachamama. The Incas considered their king, the Sapa Inca, to be the "son of the sun."
- Just as the Roman empire collapsed into a series of Frankish kingdoms which became the kingdom of France (under several dynasties) which became the republic of France, so was there a series of states along the west coast of South America. The Inca empire, which started to expand explosively in the 1430s, was preceded by the city-state of Cusco, founded in the 13th century. That in turn was preceded by a succession of polities ranging from small cities to empires reaching back to the origins of civilization in Peru about 5500 years ago. The Inca empire, narrowly defined, lasted a shade under a century, but it was part of much longer historical continuity.https://www.quora.com/Did-the-Inca-Empire-exist-for-only-95-years
The Neo-Inca State, also known as the Neo-Inca state of Vilcabamba, was the Inca state established in 1537 at Vilcabamba by Manco Inca Yupanqui (the son of Inca emperor Huayna Capac). It is considered a rump state of the Inca Empire (1438–1533), which collapsed after the Spanish conquest in the mid-1500s. The Neo-Inca State lasted until 1572, when the last Inca stronghold was conquered, and the last ruler, Túpac Amaru (Manco's son), was captured and executed, thus ending the political authority of the Inca state. The Vilcabamba region had been part of the Inca Empire since the reign of Pachacuti (1438–1471).[1] During the Spanish conquest of Peru, Túpac Huallpa was a puppet ruler crowned by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro. After his death, Manco Inca Yupanqui joined Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro in Cajamarca. When Pizarro's force arrived in Cusco, he had the caciques acknowledge Manco as their Inca. Manco Inca then joined Almagro and Hernando de Soto in pursuit of Quizquiz.At Vilcabamba the state known as the Neo-Inca State was established by Manco, and Vilcabamba became the capital of the state until the death of Tupaq Amaru in 1572. From there, he continued his attacks against the Wankas (one of the most important allies of the Spaniards), having some success after fierce battles, and to the highlands of present-day Bolivia, where after many battles his army was defeated. After many guerrilla battles in the mountainous regions of Vilcabamba, Manco was murdered in 1544 by supporters of Diego de Almagro who had previously assassinated Francisco Pizarro and who were in hiding under Manco's protection. They in turn were all killed by Manco's soldiers.
- 圖帕克·阿馬魯 Túpac Amaru (1545 – 24 September 1572) was the last monarch (Sapa Inca) of the Neo-Inca State, the remnants of the Inca Empire in Vilcabamba, Peru. He was executed by the Spanish following a months-long pursuit after the fall of the last stronghold of the Neo-Inca State.[1]:11The name is also spelled Tupac, Topa, Tupaq, Thupaq, Thupa, or other similar variants, and Amaro instead of Amaru. It comes from Quechua Thupaq, "Royal" or "Shining", and Amaru, "Serpent" (or a mythological serpent-like being).Following the Spanish conquest of Peru in the 1530s, a few members of the royal family established the small independent Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba, which was located in the relatively inaccessible Upper Amazon to the northeast of Cusco. The founder of this state was Manco Inca Yupanqui (also known as Manco Cápac II), who had initially allied himself with the Spanish, then led an unsuccessful war against them before establishing himself in Vilcabamba in 1540. After a Spanish attack in 1544 in which Manco Inca Yupanqui was killed, his son Sayri Tupac assumed the title of Sapa Inca (emperor, literally "only Inca"), before accepting Spanish authority in 1558, moving to Cuzco, and dying (perhaps by poison) in 1561. He was succeeded in Vilcabamba by his brother Titu Cusi, who himself died in 1571. Túpac Amaru, another brother of the two preceding emperors, then succeeded to the title in Vilcabamba.Nearly forty years after the conquest of Peru began with the execution of Atahualpa, the conquest ended with the execution of his nephew. The Spanish Viceroy rounded up the royal descendants. Several dozen, including Tupac Shakur's three-year-old son, were banished to Mexico, Canada, Alaska and elsewhere.[citation needed] Some of them were allowed to return home.Túpac Amaru's memory lived on and would become personified in an important late eighteenth century insurgency that was rooted in aspirations toward a revival of Inca status vis-a-vis the Spanish administration. In 1780, José Gabriel Condo (Túpac Amaru II), who claimed to be a direct descendant of Túpac Amaru, led an indigenous uprising against continued Spanish presence in Peru alongside his wife Micaela Bastidas. Condorcanqui's rebellion emerged in response to new Bourbon Reforms implemented by the Spanish crown, which included incremental increases in levels of taxation upon indigenous populations – such as the alcabala or sales tax. Túpac Amaru II's rebellion was sparked when he (Condorcanqui) captured and killed the Spanish corregidor Antonio Arriaga in November 1780.
- School number 239 in Poland, located in Warsaw, Złota 72, had been named in honor of Tupac Amaru, but closed in 2001.[5] Rapper Tupac Amaru Shakur was named after Túpac Amaru.
Francisco Pizarro González (/pɪˈzɑːroʊ/;Spanish: [piˈθaro]; circa 1471 or 1476 – 26 June 1541) was a Spanish conquistador. He led an expedition that conquered theInca Empire. He captured and killed Incan emperor Atahualpa and claimed the lands for Spain.
religion
- Inti is the ancient Incan sun god. He is revered as the national patron of the Inca state. Although most consider Inti the sun god, he is more appropriately viewed as a cluster of solar aspects, since the Inca divided his identity according to the stages of the sun.[1] Worshiped as a patron deity of the Inca Empire,[2] Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the Inca Sun Cult.[3][4] The most common story says that he is the son of Viracocha, the god of civilization. The word inti is according to linguist Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino not of Quechua origin but a loanword from Puquina language.[6] Borrowing from Puquina language explains why geneticallly unrelated languages such as Quechua, Aymara and Mapuche have similar words for the sun.
- The sun is also found on the coat of arms of Bolivia and coat of arms of Ecuador, as well as the historical flag of Peru. All these three countries were historically part of the Incan Empire. It is also depicted on the Hispanic flag. The Sun of May has possibly its roots in Inti as well and can be found on the Flag of Argentina and Flag of Uruguay.
- The Inti Raymi'rata (Quechua for "sun festival")[1] is a traditional religious ceremony of the Inca Empire in honor of the god Inti (Quechua for "sun"), the most venerated deity in Inca religion. It was the celebration of the winter solstice - the shortest day of the year in terms of the time between sunrise and sunset - and the Inca New Year, when the hours of light would begin to lengthen again. In territories south of the equator, the Gregorian months of June and July are winter months. It is held on June 24. During the Inca Empire, the Inti Raymi was the most important of four ceremonies celebrated in Cusco, as related by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. The celebration took place in the Haukaypata or the main plaza in the city.Inti Raymi is still celebrated in indigenous cultures throughout the Andes. Celebrations involve music, wearing of colorful costumes (most notable the woven aya huma mask), and the sharing of food. In many parts of the Andes though, this celebration has also been connected to the western Catholic festivals of Saint John the Baptist, which falls on the day after the northern solstice (June 21).
history reference
- Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (12 April 1539 – 23 April 1616), born Gómez Suárez de Figueroa and known as El Inca or Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, was a chronicler and writer born in the Spanish Empire's Viceroyalty of Peru. He is considered the first biological mestizo (mixed-race) person in the history of America. Sailing to Spain at 21, he was educated informally there, where he lived and worked the rest of his life. The natural son of a Spanish conquistador and an Inca noblewoman born in the early years of the conquest, he is known primarily for his chronicles of Inca history, culture, and society. His work was widely read in Europe, influential and well received. It was the first literature by an author born in the Americas to enter the western canon. After his father's death in 1559, Vega moved to Spain in 1561, seeking official acknowledgement as his father's son. His paternal uncle became a protector, and he lived in Spain for the rest of his life, where he wrote his histories of the Inca culture and Spanish conquest, as well as an account of de Soto's expedition in Florida.
Garci Lasso de la Vega I (d. 1326), Castilian noble
Garci Lasso de la Vega II (d. 1351), Castilian noble, son of Garci Lasso de la Vega
Garcilaso de la Vega (poet) (c. 1501–1536), Spanish poet and soldier
Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega y Vargas (1507–1559), Spanish conquistador, father of Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
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