Romania

Note the coat of arms

Royalty
- Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma, also known as Queen Anne of Romania (Anne Antoinette Françoise Charlotte Zita Marguerite of Bourbon-Parma, 18 September 1923 – 1 August 2016), was the wife of former king Michael I of Romania. Anne was born in Paris, France, the only daughter of Prince René of Bourbon-Parma and Princess Margaret of Denmark. With her three brothers she spent her childhood in France. Their holidays were spent alternately at the Villa Pianore in Lucca with their paternal grandmother the Dowager Duchess of Parma, or at Bernstorff Palace in Copenhagen with their maternal grandfather. In 1939 her family fled from the Nazis and escaped to Spain. From there they went on to Portugal and then to the United States. She attended the Parsons School of Design in New York City from 1940 to 1943. She also worked as a sales assistant at Macy's department store. In 1943, she volunteered for military service in the French Army. She served in Algeria, Morocco, Italy, Luxembourg and in liberated Germany, as an ambulance driver. Anne received the French Croix de guerre for her wartime service.



Government
- national anti-corruption directorate http://www.pna.ro/

Bacău (Romanian pronunciation: [baˈkəw]); German: Barchau, Hungarian: Bákó) is the main city in Bacău County, Romania. At the 2016 national estimation it had a population of 196,883, making it the 12th largest city in Romania. The city is situated in the historical region of Moldavia.
- The town's name, which features in Old Church Slavonic documents as Bako, Bakova or Bakovia, comes most probably from a personal name.^[2] Men bearing the name Bakó or Bako are documented in medieval Transylvania^[3] and in 15th-century Bulgaria, but according to Victor Spinei the name itself is of Turkic – most probably of Cuman or Pecheneg – origin.^[4]Nicolae Iorga believes that the city's name is of Hungarian origin (as Adjud and Sascut).^[5] Another theory suggests that the town's name has a Slavic origin, pointing to the Proto-Slavic word byk, meaning "ox" or "bull", the region being very suitable for raising cattle; the term, rendered into Romanian alphabet as bâc, was probably the origin of Bâcău.^[6] In German it is known as Barchau, in Hungarian as Bákó and in Turkish as Baka.Alexander the Good donated the wax collected as part of the tax payable by the town to the nearby Orthodox Bistrița Monastery. It was most probably his first wife named Margaret who founded the Franciscan Church of the Holy Virgin in Bacău.^[21] But the main Catholic church in the town was dedicated to Saint Nicholas.^[3] A letter written by John of Rya, the Catholic bishop of Baia refers to Bacău as a civitas which implies the existence of a Catholic bishopric in the town at that time. The letter also reveals that Hussite immigrants who had undergone persecutions in Bohemia, Moravia, or Hungary were settled in the town and granted privileges by Alexander the Good. The monastery of Bistrița was also granted the income from the customs house of Bacău in 1439.

******巴拉索夫Brașov According to Balázs Orbán, the name Corona – a Latin word meaning "crown" – is first mentioned in the Catalogus Ninivensis in 1235 AD, stating a monastic quarter existed in the territory of theRoman Catholic Diocese of Cumania (In Hungaria assignata est paternitas Dyocesis Cumanie: Corona). Pál Binder supposing it is a reference to the St. Catherine's Monastery. Others suggest the name derives from the old coat of arms of the city, as it is symbolized by the German name Kronstadt meaning "Crown City". The two names of the city, Kronstadt and Corona, were used simultaneously in the Middle Ages, along with the Medieval LatinBrassovia.Another historical name used for Brașov is Stephanopolis, 'from "Stephanos", crown, and "polis", city.  From 1950 to 1960, during part of the Communist period in Romania, the city was called Orașul Stalin (Stalin City), lit."Stalin City", after the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.In 1211, by order of King Andrew II of Hungary, the Teutonic Knights fortified the Burzenlandto defend the border of the Kingdom of Hungary. On the site of the village of Brașov, the Teutonic Knights built Kronstadt – 'the City of the Crown'.^[16] Although the crusaders were evicted by 1225, the colonists they brought in long ago remained, along with local population in three distinct settlements they founded on the site of Brașov:

• Corona, around the Black Church (Biserica Neagră);
• Martinsberg, west of Cetățuia Hill;
• Bartholomä, on the eastern side of Sprenghi Hill.

The first Jewish community in Brașov was established in 1828, joining the Neologassociation in 1868. Orthodox Jews founded their religious organization in 1877.
- national anthem of romania was first sung in late June in 1848 in the city of Brașov, on the streets of Șcheiquarter.

- 城市十四世紀由德國人建造，擁有一 座誕生於同世紀、源自意大利的哥德風格 教堂，因其外表黝黑，名號 「黑教堂」 。 我們在歐洲見過太多教堂，加之不允拍 照，留下的印象淡泊。從建造年代考量， 它應屬德國樣式。城市許多房舍的外觀， 也與我們在德國常見的雷同。旅遊書介紹，必須要到Tampa山上某 餐廳嘬一頓，方算是領受了羅馬尼亞美 食。我們的住地近水樓台，也遇過客滿而 碰釘。最後總算是進去了，也只等到門口 的桌子，要不時遭受開門關門吹進的冷 風。歐洲再窮的國家，有點名氣的餐廳都 講究門面與舒適，這家也不例外地顯出了 高雅小資的設計感。飯店老闆操流利英文 推介了吃食。餐品味道和別的歐洲國家大 同小異，惟是有種生醃鴨肉頗見特色。一 片片紅艷艷的生鴨肉，整齊地碼在一隻深 碗裏，再澆以各種佐料。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20210625/PDF/b5_screen.pdf

Țara Bârsei or the Burzenland (Țara Bârsei; Hungarian: Barcaság) is a historic and ethnographic area in southeastern Transylvania, Romania with a mixed population of Romanians, Germans, and Hungarians.  The Romanian word bârsă is supposedly of Dacian origin. 

- Based on archaeological evidence, it seems German colonization of the region started in the middle of the 12th century during the reign of King Géza II of Hungary. The German colonists from this region are attested in documents as early as 1192 when terra Bozza is mentioned as being settled by Germans (Theutonici).

- Transylvanian Saxons remained in the Burzenland until the 20th century. Beginning in 1976, most of these Germans began to immigrate to West Germany with the approval of the Communist Romanian regime.

卡拉卡爾 Caracal (Romanian pronunciation: [kaˈrakal] ) is a city in Olt county, Romania, situated in the historic region of Oltenia, on the plains between the lower reaches of the Jiu and Olt rivers. The region's plains are well known for their agricultural specialty in cultivating grains and over the centuries, Caracal has been the trading center for the region's agricultural output. While 19th century historians thought that the name of Caracal is linked to Roman Emperor Caracalla, the current accepted etymology is that city's name is derived from the Cuman language kara kale meaning "Black fortress" (kara, meaning "black", and kal, either from the Turkish kale, or the Arabic qal'at, both meaning fortress).

康斯坦察Constanța (UK: /kɒnˈstæntsə/, US: /kənˈstɑːn(t)sə/, Romanian: [konˈstantsa] ; Greek: Κωνστάντζα, romanized: Kōnstántza, or Κωνστάντια Kōnstántia; Bulgarian: Кюстенджа, romanized: Kjustendža, or Констанца Konstanca; Turkish: Köstence), historically known as Tomis (Ancient Greek: Τόμις),^[8] is the oldest continuously inhabited city in Romania. It was founded around 600 BC. The city is located in the Northern Dobruja region of Romania, on the Black Sea coast. It is the capital of Constanța County and the largest city in the historical region of Dobruja.According to Jordanes (after Cassiodorus), the foundation of the city was ascribed to Tomyris, the queen of the Massagetae (the origin and deeds of the Goths):"After achieving this victory (against Cyrus the Great) and winning so much booty from her enemies, Queen Tomyriscrossed over into that part of Moesiawhich is now called Lesser Scythia - a name borrowed from Great Scythia -, and built on the Moesian shore of the Black Sea the city of Tomi, named after herself."Las numerosas inscripciones encontradas en la ciudad y su vecindad muestran que Constanza se encuentra donde estaba situada la ciudad de Tomis.Tomis (también llamada Tomi) fue una colonia griega en la provincia de Escitia a orillas del mar Negro, fundada alrededor del 500 a. C. por los intercambios comerciales con las poblaciones daco-géticas locales.Probablemente el nombre deriva del griego Τόμη que significa corte, sección. Según la Biblioteca mitológica de Apolodoro fue fundada por Eetes:
- In 29 BC, the Romanscaptured the region from the Odryses, and annexed it as far as the Danube, under the name of Limes Scythicus ("Scythian Frontier").Tomis was later renamed to Constantiana in honour of Constantia, the half-sister of Roman Emperor Constantine the Great(274-337). The earliest known usage of this name was "Κωνστάντια" ("Constantia") in 950.On October 22, 1916 (during World War I), the Central Powers (German, Turkish and Bulgarian troops) occupied Constanța. According to the Treaty of Bucharest of May 1918, article X.b.^[14] (a treaty never ratified by Romania), Constanța remained under the joint control of the Central Powers. Allied troops liberated the city in 1918 after the successful offensive on the Macedonian front knocked Bulgaria out of the war.In the interwar years, the city became Romania's main commercial hub, so that by the 1930s over half of the national exports were going through the port. During World War II, when Romania joined the Axis powers, Constanța was one of the country's main targets for the Allied bombers. While the town was left relatively unscathed, the port suffered extensive damage, recovering only in the early 1950s.

Iași ([jaʃʲ] ; also referred to as Jassy or Iassy) is the largest city in eastern Romania and the seat of Iași County. Located in the historical region of Moldavia, Iași has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Romanian social, cultural, academic and artistic life. The city was the capital of the Principality of Moldavia from 1564 to 1859, then of the United Principalities from 1859 to 1862, and the capital of Romania from 1916 to 1918. Known as The Cultural Capital of Romania, Iași is a symbol in Romanian history. The historian Nicolae Iorga said "There should be no Romanian who does not know of it".^[8] Still referred to as The Moldavian Capital, Iași is the main economic and business centre of the Moldavian region of Romania.

- Archaeological investigations attest to the presence of human communities on the present territory of the city and around it as far back as the prehistoric age. Later settlements included those of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture, a late Neolithic archaeological culture. There is archaeological evidence of human settlements in the area of Iași dating from the 6th to 7th centuries (Curtea Domnească) and 7th to 10th centuries; these settlements contained rectangular houses with semicircular ovens. Also a lot of vessels (9th-11th centuries) found in Iaşi had a cross, showing that inhabitants were Christians.

- The name of the city is first found in a document from 1408. This is a grant of certain commercial privileges by the Moldavian Prince Alexander to the Polish merchants of Lvov. However, as buildings older than 1408 still exist, e.g. the Armenian Church believed to be originally built in 1395, it is certain that the city existed before its first mentioning.

普拉霍瓦縣Prahova County (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈprahova]) is a county (județ) of Romania, in the historical region Muntenia, with the capital city at Ploiești.

- 錫納亞Sinaia (Romanian pronunciation: [siˈnaja]) is a town and a mountain resort in Prahova County, Romania. It is situated in the historical region of Muntenia. The town was named after the Sinaia Monastery of 1695, around which it was built. The monastery in turn is named after the Biblical Mount Sinai. King Carol I of Romania built his summer home, Peleș Castle, near the town in the late nineteenth century.The city is a popular destination for hiking and winter sports, especially downhill skiing. Among the tourist landmarks, the most important are Peleș Castle, Pelișor Castle, Sinaia Monastery, Sinaia Casino, Sinaia train station, and the Franz Joseph and Saint Anne Cliffs. Sinaia was also the summer residence of the Romanian composer George Enescu, who stayed at the Luminiș villa.

錫比烏Now the capital of the Sibiu County, between 1692 and 1791 and 1849–65 Sibiu was also the capital of the Principality of Transylvania.Nicknamed The City with Eyes, Personalities include Conrad Haas and Hermann Oberth, who were pioneers of rocketry.^[13] The company Elrond, which created the eGold cryptocurrency (among the biggest in the world), was founded by people from Sibiu.Historically, Sibiu has been one of the most important centres of the Transylvanian Saxons. It is called Härmeschtat in their dialect.The name of the city derives from Latinname of Cibinium,^[18] which is also the source of the Cibin river's name. An archaic version of the Romanian name Sibiu is Sibiiu, while an obsolete folk name is Sâghii, formerly spelled Sîghii. Its Hungarian name is Nagyszeben("Big/Greater Sibiu"), or colloquially, Szeben.

- ************Sibiu was initially a Daco-Roman city called Cedonia. The town was refounded by Saxon (German) settlers brought there by king Géza II of Hungary. They came from territories of the Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of France (nowadays parts of Germany, France and the Benelux countries) and arrived at around 1147.

坦帕山Tâmpa (German: Zinne, or Kapellenberg; Hungarian: Cenk; Latin: Mons Cinum) is a mountain, part of the Postăvarul Massif, located in the southern part of the Eastern Carpathians (alternatively categorized as in the Curvature Carpathians) and almost entirely surrounded by the city of Braşov.Most of the mountain (1.5 km²) is a declared nature reserve, due to the rare animal species (bears, birds, butterflies—35% of Romanian butterfly species) and plant species (a rare Liverleaf variety, Transylvanian Windgrass) that are found there. A number of routes to the summit exist: there are 25 winding paths cut in 1837 by Brașov's forest administration; Gabony's stairs; the Knights' road, dating to the days of the Brașovia citadel; and an auto road. A cable car makes the journey between the cabin/restaurant Casa Pădurarului at the base of the mountain to the Restaurantul Panoramic, on its crest, in under three minutes. The view from the summit is spectacular, offering a panoramic view of the city; on a clear day, the entire Burzenland is visible.The etymology of the word Tâmpa, a name shared by several mountains, has been much discussed among Romanian linguists. Nicolae Drăganu started from the observation that Albanian and southern Italian dialects as well as Catalan have very similar words meaning "boulder", "hillock" or "rocky incline". He then proposed a pre-Roman, Thracian origin (*timpa), meaning "strait, mountain valley" and "mountain, rocky mountain". He was unclear as to whether the word entered Romanian directly or through Latin. Constantin Diculescu accepted the theory without important changes, pointing out that τὑμφα means "hillock" in Doric Greek. Brașovia Citadel was one of the seven castles that provided the German name for Transylvania: Siebenbürgen. The building, located between the peak and the crest of Tâmpa, is presumed to have been raised in the time of the Teutonic Knights (1212–1218), or if not, was certainly fortified then. In 1241, several Brașov families were able to shelter themselves there from Tatar raids. In 1397, before the war against the Turks began, Mircea I of Wallachia placed his family safe in the citadel. In 1421, the people of Brașov took refuge in the citadel, threatened as they were by Sultan Murad II. That year, the citadel was given as surety to the sultan, as the Turks dominated the city from on high. Thus, the fortification became dangerous for Brașov's inhabitants and for the entire area. After succeeding in taking it back, with the help of John Hunyadi, the inhabitants decided to demolish it. Its stones were used to fortify the citadel in the valley, then just being built.

烏列什蒂鄉  Uliești is a commune in Dâmbovița County, southern Romania with a population of 4,455 people. It is composed of eight villages: Croitori, Hanu lui Pală, Jugureni, Mănăstioara, Olteni, Ragu, Stavropolia and Uliești. The commune lies among an important but non highway route (61) leading to and from Găești. On the eastern front, its border is the Argeș River. Through the heart of the commune runs the river Neajlov.
- stavropolia

• <to get more info> any links with cuba, lebanon?

association/institution
- The Romanian Institute for the Study of the Asia-Pacific (RISAP) is a non-governmental organization and the first Romanian think-tank that focuses on the Asia-Pacific region.

company
- pharmaceutical

• Fiterman Pharma este o companie producătoare de medicamente din Iași, România. Este deținută de familia Fiterman. Fiterman Pharma este primul producător de medicamente cu capital integral privat românesc din zona Moldovei, compania fiind înființată la Iași în anul 1995. În anul 2012 compania avea un portofoliu de aproape 50 de produse și peste 100 de angajați. Familia Fiterman deține și grupul Arcadia din Iași care cuprinde Arcadia Hospital, Arcadia Policlinic și Arcadia Cardio.Istoria companiei a început după ce Solomon Fiterman, tatăl lui Dan Fiterman, a plecat în Israel în 1976, de unde a revenit în 1985 pentru a face medicina la Iași.^[1] Revoluția l-a prins cu un capital substanțial în Israel, strâns din afaceri cu cablu TV în perioada șederii acolo.^[1] A fondat, alături de Vasile Burlui, Universitatea Apollonia și a deschis prima clădire de birouri din Iași.

- sebastian

• exhibitor of jan 2017 tdc fashion week 

people
- Petre Roman (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈpetre ˈroman]; born 22 July 1946) is a Romanian politician who was Prime Minister of Romania from 1989 to 1991, when his government was overthrown by the intervention of the miners led by Miron Cozma. He was the first prime minister since 1945 who was not a Communist or fellow traveler. He was also the president of the Senate from 1996 to 1999 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1999 to 2000. He was leader of the Democratic Force party, which he founded after leaving the Democratic Party in 2003. Currently, he is an MP in the Lower Chamber, elected in 2012. He had been removed from his seat in 2015 after being charged by the National Integrity Agency with incompatibility, but restored to office in 2016 after the Court of Appeals overturned the ruling. He is also a member of the Club of Madrid, a group of more than 80 former democratic statesmen, which works to strengthen democratic governance and leadership.
Roman was born in Bucharest. His father, Valter Roman, born Ernst or Ernő Neuländer of Transylvanian Hungarian–Jewish descent, was a veteran of the Spanish Civil War, a Comintern activist, and a prominent member of the Romanian Communist Party. His mother Hortensia Vallejo was a Spanish exiled who would become director of the Spanish session of Radio Romania International. The couple married in Moscow, and he has several siblings. In 1974 Roman married Mioara Georgescu, with whom he has a daughter, Oana. In February 2007, husband and wife confirmed that they were divorcing; the divorce was made final on Good Friday, 6 April 2007. In June 2009, he married a pregnant Silvia Chifiriuc (who is 26 years his junior) in a Romanian Orthodox wedding. Roman first rose to prominence during the Romanian Revolution of 1989, when he was among the crowd occupying the National Television building, and broadcasting messages expressing revolutionary triumph. He became provisional prime minister after the overthrow of the Communist regime, and was confirmed in office in June 1990, three months after the country's first free election in 53 years.


university
- The Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava (Romanian: Universitatea "Ștefan cel Mare" din Suceava), also known as University of Suceava, is a public university in Suceava, Romania, founded in 1990. It was named in honor of the Moldavian Prince Stefan the Great. Started in 1963 as the Institute of Pedagogy, the institution had three faculties: Letters, Mathematics and Physics, History and Geograp

Transylvania (Romanian: Transilvania orArdeal, Hungarian: Erdély, German:Siebenbürgen or Transsilvanien, Polish:Siedmiogród, Latin: Transsilvania, Turkish:Erdel) is a historical region located in what is today the central part of Romania. Bound on the east and south by its natural borders, the Carpathian mountain range, historical Transylvania extended westward to theApuseni Mountains. The term sometimes encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also the historical regions of Crișana,Maramureș and the Romanian part of Banat. The region of Transylvania is known for the scenic beauty of its Carpathian landscape and its rich history. It also contains major cities such as Cluj-Napoca, Brașov andSibiu. In the English-speaking world it has been commonly associated with vampires, chiefly due to the influence of Bram Stoker's famous novel Dracula as well as the many later film adaptations.

- people

• Moses Székely (Hungarian: Székely Mózes; c. 1553 – 17 July 1603) was Prince of Transylvania in 1603. He was a military leader under Prince Sigismund Báthory. After the latter's third and final abdication in 1601, Transylvania was controlled by the mercenaries of Habsburg general Giorgio Basta. In April 1603, Székely instigated the native Transylvanian forces to rebel and, with the support of Turkish-Tartarian auxiliary forces, routed Basta's troops. On 8 May 1603, Székely claimed the title of a Prince of Transylvania, but his rule proved unstable, as his Tartarian mercenaries outdid Basta's troops in cruelty and Radu Șerban, the new Voivode of Wallachia attacked as an ally of the Habsburgs. Mózes' own kinsmen, the Székely, joined forces with the invaders, who defeated and killed Mózes in the Battle of Brașov on 17 July 1603. Radu withdrew to Wallachia, making way for a return of Basta's mercenaries. Székely was the only Székely monarch of the Transylvanian Principality.
• Sigismund Báthory (Hungarian: Báthory Zsigmond; 1573 – 27 March 1613) was Prince of Transylvania several times between 1586 and 1602, and Duke of Racibórz and Opole in Silesia in 1598. His father, Christopher Báthory, ruled Transylvania as voivode (or deputy) of the absent prince, Stephen Báthory. Sigismund was still a child when the Diet of Transylvania elected him voivode at his dying father's request in 1581. Initially, regency councils administered Transylvania on his behalf, but Stephen Báthory made János Ghyczy the sole regent in 1585. Sigismund adopted the title of prince after Stephen Báthory died. The Diet proclaimed Sigismund to be of age in 1588, but only after he agreed to expel the Jesuits. Pope Sixtus V excommunicated him, but the ban was lifted in 1590, and the Jesuits returned a year later. His blatant favoritism towards the Catholics made him unpopular among his Protestant subjects. He decided to join the Holy League against the Ottoman Empire. Since he could not convince the Diet to support his plan, he renounced the throne in July 1594, but the commanders of the army convinced him to revoke his abdication. At their proposal, he purged the noblemen who opposed the war against the Ottomans. He officially joined the Holy League and married Maria Christina of Habsburg, a niece of the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph II. The marriage was never consummated. Michael the Brave, Voivode of Wallachia, and Ștefan Răzvan, Voivode of Moldavia, acknowledged his suzerainty. Their united forces defeated an Ottoman army in the Battle of Giurgiu. The triumph was followed by a series of Ottoman victories, and Sigismund abdicated in favor of Rudolph II in early 1598, receiving the duchies of Racibórz and Opole as a compensation. His maternal uncle, Stephen Bocskai, persuaded him to return in late summer, but he could not make peace with the Ottoman Empire. He renounced Transylvania in favor of Andrew Báthory and settled in Poland in 1599. During the following years, Transylvania was regularly pillaged by unpaid mercenaries and Ottoman marauders. Sigismund returned at the head of a Polish army in 1601, but he could not strengthen his position. He again abdicated in favor of Rudolph and settled in Bohemia in July 1602. After he was accused of a conspiracy against the emperor, he spent fourteen months in jail in Prague in 1610 and 1611. He died at his Bohemian estate.

- nobles

• The Kálnoky family is a Transylvanian noble family. The Kálnoky family history can be traced back to medieval times. In 1252 the family was documented in Székely Land,^[1][2][3] in the eastern part of Transylvania, as comes (chief) of the Szekler 'Sepsi' tribe. Since their first documentation, the family have been primores (magnates) of the Szekler people in Transylvania. They are styled as Count Kálnoky Baron of Kőröspatak since 1697 when a Kálnoky was chancellor of Transylvania at the court of Vienna. At the beginning of the 18th century, through multiple marriages, the Kálnoky's became close to Prince Constantin Brancoveanu, ruler of Wallachia. An entire generation grew up in Bucharest at the prince's court, and held public functions there. To support Austria's Empress Maria Theresia in the Erbfolgekrieg War of the Austrian Succession, the family established a regiment of hussars in 1741 which bore their name. The daughter of the Austrian empire's first chancellor married into the Kálnoky family, who thus inherited some of the chancellor's possessions in Moravia. Two hundred years of military and political careers followed for the family in Austria. The Kálnoky's had a hereditary seat in the House of Lords in Vienna. Under Emperor Franz Joseph I, Count Gustav Kálnoky presided over the joint (Austrian and Hungarian) council of ministers, was minister of the Imperial House and of Foreign Affairs. Effectively, he was the emperor's right hand between 1881 and 1895. He signed the Triple Alliance (1882) between the Austro-Hungarian empire, Germany and Italy. He extended this in 1883 by signing a secret treaty with Romania for reciprocal military support. Besides their outstanding military and political careers, the Kálnoky's have been known for their advantageous wedding strategies. Several members married heiresses of aristocratic families on the verge of extinction, thus considerably increasing the Kálnoky's assets and influence in central and western Europe. Count Hugo Kálnoky married Countess Marie Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein, a niece of British Queen Victoria’s consort Prince Albert. Countesses Kálnoky also married into the Houses of Habsburg, Hohenzollern, Liechtenstein and others.

• https://www.ft.com/content/83435ec8-782e-11e7-a3e8-60495fe6ca71 count tibor kalnoky

- dracula

• The idea of the aristocratic Count Dracula turning up in China and commanding a troupe of supernatural Chinese acolytes trained in kung fu sounds bizarre. But that’s just what happened in 1974’s The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires.The unlikely film, which was shot entirely in Hong Kong and primarily at Shaw Studios, was a collaboration between Shaw Brothers and Britain’s Hammer Film Productions, well known for lurid horror movies like Dracula and The Curse of Frankenstein during the late 1950s and 1960s.It paired Hammer regular Peter Cushing, as the legendary vampire slayer Professor Van Helsing, with martial arts legend David Chiang Da-wei, who played the leader of a group of Chinese vampire hunters who help him track down the Count in China.The story begins in Transylvania – in reality, a hill in the New Territories – when a Chinese priest (Chan Shen) visits Count Dracula (John Forbes-Robinson) in his tomb and tells him that seven golden-masked vampires await resurrection in a small village in China. Dracula accedes to the priest’s request to go to China, and ungraciously takes over his body.The film then cuts to “Chungking” (Chongqing) in 1904, where famed vampire hunter Van Helsing (Cushing) is delivering a speech about vampires in a university. Oddly, the audience claim that Chinese people are not superstitious, and walk out – except for Hsi Ching (David Chiang), who tells Cushing that seven golden-masked vampires are terrorising his village. The story, as Baker points out in his memoirs, does not really add up. This is mainly because the character of Dracula was a late addition to the script, which was an adaptation of an earlier script that neither featured the Count nor a Chinese setting. When Warner Brothers signed on to distribute the film in the United States, they demanded that Dracula be part of the film, claiming that it would be much easier to market in the US if it featured a known villain. So an appearance by Dracula was quickly added at the beginning and end.But both companies were disappointed when Christopher Lee, Hammer’s legendary Dracula, turned the project down. Lee was unhappy about his previous two “modernised” Dracula films, Dracula AD 1972 and The Satanic Rites of Dracula, which he felt were ridiculous, and Legend seemed no better. (Interestingly, Lee had previously shot some films at the Shaw Bros studio in Hong Kong in the late 1960s.)The collaboration came about because of problems at Hammer. The studio, a family business, was losing ground in the early 1970s because its Gothic horrors seemed old-fashioned.  Michael Carreras, who had bought the studio from his father in an acrimonious deal, decided that a new style of vampire film was needed. The studio’s US distributor, Warner Brothers, said that Hammer needed to bring its films in line with the latest trends – and in 1973, “latest trends” meant kung fu.Carreras contacted Shaw Brothers via the Chinese wife of a Hammer staff member, and a deal was struck. The project advanced quickly, but as Baker notes, few preparations had been made, and this led to problems.Warner Brothers did not like the film and reneged on their agreement to distribute it in the US, something which contributed heavily to Hammer’s descent into bankruptcy. It was finally released in America in a butchered form as The 7 Brothers Meet Dracula.https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3096498/shaw-brothers-meets-hammer-horror-martial-arts-oddity

romanian (language)

- Romanian still has case forms and three genders. https://www.quora.com/Is-Italian-the-closest-variation-to-Latin-compared-to-other-Romance-languages
- evolvement

• https://www.quora.com/Why-has-d-evolved-to-z-in-many-Romanian-words-of-Latin-origin-deus-zeu-Does-it-have-to-do-with-the-Dacians
• https://www.quora.com/Do-modern-Romanians-understand-the-pre-language-reform-original-more-Slavic-and-less-Latin-Romanian-language

- https://kingofromania.com/2010/09/14/the-definite-article-in-romanian/

• example - ‘the wolf’ in French, Italian and Spanish is le loup, il lupo and el lobo respectively whereas in Romanian it’s lupul.https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-origin-of-the-Romanian-suffix-ul-Other-Latin-languages-dont-have-this

- latin root

• When you piss off a more rural romanian, you’re likely (depending on the region) to hear something like ‘’Ita/Ida ma!’’; A sort of sarcastic/annoyed ‘’ohh yeah!?!?’’ or ‘’’ohh yes will you look at this!’’. It’s the old latin word for (an aproximate) yes ‘’ita’’(latin for ‘’it is so’’). It’s actually possible (although there’s no way of saying for sure) the current romanian ‘’da’’ is a simplified/slavic influenced form for that ‘’ida’’.https://www.quora.com/If-the-word-for-yes-in-Romanian-is-a-Slavic-loanword-what-would-the-native-Romance-derived-equivalent-be

- roman influence

• A lot of Roman military terms were adopted into Romanian, but not into other Romance languages (“bătrân” means “old man”, from “veteranus” - whereas in the remaining Romance languages, it retained its military connotations).https://www.quora.com/What-does-Romanian-have-that-is-unique-among-romance-languages

- balkan influence

• Due to the pre-Roman Balkan influence, Romanian puts the definite article (“the”) at the end of the word, not at the beginning. For example, in Italian you say “l’uovo” for “the egg”, whereas in Romanian you say “oul” (not “l'ou”). In Portuguese you say “a fome" for “the hunger”, whereas in Romanian you say “foamea” (not “a foame”). There are a few other Balkan influences in Romanian not found in other Romance languages, such as saying the equivalent of “I want for me to eat, you want for you to eat” as opposed to “I want to eat”); and even idiomatic expressions found in the former Byzantine world (such as the standard birthday wish, “la mulți ani” which translates to “to many years”). https://www.quora.com/What-does-Romanian-have-that-is-unique-among-romance-languages

- slavic influence

• Romanian creates its higher numbers via combinations (compare Spanish for 11, 12, 13, 20 “once, doce, trece, veinte” to Romanian “unsprezece, doisprezece, treisprezece, douăzeci” which follow the Slavic set-up”one above ten, two above ten, three above ten, two tens”).A large Slavic influence on words in every domain (compare “a ara" -”to plow”, which comes from Latin, versus the word for the actual object, the “plow”, which in Romanian is “plug”, of Slavic origin - and loosely related to the English word for the same thing).https://www.quora.com/What-does-Romanian-have-that-is-unique-among-romance-languages

- middle east influence

• A lot of Persian, Arabic, and Turkish words via the Ottoman Empire's influence were adopted into Romanian and not found in other Romance languages (“ciorbă” for “sour soup”, “bacciș” for “monetary tip”, etc.) Interestingly, from Arabic (via Turkish), the Romanian “zar" means “die” (the singular of “dice”), whereas in Spanish the word “azar" took a more abstract meaning of “chance, randomness” - borrowed directly from the same Arabic word.https://www.quora.com/What-does-Romanian-have-that-is-unique-among-romance-languages

- hungarian influence

• Some Hungarian influence which has zero parralels in other Romance languages: the Savior (Saviour) is called “Mântuitorul” in Romanian, a word of Hungarian origin (although the word “Salvator” would be recognized, but unlikely to be used in this sense).https://www.quora.com/What-does-Romanian-have-that-is-unique-among-romance-languages

Literature

- Ion Luca Caragiale (Romanian pronunciation: [iˈon ˈluka karaˈd͡ʒjale]; commonly referred to as I. L. Caragiale; 13 February [O.S. 1 February] 1852^[1] – 9 June 1912) was a Wallachian, later Romanian playwright, short story writer, poet, theater manager, political commentator and journalist. Leaving behind an important cultural legacy, he is considered one of the greatest playwrights in Romanian language and literature, as well as one of its most important writers and a leading representative of local humour. Alongside Mihai Eminescu, Ioan Slavici and Ion Creangă, he is seen as one of the main representatives of Junimea, an influential literary society with which he nonetheless parted during the second half of his life. His work, spanning four decades, covers the ground between Neoclassicism, Realism, and Naturalism, building on an original synthesis of foreign and local influences.Ion Luca Caragiale was born into a family of Greek descent, whose members first arrived in Wallachia soon after 1812, during the rule of Prince Ioan Gheorghe Caragea—Ştefan Caragiali, as his grandfather was known locally, worked as a cook for the court in Bucharest.^[2][3] Ion Luca's father, who reportedly originated from the Ottoman capital of Istanbul, settled in Prahova County as the curator of the Mărgineni Monastery^[4] (which, at the time, belonged to the Greek Orthodox Saint Catherine's Monastery of Mount Sinai). Known to locals as Luca Caragiali, he later built a reputation as a lawyer and judge in Ploieşti, and married Ecaterina, the daughter of a merchant from the Transylvanian town of Braşov.^[3][5][6]Her maiden name was given as Alexovici (Alexevici)^[3][5][6] or as Karaboa (Caraboa).^[7] She is known to have been Greek herself,^[3][6][8] and, according to historian Lucian Nastasă, some of her relatives were Hungarian members of the Tabay family.^[3] The Caragiali couple also had a daughter, named Lenci.^[9]Ion Luca's uncles, Costache and Iorgu Caragiale, also known as Caragiali, managed theater troupes and were very influential figures in the development of early Romanian theater—in Wallachia and Moldavia alike.^[10][11] Luca Caragiali had himself performed with his brothers during his youth, before opting to settle down.^[12] All three had stood criticism for not taking part in the Wallachian Revolution, and defended themselves through a brochure printed in 1848.^[13] The brothers Caragiali had two sisters, Ecaterina and Anastasia.Born in the village of Haimanale, Prahova County (the present-day I. L. Caragiale commune, Dâmboviţa County), Caragiale was educated in Ploieşti. During his early years, as he later indicated, he learned reading and writing with a teacher at the Romanian Orthodox Church of Saint George. Soon after, he was taught literary Romanian by the Transylvanian-born Bazilie Dragoşescu (whose influence on his use of the language he was to acknowledge in one of his later works).At the age of seven, he witnessed enthusiastic celebrations of the Danubian Principalities' union, with the election of Moldavia's Alexandru Ioan Cuza as Prince of Wallachia;Cuza's subsequent reforms were to be an influence on the political choices Caragiale made in his old age. The new ruler visited his primary school later in 1859, being received with enthusiasm by Dragoşescu and all his pupils.

music

- La Oglindă (The Mirror, Romanian Folk Song )https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsx6s6hU6Go

history
- etymology

•  https://www.quora.com/Why-are-there-so-many-different-spellings-for-Roumania-Romania-Rumania-and-is-one-of-them-the-correct-one

- treaty between principal allied and associated powers (usa, gb, france, italy, japan) and roumania in 1919 https://www.jstor.org/stable/2212899?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

- soviet union

• https://www.quora.com/Why-did-USSR-not-invade-Romania-in-1968-when-Ceausescu-vehemently-criticized-the-invasion-of-Czechoslovakia-Is-it-true-that-Soviet-tanks-were-stopped-at-the-border-by-the-Romanian-army-using-laser-weapons

usa

- people

• William Nelson Cromwell (January 17, 1854 – July 19, 1948) was an American attorney active in promotion of the Panama Canal and other major ventures especially in cooperation with Philippe Bunau-Varilla. He was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, in an Episcopalian household, by his mother, Sarah M. Brokaw, a Civil War widow. His father, John Nelson Cromwell, died in the Battle of Vicksburg.In 1898 the chief of the French Canal Syndicate (a group that owned large swathes of land across Panama), Philippe Bunau-Varilla, hired him to lobby the US Congress to build a canal across Panama, and not across Nicaragua, as rivals would have it.^[4] Cromwell showed that Nicaragua had an active volcano.^[5] On June 19, 1902, three days after senators received stamps showing volcanic activity in Nicaragua they voted for the Panama route for the canal. For his lobbying efforts, he received the sum of $800,000.^[6] (about 20 million USD today). After the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty was ratified, Cromwell was paid another $2,000,000 (about 60 million USD today) – at the time, the highest amount ever paid to a lawyer.

• One of his main pro bono activities was helping the blind. Another was the founding of "the Society of Friends of Roumania" in 1920 under the patronage of Her Majesty Queen Marie of Romania. Under his tutelage, the New York-based Society promoted numerous exchanges between the two countries and published the distinguished Roumania – A Quarterly Review.

EU

- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46371207 Romania's Finance Minister Eugen Teodorovici has come under fire for apparently suggesting that the right to movement in the EU should be limited. Many young skilled Romanians emigrate for better employment prospects, resulting in a falling population. Mr Teodorovici suggested that Romanians be issued with a single five-year work permit, after which they would have to leave - and possibly return home. However, he has since said his words were misunderstood.

germany

- ?????? https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49500882 German children brought to Romania under a programme to help troubled youths were instead held in "slavery-like conditions", prosecutors allege. Eight suspects, including a German couple, are suspected of trafficking and abusing the minors through the German state-funded Projekt Maramures. Romanian prosecutors allege that the minors were treated in "humiliating and degrading" ways. German officials said they were in contact with Romanian authorities. Projekt Maramures' website says its aim is to "rehabilitate" troubled youths. It says it helps minors suffering from behavioural disorders or drug addiction, offering recreational activities and psychological assistance at a farm in northern Romania's Maramures region. But Romanian investigators say the youths - aged between 12 and 18 - were instead treated like slaves, beaten and forced to do "exhausting physical labour".

serbia

- https://www.quora.com/Have-Romanians-and-Serbs-ever-been-against-each-other-during-history The Romanian bon-mot “Romania has two good neighbors: Serbia and the Black Sea” is based on the idea that the two countries have never fought each other and have had similar struggles throughout history.

So the standard answer is no. But actual history is more complicated. While Romania and Serbia have never fought each other (despite being on opposite sides in WW2, more due to circumstances than ideology), groups of Serbs and Romanians have fought through history. After the Serbian Prince Stefan Lazarević became an Ottoman vassal, he fought alongside the Turks in the Battle of Rovine, against the Wallachians lead by Mircea the Elder. Prince Marko fought bravely and died in this battle. Wallachians and Serbs were also on different sides during the Battle of Nicopolis, when the army of Stefan Lazarević proved instrumental in surrounding the crusaders and cutting their retreat, leading to their mass surrender to the Sultan. These are examples of the top of my head but if one looks closely through history, one can find more such occurrences. Of course, one can argue that Medieval historical events are different from modern conflicts. These are instances where a group of Serbs loyal to their feudal lord are fighting a group of Romanians loyal to their feudal lord, not an instance of the Serb nation fighting the Romanian nation. It can also be argued that it’s a matter of circumstance, with the Serbs being forced to fight for the Sultan in exchange for preserving their autonomy.

China

- romanians in china

• 一九○四年十二月，柯列然出生于罗马尼亚布加勒斯特一个犹太家庭，父亲是财会教师。兄弟姐妹十二人，柯列然排行第八。中学毕业后，柯列然在父亲与弟弟资助下，远赴意大利摩德纳（Modena）学医六年，攻读皮肤科。一九二八年，柯列然学成归国，起初供职布加勒斯特卡里塔斯（Caritas）医院，不久开设私人诊所。诊所有一个女邻居柯芝兰（Gisela Muntianu），乐于助人性格，让柯列然倍感亲切，两人萌生爱意，结为夫妻。柯芝兰出身红色世家，受其家庭影响，柯列然开始接触马克思主义。一九三二年，他加入罗马尼亚共产党。上世纪三十年代中叶，法西斯处于上升势头，危及整个欧洲。一九三六年七月，佛朗哥在德、意法西斯支持下，发动颠覆西班牙共和政府的叛乱。西班牙内战爆发了！欧美各国数以万计热血青年，志愿参加国际纵队，前往西班牙支援共和军。一九三九年八月，柯列然等十名国际纵队医护人员，响应挪威救援中国与西班牙委员会号召，奔赴中国。十二日，一行人来到马赛（Marseille），登上从英国利物浦始发的“安尼亚斯”（Aeneas）号海轮，与船上五位国际纵队医生会合，途径苏伊士运河、马六甲海峡，于九月十三日抵达香港。保盟秘书海弥达．沙尔文─克拉克（Hilda Selwyn-Clarke），为国际援华医疗队安排食宿，办理过境手续。让柯列然难忘的是，“收到一份非常特殊而光荣的请柬”，九月二十八日，保盟主席宋庆龄在住所设宴饯行。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170212/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
• 扬库（Tania Iancu）http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170312/PDF/b7_screen.pdf

- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-11/19/content_27427014.htm A book providing a comprehensive picture of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo was in focus on Thursday during the Gaudeamus book fair.

- 《照镜子》是一首抒情的罗马尼亚民歌，流行于中国五六十年代，歌曲描写的是一个罗马尼亚少女因为妈妈到林子里去了，一个人在家闷得发慌，在无人的房间，对着镜子“孤芳自赏“。在歌曲优美的旋律里，我们体会到的是一种青春的萌动，一种情感的跃跃欲试，不由自主的想和照镜子的少女一起穿着妈妈做的合身的绣花衣裳在镜子面前旋转飘舞。https://www.sohu.com/a/214083628_100017642

• 最早認識羅馬尼亞，是一首羅馬尼亞 民歌《照鏡子》：媽媽她到林子去了，我 在家裏悶得發慌。牆上鏡子請你下來，仔 細照照我的模樣。讓我來把我的房門，輕 輕關上……這首活潑歡快的歌，唱出了少 女的青春氣息。著名藏族歌唱家才旦卓瑪 在上世紀六十年代首唱後，很快便在內地 民眾中傳開了。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20210623/PDF/b4_screen.pdf