*****indelimane
- to kiv further info
- "terrorist attack" in nov19
巴馬科 Bamako (Bambara: ߓߊߡߊߞߐ tr. Bàmakɔ̌) is the capital and largest city of Mali, The name Bamako (Bàmakɔ̌ in Bambara) comes from the Bambara word meaning "crocodile tail".The area of the city has evidence of settlements since the Palaeolithic era.[citation needed] The fertile lands of the Niger River Valley provided the people with an abundant food supply and early kingdoms in the area grew wealthy as they established trade routes linking across west Africa, the Sahara, and leading to northern Africa and Europe. The early inhabitants traded gold, ivory, kola nuts, and salt.[9] By the 11th century, the Empire of Ghana became the first kingdom to dominate the area. Bamako had become a major market town, and a centre for Islamic scholars, with the establishment of two universities and numerous mosques in medieval times.The Mali Empire grew during the early Middle Ages and replaced Ghana as the dominant kingdom in west Africa, dominating Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, and Mauritania.[9] In the 14th century, the Mali Empire became increasingly wealthy because of the trade of cotton, gold and salt. This was eventually succeeded by the Songhai Empire and in the 16th century Berber invaders from Morocco destroyed what remained of the kingdoms in Mali and trans-Saharan trade was taken over by sailors.
卡蒂Kati is an urban commune and the largest town in Mali's Koulikoro Region. Kati was the site of Camp Gallieni, where the 2nd Regiment of Senegalese Tirailleurs was garrisoned. On 13 May 1934 a war memorial was dedicated to dead from the First World War and the conquest of Sudan. After Mali became independent, the French Armed Forces left Kati on 8 June 1961. The Malian Army founded a military school at the base.
man (city)
- singtao 8may19 e4 wanhoi article - mentioned masks like that of Japan 天狗
people
- Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (born 29 January 1945), or as he is often known as IBK, is the incumbent President of Mali since 2013. He was Prime Minister of Mali from 1994 to 2000 and President of the National Assembly of Mali from 2002[1][2] to 2007.[3] Mr Keïta is the founding father of a left-wing political party called Rally for Mali (RPM) in 2001.[4] After few unsuccessful attempts he was finally elected as President in the July–August 2013 presidential election and reelected in August 2018.Keïta was born in Koutiala, in the former French Sudan.[1][2] He studied at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly in Paris and Lycée Askia-Mohamed in Bamako, continuing his education at the University of Dakar, the University of Paris I and the Institut d'Histoire des Relations Internationales Contemporaines (IHRIC; Institute of the Modern History of International Relations). He has a Master's degree in History.
politics
politics
- Thousands of people demonstrated in Mali's capital on Friday to demand the resignation of President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita. At the urging of opposition parties and clerics, the demonstrators in Bamako denounced corruption, arbitrary arrests and the organisation of April’s legislative elections.They also called for the release of opposition leader Soumaila Cissé, who was kidnapped by armed men in March while campaigning for the elections. The kidnapping in Mali's north took place in an area controlled by extremist groups linked to al-Qaida. http://www.wboc.com/story/42215439/thousands-in-malis-capital-demand-that-president-step-down
- coup aug2020 economist 22aug2020
Language
- The Bambara (Bamana) language,Bamanankan, is a lingua franca of Mali spoken by perhaps 15 million people, 4 million Bambara people and about 10 million second-language users. It is estimated that about 80 percent of the population of Mali speak Bambara as a first or second language. It has a subject–object–verb clause structure and two lexical tones.
History
- The Mali Empire (Manding: Nyeni or Niani; also historically referred to as the Manden Kurufaba,[1] sometimes shortened to Manden) was an empire in West Africa from c. 1230 to 1670. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Musa Keita. The Manding languages were spoken in the empire. It was the largest empire in West Africa and profoundly influenced the culture of West Africa through the spread of its language, laws and customs.[6] Much of the recorded information about the Mali Empire comes from 14th century North African Arab historian Ibn Khaldun, 14th century Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta and 16th century Moroccan traveller Leo Africanus. The other major source of information is Mandinka oral tradition, through storytellers known as griots.The empire began as a small Mandinka kingdom at the upper reaches of the Niger River, centred around the town of Niani (the empire's namesake in Manding). During the 11th and 12th centuries, it began to develop as an empire following the decline of the Ghana Empire to the north. During this period, trade routes shifted southward to the savanna, stimulating the growth of states. The early history of the Mali Empire (before the 13th century) is unclear, as there are conflicting and imprecise accounts by both Arab chroniclers and oral traditionalists. Sundiata Keita (c. 1214–c. 1255) is the first ruler about whom there is accurate written information (from Ibn Khaldun). Sundiata Keita was a warrior-prince of the Keita dynasty who was called upon to free the Mali people from the rule of the king of the Sosso Empire, Soumaoro Kanté. The conquest of Sosso in c. 1235 gave the Mali Empire access to the trans-Saharan trade routes. Following the death of Sundiata Keita in c. 1255, the kings of Mali were referred to by the title mansa.
- coup aug2020 economist 22aug2020
Language
- The Bambara (Bamana) language,Bamanankan, is a lingua franca of Mali spoken by perhaps 15 million people, 4 million Bambara people and about 10 million second-language users. It is estimated that about 80 percent of the population of Mali speak Bambara as a first or second language. It has a subject–object–verb clause structure and two lexical tones.
History
- The Mali Empire (Manding: Nyeni or Niani; also historically referred to as the Manden Kurufaba,[1] sometimes shortened to Manden) was an empire in West Africa from c. 1230 to 1670. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Musa Keita. The Manding languages were spoken in the empire. It was the largest empire in West Africa and profoundly influenced the culture of West Africa through the spread of its language, laws and customs.[6] Much of the recorded information about the Mali Empire comes from 14th century North African Arab historian Ibn Khaldun, 14th century Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta and 16th century Moroccan traveller Leo Africanus. The other major source of information is Mandinka oral tradition, through storytellers known as griots.The empire began as a small Mandinka kingdom at the upper reaches of the Niger River, centred around the town of Niani (the empire's namesake in Manding). During the 11th and 12th centuries, it began to develop as an empire following the decline of the Ghana Empire to the north. During this period, trade routes shifted southward to the savanna, stimulating the growth of states. The early history of the Mali Empire (before the 13th century) is unclear, as there are conflicting and imprecise accounts by both Arab chroniclers and oral traditionalists. Sundiata Keita (c. 1214–c. 1255) is the first ruler about whom there is accurate written information (from Ibn Khaldun). Sundiata Keita was a warrior-prince of the Keita dynasty who was called upon to free the Mali people from the rule of the king of the Sosso Empire, Soumaoro Kanté. The conquest of Sosso in c. 1235 gave the Mali Empire access to the trans-Saharan trade routes. Following the death of Sundiata Keita in c. 1255, the kings of Mali were referred to by the title mansa.
Sundiata Keita (Mandinka, Malinke, Bambara: [sʊndʒæta keɪta]) (c. 1217 – c. 1255[8]) (also known as Manding Diara, Lion of Mali, Sogolon Djata, son of Sogolon, Nare Maghan and Sogo Sogo Simbon Salaba) was a prince and founder of the Mali Empire. The Malian ruler Mansa Musa, who made a pilgrimage to Mecca, was his great-nephew.Written sources augment the Mande oral histories, with the Moroccan traveller Muhammad ibn Battúta (1304–1368) and the Tunisian historian Abu Zayd 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Khaldun al-Hadrami (1332–1406) both having travelled to Mali in the century after Sundiata's death, and providing independent verification of his existence. Some Bambaras and Mandinkas have proposed that the name Keita actually means inheritor (heir-apparent) in the Mandinka language, and that Sundiata's real surname is Konaté (French spelling in Mali) or Konateh, variations: Konate, Conateh (English spelling in the Gambia where the Mandinkas make up the largest ethnic group). It is proposed that Sundiata Keita's father, Naré Maghann Konaté, took the real family name Konaté while his successors were "Keitas in waiting" (heirs to the throne).[24] The name Keita is a clan name rather than a surname.[26] Although in some West African societies a clan can be similar to the family name (see Joof family), such similarities do not exist between the names Keita and Konaté. Both points of contention agree that Keita is not a real surname, but rather a royal name, in spite of the fact that Sundiata is referred to as Sundiata Keita in many scholarly works. At present, there is no consensus among the scholars regarding the name Sundiata Konaté.
- The Sundiata Keita or Epic of Sundiata (also referred to as the Sundiata Epic or Sunjata Epic) /sʊnˈdʒɑːtə/ is an epic poem of the Malinke people and tells the story of the hero Sundiata Keita (died 1255), the founder of the Mali Empire. The epic is an instance of oral tradition, going back to the 13th century and narrated by generations of griot poets or jeliw (djeli). There is no single or authoritative version. Material pertaining to the epic first began to be collected during the early 20th century in French Sudan, notably by the French elite school École William Ponty, resulting in the "modern" version of the tale as considered standard today, as published in "novelistic" form in French translation by Djibril Tamsir Niane in 1960 (English translation 1965). According to the Epic of Sundiata, Kouroukan Fouga or Kurukan Fuga was the constitution of the Mali Empire created after the Battle of Krina (1235) by an assembly of nobles to create a government for the newly established empire. According to oral tradition of the griot poets of Mali and Guinea, the Kouroukan Fouga established the federation of Mandinka clans under one government, outlined how it would operate and established the laws by which the people would live. The name Kurukan Fuga is a toponym, translating to "clearing on granite / lateritic rock", referring to the plain near the town of Ka-ba (present day Kangaba) where the narrative has Sundiata Keita present the charter. The "Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga", was inscribed in 2009 (4.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity kept by UNESCO.
- see also https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/manden-charter-proclaimed-in-kurukan-fuga-00290
- legacy
- It was during his reign that Mali first began to become an economic power, a trend continued by his successors an improved on thanks to the ground work set by Sundiata, who controlled the region's trade routes and gold fields.[43] The social and political constitution of Mali were first being codified during the reign of Mansa Sundiata Keita. Known as the Gbara and the Kouroukan Fouga, although not written and even subject to alterations in retelling and when they were first recorded in written form, they were part of the social and political norms of Mali. Many of these laws have been incorporated into the constitution of modern-day Mali.
- the Epic of Sundiata and the Mali Empire is taught in many schools, colleges and universities, not just in West Africa but in many parts of the World.[12][59][60] Some scholars such as Ellen Snodgrass, and others have observed similarities with the 13th-century Epic of Sundiata to Walt Disney's 1994 animated film The Lion King.[57] Disney has maintained that the film was inspired by William Shakespeare's Hamlet.1995 Burkinabe movie Keïta! l'Héritage du griot tells the legend of Sundiata Keita.The video game Age of Empires II HD: The African Kingdoms contains a five-chapter campaign depicting Sundjata.
- musical - Le Vol du Boli (The Boli Theft)
- http://www.blur.fr/le-vol-du-boli-the-boli-theft
- ft 13oct2020
Canada
- The Canadian military will deploy helicopters and support troops, including medical teams, to the troubled West African nation of Mali later this year, CBC News has learned. A senior government official, speaking on background, said a formal announcement will be made Monday. The deployment is in response to a direct request from the United Nations. http://www.cbc.ca/beta/news/politics/canadian-peacekeeping-mission-mali-1.4580482
china
- 中國鐵建(1186)昨公佈，近日旗下中國鐵建國際集團與馬里國家陸運及航運總局簽署了達喀爾至巴馬科鐵路修復改造項目(馬里段)框架協議。協議金額約14.6881億美元，約折合95.0508億元人民幣，約佔公司中國會計準則下2014年營業收入的1.61%。既有達喀爾至巴馬科鐵路線路正線全長約1,286公里，其中馬里境內線路長641.4公里。該工程暫定建設工期為開工令下達後48個月。馬里政府擬與中國金融機構商討項目融資問題，一旦項目融資落實，雙方將簽署項目的具體實施協議。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/12/28/b01-1228.pdf
- 一間中國公司的五名員工日前在非洲國家馬里北部遭到綁架及殺害。暫時未知行兇者是誰，但有指五名死者分別是四名馬里人及一名多哥人，且是中國電訊產品公司華為的僱員。華為方面暫未回應。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171213/00178_020.html
- 中國國企葛洲壩集團在非洲國家馬里一個地盤上周四發生意外，集團一輛車行駛期間誤觸地雷，導致一名中國員工被炸死，同車的四名馬里籍人一死三傷。該地盤位於馬里中部距離首都巴馬科約四百公里的馬西納省，當地事發前一天已有預警，稱馬里一個武裝組織在附近埋下地雷及爆炸物。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180325/00178_023.html
- 一間中國公司的五名員工日前在非洲國家馬里北部遭到綁架及殺害。暫時未知行兇者是誰，但有指五名死者分別是四名馬里人及一名多哥人，且是中國電訊產品公司華為的僱員。華為方面暫未回應。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20171213/00178_020.html
- 中國國企葛洲壩集團在非洲國家馬里一個地盤上周四發生意外，集團一輛車行駛期間誤觸地雷，導致一名中國員工被炸死，同車的四名馬里籍人一死三傷。該地盤位於馬里中部距離首都巴馬科約四百公里的馬西納省，當地事發前一天已有預警，稱馬里一個武裝組織在附近埋下地雷及爆炸物。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180325/00178_023.html
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