An electric arc furnace (EAF) is a furnace that heats charged material by means of an electric arc. Industrial arc furnaces range in size from small units of approximately one ton capacity (used in foundries for producing cast iron products) up to about 400 ton units used for secondary steelmaking. Arc furnaces used in research laboratories and by dentists may have a capacity of only a few dozen grams. Industrial electric arc furnace temperatures can reach 1,800 °C (3,272 °F), while laboratory units can exceed 3,000 °C (5,432 °F).Arc furnaces differ from induction furnaces, in that the charged material is directly exposed to an electric arc and the current in the furnace terminals passes through the charged material.
- 馬來西亞政府上月在柔佛州南部的港口，發現一百一十桶來自羅馬尼亞的有毒金屬廢物電弧爐粉塵，重達一千八百六十公噸。環境及水利部表示，今次是馬國史上最大宗的有毒廢物傾倒案，目前已把廢物送回羅馬尼亞，並要求國際刑警組織調查。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200722/00180_022.html GETTING metal from Plant
- https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24933160-900-plants-that-suck-metals-from-the-soil-can-be-farmed-to-make-our-tech/ the first metal farms are now springing up in China, Europe and Malaysia. On the face of it, these farms are all-round winners: the profits are tidy, the environmental credentials excellent. So steel yourself for the latest disruptive mining technology: the plant.The nickel colouring the blue-green sap of the shrub van der Ent discovered is just one of the metals we depend on. Nickel has long been a crucial ingredient in stainless steel.Read more: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg24933160-900-plants-that-suck-metals-from-the-soil-can-be-farmed-to-make-our-tech/#ixzz6j8gW1vNA
gold
- https://www.quora.com/How-did-ancient-civilizations-melt-gold-if-gold-melts-over-1064%C2%BAC
gold
- https://www.quora.com/How-did-ancient-civilizations-melt-gold-if-gold-melts-over-1064%C2%BAC
- 《夷堅丁志》卷十七《琉璃瓶》記載，有一次，宋徽宗將十個紫琉璃膽瓶交給一太監，讓他請工匠在瓶膽裏面鍍層金。這太監拿着瓶子，專門去了趟皇家工坊，工匠們都表示幹不了這活：在瓶子裏加層金，要用鐵篦烙印才能黏合緊密，但這些瓶子頸口窄，鐵篦伸不進去，且裏面的琉璃膽又脆又薄，不能用手碰一下，如果強行製作，一定會弄碎了瓶子。所以，大家寧願違命也不敢動手。 有一天，太監去街上轉悠，看見一個錫工賣的陶器甚為精美，就試着拿了個瓶子，讓錫工在內膽加上金，結果非常精美，太監就將錫工帶進宮。 只見錫工將金子鎔化鍛造，直到金子薄得像一層紙了，然後就將金子裹在瓶子外。工匠們都笑了：這樣的事，誰不會呀。那錫工聞此，也不答話，只是笑笑，很快，他將裹着的金箔取下來，包在筷子上，再頂到瓶子裏去，然後，稍微加進些水銀，塞緊瓶子口，再左右均勻搖動。過了好一會，金箔就嚴密地附着在瓶子裏面了，沒有一絲縫隙。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20201224/PDF/a20_screen.pdf
copper
-鷹潭是世界銅都，金屬鏨刻是利用金、銀、銅等金屬材料 的延展性而興盛起來的中國傳統手工技藝， 迄今已有3,000多年歷史。 僅就鏨刻工序而言，完成一件作品，需要 用150多種不同的鏨子和勾、落、串、點、台、壓、採、絲 等十多種工藝技法，耗時從數天到數月不等。黃俊軍於 2012年創辦江西中鼎金 屬工藝製品有限公司，2015年創立 尚銅堂品牌，立志讓非遺傳統走進 生活。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/10/08/a20-1008.pdf
-鷹潭是世界銅都，金屬鏨刻是利用金、銀、銅等金屬材料 的延展性而興盛起來的中國傳統手工技藝， 迄今已有3,000多年歷史。 僅就鏨刻工序而言，完成一件作品，需要 用150多種不同的鏨子和勾、落、串、點、台、壓、採、絲 等十多種工藝技法，耗時從數天到數月不等。黃俊軍於 2012年創辦江西中鼎金 屬工藝製品有限公司，2015年創立 尚銅堂品牌，立志讓非遺傳統走進 生活。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/10/08/a20-1008.pdf
Damascening is the art of inlaying different metals into one another—typically, gold or silver into a darkly oxidized steel background—to produce intricate patterns similar to niello. The English term comes from a perceived resemblance to the rich tapestry patterns of damask silk.The technique, while also being used on firearms, has a long history in Japan, where it was used to decorate katana fittings, particularly tsuba. Known as zougan (象嵌) in Japanese, it has developed its own subset of terms to describe the particular patterns, although "shippou-zougan" is an enamelling technique which most Westerners would consider closer to champlevé. Damascened-inlay jewelry, especially of Japanese origin, is sometimes referred to as shakudo from the use of that alloy as the dark background. The technique of niello is also famously attested in prehistoric Greece. The earliest occurrence of damascening in the Aegean, from the Shaft Graves of Mycenae, dates to the latest Middle Bronze Age/Middle Helladic IIIB period (dagger Nu-304). Ultimately of Near Eastern provenance, the technique of inlaying silver/gold was adapted to suit Aegean taste and style. Cities that are known for a rich history in Damascening where the technique is still practiced are Malaysia, Indonesia, Toledo, Spain, Eibar, Basque Country and Kyoto, Japan.
- Toledo has long been the major European centre, although most modern production is machine made, sometimes on tin rather than steel. Nevertheless, the art has long been practised in Persia, Japan and even China.
Iron
- The iron dagger in Tut’s tomb was found to be relatively free of iron oxide normally associated with iron blades of similar age. There were a few blemishes here and there, but not a lot. The explanation, so far as I know, is that the blade was made with meteorite iron which had a high nickel content. Blades made with extraterrestrial iron often exhibit a high resistance to oxidation.https://www.quora.com/Why-doesn-t-King-Tut-s-dagger-rust
Ferrosilicon is an alloy of iron and silicon with a typical silicon content by weight of 15–90%. It contains a high proportion of iron silicides.Ferrosilicon is used as a source of silicon to reduce metals from their oxides and to deoxidize steel and other ferrous alloys. This prevents the loss of carbon from the molten steel (so called blocking the heat); ferromanganese, spiegeleisen, calcium silicides, and many other materials are used for the same purpose.[4] It can be used to make other ferroalloys. Ferrosilicon is also used for manufacture of silicon, corrosion-resistant and high-temperature-resistant ferrous silicon alloys, and silicon steel for electromotors and transformer cores. In the manufacture of cast iron, ferrosilicon is used for inoculation of the iron to accelerate graphitization. In arc welding, ferrosilicon can be found in some electrode coatings.Ferrosilicon is used by the military to quickly produce hydrogen for balloons by the ferrosilicon method. The chemical reaction uses sodium hydroxide, ferrosilicon, and water. The generator is small enough to fit in a truck and requires only a small amount of electric power, the materials are stable and not combustible, and they do not generate hydrogen until mixed.[5] The method has been in use since World War I. Prior to this, the process and purity of hydrogen generation relying on steam passing over hot iron was difficult to control.[6] While in the "silicol" process, a heavy steel pressure vessel is filled with sodium hydroxide and ferrosilicon, and upon closing, a controlled amount of water is added; the dissolving of the hydroxide heats the mixture to about 200 °F (93 °C) and starts the reaction; sodium silicate, hydrogen and steam are produced.
錫 Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from Latin: stannum) and atomic number50. Tin is a silvery metal that characteristically has a faint yellow hue. Tin, like indium, is soft enough to be cut without much force. When a bar of tin is bent, the so-called tin cry can be heard as a result of sliding tin crystals reforming; this trait is shared by indium, cadmium, and frozen mercury. Pure tin after solidifying keeps a mirror-like appearance similar to most metals. However, in most tin alloys (such as pewter) the metal solidifies with a dull gray color.Tin resists corrosion from water, but can be attacked by acids and alkalis. Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protective coat for other metals. A protective oxide (passivation) layer prevents further oxidation, the same that forms on pewter and other tin alloys. Tin acts as a catalyst when oxygen is in solution and helps to accelerate the chemical reaction.锡的主要来源是它的一种氧化物矿物锡石（SnO2），盛產於中国雲南、馬來西亞等地。锡是人类知道最早的金属之一，从古代开始它就是青铜的组成部分之一。早在前36世纪锡就被用来硬化铜。约从前7世纪开始人类认识到纯的锡。於戰國時期就開始用來作武器的主要材料，無錫即以此命名，相傳無錫於戰國時期盛產錫，到了錫礦用盡之時，人們就以無錫來命名這地方，作為天下沒有戰爭的寄望。今天有时锡这个词也被用在没有锡或只有很少锡的物体上。比如许多“锡纸”实际上是铝纸。大多数锡罐实际上是钢罐，上面涂有一层非常薄的锡。
- [韩艺色] vikings made drinking cups with tin
〈名〉 字从金从俞。“俞”意为“捷径”、“直接”。“金”与“俞”联合起来表示“直接得到的铜”（即不必经过人工冶炼的自然铜矿石）。本义：自然铜矿石。字义：自然铜（黄铜矿石）鍮石,又简称“鍮” [chalcopyrite]。一种黄色有光泽的矿石，即黄铜矿或自然铜鍮石似金而非金也。——唐·慧琳《一切经音义》又指人造鍮。即以炉甘石(菱锌矿)与铜共炼而得的一种铜锌合金 [calamine-copper alloy]吕卢甘石炼铜成鍮。——《六书故》鍮，汉字，从金从俞，意思是“直接得到的铜”（即不必经过人工冶炼的黄铜矿石）。《广韵》托侯切《集韵》《韵会》他侯切，𠀤音偷。《玉篇》鍮石似金。《一统志》荅儿密，古之丹眉流国，产鍮石。《格古要论》鍮石，自然铜之精也。今炉甘石炼成者，假鍮也。崔昉曰：铜一斤，炉甘石一斤，炼之成鍮石。眞鍮生波斯国者，如黄金烧之，赤色不黑。《本草纲目》水银堕地，鍮石可引上。 又姓。《正字通》南凉臣鍮勿伦。 《集韵》或作鋀。
- The distinct Korean bronzeware yugi comprises firm and solid dishes made with 78% copper and 22% tin, and its dining utensils are known to be non-toxic, odorless and pollution free.On top of its excellent thermal and cooling effects, yugi is outstanding in sterilization as well. Thus the tableware is considered precious for its ability to keep food fresh over a prolonged period. Yugi was often given as part of a dowry or used during ancestral rites, frequently being passed down from one generation to the next due to its durability. In the past, the tableware was also used to help the king detect poison, as a yugi dish would turn dark if a toxic food touched it.From ancient times, China used ceramic plates, Japan wooden ones and Korea yugi. Other countries use iron tableware, but Korea is the only one that uses one that is combined copper and tin. When making bronze, the percentage of tin used in the process is within 10%. Because as tin is highly fragile, raising its portion increases the difficulty of making bronze. Koreans, however, devised a distinct metal technology that increased the strength of materials through molding even while increasing the portion of tin.Yugi is made by repeating the process of overlaying alloy plates, or melting copper and tin and beating and hardening the plates by submersion in cold water. The repetition of beating and solidifying makes the alloy structure denser and harder. That is why yugi is nicknamed "a plate borne of a thousand beatings." The tableware neither bends nor breaks, so its use is not restricted to the dining table but extends to other useful items such as basins, gongs and kkwaenggwari (small flat gong). Koreans have used yugi since the Bronze Age and expanded its use during the Goryeo Dynasty to Buddhist crafts and household goods. The tableware was also produced as goryeodong (Goryeo bronzeware) for export to China. When Korea was under Japanese occupation, the yugi industry declined due to Japan's confiscation of most yugi in each household to secure military supplies. The tableware seemed back in fashion after liberation but its use declined with the adoption of stainless steel and plastic after the 1960s.https://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=196651
A sickle, bagging hook or reaping-hook is a single-handed agricultural tool designed with variously curved blades and typically used for harvesting, or reaping, grain crops or cutting succulent forage chiefly for feeding livestock, either freshly cut or dried as hay. Falx was a synonym but was later used to mean any of a number of tools that had a curved blade that was sharp on the inside edge such as a scythe.Since the beginning of the Iron Age hundreds of region-specific variants of the sickle have evolved, initially of iron and later steel. The development of the sickle in Mesopotamia can be traced back to times that pre-date the Neolithic Era. Large quantities of sickle blades have been excavated in sites surrounding Israel that have been dated to the Epipaleolithic era (18000-8000 BC).The sickle had a profound impact on the Agricultural Revolution by assisting in the transition to farming and crop based lifestyle. It is now accepted that the use of sickles led directly to the domestication of Near Eastern Wild grasses.[1] Research on domestication rates of wild cereals under primitive cultivation found that the use of the sickle in harvesting was critical to the people of early Mesopotamia.The sickle remained common in the Bronze Age, both in the Ancient Near East and in Europe. Numerous sickles have been found deposited in hoards in the context of the European Urnfield culture (e.g. Frankleben hoard), suggesting a symbolic or religious significance attached to the artifact.In archaeological terminology, Bronze Age sickles are classified by the method of attaching the handle. E.g. the knob-sickle (German Knopfsichel) is so called because of a protruding knob at the base of the blade which apparently served to stabilize the attachment of the blade to the handle.
The sickle played a prominent role in the Druids' Ritual of oak and mistletoe as described from a single passage in Pliny the Elder's Natural History.
- Like other farming tools, the sickle can be used as an improvised bladed weapon. Examples include the Japanese kusarigama and kama, the Chinese chicken sickles, and the makraka of the Zande people of north central Africa. Paulus Hector Mair, the author of a German Renaissance combat manual also has a chapter about fighting with sickles. It is particularly prevalent in the martial arts of Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. In Indonesia, the native sickle known as celurit or clurit is commonly associated with the Madurese people, used for both fighting and as a domestic tool.
- The hammer and sickle is a symbol representing proletarian solidarity, a union between the peasantry and working-class. It was first adapted during the Russian Revolution, the hammer representing the workers and the sickle representing the peasants.The emblem of the Grim Reaper, who is sometimes portrayed as carrying a sickle rather than the more traditional scythe.Tacitus reports that golden sickles were used in Druidic rituals.Paulus Hector Mair's Manuscript Dresd. C 93 includes a section regarding the martial application of the sickle.Three (or two) entwined sickles were the heraldic badge of the medieval Hungerford family. See also Hungerford knot.
- 明代嵇元夫的《刈麥夜歸》，與范詩有異曲同工之妙：「西莊刈麥夜半歸，明月皎皎當柴扉。櫓聲隔岸人語近，斗柄插江霜氣微。」詩中刈麥農夫辛苦到夜半才歸家，但望着豐收的莊稼，心情是愉悅暢快的。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/09/12/b06-0912.pdfequipment
- soldering
- https://jewellerynet.com/en/products/wingwohong/55898/orionsolderingmachine100c
3d
- https://3d.markforged.com/metal-3D-printing-basics-white-paper.html?mfa=3dprint
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