- flemish cartographer abraham ortelius published the world's first modern atlas (called "theatrum orbis terrarum - theatre of the world", rregarding the world as a theatre was common in ortelius' time, in 1571 english playright richard edwardes had one of his characters say that 'this world was like a stage,/whereon many play their parts', inspired william shakespeare to use in as you like it) in 1570. Places to note: noruegia, barbaria, mar di inida, aegyptus, manicongo, mania (in eastern europe), iapan, brasil, chile, chica, noua francia, natolia, soria, iava ma.
financial
- bond
- The Pfandbrief (plural: Pfandbriefe), a mostly triple-A rated German bank debenture, has become the blueprint of many covered bond models in Europe and beyond. The Pfandbrief is collateralized by long-term assets such as property mortgages or public sector loans as stipulated in the Pfandbrief Act. Total volume outstanding in Pfandbriefe was EUR 806 billion as at end-2008.[1] Pfandbrief bonds make up the third largest segment of the German bond market after public sector bonds and unsecured bank debt.The roots of the German Pfandbrief system reach back to the year 1769. In the aftermath of the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) that had ravaged the country Prussian King Frederick the Great introduced the Pfandbrief system with a ”cabinets-order” to ease credit shortage for the nobility. Based on his royal decree, Prussia set up so-called ”Landschaften,” compulsory public-law associations of noble landowners, within the individual provinces. To refinance loans to their members Landschaften issued debentures that largely correspond with the present-day mortgage Pfandbrief since the creditor acquired a direct claim over the estates the member had pledged as security. This Pfandbrief system rapidly spread throughout all of Europe. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, it was widely adopted for the refinancing of public sector loans. The second decisive boost to the development of the Pfandbrief occurred when Landschaften outside Prussia started issuing Pfandbriefe for which all the properties lent against by the Landschaft served jointly as security. As before the loans raised by the Landschaften were not paid out in cash, but in Pfandbriefe. In 1862, the first German mortgage bank, Frankfurter Hypothekenbank in Frankfurt am Main, opened its doors. Numerous other mortgage banks followed in rapid succession in almost all German federal states. By the beginning of the twentieth century 40 private mortgage banks existed. Mortgage banks concentrated from the outset on real estate financing. The rapidly expanding towns and cities in the area of industrialization were in need of the housing construction and commercial properties financing. The 1900 Mortgage Bank Act (HBG) is deemed pioneering legislation until today. It provided a legally prescribed, uniform organizational framework for this group of credit institutions. It was in force for more than a century until the Pfandbrief Act entered into force in 2005 (source: Association of German Pfandbrief Banks).The Pfandbrief Act (Pfandbriefgesetz), established in 2005 and amended in 2009, regulates the Pfandbrief. While most European countries have covered bond legislation, the United States and UK initially preferred non-legislative guidelines. The 2005 Pfandbrief Act increased potential issuers to include all licensed credit institutions that meet certain requirements. Formerly, only specialized private mortgage banks and public sector banks could issue covered bonds in Germany. The Pfandbrief Act supersedes all prior existing Pfandbrief legislations. The 2009 amendment introduced the Aircraft Pfandbrief as the fourth Pfandbrief type.
textile, clothing, apparel
- The Jumbo Pfandbrief, first brought to market in 1995, arose from a need to attract international investors to a market that had been largely of domestic interest. Instead of individual banks placing large-volume issues, the Jumbo Pfandbrief allows an issuing syndicate with the goal of marketing Jumbo Pfandbrief issues and of subsequently ensuring market making. A Jumbo Pfandbrief must have a minimum issuance volume of EUR 1 billion. The average issue size of a Jumbo Pfandbrief is about EUR 1.5 billion. A minimum of five market makers is required. Jumbo Pfandbriefe must be listed on the German stock exchange.[7] Total Jumbo covered bonds first-time sales amounted to EUR 161.3 billion in 2007. In 2007, the four biggest jumbo covered bond-issuing countries were France (24.7%), Spain (22.3%), Germany (20%), and the UK (10.7%).
- economist 31aug19 "covered"
- [factory made] denim fabric in europe around 1600s
usa
- early settlers
- The Boston Brahmins or Boston elite are members of Boston's traditional upper class.[1] They form an integral part of the historic core of the East Coast establishment, along with other wealthy families of Philadelphia and New York City.[2] They are often associated[by whom?] with the distinctive Boston Brahmin accent, Harvard University, Anglicanism and traditional Anglo-American customs and clothing. Descendants of the earliest English colonists, such as those who came to America on the Mayflower in 1620 or on the Arbella in 1630, are often[quantify] considered to be the most representative of the Boston Brahmins.The physician and writer Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. coined the term "Brahmin Caste of New England" in an 1860 article in the Atlantic Monthly.[4] The term Brahmin refers to the highest-ranking caste of people in the traditional Hindu caste system in India. In the United States, it has been applied[by whom?] to the old, wealthy New England families of British Protestant origin which became influential[when?] in the development of American institutions and culture.The term effectively underscores the strong conviction of the New England gentry that they were a people set apart by destiny to guide the American experiment as their ancestors had played a leading role in founding it. The term also hints at the erudite and exclusive nature of the New England gentry as perceived by outsiders, and may also refer to their interest in Eastern religions, fostered perhaps by the impact in the 19th century of the transcendentalist writings of New England literary icons such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Walt Whitman, and the enlightened appeal of Unitarian Universalist movements of the same period.
- The nature of the Brahmins is hinted at by the doggerel "Boston Toast" by Holy Cross alumnus John Collins Bossidy. While some 19th-century Brahmin families of large fortune were of bourgeois origin, still fewer were of a somewhat aristocratic origin. The new families were often the first to seek, in typically British fashion, suitable marriage alliances with those old aristocratic New England families that were descended from landowners in England to elevate and cement their social standing. The Winthrops, Dudleys, Saltonstalls, Winslows, and Lymans (descended from English magistrates, gentry, and aristocracy) were, by and large, happy with this arrangement. All of Boston's "Brahmin elite", therefore, maintained the received culture of the old English gentry, including cultivating the personal excellence that they imagined maintained the distinction between gentlemen and freemen, and between ladies and women. They saw it as their duty to maintain what they defined as high standards of excellence, duty, and restraint. Cultivated, urbane, and dignified, a Boston Brahmin was supposed to be the very essence of enlightened aristocracy.[7][8] The ideal Brahmin was not only wealthy, but displayed what was considered suitable personal virtues and character traits.The Brahmin was expected to maintain the customary English reserve in his dress, manner, and deportment, cultivate the arts, support charities such as hospitals and colleges, and assume the role of community leader.[9]:14Although the ideal called on him to transcend commonplace business values, in practice many found the thrill of economic success quite attractive. The Brahmins warned each other against avarice and insisted upon personal responsibility. Scandal and divorce were unacceptable. The total system was buttressed by the strong extended family ties present in Boston society. Young men attended the same prep schools, colleges, and private clubs,[10] and heirs married heiresses. Family not only served as an economic asset, but also as a means of moral restraint. Most belonged to the Unitarian or Episcopal churches, although some were Congregationalists or Methodists. Politically they were successively Federalists, Whigs, and Republicans. They were marked by their manners and once distinctive elocution, the Boston Brahmin accent, a version of the New England accent. Their distinctive Anglo-American manner of dress has been much imitated and is the foundation of the style now informally known as preppy. Many of the Brahmin families trace their ancestry back to the original 17th- and 18th-century colonial ruling class consisting of Massachusetts governors and magistrates, Harvard presidents, distinguished clergy and fellows of the Royal Society of London (a leading scientific body), while others entered New England aristocratic society during the 19th century with their profits from commerce and trade, often marrying into established Brahmin families.
- include tudor family, forbes family, dwight family
- founding of boston by puritans
- The Thayer family is an American Boston Brahmin family. They are descended from early settlers and brothers Thomas Thayer (1596–1665) and Richard Thayer (1601–1664).
- note the thayer aerospace company and links with pompeo
- harvard university was founded in 1639
- first church in boston built in 1632
- The Boston Latin School is a first build public exam school in Boston, Massachusetts. It was established on April 23, 1635, making it both the oldest school in America and the first public school in the United States. The Public Latin School was a bastion for educating the sons of the Boston "Brahmin" elite, resulting in the school claiming many prominent New Englanders as alumni. Its curriculum follows that of the 18th century Latin school movement, which holds the classics to be the basis of an educated mind. Four years of Latin are mandatory for all pupils who enter the school in the 7th grade, three years for those who enter in the 9th.
- In 1645, Springfield, Massachusetts, experienced America's first accusations of witchcraft when husband and wife Hugh and Mary Parsons accused each other of witchcraft. At America's first witch trial, Hugh was found innocent, while Mary was acquitted of witchcraft but sentenced to be hanged for the death of her child. She died in prison.[147] From 1645–1663, about eighty people throughout England's Massachusetts Bay Colony were accused of practicing witchcraft. Thirteen women and two men were executed in a witch-hunt that lasted throughout New England from 1645–1663.[148] The Salem witch trials followed in 1692–93.
- [richard panchyk] in decades following the end of revolutionary war, the massive beacon hill was leveled, and a new state house was built. Boston was a busy port city , with numerous wharves and ships that traveled around the world, bringing back exotic goods from places as far away as china. As immigrants began to pour in from ireland, the city changed from predominantly english protestant to irish catholic. Common irish names - healy, kelly, kenny, mccarty, mccue and mulligan. First ship of irish immigrants arrived in 1717. Between 1736 and 1738, 10 ships sailed from ireland to boston, with a total of almost 1000 passengers on board. A charity called the irish society was formed in 1737. Anti-irish sentiments reared its head over the next century. In 1833, members of irish society visited president andrew jackson. The potato famine in ireland caused thousands more irish to immigrate to boston. By 1870, irish immigrants made up 65 pc of all foreign-born people in boston. The philo-celtic society was formed in 1873. Patrick kennedy and bridget murphy sailed from ireland to boston in 1849.
- the city's original government building, the boston town house (later known as the old town house) was built on the corner of king street (now state street) and cornhill street (now washington street) in 1657 and destroyed by fire in 1711. Its replacement, constructed in 1712-13, was damaged by fire in 1747 and reconstructed the next year. After independence, it was considered too small to suit the needs of a growing city and state. In jan 1798, the general court made a procession from old state house to the new state house. The new building has a 35 foot high dome (originally whitewashed wood, pual revere covered with copper in 1802, later painted in gold, in 1831, fireproof rooms were added to the building, in 1874, workers layered the dome in 23 karat gold leaf, during ww2, the dome was painted black to protect it from becoming an obvious nighttime bombing target)
- boston merchants in late 1780s began to send ships to china seeking teas, silk, cotton, sugar, coffee and spices. These china-bound ships generally stopped in the pacific northwest on the way to china to load up on furs for trade. Ships - Margaret (sail to northwest from boston in 1791), columbia (to china via cape horn in 1787 and returned to boston in 1790), Hope (captained by joseph ingraham, in sep1790 via cape horn, marquesas islands, discovered and named 7 islands)
- italians, largely from southern italy and sicily started arriving in larger numbers around 1870 after the unification of italy failed to provide them with any economic benefits. They began to settle in the north end and built st leonard's church. Living conditions were very cramped. Some italians arrived before then - the venice-born composer filippo traetta (americanised to philip trajetta) arrived in boston in 1800 and founded the first music academy in the country
russia
- hugh o'brien was elected as first irish-born mayor in 1884.
- boston identity things - boston cream pie, boston lettuce, swan boats , boston baked beans
- association of professional base ball players was formed in 1871, the team was called the boston red stockings because it was made up of a core of players from the country's first professional baseball team, the cincinnati red stockings, which had debuted in 1869 and dissolved the next year.
- founding of st petersburg in 1700s
uk
- https://www.theculturediary.com/stories/great-imagination-wants-celebrate-400-years-first-british-patent-you This year the Intellectual Property Office celebrates 400 years since the grant of British patent number one. With the support of the GREAT Britain campaign, the anniversary is being marked through a celebration of some of the amazing inventions to come out of the UK over the last four centuries.
- sports
- [the complete encyclopedia of horseracing published by carlton books] newmarket, on the suffolk side of the cambridgeshire border, has been the headquarters of british racing since charles II took a keen interest in the sport in the 1660s.
- culture
- shakespeare
bahrain
- The Tree of Life (Shajarat-al-Hayat) in Bahrain is a 9.75 meters (32 feet) high Prosopis cineraria tree that is over 400 years old. It is on a hill in a barren area of the Arabian Desert, 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) from Jebel Dukhan, the highest point in Bahrain, and 40 kilometers from Manama, the nearest city.
japan
The Battle of Sekigahara (Shinjitai: 関ヶ原の戦い; Kyūjitai: 關ヶ原の戰い, Hepburn romanization: Sekigahara no Tatakai) was a decisive battle on October 21, 1600 (Keichō 5, 15th day of the 9th month) in what is now Gifu prefecture, Japan, at the end of the Sengoku period. This battle was fought by the forces of Tokugawa Ieyasu against a coalition of Toyotomi loyalist clans, several of which defected before or during the battle, leading to a Tokugawa victory. The Battle of Sekigahara was the largest and most important battle of Japanese feudal history, and led to the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate.Tokugawa Ieyasu took three more years to consolidate his position of power over the Toyotomi clan and the various daimyō, but Sekigahara is widely considered to be the unofficial beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan for another two and a half centuries until 1868.
The main theme of the novel is the precarious peace of Japan in 1600, a nation consumed by endless civil war and political machinations. The heir to the Taiko, the deceased supreme leader of Japan, is too young to rule, and five daimyōs specifically chosen by the late Taiko for their inability to work together hold power as a Council of Regents until the boy comes of age. The novel details the intense power struggle between the two most powerful daimyōs, Toranaga and Ishido, as they both seek to usurp power from the Taiko's heir. As a subtext, there is also the political manoeuvring of the Protestant and Catholic powers in the Far East. This translates an internal conflict in Japan between Christian daimyōs (who are motivated in part by a desire to preserve and expand their religion) and the daimyōs who oppose the Japanese Christians as followers of foreign beliefs and potential traitors whose loyalty is questionable.Portugal, which holds the sole right to trade with Japan, and the Catholic Church, mainly through the Order of the Jesuits, have gained a religious, economic, and political foothold and seek to extend their power in Japan (as they have done in nearby places such as Goa, Macao, and the Philippines). Guns and other modern military capabilities brought to Japan by the Portuguese, and indirectly by Blackthorne, are still a novelty and coveted by powerful lords looking to gain an advantage over their rivals, but are despised by many samurai as a threat to their traditional methods of fighting. In contrast, however, the silk trade is viewed as essential, and the Portuguese traders regularly amass huge profits via their annual "Black Ship" fleets from Macao.Japanese society is shown to be very insular and xenophobic, with foreigners referred to as "barbarians" and shunned for their arrogance, eating habits, lack of fluency in the Japanese language, and inability to respect Japanese social customs. As a result, there are many internal conflicts between the "Eastern" and "Western" cultures – especially to do with duty, honor, sexuality, cleanliness, diet, obligations, hierarchies, loyalties, and – more particularly – the essence of 'self'. Blackthorne is also torn between his growing affection for Mariko (who is married to a powerful, abusive, and dangerous samurai, Buntaro), his increasing loyalty to Toranaga, his household and consort, a "Willow world" courtesan named Kiku, and his desire to return to the open seas aboard Erasmus so he can intercept the Black Ship fleet before it reaches Japan.A recurring motif in the book is Toranaga engaging in falconry. He compares his various birds to his vassals and mulls over his handling of them, flinging them at targets, giving them morsels, and bringing them back to his fist for re-hooding. There are other recurring themes of Eastern values, as opposed to Western values, masculine (patriarchal) values as opposed to human values, etc. Another is the granting of honours and favours to those who display loyalty - including the trading of secrets by a mama-san called Gyoko, which allows Toranaga to gain an upperhand in his power play for the shogunate.
- kyo-yaki is a collective term for pottery which spread around the higashiyama area in kyoto since the early edo era.
- ceramic
- satsuma ware is a type of japanese pottery originally from satsuma province. It can be divided into two distinct categories: the original plain dark clay early satsuma (ko-satsuma) made in satsuma from around 1600, and the elaborately decorated export satsuma (kyo-satsuma) ivory-bodied pieces which began to be produced in the nineteenth century in various japanese cities.
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