about maya civilisation
- The southeast of mexico (states of campeche, chiapas, quintana roo, tabasco and yucatan) is the principal area for discovering the mayan world (approximately 2000 BC to 1546 AD).
- The Maya, which is to say people around the Yucatan speaking Mayan languages, have been around for a few thousand years. However, they were never, ever a single political unit. Even at the height of classic Maya civilization, they were a collection of city-states and small kingdoms, a bit like classical Greece or Renaissance Italy. A better comparison than the Roman empire would be Italic speakers in Italy, who have likely been around for just as long and still are.https://www.quora.com/Did-the-Mayan-empire-last-6-times-as-long-as-the-Roman-Empire
- the Maya never even established a single state. Their society was divided into a variety of individual city-states, small kingdoms, and so on. Massive conquest, which is a difficult and expensive undertaking at the best of times, was never in the cards for the Maya.https://www.quora.com/If-the-Mayan-civilization-was-advanced-why-didnt-they-take-over-the-US
卡拉克穆爾 Calakmul (/ˌkɑːlɑːkˈmuːl/; also Kalakmul and other less frequent variants) is a Maya archaeological site in the Mexican state of Campeche, deep in the jungles of the greater Petén Basin region. Calakmul was one of the largest and most powerful ancient cities ever uncovered in the Maya lowlands. Calakmul was a major Maya power within the northern Petén Basin region of the Yucatán Peninsula of southern Mexico. Calakmul administered a large domain marked by the extensive distribution of their emblem glyph of the snake head sign, to be read "Kaan". Calakmul was the seat of what has been dubbed the Kingdom of the Snake or Snake Kingdom. This Snake Kingdom reigned during most of the Classic period. Calakmul itself is estimated to have had a population of 50,000 people and had governance, at times, over places as far away as 150 kilometers. There are 6,750 ancient structures identified at Calakmul, the largest of which is the great pyramid at the site. Structure 2 is over 45 metres (148 ft) high, making it one of the tallest of the Maya pyramids. Four tombs have been located within the pyramid. Like many temples or pyramids within Mesoamerica the pyramid at Calakmul increased in size by building upon the existing temple to reach its current size. The size of the central monumental architecture is approximately 2 square kilometres (0.77 sq mi) and the whole of the site, mostly covered with dense residential structures, is about 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi).Throughout the Classic Period, Calakmul maintained an intense rivalry with the major city of Tikal to the south, and the political maneuverings of these two cities have been likened to a struggle between two Maya superpowers.
- Calakmul is a modern name; according to Cyrus L. Lundell, who named the site, In Maya, ca means "two", lak means "adjacent", and mul signifies any artificial mound or pyramid, so Calakmul is the "City of the Two Adjacent Pyramids". In ancient times the city core was known as Ox Te' Tuun, meaning "Three Stones". Another name associated with the site, and perhaps a larger area around it, is Chiik Naab'. The lords of Calakmul identified themselves as k'uhul kaanal ajaw, Divine Lords of the Snake, but the connection of the title to the actual site is ambiguous.
La Corona is the name given by archaeologists to an ancient Maya court residence in Guatemala's Petén department that was discovered in 1996, and later identified as the long-sought "Site Q", the source of a long series of unprovenanced limestone reliefs of exceptional artistic quality. The site's Classical name appears to have been Sak-Nikte' ('White-Flower').
- 考古學家近日在墨西哥猶加頓州提兹明的瑪雅古城遺迹庫魯巴（Kuluba）發現一個宮殿，相信是當時精英使用的地方，留下約一千年前瑪雅人在晚古典和終古典時期的生活痕迹。墨西哥國家人類學與歷史研究所指，在當地森林新發現的瑪雅宮殿長五十五米、闊十五米、高六米，坐落於名為「Group C」的主要廣場東面。瑪雅語專家桑索雷斯認為遺迹之名庫魯巴是由瑪雅語「Kulu」（一種野狗）和「ha」（水）組成。專家由宮殿的建築物料及附近遺迹推斷，宮殿曾在兩個時期被使用，分別是晚古典（公元六百至九百年）及終古典（公元八百五十至一千零五十年）時期。考古學家亦探究附近一個祭壇、兩棟民居及一個圓形建築https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191228/00180_030.html
提卡爾 Tikal (/tiˈkɑːl/) (Tik’al in modern Mayan orthography) is the ruin of an ancient city, which was likely to have been called Yax Mutal, found in a rainforest in Guatemala. It is one of the largest archaeological sites and urban centers of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. The name Tikal may be derived from ti ak'al in the Yucatec Maya language; it is said to be a relatively modern name meaning "at the waterhole". The name was apparently applied to one of the site's ancient reservoirs by hunters and travelers in the region.[7] It has alternatively been interpreted as meaning "the place of the voices" in the Itza Maya language. Tikal, however, is not the ancient name for the site but rather the name adopted shortly after its discovery in the 1840s.[8] Hieroglyphic inscriptions at the ruins refer to the ancient city as Yax Mutal or Yax Mutul, meaning "First Mutal".[7] Tikal may have come to have been called this because Dos Pilas also came to use the same emblem glyph; the rulers of the city presumably wanted to distinguish themselves as the first city to bear the name.[9] The kingdom as a whole was simply called Mutul,[10] which is the reading of the "hair bundle" emblem glyph seen in the accompanying photo. Its precise meaning remains obscure.
Tabasco is a Mexican state with a northern coastline fringing the Gulf of Mexico. In its capital, Villahermosa, Parque Museo la Venta is known for its zoo and colossal stone sculptures dating to the Olmec civilization. The grand Museo de Historia de Tabasco chronicles the area from prehistoric times, while the Museo Regional de Antropología has exhibits on native Mayan & Olmec civilizations.
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán (or San Lorenzo) is the collective name for three related archaeological sites—San Lorenzo, Tenochtitlán and Potrero Nuevo—located in the southeast portion of the Mexican state of Veracruz. Along with La Venta and Tres Zapotes, it was one of the three major cities of the Olmec (it was the major center of Olmec culture from 1200 BCE to 900 BCE). San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán is best known today for the colossal stone heads unearthed there, the greatest of which weigh 28 metric tons (28 long tons; 31 short tons) or more and are 3 metres (9.8 ft) high.The earliest evidence for Olmec culture is found at nearby El Manatí, a sacrificial bog with artifacts dating to 1600 BCE or earlier. Sedentary agriculturalists had lived in the area for centuries before San Lorenzo developed into a regional center.San Lorenzo was the first Olmec site that demonstrates state level complexity. The site dominated the gulf coast lowlands, creating Olmec cultural diffusion throughout the rest of Mesoamerica. The iconic finds at the site are the famous colossal heads. At the top of the plateau of San Lorenzo, massive thrones, colossal heads, and smaller sculptures of humans, felines, birds, and supernatural monsters proclaimed the power of its rulers and its sacred source. Most of these sculptures were carved from imported basalt. The elites of San Lorenzo lived in large structures raised on low clay platforms amid the monuments that legitimized their authority. An elite residence named the "Red Palace" had earthen walls and floors, which were plastered with sand stained by hematite. Massive columns that were 4 metres (13 ft) tall and carved out of basalt supported the structure's roof, and L-shaped basalt benches are thought to have been used as step coverings. Blocks of bentonite clay and limestone have been found in the debris, and may have been used in the walls. Several structures had walls that were made of thick mud and 40 centimetres (16 in) thick, and lacked post-molds. They were evidently constructed using a rammed earth technique. Other structures employed bentonite masonry fixed with mud mortar. Floors were made of gravel or packed earth, or paved with bentonite blocks. The common folk lived on the slopes of the plateau, stepping down to a level 40 m below the summit. Their houses were thatched wattle–and-daub houses. Impressive amounts of labor went into building the San Lorenzo terraces. One of these terraces was held in place by a 7-metre (23 ft) high retaining wall. It is unclear if these terraces and houses were ordered to be constructed by rulers, or initiated by a group of commoners.
- 多國專家組成的國際考古團隊周三發表研究報告，指他們在墨西哥塔巴斯科州的熱帶雨林中，發現迄今已知最大、最古老的瑪雅古文明建築，歷史遠溯三千多年前。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200606/00180_030.htmlEl Tajín is a pre-Columbian archeological site in southern Mexico and is one of the largest and most important cities of the Classic era of Mesoamerica. A part of the Classic Veracruz culture, El Tajín flourished from 600 to 1200 CE and during this time numerous temples, palaces, ballcourts, and pyramids were built.[1] From the time the city fell, in 1230, to 1785, no European seems to have known of its existence, until a government inspector chanced upon the Pyramid of the Niches. When it was rediscovered by officialdom in 1785, the site was known to the local Totonac, whose ancestors may also have built the city, as El Tajín, which was said to mean “of thunder or lightning bolt”. Related to this is their belief that twelve old thunderstorm deities, known as Tajín, still inhabit the ruins. However, a series of indigenous maps dating from the time of the Spanish conquest, found in nearby Tihuatlan and now known as the Lienzos de Tuxpan, suggest that the city might then have been called “Mictlan” or “place of the dead”, a common denomination for ancient sites whose original names have been lost. This name also appears in the Matricula de Tributos, a surviving Aztec tribute record, which later formed part of the Codex Mendoza. This may therefore be linked to another Totonac meaning claimed for El Tajín: “place of the invisible beings or spirits”
- The Cumbre Tajin is an annual artistic and cultural festival which is held at the site in March. The Cumbre Tajin is considered to be an identity festival of the Totonacs, who are considered to be the guardians of El Tajín. Events include those traditional to the Totonac culture as well as modern arts and events from cultures from as far as Tibet. Some of the events include musical concerts, experiencing a temazcal, theatrical events and visiting El Tajin at night, with a total over 5,000 activities.
El Mirador (which translates as "the lookout", "the viewpoint", or "the belvedere") is a large pre-Columbian Maya settlement, located in the north of the modern department of El Petén, Guatemala.El Mirador was first discovered in 1926, and was photographed from the air in 1930, but the remote site deep in the jungle had little attention paid to it until Ian Graham spent some time there making the first map of the area in 1962.[1] A detailed investigation was begun in 1978 with an archaeological project under the direction of Bruce Dahlin (The Catholic University of America) and Ray Matheny (Brigham Young University).El Mirador flourished from about the 6th century BCE to the 1st century CE, reaching its height from the 3rd century BCE. Then it experienced a hiatus of construction and perhaps abandonment for generations,[5] followed by re-occupation and further construction in the Late Classic era, and a final abandonment about the end of the 9th century. There is a number of "triadic" structures (around 35 structures),[7] consisting of large artificial platforms topped with a set of 3 summit pyramids. The most notable of such structures are three huge complexes; one is nicknamed "El Tigre", with height 55 metres (180 ft); the other is called "La Danta" (or Danta) temple.
契琴伊薩 Chichen Itza was a large pre-Columbian city built by the Maya people of the Terminal Classic period. The archaeological site is located in Tinúm Municipality, Yucatán State, Mexico. Chichen Itza was a major focal point in the Northern Maya Lowlands from the Late Classic (c. AD 600–900) through the Terminal Classic (c. AD 800–900) and into the early portion of the Postclassic period (c. AD 900–1200). The site exhibits a multitude of architectural styles, reminiscent of styles seen in central Mexico and of the Puuc and Chenes styles of the Northern Maya lowlands. The presence of central Mexican styles was once thought to have been representative of direct migration or even conquest from central Mexico, but most contemporary interpretations view the presence of these non-Maya styles more as the result of cultural diffusion. Chichen Itza was one of the largest Maya cities and it was likely to have been one of the mythical great cities, or Tollans, referred to in later Mesoamerican literature.[2] The city may have had the most diverse population in the Maya world, a factor that could have contributed to the variety of architectural styles at the site. The ruins of Chichen Itza are federal property, and the site's stewardship is maintained by Mexico's Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia(National Institute of Anthropology and History). The land under the monuments had been privately owned until 29 March 2010, when it was purchased by the state of Yucatán.
- The Maya name "Chichen Itza" means "At the mouth of the well of the Itza." This derives from chi', meaning "mouth" or "edge," and ch'en or ch'e'en, meaning "well." Itzá is the name of an ethnic-lineage group that gained political and economic dominance of the northern peninsula. One possible translation for Itza is "enchanter (or enchantment) of the water,"[5] from its, "sorcerer," and ha, "water."
- note a feathered serpent sculpture at the base of one of the stairways of El Castillo.
- note a feathered serpent sculpture at the base of one of the stairways of El Castillo.
Edzná[pronunciation?] is a Maya archaeological site in the north of the Mexican state of Campeche.
- Edzná was already inhabited in 400 BC, and it was abandoned c. 1500 AD. During the time of occupation, a government was set up whose power was legitimized by the relationship between governors and the deities. In the Late Classic period Edzná was part of the Calakmul polity. Edzná may have been inhabited as early as 600 BC but it took until 200 AD before it developed into a major city. The word Edzná comes from "House of the Itzaes". The architectural style of this site shows signs of the Puuc style, even though it is far from the Puuc Hills sites. The decline and eventual abandonment of Edzná still remains a mystery today. Edzná was discovered in 1907.[2] The first organised excavations started in 1958. In 1986, coordinating agencies began to employ Guatemalan refugees in the excavation, restoration and maintenance at Edzná. This project was funded by various international organizations.
- advanced drainage system that helped empty the valley during the rainy season and channeled rains to irrigate fields
sak tz'i'
- 美國麻省布蘭迪斯大學一個考古團隊早年從墨西哥一個小販處打聽到線索，順藤摸瓜在該國與危地馬拉邊境附近一個農場主的家中後院，找到失落已久的古瑪雅王國首都遺址，相信是多個碑文中曾提到的薩克齊（Sak Tz'i'，暫譯），可能早在公元前七百五十年已有人居住。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200327/00180_037.html
******Izamal is known in Yucatán as the Yellow City (most of its buildings are painted yellow) and the City of Hills (that actually are the remains of ancient temple pyramids).Its monumental buildings exceed 1,000,000 cubic meters of constructive volume and at least two raised causeways, known by their Mayan term sacbeob, connect it with other important centers, Ruins of Ake, located 29 kilometres (18 mi) to the west and Kantunil, 18 kilometers to the south, evidencing the religious, political and economic power of this political unit over a territory of more than 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi) in extension. Izamal developed a particular constructive technique involving use of megalithic carved blocks, with defined architectonical characteristics like rounded corners, projected mouldings and thatched roofs at superstructures, which also appeared in other important urban centers within its hitherland, such as Ake, Uci and Dzilam. The city was founded during the Late Formative Period (750–200 BC) and was continuously occupied until the Spanish Conquest.
uxmal
- pyramid of the magician - erected on five different levels and with an equal number of temples
Mayan script, also known as Mayan glyphs or Mayan hieroglyphs, was the writing system of the Maya civilization of Mesoamerica and is the only Mesoamerican writing system that has been substantially deciphered. The earliest inscriptions found which are identifiably Maya date to the 3rd century BCE in San Bartolo, Guatemala. Maya writing was in continuous use throughout Mesoamerica until the Spanish conquest of the Maya in the 16th and 17th centuries. Maya writing used logograms complemented with a set of syllabic glyphs, somewhat similar in function to modern Japanese writing. Mayan writing was called "hieroglyphics" or hieroglyphs by early European explorers of the 18th and 19th centuries who did not understand it but found its general appearance reminiscent of Egyptian hieroglyphs, to which the Mayan writing system is not at all related. Modern Mayan languages are written using the Latin alphabet rather than Maya script.
people
- Chak Tok Ich'aak I[N 1] also known as Great Paw, Great Jaguar Paw, and Toh Chak Ich'ak (died January 14, 378) was an ajaw of the Maya city of Tikal. He took the throne on August 7, 360? and reigned until his death in 378, apparently at the hands of invaders from central Mexico.Born to K'inich Muwaan Jol and Lady Bahlam Way, Chak Tok Ich'aak I is one of Tikal's best known kings. His name is recorded on a number of ceramic pieces and stelae. Stela 39, which was discovered by archaeologists in the Mundo Perdido complex, was produced to commemorate the K'atun ending in 376. It depicts the king standing upon a bound captive while holding an ax decorated with jaguar markings that was probably used as either a weapon or an instrument of sacrifice. His name also appears on the fragmentary Stela 26 from Tikal's North Acropolis, which he may have dedicated. Both stelae were deliberately smashed soon after being dedicated.[3] Another stela from the distant site of El Temblor may have been created to mark his accession to power, but it is possible that it may instead have been dedicated to a namesake. His palace was located in the Central Acropolis and was identified from a carved clay vessel which had been interred under the western staircase as part of a dedication ritual.[3] Unusually, it was never built over by later rulers, and was kept in repair for centuries as an apparently revered monument. Stela 31 from Tikal records that Chak Tok Ich'aak I died on the same day that Siyaj K'ak', probably a war-leader from Teotihuacan, entered Tikal. The arrival of Siyaj K'ak' probably represented a forcible takeover, perhaps a conquest, which resulted in the death of Chak Tok Ich'aak I. The dead ruler's entire lineage was overthrown and a new line of rulers took power in their place, starting with Yax Nuun Ahiin I.
- K'inich Janaab Pakal I[N 1] (Mayan pronunciation: [k’ihniʧ xanaːɓ pakal], also known as Pacal, Pacal the Great, 8 Ahau and Sun Shield (March 603 – August 683),[1] was ajaw of the Mayacity-state of Palenque in the Late Classic period of pre-Columbian Mesoamerican chronology. He acceded to the throne in July 615 and ruled until his death. During a reign of 68 years, the longest known regnal period in the history of the Americas, the 30th longest worldwide and longest until Frederick III in the 15th century, Pakal was responsible for the construction or extension of some of Palenque's most notable surviving inscriptions and monumental architecture.
- Before his name was securely deciphered from extant Maya inscriptions, this ruler had been known by an assortment of nicknames and approximations, including Pakal or Pacal, Sun Shield, 8 Ahau, and (familiarly) as Pacal the Great. The word pakal means "shield" in the Classic Maya language.
- In modern sources his name is also sometimes appended with a regnal number,[N 3] to distinguish him from other rulers with this name, that either preceded or followed him in the dynastic lineage of Palenque. Confusingly, he has at times been referred to as either "Pakal I" or "Pakal II". Reference to him as Pakal II alludes to his maternal grandfather (who died c.612) also being named Janahb Pakal. However, although his grandfather was a personage of ajaw ranking, he does not himself appear to have been a king. When instead the name Pakal I is used, this serves to distinguish him from two later known successors to the Palenque rulership, K'inich Janaab Pakal II(ruled c. 742) and Janaab Pakal III, the last-known Palenque ruler (ruled c.799).
The Poqomam[pronunciation?] are a Maya people in Guatemala and El Salvador. Their indigenous language is also called Poqomam and is closely related to Poqomchi'. Notable Poqomam settlements are located in Chinautla (Guatemala (department)), Palín(Escuintla), and in San Luis Jilotepeque (Jalapa).[2] Before the Spanish Conquest, the Poqomam had their capital at Chinautla Viejo.
- [manuscript hunter] built the mighty city of nimpokom (means great pokom), whose walls, twenty palaces, and many teocalli were located in those august mountain tops
The Ch'orti' people (alternatively, Ch'orti' Maya or Chorti) are one of the indigenous Maya peoples, who primarily reside in communities and towns of southeastern Guatemala, northwestern Honduras, and northern El Salvador. Their indigenous language, also known as Ch'orti', is a survival of Classic Choltian, the language of the inscriptions in Copan.
- historical reference
- La obra Los Chortis de Guatemala, escrita por Charles Wisdom, es una etnografía minuciosa especialmente de Jocotán y Olapa, en Chiquimula y de forma menos intensiva en otros municipios del área chortí y ladina del propio departamento como La Unión, en Zacapa y de Copán, en Honduras. El prólogo del libro menciona: “Parece como si existiera una línea tajante de demarcación entre las regiones etnográficas de Guatemala; como si los intereses tuvieran importancia exclusivamente local, sin conexión alguna entre ellos. Si preguntáramos a una persona, de cierto nivel cultural, oriunda de una comunidad occidental, acerca de las características de cualquiera de los grupos chortís, difícilmente podría respondernos de forma satisfactoria y viceversa […] tal es la forma separada en la que se encuentran los grupos en la población guatemalteca”. En el libro se detalla que los chortís están situados en la sección central del oriente de Guatemala, principalmente en el departamento de Chiquimula, pero se extienden diez millas más allá de la frontera hondureña, dejando en su interior al municipio de Copán. La mayor parte de la población indígena vive en los municipios de La Unión, Jocotán, Camotán, San Juan Ermita, Olopa, Quetzaltepeque y Copán. Los municipios que rodean al área indígena están poblados principalmente por ladinos; la mayoría chortí no los considera parte de su área nativa y sus escasos indígenas parecen ser culturalmente más ladinos que indígenas y así son considerados. Los chortís se relacionan únicamente con los pokomames por relaciones comerciales.
- Ch'orti'-Maya survival in Eastern Guatemala: indigeneity in transition, escrito por B.E. Metz, publicado en el 2006. En él, su autor muestra una visión mucho más actual del grupo étnico, y hace énfasis en esta identidad chortí y maya que está renaciendo.
legend/deity
- Q'uq'umatz (Mayan: [qʔuː qʔuːˈmats]) (alternatively Qucumatz, Gukumatz, Gucumatz, Gugumatz, Kucumatz etc.) was a deity of the Postclassic K'iche' Maya. Q'uq'umatz was the Feathered Serpent divinity of the Popol Vuh who created humanity together with the god Tepeu. Q'uq'umatz is considered to be the rough equivalent of the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl, and also of Kukulkan of the Yucatec Maya tradition.[2] It is likely that the feathered serpent deity was borrowed from one of these two peoples and blended with other deities to provide the god Q'uq'umatz that the K'iche' worshipped.[3] Q'uq'umatz may have had his origin in the Valley of Mexico; some scholars have equated the deity with the Aztec deity Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl, who was also a creator god.[4] Q'uq'umatz may originally have been the same god as Tohil, the K'iche' sun god who also had attributes of the feathered serpent,[5] but they later diverged and each deity came to have a separate priesthood. Q'uq'umatz was one of the gods who created the world in the Popul Vuh, the K'iche' creation epic.[7] Q'uq'umatz, god of wind and rain, was closely associated with Tepeu, god of lightning and fire.[8] Both of these deities were considered to be the mythical ancestors of the K'iche' nobility by direct male line.[9] Q'uq'umatz carried the sun across the sky and down into the underworld and acted as a mediator between the various powers in the Maya cosmos.[10] The deity was particularly associated with water, clouds, the wind and the sky. Kotuja', the K'iche' king who founded the city of Q'umarkaj, bore the name of the deity as a title and was likely to have been a former priest of the god. The priests of Q'uq'umatz at Q'umarkaj, the K'iche' capital, were drawn from the dominant Kaweq dynasty and acted as stewards in the city. The name translates literally as "Quetzal Serpent" although it is often rendered less accurately as "Feathered Serpent".[11] The name derives from the K'iche' wordq'uq, referring to the Resplendent quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno, a brightly coloured bird of the cloud forests of southern Mesoamerica. This is combined with the word kumatz "snake".
- [manuscript hunter] legends concerning him rebuilding the temples and palaces of utatlan and conquered distant lands such as xibalba (palenque); king qikab (quicab or k'iq'ab (many hands)), the son of gucumatz (ca 1425-1474) - his magic drum was located deep within the surrounding mountains. Name suggests his power to accomplish what would be impossible for someone with only two hands. It may also suggest the number of vassals and servants he possessed.
technology
- 美國辛辛那提大學一個跨學科團隊上周四發表研究報告，指在危地馬拉北部一個古瑪雅人遺址的泥土中，發現一些非原地的石英和沸石晶體。經分析後，認為是當時的人用來當作濾層過濾蓄水池中的水，反映二千多年前的瑪雅人，已懂得製造濾水系統以獲取安全潔淨食水，較歐洲人為早。團隊由該校人類學、地理學及生物學家學者組成。地理學教授鄧寧（Nicholas Dunning）表示，他在十年前到危地馬拉考察時，早已在其他地方見到有工人就地用合石英和沸石的礦物放在樽內過濾食水。他們後來在提卡爾市（Tikal）東北部約廿九公里的山脊上古瑪雅人遺址，發現同樣的礦物，而遺址內的蓄水池中，亦有沸石置於纖維編織的物料上。鄧寧指出，石英和沸石混合後能形成可作過濾用的天然分子篩，可移除水中有害微生物、富氮化合物、重金屬等。這種分子篩仍可見於現時的濾水器濾芯。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201027/00180_042.html- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190313/PDF/b17_screen.pdf 目前，由成都金沙遺址博物館、湖北省博物館、 深圳博物館、洛杉磯郡藝術博物館聯合主辦的 「瑪雅 的世界：洛杉磯郡藝術博物館藏古代瑪雅藝術品特展 」正在成都展出。太陽神形香爐, 睡蓮蛇紋陶杯, 睡蓮蛇與矮人紋陶罐（左）、男子和睡蓮蛇紋陶碗
history
- In 1712, a number of Maya communities in the Soconusco region of Chiapas rose in rebellion, in what is known as the Tzeltal Rebellion or Tzendal Rebellion. It was a multiethnic revolt, with 32 towns of Tzeltal (14), Tzotzil (15), and Chol (3) indigenous peoples participating in it. The indigenous renounced the authority of the Catholic hierarchy and established a priesthood of indigenous men. There was widespread military mobilization of indigenous men, who called themselves “soldiers of the Virgin.
historical record/artefacts
- Popol Vuh (also Popol Wuj) is a cultural narrative that recounts the mythology and history of the K'iche' people who inhabit the Guatemalan Highlandsnorthwest of present-day Guatemala City. The Popol Vuh is a creation narrative written by the K'iche' people before the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, originally preserved through oral tradition until approximately 1550 when it was written down.[4] The survival of the Popol Vuh is credited to the 18th century Dominican friar Francisco Ximénez who made a copy of the original text in Spanish The name "Popol Vuh" translates as "Book of the Community", "Book of Counsel", or more literally as "Book of the People". The Popol Vuh includes the Mayan creation myth, beginning with the exploits of the Hero Twins Hunahpú and Xbalanqué.[8] As with similar texts (Chilam Balam, being one example), a great deal of the Popol Vuh's significance lies in the scarcity of early accounts dealing with Mesoamerican mythologies due to the purging of documents by the Spanish Conquistadors.In 1701, Father Ximénez came to Santo Tomás Chichicastenango (also known as Santo Tomás Chuilá). This town was in the Quiché territory and therefore is probably where Fr. Ximénez first redacted the mythistory.[10][11] Ximénez transcribed and translated the manuscript in parallel K'iche' and Spanish columns (the K'iche' having been represented phonetically with Latin and Parra characters). In or around 1714, Ximénez incorporated the Spanish content in book one, chapters 2–21 of his Historia de la provincia de San Vicente de Chiapa y Guatemala de la orden de predicadores. Ximénez's manuscripts remained posthumously in the possession of the Dominican Order until General Francisco Morazánexpelled the clerics from Guatemala in 1829–30 whereupon the Order's documents passed largely to the Universidad de San Carlos.
- scholars
- Diego de Landa Calderón, O.F.M. (12 November, 1524 – 29 April, 1579) was a Spanish bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Yucatán. Historians describe him as a cruel and fanatical priest who led a violent campaign against idolatry. In particular, he burned almost all the Mayan manuscripts (codex) that would have been very useful in deciphering Mayan script, knowledge of Maya religion and civilization, and the history of the American continent. Born in Cifuentes, Guadalajara, Spain, he became a Franciscan monk in 1541, and was sent as one of the first Franciscans to the Yucatán, arriving in 1549. Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya peoples after the Spanish conquest of Yucatán. He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic Franciscan order by the Spanish crown, and he worked diligently to buttress the order's power and convert the indigenous Maya. His initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal, which served also as his primary residence while in Yucatán. He is the author of the Relación de las cosas de Yucatán in which he catalogues the Maya religion, Maya language, culture and writing system. The manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain; however, the original copies have long since been lost. The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the 19th-century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862, who published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual French-Spanish edition, Relation des choses de Yucatán de Diego de Landa.
- Alfred Percival Maudslay (18 March 1850 – 22 January 1931) was a British diplomat, explorer and archaeologist. He was one of the first Europeans to study Maya ruins.
guatemala
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200720/PDF/b2_screen.pdf 危地馬拉的瑪雅人分裂為兩個彼此仇恨的帝國，西班牙人入侵時兩國也不願結盟共禦外敵。
poland
- 全球最深的人工潛水池「深水坑」（Deepspot），上周六在波蘭首都華沙開幕。該潛水池深度達45.5米，池底設有透明觀景隧道、人工洞穴、複製的瑪雅文明遺迹和一艘「沉船」，主要供潛水愛好者在安全環境中練習和模擬深海探索。「深水坑」儲水量8,000立方米，是一般泳池的20多倍。開幕首日吸引十多名客人到場，包括8名來考牌的潛水員。其中39歲潛水教練卡茨普札克形容它像是潛水愛好者的有趣幼稚園校園。由於「深水坑」屬於訓練設施而非一般泳池，故此在疫情中仍可不受防疫措施限制開門營業。官方更計劃稍後開設酒店，讓住客能夠從房間看到水深5米處的潛水活動。「深水坑」開幕後，將取代意大利蒙泰格羅托泰爾梅Y40泳池的世界第一地位，該泳池在2017年以深42米創下世績。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201124/00180_038.html
china
china
- The Mayan civilization built its city-states around 200 AD. The pre-Hispanic city of Chichen Itza, a key Mayan ceremonial center featuring the famed Kukulcan pyramid as an important totem for the Maya people, existed from approximately 700 to 1200 AD.Santos says that the bronze-made remnants of trees buried in sacrificial pits at the ruins of the Shu Kingdom resembles the sacred ceiba tree, which symbolized the union of heaven, earth and the underworld in the Mayan civilization that flourished in Mesoamerica."They are very important similarities," said Santos, stressing that "the representations of trees in both cultures provides a symbolism that is very similar".http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202104/12/WS607394c7a31024ad0bab4c36.html
any relations?
any relations?
-馬亞里Mayarí is a municipality and town in the Holguín Province of Cuba.The origins of the city date back to 1757 in Spanish Cuba, when the first farms were established here by immigrant colonists. On 19 January 1879 the city became the seat of Mayarí Municipality.
- 南安迪縣Indramayu Regency is a regency (kabupaten) of West Java province of Indonesia. Pertamina, the state's oil company, have operated a refinery just outside the town since 1994.
- fire broke out at the Balongan refinery, run by state oil firm Pertamina. The Balongan Refinery is one of Indonesia's largest refineries and also one of its most crucial, as it feeds fuel and petrochemicals to the greater Jakarta area.Questions have now been raised on how this incident will affect plastics and chemicals businesses and factories, though Pertamina has told the public that "fuel delivery to the public is undisturbed and currently still ongoing".https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56560826
- the mother of buddha Siddhārtha Gautama is maya [goddard]
- ********倭马亚王朝Umayyad dynasty
- ********倭马亚王朝Umayyad dynasty
- moscow metro station mayakovskaya
- Mayakovskaya (now Triumphalnaya) Square https://www.rbth.com/history/332140-moscow-during-wwii
- Mayaa Nepal was created in 2011 from the remains of a previous association, Concern by two friends, Nicole Sicard and Sarbendra Pachhai. Nicole was born in France, but has lived in Hong Kong for the last 50 years, living and working as a teacher in the local community, believing that only through education can people improve their chances in life. She has received numerous accolades for her work and dedication to the most needy, recently being made Chevalière de la Légion d’Honneur, France’s highest accolade. Sarbendra is passionate about his country and is involved in a number of charity organisations. He firmly believes that the by giving a good education to all children, the future generations will bring prosperity to themselves and to the country https://mayaa.world/about-us/
- maya bay, Ko Phi Phi Le or Ko Phi Phi Leh, Thailand
- Maya Lifestyle Shopping Center, chiang mai
- Mayakovskaya (now Triumphalnaya) Square https://www.rbth.com/history/332140-moscow-during-wwii
- Mayaa Nepal was created in 2011 from the remains of a previous association, Concern by two friends, Nicole Sicard and Sarbendra Pachhai. Nicole was born in France, but has lived in Hong Kong for the last 50 years, living and working as a teacher in the local community, believing that only through education can people improve their chances in life. She has received numerous accolades for her work and dedication to the most needy, recently being made Chevalière de la Légion d’Honneur, France’s highest accolade. Sarbendra is passionate about his country and is involved in a number of charity organisations. He firmly believes that the by giving a good education to all children, the future generations will bring prosperity to themselves and to the country https://mayaa.world/about-us/
- event
- maya bay, Ko Phi Phi Le or Ko Phi Phi Leh, Thailand
- Maya Lifestyle Shopping Center, chiang mai
-嘉路米耶圓形地（Rotunda de Carlos da Maia），又名三盞燈，是位於澳門聖安多尼堂區的一個圓形廣場，由此照射出五條街道。由於不少緬甸華僑聚居於此並開設餐館，所以這亦是品嚐正宗緬甸佳餚的最佳地方，被稱為「澳門東南亞美食集中地」。「圓形地」是來自葡萄牙語，意即處於路口中間，而此圓形地則是紀念澳門第105任總督米耶（José Carlos da Maia）。其俗稱「三盞燈」之命名來源，其中一說法是廣場中間的一支四個燈泡的燈柱，但後來其中一個損壞了，只剩下三個燈泡，故而得名；另一種說法是燈柱三盞燈向下，一盞向上，導致視覺上有誤差。
- Mayako Muroi 室井 摩耶子（むろい まやこ、1921年4月18日 - ）は、日本のピアニスト。1955年、映画『ここに泉あり』にピアニスト役（実名）で出演した。1956年、モーツァルト「生誕200年記念祭」に日本代表としてウィーンに派遣された[2]。同年、第1回ドイツ政府給費留学生に推挙され、ベルリン音楽大学に留学。ベルリンを拠点に、ハウザー教授、ヘルムート・ロロフ教授、ヴィルヘルム・ケンプ教授に師事し研鑽を積んだ。1960年、ケンプ教授の推薦でベートーヴェンの曲を4つ並べたリサイタルをベルリンで開催。以降、海外13カ国で演奏を重ね、1964年にはドイツで出版された『世界150人のピアニスト』で紹介された。
- maya 曦臺 property development in yautong by wang on properties and cifi group
- 《金达莱》是朝鲜人金素月（1902-1934）写的一首著名诗词，是每个韩国人都会的诗歌，也是学习韩语时老师会让学生背诵的诗歌。由于受西方文艺思潮影响，诗人的作品在朝鲜民族文化和当代韩国文学作品中都成为了革命性的巨作。 歌手MAYA的《金达莱花》这首歌的副歌部分就来源于这首诗歌。
- maya 曦臺 property development in yautong by wang on properties and cifi group
- 《金达莱》是朝鲜人金素月（1902-1934）写的一首著名诗词，是每个韩国人都会的诗歌，也是学习韩语时老师会让学生背诵的诗歌。由于受西方文艺思潮影响，诗人的作品在朝鲜民族文化和当代韩国文学作品中都成为了革命性的巨作。 歌手MAYA的《金达莱花》这首歌的副歌部分就来源于这首诗歌。
- wenwei 29may19 我問濟州的學者，它與一般杜鵑花有什麼區別？他們都說不清楚。也許是杜鵑花的一種吧。四月的韓國積雪剛剛開始融化，金達萊卻不畏嚴寒地開放了。放眼望去，滿山遍野都是嬌艷欲滴的紅色。金達萊是冬去春來田野中開放的第一朵花。韓國人把金達萊看成是春天的使者，是堅貞、吉祥、幸福的象徵。朝鮮人說是他們的國花，又稱「金日成花」；濟州人說是他們的市花。
- https://www.ufehongkong.hk/events/1810-music-for-mayaa-songs-for-love/
- joko anwar's film about a city girl called maya
- joko anwar's film about a city girl called maya
- another film satan's slaves which mentions maya magazine- Tony, reading Budiman's Maya magazine article on Satan's slaves, pieces together information from his childhood memory of accompanying his mother on industry functions and coming across individuals who were always in attendance but rarely spoke with other guests, inferring they were watching over their mother. He tells Rini that their mother may have been connected to this Satanic sect, who allow barren women to bear children through the worship of Satan but with the condition that the last child be handed over to the cult at the age of seven. Rini finds the story hard to believe. Following more paranormal experiences, she seeks help from the Ustad who checks on their house and advises they perform Salah to pray to Allah regularly. That night, while Rini practices Salah in her mukena she is haunted by the ghostly figure prompting her and her siblings to run to the Ustad's house for refuge.
- chinmaya mission
- 女子最高滑浪世界紀錄保持者巴西女滑浪手加韋拉（Maya Gabeira）
- 女子最高滑浪世界紀錄保持者巴西女滑浪手加韋拉（Maya Gabeira）
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