Pranab Kumar Mukherjee (Bengali: প্রণব মুখোপাধ্যায়) (Bengali: [prənəb kʊmɑr mʉkhərdʒi]; born 11 December 1935) is the 13th and currentPresident of India, in office since July 2012. In a political career spanning six decades, Mukherjee was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and occupied several ministerial portfolios in the Government of India. Prior to his election as President, Mukherjee was Union Finance Minister from 2009 to 2012, and the Congress party's top troubleshooter. Mukherjee got his break in politics in 1969 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi helped him get elected to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house ofParliament, on a Congress ticket. Following a meteoric rise, he became one of Indira Gandhi's most trusted lieutenants, and a minister in her cabinet by 1973. During the controversial Internal Emergency of 1975–77, he was accused (like several other Congress leaders) of committing gross excesses. Mukherjee's service in a number of ministerial capacities culminated in his first stint as finance minister in 1982–84. Mukherjee was also Leader of the House in the Rajya Sabha from 1980 to 1985. Mukherjee was sidelined from the Congress during the premiership of Rajiv Gandhi, Indira's son. Mukherjee had viewed himself, and not the inexperienced Rajiv, as the rightful successor to Indira following her assassination in 1984. Mukherjee lost out in the ensuing power struggle. He formed his own party, the Rashtriya Samajwadi Congress, which merged with the Congress in 1989 after reaching a consensus with Rajiv Gandhi. Mukherjee's political career revived when Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao appointed him Planning Commission head in 1991 andforeign minister in 1995. Following this, as elder statesman of the Congress, Mukherjee was the principal and architect of Sonia Gandhi's ascension to the party's presidency in 1998. When the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) came into power in 2004, Mukherjee won a Lok Sabha (the popularly elected lower house of Parliament) seat for the first time. From then until his resignation in 2012, Mukherjee was practically number-two in Prime MinisterManmohan Singh's government. He held a number of key cabinet portfolios—Defence (2004–06), External Affairs (2006–09) and Finance (2009–12)—apart from heading several Groups of Ministers (GoMs) and being Leader of the House in the Lok Sabha. After securing the UPA's nomination for the country's presidency, in July 2012 Mukherjee comfortably defeated P. A. Sangma in the race to Rashtrapati Bhavan, winning 70 percent of the electoral-college vote.
Salim Chishti (1478 – 1572) (Hindi: सलीम चिश्ती, Urdu: سلیم چشتی ) was a Sufi saint of the Chishti Order during theMughal Empire in India.It was thought by many[who?] that Chishti could perform wonders. The Mughal Emperor Akbar-e-Azam went to the shrine of Ashraf Jahangir Semnani, but on his travels he also felt inspired to see Chishti. Akbar came to Chishti's home, deep in the desert, seeking a male heir to his throne. Chishti blessed Akbar, and soon the first of three sons was born to him. He named his first son Salim (later emperor Jahangir) in honor of Chishti. A daughter of Sheikh Salim Chishti, was the foster mother of Emperor Jahangir. The emperor was deeply attached to his foster mother, as reflected in the Jahangirnama and he was extremely close to her son Qutb-ud-din Khan Koka who was made the governor of Bengal and his descendants are still to be found in Sheikhupur, Badaun.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi(/ˈɡɑːndi, ˈɡæn-/; Gujarati: [ˈmoːɦənd̪aːs ˈkərəmtʃənd̪ ˈɡaːnd̪ʱi]Hindustani: [ˈmoːɦənd̪aːs ˈkərəmtʃənd̪ ˈɡaːnd̪ʱi]; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the preeminent leader of theIndian independence movement in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahatma (Sanskrit: "high-souled", "venerable")[3]—applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa,[4]—is now used worldwide. He is also called Bapu(Gujarati: endearment for "father",[5]"papa"[5][6]) in India. In common parlance in India he is often called Gandhiji. He is unofficially called the Father of the Nation.[7][8]Gandhi's vision of an independent India based on religious pluralism, however, was challenged in the early 1940s by a new Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate Muslim homeland carved out of India.[9] Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire[9] was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and Muslim Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal. Eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to promote religious harmony. The last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 at age 78, also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan. Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating. Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest at point-blank range.
- Rahul Gandhi 
pronunciation (help·info) [ˈraːɦʊl ˈɡaːnd̪ʱiː] (born 19 June 1970) is an Indian politician. He hails from a long line of politicians, known as the Nehru-Gandhi family, which has occupied a prominent place in the politics of India ever since the country gained independence in 1947. His great-grandfather was Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India and also the longest serving Prime Minister of India having served for a total of seventeen years. Gandhi's grandmother Indira was the first woman Prime Minister of India and his father Rajiv was the youngest prime minister of India to be sworn in to office. The son of Sonia and Rajiv, he is the president of the Indian National Congress and serves such additional offices as the chairperson of the Indian Youth Congress and the National Students Union of India.[1] A member of the Indian Parliament, Gandhi represents the constituency of Amethi, Uttar Pradesh in the 16th Lok Sabha.Gandhi was born in Delhi on 19 June 1970,[4] as the first of the two children of Rajiv Gandhi, who later became the Prime Minister of India, and Italian-born Sonia Gandhi, who later became President of Indian National Congress, and as the grandson of the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. His paternal grandfather Feroze Gandhi was a Parsi from Gujarat.[5] He is also the great-grandson of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Priyanka Vadra is his younger sister and Robert Vadra is his brother-in-law. He identifies himself as a Hindu Brahmin.
pronunciation (help·info) [ˈraːɦʊl ˈɡaːnd̪ʱiː] (born 19 June 1970) is an Indian politician. He hails from a long line of politicians, known as the Nehru-Gandhi family, which has occupied a prominent place in the politics of India ever since the country gained independence in 1947. His great-grandfather was Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India and also the longest serving Prime Minister of India having served for a total of seventeen years. Gandhi's grandmother Indira was the first woman Prime Minister of India and his father Rajiv was the youngest prime minister of India to be sworn in to office. The son of Sonia and Rajiv, he is the president of the Indian National Congress and serves such additional offices as the chairperson of the Indian Youth Congress and the National Students Union of India.[1] A member of the Indian Parliament, Gandhi represents the constituency of Amethi, Uttar Pradesh in the 16th Lok Sabha.Gandhi was born in Delhi on 19 June 1970,[4] as the first of the two children of Rajiv Gandhi, who later became the Prime Minister of India, and Italian-born Sonia Gandhi, who later became President of Indian National Congress, and as the grandson of the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. His paternal grandfather Feroze Gandhi was a Parsi from Gujarat.[5] He is also the great-grandson of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Priyanka Vadra is his younger sister and Robert Vadra is his brother-in-law. He identifies himself as a Hindu Brahmin.- hkej 17apr19 shum article
Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel (31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950), popularly known as Sardar Patel, was the first Deputy Prime Minister of India. He was an Indian barrister and statesman, a leader of the Indian National Congress and a founding father of the Republic of India who played a leading role in the country's struggle for independence and guided its integration into a united, independent nation. In India and elsewhere, he was often addressed as Sardar,[1]which means Chief in Hindi, Urdu, and Persian. He acted as de facto Supreme Commander-in-chief of Indian army during Political integration of India and Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Patel was born and raised in the countryside of Gujarat.[2] He was employed in successful practice as a lawyer. He subsequently organised peasants from Kheda, Borsad, and Bardoli in Gujarat in non-violent civil disobedience against oppressive policies imposed by the British Raj, becoming one of the most influential leaders in Gujarat. He rose to the leadership of the Indian National Congress, in which capacity he organised the party for elections in 1934 and 1937 even as he continued to promote the Quit India Movement. As the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India, Patel organised relief efforts for refugees fleeing from Punjab and Delhi and worked to restore peace across the nation. He led the task of forging a united India, successfully integrating into the newly independent nation those British colonial provinces that had been "allocated" to India. Besides those provinces that had been under direct British rule, approximately 565 self-governing princely states had been released from British suzerainty by the Indian Independence Act of 1947. Employing frank diplomacy with the expressed option to deploy military force, Patel persuaded almost every princely state to accede to India. His commitment to national integration in the newly independent country was total and uncompromising, earning him the sobriquet "Iron Man of India".[3] He is also affectionately remembered as the "Patron saint of India's civil servants" for having established the modern all-India services system. He is also called the Unifier of India. A commemoration of Patel, held annually on his birthday, 31 October, known as the Rashtriya Ekta Diwas (National Unity Day), was introduced by the government of India in 2014.
- https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/news/construction-of-worlds-tallest-statue-underway/ Announced in 2013, the Statue of Unity is being built on Sadhu Island, in the western state of Gujarat. The semblance of India's first deputy prime minister, political and social leader Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, will stand at 182 metres tall - almost twice the height of the Statue of Liberty. Images of the early stages of construction show the statue's pedestal and base being laid as well as the installation of the central support pillars made from tons of cement and recycled iron. The structure is due to be completed in October this year. Costing £226.9million to build, the statue has been subject to much controversy. The cost of the memorial and alleged political motives behind it brought strong criticism from leading commentators.- "Critics decry waste of $500m as India plans world’s tallest statue" ft 6jul18
Subhas Chandra Bose (23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945)[1][a] was an Indian nationalist whose defiant patriotism made him a hero in India, but whose attempt during World War II to rid India of British rule with the help of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan left a troubled legacy.[7][e][8][f][4][g] The honorific Netaji (Hindustani: "Respected Leader"), first applied in early 1942 to Bose in Germany by the Indian soldiers of the Indische Legion and by the German and Indian officials in the Special Bureau for India in Berlin, was later used throughout India. Bose had been a leader of the younger, radical, wing of the Indian National Congress in the late 1920s and 1930s, rising to become Congress President in 1938 and 1939.[10][i] However, he was ousted from Congress leadership positions in 1939 following differences with Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress high command.[11] He was subsequently placed under house arrest by the British before escaping from India in 1940.Bose arrived in Germany in April 1941, where the leadership offered unexpected, if sometimes ambivalent, sympathy for the cause of India's independence, contrasting starkly with its attitudes towards other colonised peoples and ethnic communities. In November 1941, with German funds, a Free India Centre was set up in Berlin, and soon a Free India Radio, on which Bose broadcast nightly. A 3,000-strong Free India Legion, comprising Indians captured by Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps, was also formed to aid in a possible future German land invasion of India.[15] By spring 1942, in light of Japanese victories in southeast Asia and changing German priorities, a German invasion of India became untenable, and Bose became keen to move to southeast Asia.[16] Adolf Hitler, during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942, suggested the same, and offered to arrange for a submarine.[17] During this time Bose also became a father; his wife, [3] or companion,[2][j] Emilie Schenkl, whom he had met in 1934, gave birth to a baby girl in November 1942.[3][13] Identifying strongly with the Axis powers, and no longer apologetically, Bose boarded a German submarine in February 1943.[18][19] In Madagascar, he was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked in Japanese-held Sumatra in May 1943. With Japanese support, Bose revamped the Indian National Army (INA), then composed of Indian soldiers of the British Indian army who had been captured in the Battle of Singapore.[20] To these, after Bose's arrival, were added enlisting Indian civilians in Malaya and Singapore. The Japanese had come to support a number of puppet and provisional governments in the captured regions, such as those in Burma, the Philippines and Manchukuo. Before long the Provisional Government of Free India, presided by Bose, was formed in the Japanese-occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands.[20][21][k] Bose had great drive and charisma—creating popular Indian slogans, such as "Jai Hind,"—and the INA under Bose was a model of diversity by region, ethnicity, religion, and even gender. However, Bose was regarded by the Japanese as being militarily unskilled,[22][l] and his military effort was short-lived. In late 1944 and early 1945 the British Indian Armyfirst halted and then devastatingly reversed the Japanese attack on India. Almost half the Japanese forces and fully half the participating INA contingent were killed. The INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula, and surrendered with the recapture of Singapore. Bose had earlier chosen not to surrender with his forces or with the Japanese, but rather to escape to Manchuria with a view to seeking a future in the Soviet Union which he believed to be turning anti-British. He died from third degree burns received when his plane crashed in Taiwan.[24][n] Some Indians, however, did not believe that the crash had occurred,[6][o] with many among them, especially in Bengal, believing that Bose would return to gain India's independence. The Indian National Congress, the main instrument of Indian nationalism, praised Bose's patriotism but distanced itself from his tactics and ideology, especially his collaboration with fascism.[29] The British Raj, though never seriously threatened by the INA,[30][t][31][u]charged 300 INA officers with treason in the INA trials, but eventually backtracked in the face both of popular sentiment and of its own end.
- hkej 9oct17 shum article
Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay (25 September 1916 – 11 February 1968) was an Indian politician . He was one of the most important leaders of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the forerunner of the present day Bharatiya Janata Party.He was born in 1916 in the village Chandrabhan, now called Deendayal Dham, near the Farahtown in Mathura District, 26 km away from Mathura. His father, Bhagwati Prasad, was a well known astrologer and his mother Shrimati Rampyari was a religious-minded lady. Both his parents died when he was eight years old and he was brought up by his maternal uncle.Upadhyaya conceived the political philosophy Integral Humanism. The philosophy of Integral Humanism advocates the simultaneous and integrated program of the body, mind and intellect and soul of each human being. His philosophy of Integral Humanism, which is a synthesis of the material and the spiritual, the individual and the collective, bears eloquent testimony to this. He visualised for India a decentralised polity and self-reliant economy with the village as the base. Deendayal Upadhyaya was convinced that India as an independent nation could not rely upon Western concepts like individualism, democracy, socialism, communism or capitalism and was of the view that the Indian polity after Independence has been raised upon these superficial Western foundations and not rooted in the traditions of India's ancient culture. He was of the view that the Indian intellect was getting suffocated by Western theories, which left a "roadblock" to the growth and expansion of original Bharatiya (Sanskrit: "of Bharat" [India]) thought. Upadhyay was compelled to answer what he felt was the urgent need in India for a "fresh breeze". He welcomed modern technology but wanted it to be adapted to suit Indian requirements. He believed in Swaraj ("Self-governance"). He died under unexpected circumstances and was found dead on 11 February 1968 at Mughal Sarai railway yard. Upadhyaya edited Panchjanya(Weekly) and Swadesh (Daily) from Lucknow. In Hindi, he has written a drama Chandragupta Maurya, and later wrote a biography of Shankaracharya. He translated a Marathi biography of Hedgewar, the founder of RSS.
Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Hindustani: [ˈɪnːdɪrə ˈɡaːnd̪ʱi] (
listen); née Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian stateswoman and central figure of the Indian National Congress. She was the first and, to date, the only female Prime Minister of India. Gandhi belonged to the Nehru–Gandhi family and was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Indian prime minister. Despite her surname Gandhi, she is not related to the family of Mahatma Gandhi. She served as Prime Minister from January 1966 to March 1977 and again from January 1980 until her assassination in October 1984, making her the second longest-serving Indian prime minister after her father.Gandhi served as her father's personal assistant and hostess during his tenure as Prime Minister between 1947 and 1964. She was elected Congress President in 1959. Upon her father's death in 1964 she was appointed as a member of the Rajya Sabha (upper house) and became a member of Lal Bahadur Shastri's cabinetas Minister of Information and Broadcasting.[1] In the Congress Party's parliamentary leadership election held in early 1966 (upon the death of Shastri) she defeated her rival, Morarji Desai, to become leader, and thus succeeded Shastri as Prime Minister of India. As Prime Minister, Gandhi was known for her political ruthlessness and unprecedented centralisation of power. She went to war with Pakistan in support of the independence movement and war of independence in East Pakistan, which resulted in an Indian victory and the creation of Bangladesh, as well as increasing India's influence to the point where it became the regional hegemon of South Asia. Citing fissiparous tendencies and in response to a call for revolution, Gandhi instituted a state of emergencyfrom 1975 to 1977 where basic civil liberties were suspended and press was censored. In 1980, she returned to powerafter free and fair elections. She was assassinated by Sikh nationalists in 1984, less than a month before her 67th birthday. Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao (28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004) (Telugu: పి.వి.నరసింహ రావు) was an Indian lawyer and politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of India, from 1991–1996.[3] His ascendancy to the prime ministership was politically significant in that he was the first holder of this office from a non-Hindi-speaking region, belonging to the southern part of India. He led an important administration, overseeing a major economic transformation and several home incidents affecting national security of India.[4] Rao, who held the Industries portfolio, was personally responsible for the dismantling of the Licence Raj, as this came under the purview of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.[5] He is often referred to as the "Father of Indian Economic Reforms". Future prime ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Manmohan Singh continued the economic reform policies pioneered by Rao's government. Rao accelerated the dismantling of the License Raj, reversing the socialist policies of Rajiv Gandhi's government. He employed Dr. Manmohan Singh as his Finance Minister to embark on historic economic transition. With Rao's mandate, Dr. Manmohan Singh launched India's globalisation angle of the reforms that implemented the International Monetary Fund (IMF) policies to rescue the almost bankrupt nation from economic collapse.[5] Rao was also referred to as Chanakya for his ability to steer tough economic and political legislation through the parliament at a time when he headed a minority government.PV Narasimha Rao had humble social origins. He was born in a village in Warangal District, now in Telangana, but later adopted and brought to Vangara village of Bheemadevarapalli mandal of Karimnagar district in Telangana, then part of Hyderabad State, when he was three years old.[1] His father, P. Sitarama Rao, and mother, Rukminiamma, hailed from agrarian families.[16] Popularly known as PV, he completed part of his primary education in Katkuru village of Bheemdevarapalli mandal in Karimnagar district by staying in his relative Gabbeta Radhakishan Rao's house and studying for his Bachelor's degree in the Arts college at the Osmania University. He later went on to Hislop College, now under Nagpur University, where he completed a Master's degree in law. Rao's mother tongue was Telugu, and he had an excellent command of Marathi. In addition to eight other Indian languages (Hindi, Oriya, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Sanskrit, Tamil and Urdu), he spoke English, French, Arabic, Spanish, German and Persian. Along with his distant cousin Pamulaparthi Sadasiva Rao, Ch. Raja Narendra and Devulapalli Damodar Rao, PV edited a Telugu weekly magazine called Kakatiya Patrika in the 1940s. Both PV and Sadasiva Rao contributed articles under the pen-name Jaya-Vijaya. Narasimha Rao had three sons and five daughters. His eldest son P.V. Rangarao was an education minister in Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy's cabinet and MLA from Hanamakonda Assembly Constituency, in Warangal District for two terms. His second son, Late P.V. Rajeswara Rao, was a Member of Parliament of the 11th Lok Sabha (15 May 1996 – 4 December 1997) from Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency.
Atal Bihari Vajpayee BR (pronunciation [əʈəl bɪhaːɾiː ʋaːdʒpai]; 25 December 1924[1] – 16 August 2018)[2] was an Indian politician who thrice served as the Prime Minister of India, first for a term of 13 days in 1996, for a period of eleven months from 1998 to 1999, and then for a full term from 1999 to 2004.He was conferred India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, by the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee in 2015.[3] The Modi government declared in 2014 that Vajpayee's birthday, 25 December, would be marked as Good Governance Day. He died on 16 August 2018 due to age related illness.
Subhas Chandra Bose
- Subhas Chandra Bose ( listen ; 23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945[1]), was anIndian nationalist whose defiant patriotism made him a hero in India, but whose attempt during World War II to rid India ofBritish rule with the help of Nazi Germanyand Imperial Japan left a troubled legacy.[4][5][6] The honorific Netaji, (Hindustani: "Respected Leader"), first applied to Bose in Germany, by the Indian soldiers of the Indische Legion and by the German and Indian officials in the Special Bureau for India in Berlin, in early 1942, was by 1990 used widely throughout India.
- http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21689639-founding-father-modern-india-continues-be-focus-speculation-mystery-theatre
- Abdul Kalam
- Former Indian president APJ Abdul Kalam, who was pivotal in the country's nuclear weapons program, died Monday in northeastern India, his aide H. Sheridan told CNN. Kalam, 83, was known as the South Asian nation's "missile man" for his role in developing the country's defense and nuclear technologies. He collapsed while giving a talk in the city of Shillong, Sheridan said. From 2002 to 2007, Kalam was the eleventh president of India, serving in that capacity as the supreme commander of the nation's armed forces. He was the first scientist to hold the office, and was widely viewed as an apolitical figure. "India mourns the loss of a great scientist, a wonderful President & above all an inspiring individual. RIP Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam," Indian Prime Minister Modi said on his official Twitter account. http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/27/world/apj-abdul-kalam-indian-president-dies/index.html?sr=cnnifb
- Manmohan Singh
- Manmohan Singh (Punjabi: [mənˈmoːɦən ˈsɪ́ŋɡ]; born 26 September 1932) is an Indian economist and politician who served as thePrime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014. The first Sikh in office, Singh was also the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term. Born in Gah (now in Punjab, Pakistan), Singh's family migrated to India during its partition in 1947. After obtaining his doctorate in economics from Oxford, Singh worked for the United Nations during 1966–69. He subsequently began his bureaucratic career when Lalit Narayan Mishra hired him as an advisor in the Ministry of Foreign Trade. Over the 70s and 80s, Singh held several key posts in the Government of India, such as Chief Economic Advisor (1972–76), Reserve Bankgovernor (1982–85) and Planning Commission head (1985–87).In 2004, when the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) came to power, its chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to Manmohan Singh. This Singh-led "UPA I" government executed several key legislations and projects, including the Rural Health Mission, Unique Identification Authority, Rural Employment Guarantee scheme and Right to Information Act. In 2008, opposition to a historic civil nuclear agreement with the United Statesnearly caused Singh's government to fall afterLeft Front parties withdrew their support. Although India's economy grew rapidly under UPA I, its security was threatened by several terrorist incidents (including the 2008 Mumbai attacks) and the continuing Maoist insurgency. The 2009 general election saw the UPA return with an increased mandate, with Singh retaining the office of Prime Minister. Over the next few years, Singh's "UPA II" government faced a number of corruption charges—over the organisation of the Commonwealth Games, the 2G-spectrum allocation and theallocation of coal blocks. After his term ended in 2014 he opted out from the race to the office of the Prime Minister of India during 2014 Indian general election.[2] Singh was never a member of Lok Sabha but continues to serve as a member of the Indian Parliament, representing the state of Assam in the Rajya Sabha for the fifth consecutive term since 1991.[3]
- dilip shanghvi
- founder of Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, india's most valuable drug company (market cap:$27 billion), becomes the country's second-richest person, overtaking steel tycoon Lakshmi Mittal. Sun's shares surged after it acquired scandal-tainted rival ranbaxy laboratories from Japan's Daiichi Sankyo for $4 billion in April. Deal awaits approvals, including from the Competition Commission of india, which is examining whether it would give Sun a monopoly on some drugs. Some clouds: The U.S. Food & Drug Administration issued an import alert for Sun's factory in Gujarat. Sun's subsidiaries Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories and Taro Pharmaceuticals both recalled some drugs this year. http://www.forbes.com/india-billionaires/gallery/dilip-shanghvi
- http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-02-23/shanghvi-family-to-give-up-to-610-million-security-for-suzlon Indian billionaire Dilip Shanghvi agreed to provide as much as 38 billion rupees ($610 million) of security for Suzlon Energy Ltd. to help Asia’s second-largest maker of wind turbines fill orders and return to profit.
- om prakash munjal
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/cbe08bce-4793-11e5-b3b2-1672f710807b.html The story of Om Prakash, who has died in the Punjabi city aged 86, and his three brothers was not quite one of rags to riches — their father was a wholesaler in Kamalia in what is now Pakistan. But it is a tale of dedication and salesmanship that helped the family to overcome the chaos of India’s partition in 1947 as well as the “licence Raj” that subsequently throttled entrepreneurs with bureaucracy and protectionism. The outcome for them was a collection of international businesses focused on pedal power and the motor industry.
- baba ramdev
- Baba Ramdev pronunciation (born asRamkrishna Yadav in Haryana) is a yoga teacher known for his contributions inAyurveda, politics and agriculture. He is best known for popularising yoga among Indians through his mass yoga camps. He founded the Patanjali Group of Institutions. Ramdev has more recently become a vocal advocate on Indian political issues.
politician
- Chandraswami (1948 – 23 May 2017) (Real name: Nemi Chand) was a controversial Indian tantrik (practitioner of Tantra). He is called a godman by some people. His father came from Behror in Rajasthan and worked as a money lender. He moved to Hyderabad when Chandraswami was a child. Chandraswami was attracted to the study of Tantra from an early age. He left home when still young to become a student of Upadhyar Amar Muni and the tantrik pandit Gopinath Kaviraj. He later lived in the jungles of Bihar where he spent time in meditation. He claimed that after four years he obtained extraordinary powers called siddhis. Chandraswami was Jain by religion and a believer in the goddess Maa Kali.[4][unreliable source] He was also interested in interfaith dialogue and sat on the Board of World Religious Leaders for the Elijah Interfaith Institute.
- Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 1st Baronet Jejeebhoy of Bombay, CMG (15 July 1783 – 14 April 1859[1]), also spelt Jeejeebhoy or Jeejebhoy, was a Parsi-Indian merchant and philanthropist. He is more historically notable for making a huge fortune in cotton and opium trade to China.[2][3][4] He was considered Bombay's most worthy son.Jejeebhoy was born in Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1783, the son of Merwanjee Mackjee Jejeebhoy and Jeevibai Cowasjee Jejeebhoy. His father was a textile merchant from Olpad, Gujarat, who migrated to Bombay in the 1770s.[5] Both of Jeejeebhoy's parents died in 1799, leaving the 16-year-old under the tutelage of his maternal uncle, Framjee Nasserwanjee Battliwala. At the age of sixteen, having had little formal education,[6] he made his first visit to Calcutta and then began his first voyage to China to trade in cotton and opium. Jejeebhoy's second voyage to China was made in a ship of the East India Company's fleet. Under the command of Sir Nathaniel Dance, this ship drove off a French squadron under Rear-Admiral Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois[6] in the Battle of Pulo Aura.
Punjabi
- The Kapoor family is a prominent Indian show business family with a long history in Hindi cinema, many members of the family have had careers as actors, film directors, and producers.The Kapoor family is of Punjabi Hindu origin.[1][3][4][2] Prithviraj Kapoor was the first from the family to pursue a career in films. He was born in 1906 in the town of Samundri in Punjab Province, British India.[10][11] His father, Basheshwarnath Kapoor, served as a police officer in the Indian Imperial Police in the city of Peshawar;[12] while his grandfather, Keshavmal Kapoor, was a Tehsildar in Samundri, Punjab, British India.[13] Prithviraj's first lead role was in Cinema Girl in 1929. All three of Prithviraj Kapoor's sons, Raj Kapoor, Shammi Kapoor, and Shashi Kapoor, made careers in the Hindi film industry. Raj Kapoor also known as "the greatest showman of Indian cinema",[14][15] became a noted Indian film actor, producer and director of Hindi cinema. Raj Kapoor's sons, Randhir Kapoor and Rishi Kapoor, went on to become well-known actors; his youngest son, Rajiv Kapoor, was not as successful as his brothers. Shashi Kapoor's daughter Sanjana Kapoor also became a film actress, although she had a short career. Randhir Kapoor is married to Babita. They have two daughters Karisma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor, both of whom have found success in the film industry. Rishi Kapoor is married to actress Neetu Singh, their son, Ranbir Kapoor, has established himself as a leading Bollywood actor. Nikhil Nanda, son of Ritu Kapoor, Raj Kapoor's daughter and Rajan Nanda, is married to Shweta Bachchan, daughter of the actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan.
links with british raj
- Palaniappan Chidambaram (born 16 September 1945)[1] is an Indian politician and former attorney who currently serves as Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha[2] and formerly served as the Union Minister of Finance of India. He was the Finance Minister starting in May 2004 through 2014, except for a three and a half year stint – beginning November 2008 – as Home Minister. Chidambaram returned as Finance Minister in July 2012, succeeding Pranab Mukherjee, who demitted office to become the President of India. On 20th August 2019, Delhi High Court dismissed both anticipatory bail pleas of Chidambaram in connection with INX Media case. He is levied in corruption charges during UPA Government as Finance Minister.Chidambaram was born to Kandanur L. Ct. L. Palaniappa Chettiar and Lakshmi Achi in Kanadukathan in the Sivaganga District in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. His maternal grandfather was Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiar, a. wealthy merchant and banker from Chettinad (was granted the title of Raja by the British Raj. Annamalai Chettiar was the founder of Annamalai University and United India Insurance Company Limited. His brother Ramaswami Chettiar was the founder of Indian Bank and the co-founder of another major bank Indian Overseas Bank.). Chidambaram did his schooling at the Madras Christian College Higher Secondary School[6] he passed the one-year pre University course from Loyola College, Chennai. After graduating with a BSc degree in statistics from the Presidency College, Chennai, he completed his Bachelor of Laws from the Madras Law College (now Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College) and his MBA from Harvard Business School in the class of 1968. He also holds a master's degree from Loyola College in Chennai.
china expert
- Former ambassador to China and current secretary (economic relations), Vijay Keshav Gokhale, has been named as India's next foreign secretary. He will succeed S Jaishankar whose extended tenure will end on January 28. A 1981-batch Indian Foreign Service officer, Gokhale is considered an expert on China. He returned to the headquarters from China in October and was appointed as secretary (economic relations). He is the senior-most serving IFS officer after Jaishankar. Gokhale — the only IFS to have served as India's Representative both in Taiwan and China — also served as high commissioner to Malaysia and ambassador in Germany. Proficient in Chinese, Gokhale's recent experience in handling the Dokalam crisis in coordination with Jaishankar and NSA AK Doval will come in handy amid Beijing's global ambitions that threatens India's security interests in the Indo-Pacific region. Gokhale had earlier handled East Asia Division in the Ministry of External Affairs which covers India's ties with China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Mongolia and Taiwan. Known for keeping a low profile, Gokhale is often firm in his decisions. Gokhale will succeed an IFS officer who was handpicked by PM Modi in 2015 for a period of two year and given a year's extension last January. During the last three years, Jaishankar (1977-batch IFS officer) has given a firm direction to India's foreign policy. He was often tasked by the PM to handle India's ties with countries that are traditionally not part of foreign secretary's domain.https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vijay-keshav-gokhale-expert-on-china-is-new-foreign-secretary/articleshow/62331513.cms
linguistics
- Pāṇini (देवनागरी : पाणिनि / पा-णि-नि ; IPA: [paːɳin̪i]; a patronymic meaning "descendant of Paṇi"; fl. 4th century BCE[1][2] [3]), or Panini, was a Vyākaraṇin from the early mahajanapada era of ancient India.[4] He was born inPushkalavati, Gandhara (on the outskirts of modern-day Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan). Pāṇini is known for his Sanskrit grammar, particularly for his formulation of the 3,959 rules of Sanskritmorphology, syntax and semantics in the grammar known as Aṣṭādhyāyī (meaning "eight chapters"), the foundational text of the grammatical branch of the Vedanga, the auxiliary scholarly disciplines of the historical Vedic religion. He can be considered as the father of linguistics. The Ashtadhyayi is one of the earliest known grammars of Sanskrit, although Pāṇini refers to previous texts like the Unadisutra, Dhatupatha, and Ganapatha. It is the earliest known work on linguistic description, and together with the work of his immediate predecessors (the Niruktas, Nighantus, and Pratishakyas) stands at the beginning of the history of linguistics itself. His theory of morphological analysis was more advanced than any equivalent Western theory before the mid-20th century,[6] and his analysis of noun compoundsstill forms the basis of modern linguistic theories of compounding, which have borrowed Sanskrit terms such as bahuvrihi and dvandva. Pāṇini's comprehensive and scientific theory of grammar is conventionally taken to mark the end of the period of Vedic Sanskrit, introducing the period of Classical Sanskrit.
fashion
- Sabyasachi Mukherjee (born 23 February 1974) is an Indian fashion designer from Kolkata. Since 1999, he has sold designer merchandise using the label Sabyasachi. Mukherjee is one of the Associate Designer Members of Fashion Design Council of India and the youngest board member of the National Museum of Indian Cinema.
film
- note the dynasties de bollywood page in wikipedia
- Aamir Khan (pronounced [ˈaːmɪr ˈxaːn]; born Mohammed Aamir Hussain Khan on 14 March 1965) is an Indian film actor, producer, director and television talk show host. Through his career spanning thirty years in Hindi films, Khan has established himself as one of the most popular and influential actors of Indian cinema.[1][2] He is the recipient of numerous awards, including nine Filmfare Awards, four National Film Awards, and an AACTA Award,[3][4] while one of his productions received an Academy Award nomination.[5] He was honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri in 2003 and the Padma Bhushan in 2010,[6] and received an honorary title from the Government of China in 2017.
- Chandraswami (1948 – 23 May 2017) (Real name: Nemi Chand) was a controversial Indian tantrik (practitioner of Tantra). He is called a godman by some people. His father came from Behror in Rajasthan and worked as a money lender. He moved to Hyderabad when Chandraswami was a child. Chandraswami was attracted to the study of Tantra from an early age. He left home when still young to become a student of Upadhyar Amar Muni and the tantrik pandit Gopinath Kaviraj. He later lived in the jungles of Bihar where he spent time in meditation. He claimed that after four years he obtained extraordinary powers called siddhis. Chandraswami was Jain by religion and a believer in the goddess Maa Kali.[4][unreliable source] He was also interested in interfaith dialogue and sat on the Board of World Religious Leaders for the Elijah Interfaith Institute.
- https://www.ft.com/content/65eff4b6-4094-11e7-9d56-25f963e998b2 In 1975 a robed, bearded Indian guru called Chandraswami was granted a brief audience in London with Britain’s then Conservative opposition leader Margaret Thatcher, who met him at the request of a senior Indian diplomat, K Natwar Singh, acting on the instructions of his political superiors in New Delhi. As recounted by Mr Singh in his 2012 memoir, Chandraswami, who at the time spoke no English and relied on the diplomat to translate, asked Thatcher to scribble five questions on five separate pieces of paper, then scrunch each into a ball. She grudgingly complied. He then asked her to unfold each chit. As she did, the guru told her the question written there. Her irritation gave way to amazement, and Thatcher peppered him with follow-up questions. She asked for a second meeting, at which, Mr Singh wrote, the two discussed her prime ministerial prospects. Chandraswami, who has died aged 69, made that brief cameo appearance on the margins of British politics. But in New Delhi of the 1980s and 1990s, the self-proclaimed tantric “godman” acquired a Rasputin-like reputation as he parlayed his allegedly supernatural powers into privileged access to India’s most powerful politicians — as well as movers and shakers on the global stage.
- Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 1st Baronet Jejeebhoy of Bombay, CMG (15 July 1783 – 14 April 1859[1]), also spelt Jeejeebhoy or Jeejebhoy, was a Parsi-Indian merchant and philanthropist. He is more historically notable for making a huge fortune in cotton and opium trade to China.[2][3][4] He was considered Bombay's most worthy son.Jejeebhoy was born in Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1783, the son of Merwanjee Mackjee Jejeebhoy and Jeevibai Cowasjee Jejeebhoy. His father was a textile merchant from Olpad, Gujarat, who migrated to Bombay in the 1770s.[5] Both of Jeejeebhoy's parents died in 1799, leaving the 16-year-old under the tutelage of his maternal uncle, Framjee Nasserwanjee Battliwala. At the age of sixteen, having had little formal education,[6] he made his first visit to Calcutta and then began his first voyage to China to trade in cotton and opium. Jejeebhoy's second voyage to China was made in a ship of the East India Company's fleet. Under the command of Sir Nathaniel Dance, this ship drove off a French squadron under Rear-Admiral Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois[6] in the Battle of Pulo Aura.
On Jejeebhoy's fourth voyage to China, the Indiaman in which he sailed was forced to surrender to the French, by whom he was carried as a prisoner to the Cape of Good Hope, then a neutral Dutch possession.[6] After much delay and great difficulty, Jejeebhoy made his way to Calcutta in a Danish ship.[6] Undaunted, Jejeebhoy undertook another voyage to China which was more successful than any of his previous journeys. By this time Jejeebhoy had fairly established his reputation as an enterprising merchant possessed of considerable wealth.[6] In 1803, he married his maternal uncle's daughter Avabai (d.1870) and settled in Bombay, where he directed his commercial operations on an extended scale.[6] Around this time, he changed his name from "Jamshed" to "Jamsetjee" to sound similar to names of the Gujarati community. By the age of 40, he had made over two crore rupees, a staggering sum in those days. Further riches came to him from cotton trade during the Napoleonic Wars. He bought his own fleet of ships. Said Lord Elphinstone, then Governor of Bombay, of Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, 'By strict integrity, by industry and punctuality in all his commercial transactions, he contributed to raise the character of the Bombay merchant in the most distant markets.' In 1814, his co-operation with the British East India company had yielded him sufficient profits to purchase his first ship, the Good Success, and he gradually added another six ships to this, usually carrying primarily opium and a little cotton to China.[9] By 1836, Jejeebhoy's firm was large enough to employ his three sons and other relatives, and he had amassed what at that period of Indian mercantile history was regarded as fabulous wealth. Jejeebhoy was known by the nickname "Mr. Bottlewalla". "Walla" meant "vendor", and Jejeebhoy's business interests included the manufacture and sale of bottles on the basis of his uncle's business. Jejeebhoy and his family would often sign letters and checks using the name "Battliwala", and were known by that name in business and society, but he did not choose this assumed surname when it came to the baronetcy. In 1818, he formed the business, trading and shipping firm "Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy & Co." with two other associates Motichund Amichund and Mahomed Ali Rogay as Jejeebhoy's business associates. He was later joined by a Goan Rogério de Faria. His voyages to China resulted in a long trading partnership with the Canton based company Jardine Matheson & Co. The connection with Jeejeebhoy was instrumental as Jardine and Matheson built up their great firm, continuing the profitable and amiable association with the Parsi entrepreneur. Jeejeebhoy long continued as one of the close associates who served as underwriters to Jardine, Matheson and Company. A tribute to their connection exists even today in a portrait of Jeejeebhoy which hangs in Jardine's Hong Kong office.[10] He was seen as the chief representative of the Indian community in Bombay by the British Imperial authorities.
Punjabi
- The Kapoor family is a prominent Indian show business family with a long history in Hindi cinema, many members of the family have had careers as actors, film directors, and producers.The Kapoor family is of Punjabi Hindu origin.[1][3][4][2] Prithviraj Kapoor was the first from the family to pursue a career in films. He was born in 1906 in the town of Samundri in Punjab Province, British India.[10][11] His father, Basheshwarnath Kapoor, served as a police officer in the Indian Imperial Police in the city of Peshawar;[12] while his grandfather, Keshavmal Kapoor, was a Tehsildar in Samundri, Punjab, British India.[13] Prithviraj's first lead role was in Cinema Girl in 1929. All three of Prithviraj Kapoor's sons, Raj Kapoor, Shammi Kapoor, and Shashi Kapoor, made careers in the Hindi film industry. Raj Kapoor also known as "the greatest showman of Indian cinema",[14][15] became a noted Indian film actor, producer and director of Hindi cinema. Raj Kapoor's sons, Randhir Kapoor and Rishi Kapoor, went on to become well-known actors; his youngest son, Rajiv Kapoor, was not as successful as his brothers. Shashi Kapoor's daughter Sanjana Kapoor also became a film actress, although she had a short career. Randhir Kapoor is married to Babita. They have two daughters Karisma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor, both of whom have found success in the film industry. Rishi Kapoor is married to actress Neetu Singh, their son, Ranbir Kapoor, has established himself as a leading Bollywood actor. Nikhil Nanda, son of Ritu Kapoor, Raj Kapoor's daughter and Rajan Nanda, is married to Shweta Bachchan, daughter of the actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan.
links with british raj
- Palaniappan Chidambaram (born 16 September 1945)[1] is an Indian politician and former attorney who currently serves as Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha[2] and formerly served as the Union Minister of Finance of India. He was the Finance Minister starting in May 2004 through 2014, except for a three and a half year stint – beginning November 2008 – as Home Minister. Chidambaram returned as Finance Minister in July 2012, succeeding Pranab Mukherjee, who demitted office to become the President of India. On 20th August 2019, Delhi High Court dismissed both anticipatory bail pleas of Chidambaram in connection with INX Media case. He is levied in corruption charges during UPA Government as Finance Minister.Chidambaram was born to Kandanur L. Ct. L. Palaniappa Chettiar and Lakshmi Achi in Kanadukathan in the Sivaganga District in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. His maternal grandfather was Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiar, a. wealthy merchant and banker from Chettinad (was granted the title of Raja by the British Raj. Annamalai Chettiar was the founder of Annamalai University and United India Insurance Company Limited. His brother Ramaswami Chettiar was the founder of Indian Bank and the co-founder of another major bank Indian Overseas Bank.). Chidambaram did his schooling at the Madras Christian College Higher Secondary School[6] he passed the one-year pre University course from Loyola College, Chennai. After graduating with a BSc degree in statistics from the Presidency College, Chennai, he completed his Bachelor of Laws from the Madras Law College (now Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College) and his MBA from Harvard Business School in the class of 1968. He also holds a master's degree from Loyola College in Chennai.
china expert
- Former ambassador to China and current secretary (economic relations), Vijay Keshav Gokhale, has been named as India's next foreign secretary. He will succeed S Jaishankar whose extended tenure will end on January 28. A 1981-batch Indian Foreign Service officer, Gokhale is considered an expert on China. He returned to the headquarters from China in October and was appointed as secretary (economic relations). He is the senior-most serving IFS officer after Jaishankar. Gokhale — the only IFS to have served as India's Representative both in Taiwan and China — also served as high commissioner to Malaysia and ambassador in Germany. Proficient in Chinese, Gokhale's recent experience in handling the Dokalam crisis in coordination with Jaishankar and NSA AK Doval will come in handy amid Beijing's global ambitions that threatens India's security interests in the Indo-Pacific region. Gokhale had earlier handled East Asia Division in the Ministry of External Affairs which covers India's ties with China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Mongolia and Taiwan. Known for keeping a low profile, Gokhale is often firm in his decisions. Gokhale will succeed an IFS officer who was handpicked by PM Modi in 2015 for a period of two year and given a year's extension last January. During the last three years, Jaishankar (1977-batch IFS officer) has given a firm direction to India's foreign policy. He was often tasked by the PM to handle India's ties with countries that are traditionally not part of foreign secretary's domain.https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/vijay-keshav-gokhale-expert-on-china-is-new-foreign-secretary/articleshow/62331513.cms
linguistics
- Pāṇini (देवनागरी : पाणिनि / पा-णि-नि ; IPA: [paːɳin̪i]; a patronymic meaning "descendant of Paṇi"; fl. 4th century BCE[1][2] [3]), or Panini, was a Vyākaraṇin from the early mahajanapada era of ancient India.[4] He was born inPushkalavati, Gandhara (on the outskirts of modern-day Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan). Pāṇini is known for his Sanskrit grammar, particularly for his formulation of the 3,959 rules of Sanskritmorphology, syntax and semantics in the grammar known as Aṣṭādhyāyī (meaning "eight chapters"), the foundational text of the grammatical branch of the Vedanga, the auxiliary scholarly disciplines of the historical Vedic religion. He can be considered as the father of linguistics. The Ashtadhyayi is one of the earliest known grammars of Sanskrit, although Pāṇini refers to previous texts like the Unadisutra, Dhatupatha, and Ganapatha. It is the earliest known work on linguistic description, and together with the work of his immediate predecessors (the Niruktas, Nighantus, and Pratishakyas) stands at the beginning of the history of linguistics itself. His theory of morphological analysis was more advanced than any equivalent Western theory before the mid-20th century,[6] and his analysis of noun compoundsstill forms the basis of modern linguistic theories of compounding, which have borrowed Sanskrit terms such as bahuvrihi and dvandva. Pāṇini's comprehensive and scientific theory of grammar is conventionally taken to mark the end of the period of Vedic Sanskrit, introducing the period of Classical Sanskrit.
fashion
- Sabyasachi Mukherjee (born 23 February 1974) is an Indian fashion designer from Kolkata. Since 1999, he has sold designer merchandise using the label Sabyasachi. Mukherjee is one of the Associate Designer Members of Fashion Design Council of India and the youngest board member of the National Museum of Indian Cinema.
film
- note the dynasties de bollywood page in wikipedia
- Aamir Khan (pronounced [ˈaːmɪr ˈxaːn]; born Mohammed Aamir Hussain Khan on 14 March 1965) is an Indian film actor, producer, director and television talk show host. Through his career spanning thirty years in Hindi films, Khan has established himself as one of the most popular and influential actors of Indian cinema.[1][2] He is the recipient of numerous awards, including nine Filmfare Awards, four National Film Awards, and an AACTA Award,[3][4] while one of his productions received an Academy Award nomination.[5] He was honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri in 2003 and the Padma Bhushan in 2010,[6] and received an honorary title from the Government of China in 2017.
Women
- Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi (19 November 1828 – 18 June 1858[1][2]), born as Manikarnika; pronunciation , was the queen of the Maratha-ruled Jhansi State, situated in the north-central part of India. She was one of the leading figures of theIndian Rebellion of 1857 and became for Indian nationalists a symbol of resistance to the British Raj.
- Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi (19 November 1828 – 18 June 1858[1][2]), born as Manikarnika;
pronunciation , was the queen of the Maratha-ruled Jhansi State, situated in the north-central part of India. She was one of the leading figures of theIndian Rebellion of 1857 and became for Indian nationalists a symbol of resistance to the British Raj.
- Irom Chanu Sharmila (born 14 March 1972),[1] also known as the "Iron Lady[2]" or "Mengoubi" ("the fair one")[3] is a civil rights activist, political activist, and poet from the Indian state of Manipur. On 2 November 2000,[4] she began a hunger strike which she ended on 9 August 2016, after 16 years of fasting.
- Kiran Bedi (born 9 June 1949) is a retired Indian Police Service officer, social activist, former tennis player and politician who is the currentLieutenant Governor of Puducherry. She is the first woman to join the Indian Police Service (IPS) in 1972.[3] She remained in service for 35 years before taking voluntary retirement in 2007 as Director General, Bureau of Police Research and Development.
- Kiran Bedi (born 9 June 1949) is a retired Indian Police Service officer, social activist, former tennis player and politician who is the currentLieutenant Governor of Puducherry. She is the first woman to join the Indian Police Service (IPS) in 1972.[3] She remained in service for 35 years before taking voluntary retirement in 2007 as Director General, Bureau of Police Research and Development.
The Bengali Brahmins are those Hindu Brahmins who traditionally reside in the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent, currently comprising the Indian state of West Bengal, Tripura, Assam and Bangladesh. When the British left India in 1947, carving out separate nations, a number of families moved from the Muslim-majority East Bengal (now Bangladesh) to be within the borders of the newly defined Republic of India, and continued to migrate for several decades thereafter. Bengali Brahmins are categorized as Pancha-Gauda Brahmins (the Brahmins who traditionally lived to the north of the Vindhyas). Kulin Brahmins originated from Punjab. The earliest historically verifiable presence of Brahmins in Bengal can be ascertained from Dhanaidaha copper-plate inscription of Kumargupta 1 of the Gupta Year 113 (433 C.E.) which records the grant of land to a Brahmin named Varahasvamin of the Samavedi school.[2] A copper-plate grant from the Gupta period found in the vicinity of Somapura mentions a Brahmin donating land to a Jain vihara at Vatagohali. Literary sources like Ramayana, Mahabharata, Jain and Buddhist works, however record the presence of Brahmins in various parts of Bengal during earlier periods.[3] Historical evidence also attests significant presence of Brahmins in Bengal during the Maurya period. The Jain Acharya Bhadrabahu, regarded to be the preceptor of Chandragupta Maurya is said to have been born in Brahmin family of Pundravardhana (or Puṇḍra, the region north of the Ganges and west of Brahmaputra in Bengal, later known as Vārendra). Such evidences suggest Puṇḍra or Vārendra and regions west of Bhagirathi (called Radha in ancient age) to be seats of Brahmins from ancient times; Rādhi and Varendra are still chief branches of Bengali Brahmins settled in these regions.[4]Medium to large scale migrations of Brahmins from various parts of India like Mithila, Kanyakubja region, Kolancha, southern India and Pushkar in Rajasthan, among other places, occurred from time to time, especially during Pala and Sena periods.
- A Pirali Brahmin is any member of a subgrouping of Brahmins found throughout Bengal, which is split between India and Bangladesh. Notably, Rabindranath Tagore and the Tagore family are members of this group. The term "Pirali" historically carried a stigmatized and pejorative connotation due to certain individuals within the lineage converting to Islam. Its eponym is the vizier Muhammad Tahir Pir Ali, who served under a governor of Jessore. Pir Ali was a Brahmin Hindu who converted to Islam; his actions resulted in the additional conversion of two of his Brahmin brothers. As a result, orthodox Hindu society shunned the brothers' Hindu relatives (who had not converted),[19] and the descendants of these Hindu relatives became known as the Pirali Brahmins — among whom numbered the Tagores.[20]This unorthodox background ultimately led the Tagore family to dispense with many of the customs followed by orthodox Brahmins[citation needed] and subsequently they embraced the Brahmo sect of Hinduism.
Les Śākyas, Shakyas ou Sakyas, encore appelés Çâkyas, Sokyās, Sakkas ou Sākiyās (en pali), « capables » en sanskrit, étaient une tribu établie au nord de la péninsule indienne aux VIe et Ve siècles av. J.-C.. Ils appartenaient à la caste des kshatriyas voués à la guerre et à l’administration.釈迦族The Shakya (Sanskrit: Śākya, Devanagari: शाक्य; Pali: Sākiya, Sakka, or Sakya)[1] were a clan of the late Vedic India (c. 1000 – c. 500 BCE) and during the so-called second urbanisation period (c. 600 – c. 200 BCE) in the Indian subcontinent (present-day nations of India and Nepal). They are attested in Buddhist scriptures of the late Iron Age (c. 600 – c. 300 BCE). The Shakyas formed an independent oligarchic[note 1] republican state known as the Śākya Gaṇarājya.[2] The Shakya capital was Kapilavastu, which may have been located either in present-day Tilaurakot, Nepal or present-day Piprahwa, India. The best-known Shakya was Siddhartha Gautama Shakya, who was the founder of Buddhism (c. 6th to 4th centuries BCE) and came to be known as Gautama Buddha.[note 2] (added by me - he is often called sakyamuni - "jewel of the sakya people") Siddhartha was the son of Śuddhodana, the chosen leader of the Śākya Gaṇarājya.
- The Shakyas were by tradition sun worshippers, who called themselves Ādicca nāma gottena ("kinsmen of the sun")[31] and descendants of the sun. As Buddha states in the Sutta-Nipāta, "They are of the sun-lineage (adiccagotta), Sakiyans by birth."
- According to Hmannan Yazawin, first published in 1823, the legendary king Abhiyaza, who founded the Tagaung Kingdom and the Burmese monarchy belonged to the same Shakya clan of the Buddha. He migrated to the present-day Burma after the annexation of the Shakya kingdom by Kosala. The earlier Burmese accounts stated that he was a descendant of Pyusawhti, son of a solar spirit and a dragon princess.
- One view is that the name "Shakya" is derived from the Sanskrit word "śakya," which means "the one who is capable". The Pali canon traces the Shakyas' gotra (patriline) Gautama to Rigvedic the sage Angirasa. Some scholars, including Michael Witzel[42] and Christopher I. Beckwith[43] argue that the Shakya were Scythians from Central Asia or Iran, and that the name Śākya has the same origin as “Scythian”. Indo-Scythians were known to have appeared later in South Asia in the Middle Kingdom period, around the 2nd century BCE to the 4th century CE.
- 依斯里兰卡佛教历史文献《大史》及耆那教文献《Punyashrava Katha Kosh》所记载，部分释迦族人为躲避屠杀从迦毗罗卫城逃到毗發瓦那（Pipphalvana），因当地生存着许多被视为圣鸟的孔雀，释迦族人便化名为“孔雀族人”（Maurya）隐居于此，成为后来孔雀王朝的先祖。現代尼瓦尔人的金匠有釋迦族，自稱是由釋迦牟尼賜姓，但源自古代釋迦族並非不可能。Lors de la guerre, certains se seraient échappés vers l’Himalaya pour y fonder Moriyanagara « lieu des paons », qui serait selon la tradition bouddhique le berceau de la dynastie Moriya (Maurya) dont est issue l’empereur Ashoka qui propulsera le bouddhisme sur le devant de la scène. Pandu, fils d’Amitodana, aurait traversé le Gange et fondé une cité de l’autre côté. Sa fille Bhaddakaccānā épousera Panduvāsudeva, roi de Ceylan. Six de ses frères l'auraient suivie pour fonder dans l’île Rāma, Uruvela, Anurādha Vijita, Dīghāyu et Rohana.
- gautama buddha- [goddard] father suddhodana, mother maya (daughter of suprabuddha, who died 7 days after his birth), his maternal aunt prajapati took care of him. At age of 16 he married his cousin yasodhara, daughter of chief of koli and had a son named rahula.After his renunciation (abhinishkramana), the bodhisattva, the seeker after bodhi, placed himself under the spiritual guidance of two renowned brahman teachers, arada kalaa and udraka ramaputra. The former lived at vaisali and was head of a large number of followers. He was evidently a follower of kapila, the reputed founder of sankhya system of philosophy, and laid great stress on the belief in an atman. The latter, probably a follower of the vaiseshika system, also expatriated on question of I but laid greater stress on effects of karma and transmigration of souls.
In Indian religions and society, an acharya (IAST: ācārya) is a preceptor or instructor in religious matters; founder, or leader of a sect; or a highly learned person or a title affixed to the names of learned people.[1] The designation has different meanings in Hinduism, Buddhism and secular contexts. It is also a Vishwabrahmin/brahmin surname found in Nepal and across India, including Odisha, Karnataka, West Bengal and Maharashtra.[citation needed]
Acharya is sometimes used to address a teacher or a scholar in any discipline, e.g.: Bhaskaracharya, the mathematician. 阿
classes
- Kshatriya (Devanagari: क्षत्रिय; Gujarati: ક્ષત્રિય; Gurmukhi: ਖੱਤਰੀ; from Sanskrit kṣatra, "rule, authority") is one of the four varna (social orders) of the Hindu society. The Sanskrit term kṣatriyaḥ is used in the context of Vedic society wherein members were organised into four classes: kshatriya, brahmin, vaishya and shudra.[1] Traditionally, the kshatriya constituted the ruling and military class. Their role was to protect their interests by fighting in wartime and governing in peacetime.The administrative machinery in the Rig Vedic period functioned with a tribal chief called Rajan whose position was not hereditary. The king was elected in a tribal assembly, which included women, called Samiti. The Rajan protected the tribe and cattle; was assisted by a priest; and did not maintain a standing army, though in the later period the rulership appears to have risen as a class. The concept of fourfold varna system was non-existent.In rituals, the nyagrodha (Ficus indica or India fig or banyan tree) danda, or staff, is assigned to the kshatriya class, along with a mantra, intended to impart physical vitality or 'ojas'.The Vedas do not mention kshatriya (or varma) of any vansha (lineage). The lineages of the Itihasa-Purana tradition[14] are: Suryavanshi (solar line);[14] and Chandravanshi or Somavanshi (lunar line). There are other lineages, such as the Agnivanshi, in which an eponymous ancestor rises out of Agni (fire),[14] and Nagavanshi (snake-born), claiming descent from the Nāgas. The Nagavanshi, not attested in the Itihasa-Purana tradition, were Naga tribes whose origin can be found in scriptures.剎帝利（梵文：क्षत्रियः kṣatriya），瓦爾那之一，是古印度種姓制度中的軍事貴族，包括國王以下的各級官吏，掌握國家除神權之外一切權力。剎帝利也有高下之分。可分成切特利與剎庫里，前者人數多，地位低；後者人數少，地位高。
現在已無真正的剎帝利，現在的剎帝利多數是拉其普特人。刹帝利（chà dì lì [1] ）是古印度四种种姓之一。略称刹利。意译土田主。即国王、大臣等统御民众、从事兵役的种族，所以也称“王种”，其先祖为来自中亚地区的雅利安人。其权势颇大，阶级仅次于婆罗门。乃王族、贵族、士族所属之阶级，系从事军事、政治者，按照婆罗门典籍记载刹帝利主要职责是世代守护婆罗门。释尊即出身此阶级。在现代印度，刹帝利表示职业、统治和军事阶层。最初，祖先来自中亚地区的白种雅利安人自称为“雅利安瓦尔那”（雅利安含有“高贵”之意，瓦尔那含有“颜色”、“品质”的意思），而称当地居民为“达萨瓦尔那”（含有“雄者”、“男人”之意）。这样就有了自以为高贵的雅利安人和把当地居民当作敌对集团的区别。随着雅利安人内部的分化，在早期吠陀时代末期，逐渐发生了平民与氏族贵族的区别，。平民称为“吠舍”（是氏族成员的意思），而贵族称为“罗阇尼亚”（是“灼热发光”的意思，引申为显贵的首领的意思）。从事祭扫的氏族贵族则称为“婆罗门”（意思是梵天所生）。从雅利安人与当地居民的一分为二，到雅利安人部落中平民与氏族贵族的一分为二和贵族内部的军事贵族与祭司贵族的一分为二，这样就形成了四个瓦尔那的胚胎。到后期吠陀时代，四瓦尔那制度正式形成，婆罗门教的典籍规定了各个瓦尔那的地位以及不同瓦尔那的成员的不同权利和义务。第一个瓦尔那是婆罗门。婆罗门主要掌管宗教祭祀，充任不同层级的祭司。其中一些人也参与政治，享有很大政治权力。第二个瓦尔那是刹帝利（是“力”、“权力”的意思）。它是从“罗阇尼亚”发展而来的。刹帝利的基本职业是充当武士。国王一般仍属于刹帝利瓦尔那，但是刹帝利瓦尔那并不限于王和王族。刹帝利是掌握军事和政治大权的等级。第三个瓦尔那是吠舍。吠舍主要从事农业、牧业和商业，其中也有人富有起来，成为高利贷者。吠舍是平民，没有政治上的特权，必须以布施（捐赠）和纳税的形式供养完全不从事生产劳动的婆罗门和刹帝利。不过吠舍还是雅利安人氏族部落公社的成员，他们可以参加公社的宗教仪礼，因而和婆罗门、刹帝利同样属于“再生族”。第四个瓦尔那是首陀罗（Sudra）。首陀罗瓦尔那的前身是达萨瓦尔那，首陀罗不在雅利安人公社以内。首陀罗的大部也是非雅利安人其中也有失去公社成员身份的雅利安人。由于没有公社成员身份，不能参加宗教礼仪，不能得到第二次生命（宗教生命），首陀罗是非再生族。就失去了在政治、法律、宗教等方面受保护的权利。首陀罗从事农、牧、渔、猎以及当时被认为低贱的各职业，其中有人失去生产资料，沦为雇工，甚至沦为奴隶。首陀罗作为瓦尔那来说，不是奴隶或达萨。首陀罗是地位低下而受苦的人。
- Rajput (from Sanskrit raja-putra, "son of a king") is a caste from the Indian subcontinent. The term Rajput covers various patrilineal clans historically associated with warriorhood: several clans claim Rajput status, although not all claims are universally accepted. The term "Rajput" acquired its present meaning only in the 16th century, although it is also anachronistically used to describe the earlier lineages that emerged in northern India from 6th century onwards. In the 11th century, the term "rajaputra" appeared as a non-hereditary designation for royal officials. Gradually, the Rajputs emerged as a social class comprising people from a variety of ethnic and geographical backgrounds. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the membership of this class became largely hereditary, although new claims to Rajput status continued to be made in the later centuries. Several Rajput-ruled kingdoms played a significant role in many regions of central and northern India until the 20th century. The Rajput population and the former Rajput states are found spread across India where they are spread in north, west and central India. These areas include Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Jammu, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. In Pakistan they are found on the eastern parts of the country, Punjab and Sindh.- Chauhan, Chouhan, Chohan, or Chohhan, is a Rajput caste from northern and western India. The word Chauhan is the vernacular form of the Sanskrit term Chahamana. Several Chauhan inscriptions name a legendary hero called Chahamana as their ancestor, but none of them state the period in which he lived. The earliest extant inscription that describes the origin of the Chauhans is the 1119 CE Sevadi inscription of Ratnapala, a ruler of the Naddula Chahamana dynasty. According to this inscription, the ancestor of the Chahamanas was born from the eye of Indra. The 1170 CE Bijolia rock inscription of the Shakambhari Chahamana king Someshvara states that his ancestor Samantaraja was born at Ahichchhatrapura (possibly modern Nagaur[3]) in the gotra of sage Vatsa. The 1262 CE Sundha hill inscription of the Jalor Chahamana king Chachiga-deva states that the dynasty's ancestor Chahamana was "a source of joy" to the Vatsa. The 1320 Mount Abu (Achaleshwar temple) inscription of the Deora Chauhan ruler Lumbha states that Vatsa created the Chahamanas as a new lineage of warriors, after the solar dynasty and the lunar dynasty had ceased to exist.
- The ruling dynasties belonging to the Chauhan clan included:
- Chahamanas of Shakambhari (Chauhans of Ajmer)
- Chahamanas of Naddula (Chauhans of Nadol)
- Chahamanas of Lata[21]
- Chahamanas of Dholpur[22]
- Chahamanas of Partabgarh[23]
- Chahamanas of Jalor (Chauhans of Jalore); branched off from the Chahamanas of Naddula
- Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura (Chauhans of Ranthambore); branched off from the Chahamanas of Shakambhari
- Korea State, currently spelled as Koriya, was a princely state of the British Empire of India.[1]After Indian independence in 1947, the ruler of Korea acceded to the Union of India on 1 January 1948, and Koriya was made part of Surguja District of Central Provinces and Berarprovince. In January 1950, “Central Provinces and Berar” province was renamed Madhya Pradesh state. After November 2000, Korea and the former princely state of Changbhakarbecame Koriya district of Chhattisgarh state.Korea State was founded in the 17th century. The ruling family of Koriya were Rajputs of the Chauhan dynasty who came to Koriya from Rajputana in the 13th century and conquered the country. Before the coming of the Marathas, it is alleged that the rajas of Koriya “lived in perfect independence, and never having been necessitated to submit to the payment of any tribute, they had no occasion to oppress their subjects.” This situation changed in 1790 when Korea had to pay tribute to the Marathas.Historically Korea State also seems to have had some indefinite feudal relations with Surguja, but the British government ignored this claim when Koriya was ceded to them by the Bhonsle Raja of Nagpur in 1818. On 24 Dec 1819 the state became a British protectorate. Upon the extinction of the direct line in 1897, a distant collateral branch of the ruling family was recognized as successor by the British Raj.
- four other wikipedia languages deutsch; catala; arabic; urdu?
- https://www.quora.com/Which-caste-do-Chauhan-belongs
- Chandala is a Sanskrit word for someone who deals with disposal of corpses, and is a Hindu lower caste, traditionally considered to be untouchable.Varna was a hierarchical social order in ancient India, based on the Vedas. Since the Vedic corpus constitute the earliest literary source, it came to be seen as the origin of caste society. In this Brahmanical view of caste, the varnas were created on a particular occasion and have remained virtually unchanged. In the varna ordering of society notions of purity and pollution were central and activities were worked out in this context. Varna divides the society into four groups ordered in a hierarchy, the fifth being Chandala (untouchable) and therefore beyond the pale. According to Romila Thapar, there are two views about Chandalas. One view is that they were people on the edges of settlements; they were either forced there by encroaching settlers, or requiring a habitat where they lived by hunting and food-gathering. Their language was separate and incomprehensible to the Indo-Aryan speakers. Their occupations were looked upon as extremely low; they included hunting and weaving rush-mats. Others argue that the growth of towns in the Indo-Gangetic plain resulted in the marginalization of some people, who were then forced to perform menial tasks. These were associated with pollution in the hierarchy of ritual stratification; they were then called Chandalas. Thapar argues that the two categories, Brahman at the top and Chandala at the bottom, acted as social counterweights. It ensured a permanent and subjugated labour force, with a combination of hereditary status with economic deprivation and social disabilities. 旃陀羅（梵文：चांडाल，caṇḍāla或cāṇḍālá，英語：Chandala），又譯為旃荼羅，印度族群之一，在印度教種姓制度中，被認為是最低種姓，被認為是不可接觸的賤民。主要工作是處理人類及動物屍體，擔任劊子手或屠夫。在印度，使用印度-雅利安語支的族群，都以旃陀羅這個名稱來稱呼賤民階級。在北印度，旃陀羅被等同於第五種種姓，是最低階級。在馬哈拉施特拉邦、北方邦、比哈爾邦等地，仍有稱為旃陀羅的族群。東晉高僧法顯曾經游歷天竺，其游記《佛國記》中記載：「旃荼羅名為惡人。與人別居，若入城市則擊木以自異。人則識而避之，不相唐突。國中不養豬雞，不賣生口。市無屠店及沽酒者，貨易則用貝齒。唯旃荼羅、漁獵師賣肉耳。」《雜阿含經》中的領群特，《別譯雜阿含經》中譯為旃陀羅。印順法師考證，領群特的語根可能來自毗舍離人
- Note meaning of 旃 - red flag, furcoat
- Mohyal Brahmins or Mohyal is caste of Hindu Brahmin community in India. Alternative spellings include Muhiyal, Muhial, Mhial, Mohiyal, Mahjal, or Mahthal. Most Mohyals are Hindus, but many are Sikhs as well. As per Mohyal folklore, a Mohyal of the Dutta clan had fought on behalf of Imam Hussain in the battle of Karbala, more specifically in the storming of Kufa- sacrificing his seven sons in the process. According to legend, Rahab Sidh Dutta (also mentioned as Rahib Sidh or Sidh Viyog Datt in some versions) was the leader of a small band of career-soldiers living near Baghdad around the time of the battle of Karbala. The legend mentions the place where he stayed as Dair-al-Hindiya, meaning "The Indian Quarter", which matches an Al-Hindiya in existence today.[1] This legend occupies an important part in the Dutta clan's oral history,[2][3]and is considered a source of pride for them.
- to kiv what is mohyal colony (gurgao, haryana, india)
- Paraiyar[1] or Parayar[2] (formerly anglicised as Pariah and Paree[3]) is a caste group found in Sri Lanka[4] and the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. They are also known as Adi Dravida ("Ancient Dravidians"), which was a title encouraged by the British Raj as a substitute for Paraiyarbecause the British believed that their colonising of the country had ended slavery in India.Robert Caldwell and several other writers derive the name of the community from the Tamilword parai ("drum"). According to this hypothesis, the Paraiyars were originally a community of drummers who performed during flood time, war, auspicious events like festivals, weddings and also funerals.[8] As their population increased, they were forced to take up occupations that were considered unclean, such as burial of corpses and scavenging. Because of this, they came to be considered as an untouchable caste. M. Srinivasa Aiyangar finds this etymology unsatisfactory, arguing that beating of drums could not have been an occupation of a large number of people. Some other writers, such as Gustav Solomon Oppert, derive the name from poraian, the name of a regional subdivision mentioned by ancient Tamil grammarians.
- En el sistema de castas de la India, paria, intocable, dalit, harijan, o panchamas (en malayalam: തൊട്ടുകൂടായ്മ) es una persona que, de acuerdo con las creencias hindúestradicionales, se considera fuera de las cuatro varnas tradicionales, o niveles por encima de éste. Varna se refiere a la creencia de que muchos humanos fueron creados a partir de diferentes partes del cuerpo de la divinidad Púrusha, y la parte de la que cada varna fue creada define el estatus social de una persona en relación con aspectos como con quién puede casarse y qué profesiones puede desempeñar.
- Dalit, meaning "broken/scattered" in Sanskrit and Hindi, is a term mostly used for the ethnic groups in India that have been kept depressed by subjecting them to untouchability (often termed backward castes).[1] Dalits were excluded from the four-fold varna system of Hinduism and were seen as forming a fifth varna, also known by the name of Panchama. Dalits now profess various religious beliefs, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Christianity and various folk religions. The term dalits was in use as a translation for the British Raj census classification of Depressed Classes prior to 1935. It was popularised by the economist and reformer B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956), who included all depressed people irrespective of their caste into the definition of dalits.[3] Hence the first group he made was called the "Labour Party" and included as its members all people of the society who were kept depressed, including women, small scale farmers and people from backward castes. New leaders like Kanhaiya Kumar subscribe to this definition of "dalits", thus a Brahmin marginal farmer trying to eke out a living, but unable to do so also falls in the "dalit" category.[4][5] Ambedkar himself was a Mahar, and in the 1970s the use of the word "dalit" was invigorated when it was adopted by the Dalit Panthers activist group. Gradually, political parties used it to gain mileage. India's National Commission for Scheduled Castes considers official use of dalit as a label to be "unconstitutional" because modern legislation prefers Scheduled Castes; however, some sources say that Dalit has encompassed more communities than the official term of Scheduled Castes and is sometimes used to refer to all of India's oppressed peoples. A similar all-encompassing situation prevails in Nepal. Scheduled Caste communities exist across India, although they are mostly concentrated in four states; they do not share a single language or religion. From soon after its independence in 1947, India introduced a reservation system to enhance the ability of Dalits to have political representation and to obtain government jobs and education.[clarification needed] In 1997, India elected its first Dalit President, K. R. Narayanan. Many social organisations have promoted better conditions for Dalits through education, healthcare and employment. Nonetheless, while caste-based discrimination was prohibited and untouchability abolished by the Constitution of India, such practices are still widespread. To prevent harassment, assault, discrimination and similar acts against these groups, the Government of Indiaenacted the Prevention of Atrocities Act, also called the SC/ST Act, on 31 March 1995. In accordance with the order of the Bombay High Court, the Information and Broadcasting Ministry (I&B Ministry) of the Government of India issued an advisory to all media channels in September 2018, asking them to use "Scheduled Castes" instead of the word "Dalit".賤民的來源不可考，他們可能是印度雅利安人來到印度次大陸以前的原住民，也可能是罪犯或戰俘，抑或是不理種姓制度限制而進行跨種姓婚姻（逆婚）的人們及其後人等。
ethnic groups
- 圖陸The Tulu people or Tuluva people are an ethnic group native to Southern India. They are native speakers of the Tulu language and the region they traditionally inhabit is known as Tulu Nadu. This region comprises the districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupiin Karnataka and the Kasaragod district of Kerala.
- En el sistema de castas de la India, paria, intocable, dalit, harijan, o panchamas (en malayalam: തൊട്ടുകൂടായ്മ) es una persona que, de acuerdo con las creencias hindúestradicionales, se considera fuera de las cuatro varnas tradicionales, o niveles por encima de éste. Varna se refiere a la creencia de que muchos humanos fueron creados a partir de diferentes partes del cuerpo de la divinidad Púrusha, y la parte de la que cada varna fue creada define el estatus social de una persona en relación con aspectos como con quién puede casarse y qué profesiones puede desempeñar.
- Dalit, meaning "broken/scattered" in Sanskrit and Hindi, is a term mostly used for the ethnic groups in India that have been kept depressed by subjecting them to untouchability (often termed backward castes).[1] Dalits were excluded from the four-fold varna system of Hinduism and were seen as forming a fifth varna, also known by the name of Panchama. Dalits now profess various religious beliefs, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Christianity and various folk religions. The term dalits was in use as a translation for the British Raj census classification of Depressed Classes prior to 1935. It was popularised by the economist and reformer B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956), who included all depressed people irrespective of their caste into the definition of dalits.[3] Hence the first group he made was called the "Labour Party" and included as its members all people of the society who were kept depressed, including women, small scale farmers and people from backward castes. New leaders like Kanhaiya Kumar subscribe to this definition of "dalits", thus a Brahmin marginal farmer trying to eke out a living, but unable to do so also falls in the "dalit" category.[4][5] Ambedkar himself was a Mahar, and in the 1970s the use of the word "dalit" was invigorated when it was adopted by the Dalit Panthers activist group. Gradually, political parties used it to gain mileage. India's National Commission for Scheduled Castes considers official use of dalit as a label to be "unconstitutional" because modern legislation prefers Scheduled Castes; however, some sources say that Dalit has encompassed more communities than the official term of Scheduled Castes and is sometimes used to refer to all of India's oppressed peoples. A similar all-encompassing situation prevails in Nepal. Scheduled Caste communities exist across India, although they are mostly concentrated in four states; they do not share a single language or religion. From soon after its independence in 1947, India introduced a reservation system to enhance the ability of Dalits to have political representation and to obtain government jobs and education.[clarification needed] In 1997, India elected its first Dalit President, K. R. Narayanan. Many social organisations have promoted better conditions for Dalits through education, healthcare and employment. Nonetheless, while caste-based discrimination was prohibited and untouchability abolished by the Constitution of India, such practices are still widespread. To prevent harassment, assault, discrimination and similar acts against these groups, the Government of Indiaenacted the Prevention of Atrocities Act, also called the SC/ST Act, on 31 March 1995. In accordance with the order of the Bombay High Court, the Information and Broadcasting Ministry (I&B Ministry) of the Government of India issued an advisory to all media channels in September 2018, asking them to use "Scheduled Castes" instead of the word "Dalit".賤民的來源不可考，他們可能是印度雅利安人來到印度次大陸以前的原住民，也可能是罪犯或戰俘，抑或是不理種姓制度限制而進行跨種姓婚姻（逆婚）的人們及其後人等。
- scmp 5aug19 "vocal minorities" a new generation of dalits - members of india's marginalised lower caste
ethnic groups
- 圖陸The Tulu people or Tuluva people are an ethnic group native to Southern India. They are native speakers of the Tulu language and the region they traditionally inhabit is known as Tulu Nadu. This region comprises the districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupiin Karnataka and the Kasaragod district of Kerala.
- The Tulu language is known for its oral literature in the form of epic poems called Paddana .The Epic of Siri and the legend of Koti and Chennayya belong to this category of Tulu literature.
- article on artefacts relating to the language artreview asia spring 2019 issue
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