- The Nguni is a cattle breed indigenous to Southern Africa. A hybrid of different Indian and later European cattle breeds, they were introduced by Bantu-speaking tribes (Nguni people) to Southern Africa during their migration from the North of the continent. The cattle breed is medium-sized and adapted to grazing on the highveld.
The Navajo-Churro, or Churro for short, (also American or Navajo Four-Horned) is a breedof domestic sheep originating with the Spanish Churra sheep obtained by Navajo, Hopi and other Native American nations around the 16th century during the Spanish Conquest. The breed is renowned for its hardiness and adaptability to extremes of climate.[citation needed] Its wool consists of a protective topcoat and soft undercoat. Some rams have four fully developed horns, a trait shared with few other breeds in the world.[citation needed] The Navajo-Churro has also gained popularity for its low-maintenance reputation, resistance to disease, and lean meat.[citation needed] Some say they are very personable.[who?] Ewes often birth twins. This breed is raised primarily for wool.The Churra (renamed Churro by Americanfrontiersmen) was first imported to North America in the 16th century and used to feed Spanish armies and settlers. By the 17th century Churros were popular with the Spanish settlers in the upper Rio Grande Valley. Flocks of Churros were also acquired by the Navajo through trading. The Churro soon became an important part of the Navajo economy and culture.
ladoum sheep
- economist 18may19 "golden fleece" why people in senegal pay a fortune for fancy sheep
- china
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2021/02/15/b04-0215.pdf黃牛，但不一定都是黃的，也有其他顏色，如黑色、紅色、白色、雜色。黃牛也叫歐洲牛，一般認為是西來。但今黃牛，據學者研究，是雜交牛，牠有三個血統來源，一是東亞普通牛，二是歐亞普通牛，三是中國南方的瘤牛。故宮博物院藏韓滉《五牛圖》，五牛都是黃牛。黃牛的祖先是原牛（Bosprimigenius），八千年前就已馴化，體型遠比今黃牛更為高大，如西班牙阿爾塔米拉岩洞和法國拉斯高岩洞中歐洲先民畫的牛就是這種牛。原牛曾廣泛分布於歐亞大陸和北非，一六二七年，最後一隻在波蘭絕種。中國黃牛有五大優良品種：秦川牛、南陽牛、魯西牛、延邊牛和晉南牛。五大優良品種主要在黃河流域。水牛（Bubalus）●責任編輯：尉瑋 ●版面設計：謝錦輝很大作用。牛對農業，馬對畜牧業，貢獻尤其大。牛，身材高大，埋頭吃草。但牛遇強敵，凜然不可犯，有時又很兇猛，誰見了都怵。《說文解字．牛部》：「牛，大牲也。」「物，萬物也。牛為大物，天地之數起於牽牛，故從牛勿聲。」二十八宿，北方七宿曰斗、牛、女、虛、危、室、壁。這七宿，配冬天，多與居家過日子有關。斗是用來舀水或稱糧食的器具，生活離不了。牛是牽牛，跟牛郎有關。女是婺女或須女，跟織女有關。二宿象徵男耕女織。虛讀墟，墟是廢墟，房倒屋塌叫廢墟。危讀垝（音guǐ；粵音鬼），垝是毀垣，倒塌的牆。室是營室，在東壁西，象徵蓋房。壁是東壁，在營室東，代表壘牆。牆倒屋塌，得趕緊修房子。十二生肖，牛當丑位，這個位置是牽牛所在，跟居家過日子有關。俗話說，「三十畝地一頭牛，老婆孩子熱炕頭」。牛對農民很重要。●唐三彩臥牛，甘肅省博物館藏。水牛主要在南方，淮河流域是其北界，我在河南桐柏見過。亞洲水牛分野生水牛和家養水牛，野生水牛已經很少。我國南方的水牛其實很溫順。有一回，我跟兩位美國女學者在荊州參觀，她們看見水牛，居然嚇了一大跳，還以為是野牛。商代祭祀，多用聖水牛（Bubalus mephistopheleles hopwood），聖水牛是野水牛。出土文物：1. 錯銀戰國臥牛鎮，安徽壽縣丘家花園出土，器底有楚國銘文：大（府）之器。從牛角看，可能是黃牛。中國國家博物館藏。2. 漢鎏金銅立牛，河南偃師寇店出土，河南博物院藏。3. 唐三彩臥牛，甘肅秦安葉家堡出土，甘肅省博物館藏。同出還有立牛，也是黃牛。古書有犛、氂二字。《說文解字．犛部》：「犛，西南夷長髦牛也。」「氂，犛牛尾也。」這兩個字皆有二音，或讀lí，或讀máo，實際用法經常混淆。犛牛分野犛牛和家犛牛。犛牛主要在青藏高原，新疆也有。新疆犛牛主要分布在天山以南的阿爾金山、崑崙山、帕米爾高原，中心產區在和靜縣巴音布魯克區。蒙古國、俄羅斯的圖瓦共和國和伊爾庫茨克一帶也有犛牛，我在西伯利亞見過。犛牛只見於高寒地區。近年呂梁山區引進過甘肅白犛牛和美洲羊駝。水牛主要在南方，淮河流域是其北界，我在河南桐柏見過。亞洲水牛分野生水牛和家養水牛，野生水牛已經很少。我國南方的水牛其實很溫順。有一回，我跟兩位美國女學者在荊州參觀，她們看見水牛，居然嚇了一大跳，還以為是野牛。商代祭祀，多用聖水牛（Bubalus mephistopheleles hopwood），聖水牛是野水牛。脖子上起肉瘤，類似駝峰，古代叫犦（音bó；粵音暴）牛或犎（音fēng；粵音封）牛。《爾雅．釋畜》有犦牛，郭璞註：「即犎牛也。領上肉犦胅（音dié；粵音秩）起，高二尺許，狀如橐駝，肉鞍一邊，健行者日三百餘里。今交州合浦徐聞縣出此牛。」滇國銅器上的牛都是表現瘤牛。如雲南晉甯石寨山出土滇國貯貝器上的牛就是這種牛。我國瘤牛滅絕已久，現在的瘤牛是從國外引進。牛在歐洲主要是作肉牛、奶牛，而不是耕牛。這是以畜牧業為背景。歐洲的畜牧業背景比我們深。我國不同，自古重農，牛是用來耕地和拉車，主要是役畜。我國歷代都禁止私自宰殺耕牛。耕牛是重要的生產資料。據睡虎地秦簡《廄苑律》，秦代對牛、馬非常重視。當時，大牲口多為公產，即官方所有，牛、馬要定期考核，死了要及時上報，肉、筋、角要交公。別說隨便殺牛，就是瘦了、病了、死了都有人管。季羨林回憶他母親，小時候的山東，牛只有老得不行才能殺了吃，這樣的牛肉，只有用尿液煮才嚼得動。但就是這樣的牛肉，他媽都捨不得吃，全都留給孩子吃。季羨林說，他媽一輩子都沒吃過肉（《永久的悔》）。
- 供港逾三十年的秦川牛，因產於陝西關中八百里秦川而得名。早在周代，關中就有「擇良牛獻主」的紀錄，先民們開始大規模飼養。到了秦代，隨着鐵製農具的出現，關中地區「擇壯者作耕，余供食用」，這時候秦川牛開始兼具農業生產和美食的功能。公元前126年，張騫通西域帶回苜蓿種子，在關中地區廣為種植，用以餵牛。苜蓿富含蛋白質，礦物質和維生素豐富，使得秦川牛體形增大，品種和肉質都得到極大提升。故漢初又有「飼苜蓿、重改良，牛肉細嫩、具紋、烙餅牛羹，膏脂潤香」的記述。經過兩千多年的不斷優化，秦川牛最終成為如今軀體高大、肉用性能好、遺傳穩定、適應性強的優良品種，位列中國五大黃牛之首。姚亞龍的公司被選為陝西省寶雞市唯一一家供港澳活牛註冊育肥場，每年有近1000頭秦川牛供給香港。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/232108/2021/0216/552508.html
- 通遼市有「黃牛之鄉」的美譽。1998年，通遼市爭取到活牛直供香港的配額，如今，通遼已是內地最大的供港澳活牛基地，「通遼肥牛」累計供港數量達到了10萬頭之多，年均供港約5000頭，已佔香港活牛市場份額的四分之一，深受港澳市民的歡迎。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/232108/2021/0216/552516.html
- 牛入詩歌，最早見於《詩經》。《王風．君子於役》：「日之夕矣，羊牛下來。」《小雅．黍苗》：「我任我輦，我車我牛。」http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2021/02/17/b04-0217.pdf
根據文字記載，橫瀝牛墟始於明末清初，又名「橫瀝三六九」，以牛隻交易量大、經營時間長而聲名遠播，曾與三水西南、鶴山沙坪並稱廣東「三大牛墟」，並於2012年被評為省級非物質文化遺產。東莞市橫瀝牛行場長朱樹軒告訴記者，橫瀝牛墟發展至今六易其址，如今所在於1995年興建，並命名為「橫瀝牛行」，內設園林式的牛花園、牛賓館、牛泳池和牛醫院等不同功能區域。 橫瀝牛行是全國四大知名牛行之一，也是華南地區規模最大、歷史最悠久的活牛交易市場，牛源來自廣東粵西北及廣西，以及貴州、湖南、內蒙古、東北三省等地；既有大量南方的濱湖水牛，又有來自北方良種的西門塔爾、利木贊及安格斯大黃牛。如今這裏交易約90%都是食用牛，年交易量15萬頭。朱樹軒說，橫瀝牛行的牛肉供應不僅在珠三角地區佔據80%的市場，每月還有1000頭牛供應到港澳地區，當中以秦川黃牛為主。相牛，在中國是一種非常古老的職業。中國古時就有一本《齊侯大夫寧戚相牛經》，介紹相牛的要領，通過觀察牛的牙齒、步伐、牛皮的特徵、體形等特徵，判斷牛的年齡、勞動性能及生產性能等。 農耕文明年代，作為生產力的耕牛倍受推崇，每逢墟日買牛、賣牛的人四面八方趕來。牛經紀，就是專為買牛和賣牛人牽線搭橋的中間人。在牛墟，牛經紀就是最好的形象代言人，他們的誠信公道影響着生意與發展。 經紀這個行業最早在中國秦漢時期出現，當時叫「駔儈」。東莞橫瀝牛墟的牛經紀在清初順治年間出現，過去一直是父傳子、子傳孫，傳男不傳女，從業者本來就少，加上如今就業多元化，年輕人不願意從事這項工作，能夠傳承牛中技藝的人越來越少了。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/232108/2021/0217/552846.html
古代帝王祭祀社稷時，牛、羊、豕全備，是謂「太牢」。士大夫祭祀的「少牢」只有羊和豕，沒有牛的。牛具靈性可以通神，而祭祀選用的牛都有嚴格的標準規定：首是要毛色純一；二是牛要完整，無瑕疵的；三是犄角周正，不能用耕牛；四是身體高大肥壯；五是牛要受到特殊的供養待遇；六是祭祀的牛還要受到人們的尊重，連國君見到牲牛也要表示敬意，親自牽牛入廟，領到祭壇上來。古時運輸用牛車，打仗有火牛陣，鎮水也用牛。因為丑的五行屬性是土，能克水，故常用牛鎮水。相傳大禹治水時，每治好一處，就鑄銅牛、鐵牛、石牛投入水底中，以鎮水患。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20210217/00176_072.html
Lamb
- Multiple sheep farmers throughout the Netherlands reported malformations in lambs born over the past weeks. Several cases of congenital abnormalities were also reported, agricultural organization LTO Nederland said to RTL Nieuws.Abnormalities and deformations include things like lambs born with crooked legs, turned necks, hunchbacks, and abnormalities of the nervous system.In some cases the Schmallenberg virus was diagnosed. The virus causes disease and birth defects in cattle, sheep and goats. An LTO spokesperson could not tell the broadcaster exactly how many reports of this virus there were. The virus was first detected in northwestern Europe in 2011.https://nltimes.nl/2021/01/08/deformed-lambs-born-throughout-netherlands
ladoum sheep
- economist 18may19 "golden fleece" why people in senegal pay a fortune for fancy sheep
卡拉庫爾綿羊Karakul or Qaraqul (named after Qorako‘l, a city in Bukhara Province in Uzbekistan) is a breed of domestic sheep which originated in Central Asia. Some archaeological evidence points to Karakul sheep being raised there continuously since 1400 BC.Hailing from the desert regions of Central Asia, Karakul sheep are renowned for their ability to forage and thrive under extremely harsh living conditions. They can survive severe drought conditions because of a special quality they have, storing fat in their tails.
- People use the lamb pelts to create various clothing items, such as the Astrakhan or karakul hat.[6] The pelts have also been used in haute couture.[7][8] An Astrakhan collar has been used on women's suits[9] and on expensive overcoats. King George V had a beaver-lined overcoat with an astrakhan collar that was later worn by his son, the Duke of Windsor.[10] The astrakhan collar has appeared in more recent men's fashions, and astrakhan has been featured more extensively in the form of a Formula One-style driving suit made primarily of astrakhan.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jinnahcap.jpegMuhammad Ali Jinnah, Founder of Pakistan, wearing a Karakul hat
- [mcintyre] in 1907 a german fur trade paul thorer shipped karakuls from uzbekistan to namibia for breeding (originally intended for germany but climate didn't suit). An experimental farm was started near windhoek. Over the next 50 or 60 years namibia became one of the three main producers of karakul fur, or persian lamb as it is often known. The fur was marketed under the trade name of swakara (for south west african karakul) and nakara (for namibian karakul). Exports grew rapidly from 1937 until late 1970s when there is an antifur campaign. Major markets nowadays - japan, russia and italy.
kiv this type of sheep (domba) found in indonesia https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/2076612/peternak-skotlandia-beli-cctv-untuk-jaga-domba-domba-muka-hitam
Pig
- Ractopamine (/rækˈtɒpəmaɪn, -miːn/) is an animal feed additive used to promote leanness and increase food conversion efficiency in livestock in some countries, but banned in others. Pharmacologically, it is a phenol-based TAAR1 agonist and β adrenoreceptor agonist that stimulates β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors.[1][2] It is most commonly administered to animals for meat production as ractopamine hydrochloride.[3] It is the active ingredient in products marketed in the US as Paylean for swine, Optaflexx for cattle, and Topmax[4] for turkeys.[5] It was developed by Elanco Animal Health, a division of Eli Lilly and Company.As of 2014 the use of ractopamine was banned in 160 countries,[6] including the European Union, mainland China and Russia,[7][8] while 27 other countries, such as Japan, the United States, South Korea, and New Zealand have deemed meat from livestock fed ractopamine safe for human consumption.[9][10][11]Commercial ractopamine is a mixture of all four possible stereoisomers.[12] It is also a positional isomer of dobutamine, a related drug.萊克多巴胺原先是研發作為氣喘用藥[8]，但未通過美國食品藥物管理局的人體實驗。因為發現它能夠增加動物肌肉，因此被使用為飼料添加劑。在醫學上，萊克多巴胺不能直接使用於人體，作為藥物或食品添加劑之用。因為可能導致心跳加速，心律不整、心肌缺血等副作用。
- La matança del porc a Catalunya, matances a les Illes Balears o mataporc al País Valencià[1]és l'activitat d'escorxar els porcs domèstics. En molts països europeus és una activitat econòmica important i necessària per a l'obtenció de la carn del porc així com dels embotits.En les zones rurals de moltes cultures la matança del porc constitueix també l'ocasió de fer festa, acompanyada amb celebracions i danses. Entre els països on aquesta tradició és més arrelada cal destacar Croàcia i Sèrbia, on es coneix amb els noms de kolinje, prašćina, svinjokolj, svinjokolja o svinjokolje, Hongria (disznóvágás), la República Txeca(zabijačka), Eslovàquia (zabíjačka), Itàlia (maialata), Eslovènia (koline), Espanya (matanza) i Portugal(matança), així com Rússia, Grècia, Romania i Moldàvia.A Schlachtfest is the German term for the ritual or ceremonial slaughter of an animal, which is often followed by feast. Today, it usually refers to the practice in many parts of Germany, such as the Palatinate, for a celebration or festival involving the ceremonial slaughter of a pig reared or bought by a private household or an inn for that purpose.The menu for such a Schlachtfest in the Palatinate includes soup (Metzelsuppe), various sausages (Pfälzer Leberwurst, Blutwurst and Bratwurst), liver dumplings (Leberknödel), boiled belly pork (Wellfleisch) and Sauerkraut. It was common when a pig was slaughtered at home that Metzelsuppe was given as a gift to neighbours, often in milk churns. Frequently the neighbours bought some of the fresh sausages so produced. Wine was drunk with the meal. The slaughter of a pig by an inn was called a Schlachtfest. Within the village everyone knew it was happening because a pig's bladder would be hung up outside. Occasionally this is still the case today.The organisation of a Schlachtfest at home and giving Metzelsuppe and sausages to family members and neighbours is still fairly common today in the German-speaking world e.g. in Swabia or Lower Saxony.La saint Cochon (aussi appelée saint Boudin) est une fête traditionnelle rurale françaisecélébrée dans plusieurs régions, dont le Morvan. Les dates et les pratiques sont variables selon les régions, mais se situent en général entre novembre et avril. Elle peut être célébrée tant à titre privé (directement dans les fermes), qu'à titre public (fête villageoise[2]).La saint Cochon débute toujours par l'abattage d'un porc. Ces fêtes s'organisent ensuite autour de la dégustation de charcuterie, de grattons ou de boudin.Cette fête est aussi présente en Europe centrale, notamment en Croatie, en Slovaquie, en Tchéquie et en Serbie.
Depuis 1993, à Besse, dans le Puy-de-Dôme, mi-janvier se déroule la Saint Cochon. Cette manifestation gastronomique permet de déguster de la charcuterie et des plats régionaux. Elle est animée par des concerts, du théâtre, une banda et une fanfare, des concours et des repas terroir[3].Depuis 2006, à la mi-juillet, à Junhac se fête le porc de montagne. Traditionnellement sont dégustés le porcelet farci, le jambon braisé ainsi que des tripoux. Au cours de ces journées sont prévus des ateliers et animations pour enfants, animations musicales, expo vente de produits régionaux, tiercés et foires aux cochons.
- 中國人殺豬烹肉以精細繁瑣著稱，外國人則不然，崇尚「簡約」，有些地方連殺豬也粗放省事。季羨林著文回憶早年在德國的見聞：豬「養到一定重量，就舉行一次Schlachtfest（屠宰節），邀請至親好友，共同歡聚一次。我的女房東有時候就下鄉參加這樣的歡聚。她告訴我，先把豬趕過來，乘其不備，用手槍在豬頭上打上一槍，俟其倒斃，再來動手宰割。」季老把這匪夷所思的殺豬法喻為「豬道主義」，因為「不讓豬長時間受苦」，或許老輩的德國人不在乎，但不放血的豬肉肯定不符合中國人的口味。 現今農家散養的豬少了，逐漸向大中型專業化養殖轉變，與之相適應的是殺豬實現了自動化。收購來的豬列隊進入屠宰場的流水線，先淋浴洗身，聽輕音樂，優哉游哉，走到一定位置，瞬間被電流擊倒，不痛苦不叫喚，爾後是一系列的流水作業，稱得上是完滿的「豬道主義」。電視新聞上有位肉聯廠廠長介紹：這樣宰殺，豬不恐懼情緒好，肉就香。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/culture/237140/2021/0127/546096.html
chicken
- economist 31oct2020 "chicken and egg" to see why china may struggle to achieve high-tech self reliance, visit an industrial chicken farm
China
- livestock market
- scmp 5mar2021 suiyang town of zunyi city, guizhou province is the biggest venue for livestock sales in the province
- 竹鼠養殖產業的瞬間消亡，源於新冠疫情爆發後，國家林草局於2020年9月30日發布《關於規範禁食野生動物分類管理範圍的通知》，明確竹鼠等64種在養禁食野生動物，在當年12月底前要引導停止養殖。 廣西壯族自治區林業生態工程質量管理中心數據顯示，新冠病毒大規模爆發之前，廣西蛇類存欄量達1500多萬條，竹鼠存欄220多萬隻。野生動物人工繁育產業帶動廣西80多萬人增收致富。以恭城縣、靈山縣為例，竹鼠養殖和蛇養殖曾經分別是兩地脫貧致富奔小康拳頭產業，如今這些養殖戶，不得不尋找新的行業。 龍義春的春之源竹鼠養殖基地，兩個月前已經更名為天皇竹蟲養殖公司。之前養殖竹鼠的養殖場地上，現在堆滿一層層竹蟲養殖的塑料箱子。原先用來間隔竹鼠的水泥材質隔間和隔板，已經全部推倒打碎。養殖竹蟲的飼料椰殼混合米糠發酵後的氣味，已經完全掩蓋原來養竹鼠時甘蔗混合竹子的味道。 龍義春說，竹蟲養殖產業原先一直存在於廣東肇慶下轄的廣寧縣。竹鼠禁養禁令出來後，他組織過多批次以前養殖竹鼠的同行，前往當地考察學習，了解到竹蟲養殖技術與竹鼠養殖有些相似，並得悉肇慶政府因廣寧縣鄰近「竹子之鄉」懷集縣，擔心影響生態環境，正出台政策禁養竹蟲。龍義春認為，在恭城發展竹蟲養殖產業，可以填補廣寧禁養竹蟲的市場空缺，決定引進竹蟲養殖。目前，龍義春已成立竹蟲養殖合作社，並舉辦多期培訓班，期待竹蟲養殖會成為竹鼠之後另一成功的特種養殖產業。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/news/232108/2020/1231/537237.html
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