Christianity

historical documents
- Bibliotheque in rue de saints-peres in paris of La societe de l'historire du protestantisme francais - preserved documents and artifacts of the reformed church
- musee virtuel du protestantism francaise  - website has images, information, virtual tours of principal sites of protestant historical memory
- musee du desert, le mas-soubeyran, cevennes, southern france - material and documentary evidence of survival of protestantism in france after revocation of edict of nantes

Orthodox
- The Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem or Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, officially Patriarch of Jerusalem, is the head bishopof the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, ranking fourth of nine Patriarchs in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Since 2005, the Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem has been Theophilos III. The Patriarch is styled "Patriarch of the Holy City of Jerusalem and all Holy Land, Syria, beyond the Jordan River, Cana of Galilee, and Holy Zion." The Patriarch is the head of the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre, and the religious leader of about 130,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians in the Holy Land, most of them Palestinians. The Patriarchate traces its line of succession to the first Christian bishops of Jerusalem, the first being James the Just in the 1st century AD. Jerusalem was granted autocephaly in 451 by the Council of Chalcedon and in 531 became one of the initial five patriarchates.

• Sophronius (c. 560 – March 11, 638; Greek: Σωφρόνιος) was the Patriarch of Jerusalem from 634 until his death.^[1] He is venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches. Before rising to the primacy of the see of Jerusalem, he was a monk and theologian who was the chief protagonist for orthodox teaching in the doctrinal controversy on the essential nature of Jesus and his volitional acts.Sophronius was born in Damascus around 560.^[2] He has been claimed to be of Byzantine Greek, as well as of Syriac descent.^[4] A teacher of rhetoric, Sophronius became an ascetic in Egypt about 580 and then entered the monastery of St. Theodosius^[1] near Bethlehem. Traveling to monastic centres in Asia Minor, Egypt, and Rome, he accompanied the Byzantine chronicler St. John Moschus, who dedicated to him his celebrated tract on the religious life, Leimõn ho Leimõnon (Greek: “The Spiritual Meadow”) (and whose feast day in the Byzantine Rite, 11 March [O.S. 24 March], is shared with Sophronius'^[5]). On the death of Moschus in Rome in 619, Sophronius accompanied the body back to Jerusalem for monastic burial. He traveled to Alexandria, Egypt, and to Constantinople in the year 633 to persuade the respective patriarchs to renounce Monoenergism, a heterodox teaching that espoused a single, divine energy in Christ to the exclusion of a human capacity for choice. Sophronius' extensive writings on this question are all lost.日本正教会ではイェルサリムの総主教聖ソフロニイと表記される。

- The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandriais the largest Christian Church in Egypt andNortheast Africa. According to tradition, the Church was established by Saint Mark, an apostle andevangelist, in the middle of the 1st century (approximately AD 42). The head of the Church and the See of Alexandria is thePatriarch of Alexandria on the Holy See of Saint Mark, who also carries the title of Coptic Pope. The See of Alexandria is titular, and today the Coptic Pope presides from Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in the Abbassia District in Cairo. The Coptic Orthodox Church belongs to the Oriental Orthodox family of Churches, which has been a distinct Christian body since the schism following the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451, when it took a different position over Christology from that of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church. The precise Christological differences that caused the split with the Coptic Christians are still disputed, highly technical, and mainly concerned with the nature of Christ. The foundational roots of the Coptic Church are based in Egypt, but it has a worldwide following.- The Council of Chalcedon (/kælˈsiːdən/ or/ˈkælsᵻdɒn/) was a church council held from October 8 to November 1, AD 451, atChalcedon. The Council is considered to have been the fourth ecumenical councilby the Great Church. Not all Christians agreed with its teachings. Its most important achievement was to issue theChalcedonian Definition. The Council's judgements and definitions regarding the divine marked a significant turning point in the Christological debates. Chalcedon was city of Bithynia in Asia Minor, on the Asian side of the Bosphorus; in modern times it is known as Kadıköy and is part ofIstanbul Province in the Republic of Turkey.
- The hexapteryga or ripidion are ceremonial fans used in the Eastern Christian Churches (including Eastern Catholic Churches, Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches) during services.^[1][2] Ripidions are carried by the altar servers at all processions with Eucharistic gifts and the Gospel book. In the Eastern Catholic Churches and Eastern Orthodox Churches, the sacred εξαπτέρυγον, hexapterygon, plural: εξαπτέρυγα hexapteryga—literally, "six-winged"), have been used from the first centuries to the present day. It is generally made of metal, round, having the iconographic likeness of an angel with six wings, and is set on the end of a pole. Hexapteryga of carved, gilded, or painted wood are also found. They are usually made in pairs. For historical use in the Western Church see flabellum.     リピタ（ギリシア語: ριπιδιον, ロシア語: Рипида）は、正教会の奉神礼において用いられる扇状の祭具。ロシア語からそのまま転写すれば「リピーダ」が近いが、日本正教会では慣用的に「リピタ」と転写されている^[1]。明治時代の文献においては「聖扇」との表記が見られるが^[2]、こんにちの日本正教会ではこの語はほとんど用いられない。
- history

• https://www.quora.com/When-did-the-Coptic-period-end  the East Roman Emperors from Empress Pulcheria 450–453 till Emperor Heraclius 610–641 usually stayed Greek Orthodox/Catholic and the Copts were miaphysite. There was a ruling minority in Egypt but they were Greeks or Egyptians who were Greek Catholic.The Byzantine government hesitated between discrimination of the Copts or -more or less reluctant- tolerance.Empress Theodora, Consort and co-ruler with Emperor Justinian was miaphysite and supported the Copts on the sly against her husband as much as possible.This is the formative period of the Coptic Church.The Arrival of the Arabs brought a lot of changes . Many of the Greeks and a few Copts fled Egypt to Constantinople. Some Copts have been reputed to have helped the Arabs but I can not confirm this. An Arab ruling minority replaced the Greek ruling minority .The best sub-period was under the Great Fatimid dynasty 969–1171, who were Ismaelis and with a couple of exceptions very tolerant. The dynasty even intermarried with Christians.Tolerance was slowly ended by the hypocrite Saladdin, a Kurd who was arabized and founded the short lived Ayyubid dynasty in 1171, which descended from his brother.When the founder Muhammed Ali ended the misrule of the Mamluks and gradually cut the ties with the Ottoman Empire the Coptic Renaissance took place in the later 19th century.Finally there was a consistent modern government, that ever more started to imitate Europe. Khedive/Viceroy Ismael Pasha declared Egypt an European country but went bankrupt.However, this meant the Copts slowly but surely got NEAR equal rights. And thanks to this tolerance Copts were now in contact with European countries like France, Britain and Russia. The Roman Catholic Church managed to convert a few Copts who now followed near Coptic customs but Roman Catholic dogmas. American evangelists also came by and converted some more Copts to Protestantism. But the majority of Copts stayed miaphysite and their culture blossomed.That all ended with the downfall of the Kingdom when first King Faruk in 1952 and later his son, baby-King Fuad II in 1953 were ousted. In that chaos the first Coptic Churches were torched as the Muslim Brotherhood started to come into the open.

??The Saint Thomas Christians or Thomas Christians, also called Syrian Christians orNasrani, are a community of Christiansfrom Kerala, India, who trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century. The community was historically united in leadership and liturgy, but since the 17th century have been split into several different church denominations and traditions. Historically the Saint Thomas Christian community was part of the Church of the East, centered in Persia. They were organised as the Province of India in the 8th century, served by Nestorian bishops and a local dynastic Archdeacon. In the 16th century the overtures of thePortuguese padroado to bring the Saint Thomas Christians into the Catholic Church led to the first of several rifts in the community and the establishment of Catholic and Malankara Church factions. Since that time further splits have occurred, and the Saint Thomas Christians are now divided into several differentEastern Catholic, Oriental Orthodox, and independent bodies, each with their own liturgies and traditions. Thomas Christians represent a multi ethnic group. Saint Thomas Christian culture is largely derived from Jewish, East Syrian,West Syrian & Hindu influences, blended with local customs and later elements derived from indigenous Indian and European colonial contacts. Their language is Malayalam, the language of Kerala, and Syriac is used for liturgical purposes.
- note the use of syrian cross in nestorian bronze crosses

New Christian (Spanish: Cristiano Nuevo; Portuguese: Cristão-Novo; Catalan: Cristià Nou) was a theocratic strategy and a policy of intra-religious and social segregation, devised through edicts from Spanish and Portuguese monarchs from the 15th century onwards. The New Christian social category was made to refer to and deal with Sephardic and Bene IsraelJews, and the Muslim Moors who converted whether willfully or forcefully to Roman Catholicism. It was used in Spain and Portugal as well as in the colonies of the Spanish and Portuguese empires.^{[1][failed verification][citation needed]} According to António José Saraiva, a famous or "Emeritus" Portuguese Literature Teacher and Historian:"The only reality of the dichotomy between Old and New Christian only existed in the Inquisitorial taxonomy. The religious or ethnic definition of the New Christians was, in the last analysis, merely formal and bureaucratic. In addition, the label of the New Christian can be based on rumors originating from dubious genealogies, slander and intrigue. "^[2] It was developed and employed after the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula by the Catholic Monarchs.By law, the category of New Christians included not only recent converts, but also all their known baptized descendants with any fraction or quantum of New Christian blood up to the third generation, being the fourth generation exempted.In Phillip II's reign it included any person with any fraction of New Christian blood "from time immemorial".In Portugal, it was only in 1772 that Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquess of Pombal, finally decreed an end to the legal distinction between New Christians and Old Christians.

- 新キリスト教徒は、改宗後に洗礼名を名乗り、ヘブライ語やアラビア語の氏名を捨てた。ポルトガル王国やスペイン王国の庇護を受けた交易商人や宣教師には、少なからぬ新キリスト教徒（ないしは新キリスト教徒と目されている人々）が含まれている。彼らは大航海時代に活躍しており、スペインとポルトガルによる海外植民の尖兵だった者もいれば、先住民に対する植民者や侵略軍の非人道的な扱いを告発したラス・カサスのような者もいた。日本に南蛮文化をもたらした人たちもそこに含まれている。

- people

• belilios family

lutheran
- The Augsburg Confession, also known as the Augustan Confession or the Augustana from its Latin name, Confessio Augustana, is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation. The Augsburg Confession was written in both German and Latin and was presented by a number of German rulers and free-cities at the Diet of Augsburg on 25 June 1530. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V had called on the Princes and Free Territories in Germany to explain their religious convictions in an attempt to restore religious and political unity in the Holy Roman Empire and rally support against the Turkish invasion. It is the fourth document contained in the Lutheran Book of Concord.

• Felix Mendelssohn's Symphony No. 5 (actually his second symphony in order of composition) was composed to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the Augsburg Confession and thus bears the title The Reformation Symphony. The symphony, however, was not commissioned for the celebrations, because of either the composer's Jewish origins or the inappropriateness of a symphony for the celebrations. Instead, Eduard Grell's work for four men's voices a capella was commissioned.

- in feb1732, king friedrich wilhelm of prussia helped to resolve crisis by officially inviting salzburg lutherans to settle in prussian lithuania, (nearly 16000 did) others ended up in saxony on their way to prussia, and some went as far as the new english colony of georgia in north america, where they established the first lutheran church in 1734


Reformist
- John Wycliffe (/ˈwɪklɪf/; also spelled Wyclif,Wycliff, Wiclef, Wicliffe, Wickliffe; c. 1331 – 31 December 1384) was an EnglishScholastic philosopher, theologian, laypreacher, translator, reformer and university teacher at Oxford in England. He was an influential dissident in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century. His followers were known as Lollards, a somewhat rebellious movement, which preached anticlerical and biblically-centred reforms. The Lollard movement was a precursor to the Protestant Reformation. He has been characterized as the evening star of scholasticism and the Morning Starof the Reformation. He was one of the earliest opponents of papal authority oversecular power. 

• around 1382, he translated the bible from latin vulgate into middle english. The translation was revised in the 1390s to make it even more readable.

- Jan Hus (/hʊs/; Czech: [ˈjan ˈɦus]; c. 1369 – 6 July 1415), often referred to in English as John Hus or John Huss, was a Czech priest, philosopher, early Christian reformer and Master at Charles University in Prague. After John Wycliffe, the theorist of ecclesiastical Reformation, Hus is considered the first Church reformer, as he lived before Luther, Calvin and Zwingli.
- Huldrych Zwingli or Ulrich Zwingli (1 January 1484 – 11 October 1531) was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. Born during a time of emerging Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of the Swiss mercenary system, he attended the University of Vienna and the University of Basel, a scholarly center of Renaissance humanism. He continued his studies while he served as a pastor in Glarus and later in Einsiedeln, where he was influenced by the writings of Erasmus. In 1519, Zwingli became the pastor of the Grossmünster in Zürich where he began to preach ideas on reform of the Catholic Church. In his first public controversy in 1522, he attacked the custom of fastingduring Lent. In his publications, he noted corruption in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, promoted clerical marriage, and attacked the use of images in places of worship. In 1525, Zwingli introduced a new communion liturgy to replace the Mass. Zwingli also clashed with the Anabaptists, which resulted in their persecution. Historians have debated whether or not he turned Zürich into a theocracy.

• His legacy lives on in the confessions, liturgy, and church orders of the Reformed churches of today.

• enacted a series of reforms that entailed the removal of sacred images from churches and suppression of religious and monastic houses; 
• culminated in the spring of 1525 the abolition of the mass and the adoption of a new liturgy for celebration of lord's supper 

- John Calvin (/ˈkælvɪn/; French: Jean Calvin, pronounced [ʒɑ̃ kalvɛ̃]; born Jehan Cauvin: 10 July 1509 – 27 May 1564) was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism, aspects of which include the doctrines of predestination and of the absolute sovereignty of God in salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation, in which doctrines Calvin was influenced by and elaborated upon the Augustinian and other Christian traditions. Various Congregational, Reformed and Presbyterian churches, which look to Calvin as the chief expositor of their beliefs, have spread throughout the world.John Calvin was born as Jehan Cauvin on 10 July 1509, at Noyon, a town in Picardy, a province of the Kingdom of France.

• [中福唐崇荣] five main points : total depravity of the sinners; unconditional election of the father; limited atonement of christ; irresistable grace of holy spirit; perseverance of saints
•  The logical order of God's decrees is the study in Calvinist theology of the logical order (in God's mind, before Creation) of the decree to ordain or allow the fall of man in relation to his decree to save some sinners (election) and condemn the others (reprobation). Several opposing positions have been proposed, all of which have names with the Latin root lapsus meaning fall. Supralapsarianism (also called antelapsarianism, pre-lapsarian or prelapsarian) is the view that God's decrees of election and reprobation logically preceded the decree of the fall while infralapsarianism (also called postlapsarianism and sublapsarianism) asserts that God's decrees of election and reprobation logically succeeded the decree of the fall.^[1] The words can also be used in connection with other topics, e.g. supra- and infralapsarian Christology.^[2] The difference between the two views are minute; supralapsarianism, by virtue of its belief that God creates the elect and reprobate, is a suggestion or provides an inference that at some level, God is the author of sin (because He creates sinners to condemnation). Infralapsarianism teaches that all men are sinful by nature (due to The Fall), are thereby condemned through our own sin (freewill), and that  God had foreknowledge of whom He would rescue from condemnation. The infralapsarianist view follows Ephesians 1:4-6, "... even as He chose us in Him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and blameless before Him. In love He predestined us for adoption to Himself as sons through Jesus Christ, according to the purpose of His will, to the praise of His glorious grace, with which He has blessed us in the Beloved" (ESV). That is, some are chosen to be elect (foreknowledge) but not created elect.
• during reformation, there were important exile communities in london and emden, apart from those communities innstrasbourg and geneva that calvin had served.
• first reformed church was formed in antwerp in 1555, followed shortly by all the major towns in flanders
• in the low countries, a league called the compromise of nobility was formed in 1565 seeking a religious peace along the lines of peace that the huguenots of france had recently negotiated with catherine de medici.The assembked petitioners were mocked as beggars
• beggars coalition (reminiscent of huguenot coalition in france) include high nobles close to power of brussels (orange and egmond); lesser nobles (brederode and compromise of nobilty); urban magistrates; broad network of nascentvreformed churches with social composition of intellectuals, preachers, lawyers, merchants, and artisans. Orange and egmond affirmed their loyalty to the crown in dec1566, resulting in execution of calvinist leaders and mass migration of religious dissidentd and rebels abroad (est at 60000)
• don fernandez lvarez de toledo, duke of alva, led an army of 10000 spanish and neapolitan soldiers to low countries in august 1957 and created the council of troubles to eliminate political opposition and religious dissent
• following the death of brederode innearly 1568, william of orange emerged as leader of beggar coalition in exile, and began raising troops in germany
• Frederick IV, Elector Palatine of the Rhine (German: Kurfürst Friedrich IV. von der Pfalz; 5 March 1574 – 19 September 1610), only surviving son of Louis VI, Elector Palatine and Elisabeth of Hesse, called "Frederick the Righteous" (German: Friedrich Der Aufrichtige; French: Frédéric IV le juste) created the protestant union of the empire and had dynastic and relgiious/political conections with both england and dutch republic. His son Frederick V was a calvinist.

baptism
- uk

• earliest congregation created in 1611 at spitalfields in london

huguenots
- Camisards were Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) of the rugged and isolated Cévennes region, and the Vaunagein southern France. They raised an insurrection against the persecutions which followed the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, which had made being Protestant illegal. The Camisards operated throughout the mainly protestant Cévennes region which in the eighteenth century also included the Vaunage and the parts of the Camargue around Aigues Mortes. The revolt by the Camisards broke out in 1702, with the worst of the fighting continuing until 1704, then scattered fighting until 1710 and a final peace by 1715. The Edict of Tolerance was not finally signed until 1787.

A confraternity (Spanish: Cofradía) is generally a Christian voluntary association of lay people created for the purpose of promoting special works of Christian charity or piety, and approved by the Church hierarchy. They are most common among Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Lutherans and the Western Orthodox. When a confraternity has received the authority to aggregate to itself groups erected in other localities, it is called an archconfraternity. An example is the Confraternity of the Rosary. 
- Pious associations of laymen existed in very ancient times at Constantinople and Alexandria. In France, in the eighth and ninth centuries, the laws of the Carlovingians mention confraternities and guilds. But the first confraternity in the modern and proper sense of the word is said to have been founded at Paris by Bishop Odo (d.1208). It was under the invocation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Confraternities had their beginnings in the early Middle Ages, and developed rapidly from the end of the twelfth century. The main object and duty of these societies were, above all, the practice of piety and works of charity. Some confraternities were very widely spread, especially in the cities of the Middle Ages, confraternities could be important and wealthy institutions for the elite, as in for example, the Scuole Grandi of Venice. The Purgatorial societies and orders of flagellants were other specialized medieval types. The medieval French term puy designated a confraternity dedicated to artistic performance in music, song and poetry; the German meistersingerswere similar, though typically imitating trade guilds in form. Various other congregations such as of the Holy Trinity, of the Scapular, etc., were founded between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. From the latter century onwards, these pious associations have multiplied greatly. The Archconfraternity of the Gonfalone was a headquartered in the Church of Santa Lucia del Gonfalone. Because of their white hooded robes, they were identified as the "White Penitents". They were established in 1264 at Rome. St. Bonaventure, at that time Inquisitor-general of the Holy Office, prescribed the rules, and the white habit, with the name Recommendati B. V.
- Les confréries sont des communautésdestinées à favoriser une entraide fraternelleou à perpétuer une tradition. Cette forme d'association à base religieuse et à but profane remonte à l'Antiquité, comme en atteste par exemple le Testament du Lingon; elles prennent un grand développement dans les sociétés chrétiennes au Moyen Âge. Les confréries religieuses et charitables relevant du domaine du Clergé, elles avaient interdiction de faire du commerce, de vendre des prestations ou de forcer à les payer, et leurs ressources provenaient exclusivement de dons volontaires, de legs, de quêtes. Pour cela, elles organisaient des spectacles qui étaient suivis de quêtes, certaines obtenaient le droit d'organiser des loteries. En France, il avait un très grand nombre de confréries, certaines très anciennes, qui furent regroupées et réorganisées plusieurs fois par les rois, particulièrement sous Louis XIV lors de la création de l'Hôpital général. Elles furent toutes abolies au moment de la Révolution française, par un décret en date du 18 août 1792, qui abolissait en outre les congrégations religieuses, et leurs biens confisqués et vendus biens nationaux. En Espagne, il subsiste de nombreuses confréries (cofradias ou hermandad) perpétuant une tradition religieuse, tout comme en Italie (confraternite). La confrérie est parfois présidée par un maître, lorsqu'elle est importante par un grand maître.


The London Missionary Society was a missionary society formed in England in 1795 by evangelical Anglicans and various nonconformists. It was largely Reformed in outlook, with Congregational missions in Oceania and Africa, although there were also Presbyterians (notable for their work in China), Methodists, Baptists and various other Protestants involved. It now forms part of the Council for World Mission (CWM). In 1793, Edward Williams, then minister at Carr's Lane, Birmingham, wrote a letter to the churches of the Midlands, expressing the need for world evangelization and foreign missions. It was effective and Williams began to play an active part in the plans for a missionary society. He left Birmingham in 1795, becoming pastor at Masbrough, Rotherham, and tutor of the newly formed Masbrough academy. Also in 1793, the Anglican cleric John Eyre of Hackney founded the Evangelical Magazine. He had the support of the presbyterian John Love, and congregationalists Edward Parsons and John Townshend (1757–1826). Proposals for the Missionary Society began in 1794 after a Baptist minister, John Ryland, received word from William Carey, the pioneer British Baptist missionary who had recently moved to Calcutta, about the need to spread Christianity. Carey suggested that Ryland join forces with others along the non-denominational lines of the Anti-Slavery Society to design a society that could prevail against the difficulties that evangelicals often faced when spreading the Word. This aimed to overcome the difficulties that establishment of overseas missions had faced. It had frequently proved hard to raise the finance because evangelicals belonged to many denominations and churches; all too often their missions would only reach a small group of people and be hard to sustain.^{[citation needed]} Edward Williams continued his involvement and, in July 1796, gave the charge to the first missionaries sent out by the Society.The society aimed to create a forum where evangelicals could work together, give overseas missions financial support and co-ordination. It also advocated againt opponents who wanted unrestricted commercial and military relations with native peoples throughout the world.
-  samoa

• Christian missionary work in Samoa began in 1830 by John Williams, of the London Missionary Society arriving in Sapapali'i from The Cook Islands and Tahiti.

- hk

• est 英華書院 and 印刷所 in 1844; built church in 1845; published newspaper 《遐邇贯珍》in 1853;est 道濟會堂 in 1888

• in 1873, 文人王韜bought printing equipment from the society and published 《循環日報》

• established ying wa girls
• [central and western heritage trail map published by antiquities and monument office] the london mission building was originally the quarters for missionaries from london mission founded in 1795.  In 1893 daoji mission house built two blocks of quarters at no 79 and 80 of robinson road for missionaries of london mission.  In 1939 the building was used as the quarters for the nurses of nethersole hospital.  In 1950 it was left vacated after the construction of a new block of nurse quarters was completed.

• the daoji mission house was built by the chinese christians of london missionary society in 1888.  When sun yat sen studied in hk college of medicine, he always went there for religious gatherings.  Later the house was considered too small and thus replaced by a new church named hop yat church (in early 20thc, a national christian confereence was held in shanghai and it was decided that an indigenous church should be established in china to combine different churches. In 1920 the church of christ of china was set up, which was immediately joined by daoji mission house.  Church was built in neo-gothic style) which was built at the junction of bonham road and seymour road.  The original site of daoji mission house was then sold for the construction of a commercial building.

• 英國在1898年租借新界後，傳教士開始來港傳教，倫敦傳道會（現稱世界傳道會）的宣教士威禮士牧師（Rev.H.R.Wells）先後於新界多個地方設立教會，其中一間就是於1907年成立的林村遵堂，其歷史較1911年成立的大埔堂還早。據中華基督教會大埔堂百周年特刊所記，與威禮士牧師一同拔樹鑿石填地興建遵堂的信徒中，包括林村村民張懷來，他是林村第一代信主的村民，信主後，在村內曾受過逼迫和歧視。而林村鄉內有3條基督教村，包括南華莆村、坪朗村及較寮下村，坪朗村亦是最早有基督信仰的村落。http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/202005/0513/HA08513CX01_HKCD.pdf

The Rhenish Missionary Society (Rhenish  – of the river Rhine) was one of the largest missionary societies in Germany. Formed from smaller missions founded as far back as 1799, the Society was amalgamated on 23 September 1828, and its first missionaries were ordained and sent off to South Africa by the end of the year. The London Missionary Society was already active in the area, and a closer working relationship was formed with them. The Society established its first mission station in the Cederberg in 1829, named Wupperthal, and predated the naming of the German city by 100 years. Very soon, the missionaries started migrating north through the barren and inhospitable south-western Africa. Here they encountered various local tribes such as the Herero, Nama and Damara, and were frequently in the middle of wars between them. The missionaries tried to broker peace deals between the tribes, and for this reason were later seen as political assets by the tribes. Around the same time, debate started in Germany regarding its colonial empire, with the activities of the RMS in distant Africa fanning imaginations. The unclaimed area to the north of the Cape Colony was proclaimed German South West Africa in 1880, but they quickly ran into numerous problems, since Germany was inexperienced at colonization. The Herero and Namaqua Genocide during 1904–1907 proved to be the nadir of their rule, and combined with the effects of World War I, Germany was unable to maintain a foothold so far from home. South Africa annexed the area in 1915, renaming it South West Africa. During this time, missionaries' reactions ranged from compassion and help for the local tribes, to patriotism and support of colonial interests. During the 20th century, the Society focused on its work in southern Africa. The Society ultimately amalgamated all of its mission stations in South Africa into the Dutch Reformed Church, except for Wupperthal which chose to join the Moravian Church. The mission stations in Namibia became part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church there. In 1971, the Rhenish Mission and the Bethel Mission were combined into the Vereinte Evangelische Mission.

- people

• Wilhelm Lobscheid, a Lutheran born in Germany in 1822, was sent out by the Rhenish (Barmen) Mission to China in 1848. He learned Chinese in Hong Kong and began helping Karl Gutzlaff, playing an important role in the opening of China to the Gospel as an adventurous pioneer missionary. One of his apprentices during that time, Wang Yuanshen, became an evangelist in Hong Kong and Shenzhen for over thirty years. Wang’s two sons, Qianru and Yuchu, also became ministers.http://bdcconline.net/en/stories/lobscheid-wilhelm

• note that there is lobscheid county in gummersbach 古默斯巴赫  town, germany
• hk

• according to ting sun pau, lobscheid was the key person in the set up of 皇家书馆（government schools）in hk; note that the schools has two language streams - cantonese and hakka

Unitarianism

- Unitarianism is historically a Christian theological movement named for the affirmation thatGod is one entity, in direct contrast to Trinitarianism, which defines God as three persons inone being. Traditional Unitarians maintain that Jesus of Nazareth is in some sense the "son" of God (as all humans are children of the Creator), but that he is not the one God himself. They may believe that he was inspired by God in his moral teachings and can thus be considered a savior, but all Unitarians perceive Christ as human rather than a Deity. Unitarianism is also known for the rejection of several other Western Christian doctrines, including the soteriological doctrines of original sin and predestination, and, in more recent history, biblical inerrancy. Unitarians in previous centuries accepted the doctrine of punishment in an eternal hell, but few do today. The Unitarian movement was not called "Unitarian" initially. It began almost simultaneously in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and in Transylvania in the mid-16th century. Among the adherents were a significant number of Italians. In England, the first Unitarian Church was established in 1774 on Essex Street, London, where today's British Unitarian headquarters are still located. Since the theology was also perceived as deist, it began to attract many people from wealthy and educated backgrounds, although it was only at the late second half of the 18th century that it started to gain some wider traction within Christendom. In the United States, it spread first in New England, and the first official acceptance of the Unitarian faith on the part of a congregation in America was by King's Chapel in Boston, from where James Freeman began teaching Unitarian doctrine in 1784, and was appointed rector and revised the prayer book according to Unitarian doctrines in 1786. In J. Gordon Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions, it is classified among "the 'liberal' family of churches".

Nestorian
- [maritime museum] called "arkaun" in mongolian
- ornaments (including those in quanzhou, fujian, acquired by lee hysan foundation) were exhibited at hku museum
- the mosaic at the entrance floor of st john 's cathedral (built in 1947, second oldest building in hk) was added in 1968, at the centre is a nestorian cross (east syria)

Methodism or the Methodist movement^{[nb 1]} is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and John's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement. It originated as a revival within the 18th century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley's death. The Methodist revival began with a group of men, including John Wesley (1703–1791) and his younger brother Charles (1707–1788), as a movement within the Church of England in the 18th century. The Wesley brothers founded the "Holy Club" at the University of Oxford, where John was a fellow and later a lecturer at Lincoln College. The club met weekly and they systematically set about living a holy life. They were accustomed to receiving Communion every week, fasting regularly, abstaining from most forms of amusement and luxury and frequently visited the sick and the poor, as well as prisoners. The fellowship were branded as "Methodist" by their fellow students because of the way they used "rule" and "method" to go about their religious affairs.^[1] John, who was leader of the club, took the attempted mockery and turned it into a title of honour. In 1735, at the invitation of the founder of the Georgia Colony, General James Oglethorpe, both John and Charles Wesley set out for America to be ministers to the colonists and missionaries to the Native Americans.^[14] Unsuccessful in their work, the brothers returned to England conscious of their lack of genuine Christian faith. They looked for help to Peter Boehler and other members of the Moravian Church. At a Moravian service in Aldersgate on 24 May 1738, John experienced what has come to be called his evangelical conversion, when he felt his "heart strangely warmed".Initially, the Methodists merely sought reform within the Church of England (Anglicanism), but the movement gradually departed from that Church. George Whitefield's preference for extemporaneous prayer rather than the fixed forms of prayer in the BCP, in addition to his insistence on the necessity of the New Birth, set him at odds with Anglican clergy. As Methodist societies multiplied, and elements of an ecclesiastical system were, one after another, adopted, the breach between John Wesley and the Church of England gradually widened. In 1784, Wesley responded to the shortage of priests in the American colonies due to the American Revolutionary War by ordaining preachers for America with power to administer the sacraments. This was a major reason for Methodism's final split from the Church of England after Wesley's death. 
- john wesley

• [1776 london chronicle] methodist leader john wesley supported imposing taxes on america to recover the cost of protecting it - argued case in a calm address to our american colonies, letter to an evening newspaper; on north side of windmill hill row is the foundry, a former cannon foundrybleased by john wesley, aged 72, which has been the centre of his operations since 1740. The lease expiring, in 1778 he will move to a new chapel in the city road.

- usa

• The United Methodist Church is a mainline Protestant denomination and a major part of Methodism. In the 19th century, its main predecessor—the Methodist Episcopal Church—was a leader in Evangelicalism. The present denomination was founded in 1968 in Dallas, Texas by union of the Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church.In the United States, the UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant denomination, the largest Protestant church after the Southern Baptist Convention, and the third largest Christian denomination. 

- uk

• (陳豐盛) united methodist free churches (est 1857) (偕我會) was one branch of wesleyan methodist church in uk.  It merged with methodist new connexion; bibke christians to become united methodist church uk in 1907. In 1932, it merged with wesleyan methodist church; primitive methodist church to become the methodist church uk.  In 1877, rev inkermann exley (李華慶 or 李應克) from wortley, leeds came to wenzhou, china to preach.

- missionary who founded Methodist church in HK http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20140317/PDF/b11_screen.pdf
- 近日行经北角长康街，发现屹立于高处的北角卫理堂已被围封，嵌于门顶的教堂名称和会徽已经拆去，原来教会已迁出，教堂正待重建。近年屡屡听闻有旧教堂重建以增加用地，其中香港基督教循道卫理联合教会对重建工作最为积极。两年前拆卸了湾仔的国际礼拜堂，现在轮到北角卫理堂。该堂于一九五三年由卫理公会牧师和南来香港的上海教友成立，其时北角有“小上海”之称，他们利用长康街北角台十个空置车位聚会，被称为“车房教会”，直至一九六二年觅得现址建立新堂。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170604/PDF/a21_screen.pdf


The Seventh-day Adventist Church is a Protestant Christian denomination^[3] distinguished by its observance of Saturday,^[4] the seventh day of the week in Christian and Jewish calendars, as the Sabbath, and by its emphasis on the imminent Second Coming (advent) of Jesus Christ. The denomination grew out of the Millerite movement in the United States during the mid-19th century and was formally established in 1863.
- En 1900, il y avait 42 Missions adventistes à travers le monde. En 1930, ce nombre s'était élevé à 270^[27]. Cet internationalisation de l'adventisme s'accompagna de la création d'un grand nombre d'institutions locales (des écoles, des hôpitaux, des imprimeries, des orphelinats, des organisations humanitaires) au service des adhérents et des populations indigènes. Après la mort d'Ellen White, le White Estate s'occupa de préserver et de diffuser ses écrits à travers le monde. En France, le Séminaire adventiste du Salève ouvrit ses portes en 1921^[28]. En 1926, l'évangéliste Harold Richards fonda Voice of Prophecy, la première radio adventiste, qui émet aujourd'hui dans le monde entier^[29].
- china

• 基督復臨安息日會中華總會華東聯合會started to preach in wenzhou in 1916

Pentecostalism or Classical Pentecostalism is a renewal movement^[1] within Protestant^[2]Christianity that places special emphasis on a direct personal experience of God through the baptism with the Holy Spirit. The term Pentecostal is derived from Pentecost, the Greek name for the Jewish Feast of Weeks. For Christians, this event commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the followers of Jesus Christ, as described in the second chapter of the Acts of the Apostles.Pentecostalism emerged in the early 20th century among radical adherents of the Holiness movement who were energized by revivalism and expectation for the imminent Second Coming of Christ.^[3] Believing that they were living in the end times, they expected God to spiritually renew the Christian Church thereby bringing to pass the restoration of spiritual gifts and the evangelization of the world. In 1900, Charles Parham, an American evangelist and faith healer, began teaching that speaking in tongues was the Bible evidence of Spirit baptism and along with William J. Seymour, a Wesleyan-Holiness preacher, he taught that this was the third work of grace.^[4] The three-year-long Azusa Street Revival, founded and led by Seymour in Los Angeles, California. Comprising over 700 denominations and a large number of independent churches, there is no central authority governing Pentecostalism; however, many denominations are affiliated with the Pentecostal World Fellowship. 
- The Berlin declaration (German: Berliner Erklärung) was a theological statement by 56 leading Evangelical theologians in Germany.^[1] The declaration condemns the German Pentecostal movement which had started two years earlier in Kassel. It stated that the Pentecostal movement was “not from above, but from below”.^[2] The declaration specifically mentions Jonathan Paul as the movement’s leader, but it is not clear that Jonathan Paul saw himself as such. The declaration was formally revoked by the Gnadauer Gemeinschaftsverbandes in a statement of January 2009. This move is seen a major step toward reconciliation between Pentecostals and non-Pentecostal churches in Germany.
- The True Jesus Church is a Christian Church that originated in China during the Pentecostal movement in the early twentieth century. The TJC is currently one of the largest Christian groups in China and Taiwan, as well as the largest Chinese Pentecostal church and one of the largest independent church in the world.Established in 1917, the church’s early adherents in Hebei and Shandong were influenced by certain charismatic practices of the Apostolic Faith Mission in China, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, especially faith healing, baptism of the Holy Spirit, footwashing, Sabbath keeping and Oneness Pentecostaltheology. The TJC was founded by Paul Wei (Wei Enbo, 1877-1919) in 1917.^[7] Its early leaders included Zhang Lingsheng(1863—?), who convinced Wei that the church should maintain a seventh-day Sabbath, and Barnabas Zhang (1882-c.1960), who eventually left the group in 1929 and established a rival movement in Hong Kong. 

• 1907年に中国に達した。従ってベルンツェン (Berntsen)^[1] 持たれているのようなアメリカの宣教師は福音とポール・ウエイそうこの教会の早い創設者のような中国のクリスチャンへ説教されてこれのメンバーまただったペンテコステ運動。

• according to 温州基督教编年史,真耶稣教會於1924年傳入温州

• 1917年: 早い創設者、ポール・ウエイ（魏保羅）、リンシェン・ザン（張靈生）及バルナバ・ザン（張巴拿巴）は北京にこの独立した教会を確立することにした。 目標は再到来イエス・キリストの前に全世界へ福音を広げることだった。長くないその後、福音は中国から台湾に広がった、東南アジア、日本及び韓国。真イエス教会また東京、大阪、前橋、羽曳野市、住吉及び御崎に確立された。また、坂井市、上田、及び羽犬塚に祈りの家がある。

The Taizé Community is an ecumenicalmonastic order in Taizé, Saône-et-Loire,Burgundy, France. It is composed of more than one hundred brothers, fromCatholic and Protestant traditions, who originate from about thirty countries across the world. It was founded in 1940 by Brother Roger Schütz, aReformed Protestant. Guidelines for the community’s life are contained in The Rule of Taizé^[1] written by Brother Roger and first published in French in 1954.

The Pentecostal Mission (TPM) or New Testament Church (NTC) or Universal Pentecostal Church (UPC) or Ceylon Pentecostal Mission (CPM), is a pentecostal denominationwhich originated in Ceylon, now Sri Lanka. In some countries, the church is known under different names. The international headquarters is now situated in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. This mission was founded in Colombo, Sri Lanka in 1923 by Pastor Paul. It now has churches in over 65 countries.The church was founded by Pastor Paul (Ramankutty). Ramankutty was born to Hindu parents in the district of Trichur in Kerala, India. While in Sri Lanka, at the age of 18, he became a Christian. He later began to preach and share the Christian gospel in various parts of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. It was through his service that the church was founded in 1923.^[1] Even after the death of Ramankutty,^[2] Over 95% of the members of this church is constituting people from the Indian Sub-Continent. 

• Note the Universal Pentecostal Church – Hongkong, Nigeria, Republic Of Ireland, UK (HQ in Brixton, London), see if that is the pentecost mission hk and kowloon 港九五旬節會  http://www.pentecostal-mission.org 

Ecumenism refers to efforts by Christians of different Church traditions to develop closer relationships and better understandings. The term is also often used to refer to efforts towards the visible and organic unity of different Christian denominations in some form. The adjective ecumenical can also be applied to any interdenominational initiative that encourages greater cooperation among Christians and their churches, whether or not the specific aim of that effort is full, visible unity. The terms ecumenism and ecumenical come from the Greek οἰκουμένη (oikoumene), which means "the whole inhabited world", and was historically used with specific reference to the Roman Empire.^[2] The ecumenical vision comprises both the search for the visible unity of the Church (Ephesians 4:3) and the "whole inhabited earth" (Matthew 24:14) as the concern of all Christians. In Christianity the qualification ecumenical is originally (and still) used in terms such as "ecumenical council" and "Ecumenical Patriarch" in the meaning of pertaining to the totality of the larger Church (such as the Catholic Church or the Orthodox Church) rather than being restricted to one of its constituent local churches or dioceses. Used in this original sense, the term carries no connotation of re-uniting the historically separated Christian denominations, but presumes a unity of local congregations in a worldwide communion.

The Focolare Movement is an international organization that promotes the ideals of unity and universal brotherhood. Founded in Trent, northern Italy, in 1943 by Chiara Lubich as a Catholic movement, it remains largely Roman Catholic but has strong links to the major Christian denominations and other religions, or in some cases with the non-religious. The Focolare Movement operates in 180 nations and has over 140,440 members. The word "Focolare" is Italian for "hearth" or "family fireside". While Focolare is the common sobriquet given to this organisation, its official name when approved in 1990 as an International Association of the Faithful of Pontifical Right, was "Work of Mary". In the Northern Italian city of Trent in 1943, in the climate of violence and hatred of the Second World War, the young elementary school teacher Chiara Lubich saw God's love as the only antidote when civil life was crumbling around her. With Bible in hand in the shelters during air raids, she felt deeply Jesus' desire "that they all may be one." A group sharing her vision joined in helping those in the shelters and in the poorest parts of town, and numbers grew. In 1948, the journalist Igino Giordani, a member of Parliament and pioneer of ecumenism, joined the group, bringing his spirituality of social unity. Another cofounder was Fr. Pasquale Foresi with his theological background, and founder of New City Press in 1964.Foculare initially spread in Italy and Europe, then worldwide: South America (1958), North America (1961), Africa (1963), Asia (1966), and Australia (1967). After 1949, summer vacations together in Fiera di Primiero in the Dolomite Mountains led to the desire to share – materially, culturally, and spiritually. Numbers increased for these retreats, including priests and religious with a variety of spiritualities, and by 1955 this gathering took on the name "Mariapolis", a model of peace for the world under Mother Mary's patronage. In 1962 Chiara's visit to the Benedictine Einsiedeln Abbey in Switzerland made her dream of permanent towns of brother/sisterhood, "simple houses, work places, schools – just like an ordinary town." In 1964 Loppiano, the first permanent Mariapolis, was built on land donated by Vincenzo Folonari, near Florence. It has grown to include 900 people of worldwide origins and diverse occupations, married and single, priests and religious, who work and study together and strive to live in exemplary Christian charity. Each year an average of 40,000 visitors pass through Loppiano.Twenty other such towns have sprung up worldwide. Some have specific emphases: ecumenism (Ottmaring, Germany;^[6] Welwyn Garden City, Great Britain); ecology (Rotselaar, Belgium); interreligious dialogue (Tagaytay, Philippines); multi-ethnic harmony (Luminosa, New York; Križevci, Croatia); or inculturation (Fontem, Cameroon; Kenya; Ivory Coast^[7]). In these towns religious and cultural differences are respected, to exemplify Jesus' dream: "Father, may they all be one, as you and I are one."

YMCA
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160127/PDF/b12_screen.pdf 一八五四年英國護士南丁格爾不顧 安危，帶了三十多名女性志願者前往克 里米亞半島照顧戰場傷兵。她着力改善 醫療衛生，被傷兵們稱為 「上帝派來的 天使」。此事傳回英國，令婦女們開始 覺醒，追求獨立自主，投身社會工作。 翌年倫敦有兩名女子成立基督教女青年會，開設女子宿舍， 幫助就業婦女，這組織後來擴展至其他國家。 中國於一八九○年出現基督教女青年會，由美國傳教士 司徒雷登的母親（也是傳教士）在浙江杭州弘道女校成立， 其後遍及各大城市，包括香港。在港的女青年會沒有固定會 址，一九一三年與外籍婦女組織 「香港慈善社」合併，後由 新成立的梅夫人婦女會取代。 今天的香港基督教女青年會創於一九二○年，時值滿清 政府被推翻不久，不少內地青年女子紛紛起來，申請庚子賠 款公費出洋留學。輪船前往歐洲必須取道香港，父母不放心 女兒入住旅舍，先施百貨公司創辦人之一馬應彪的夫人霍慶 棠經常招待她們，及後與聖保羅女書院校長胡素貞、妹妹霍 絮如，及吳鐾弦在港成立女青年會。 這是香港第一個華人婦女團體，一方面回應婦女需要， 為勞工婦女開設夜校及提升就業技能，另外亦為本港婦女爭 取權益，包括掃除文盲、反蓄婢、推動一夫一妻制、爭取男 女同工同酬，及開設全港首間託兒所等，大大提升了本地婦 女的地位。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160129/PDF/b19_screen.pdf
- 大約在一九五九年至一九六一年期間，本山人於崇基學院社會工作系（首屆）畢業後，曾在上述機構工作了兩年，該機構為基督教青年會YMCA的一個附屬機構，YMCA特別設立該機構的主要目的是當時從內地來港的大專學生人數不少；大部分的家庭經濟環境比一般香港家庭之青年人稍差一些，所以青年會特別設立該機構專為該等學生服務，協助他們利用課餘時間，擔任一些課外工作，賺取一些助學金，解決他們生活上的一些問題。該機構的英文名本來是Student Christian Centre，但不知因何理由，青年會卻把這機構的中文名定為「基督教大專學生公社」。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/07/02/a22-0702.pdf

schism
- The Acacian schism, between the Eastern and Western Christian Churches lasted thirty-five years, from 484 to 519. It resulted from a drift in the leaders of Eastern Christianity toward Miaphysitism and Emperor Zeno's unsuccessful attempt to reconcile the parties with the Henotikon.
- The Photian Schism was a four-year (863–867) schism between the episcopal sees of Romeand Constantinople. At issue was the papal claim to jurisdiction in the East, not accusations of heresy. The schism arose largely as a struggle for ecclesiastical control of the southern Balkans and because of a personality clash between the heads of the two sees, both of whom were elected in the year 858 and both of whose reigns ended in 867, by death in the case of the Pope, by the first of two depositions for the Patriarch. The Photian Schism thus differed from what occurred in the 11th century, when the pope's authority as a first among equals was challenged on the grounds of having lost that authority through heresy.
- The East–West Schism, also called the Great Schism and the Schism of 1054, was the break of communion between what are now the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches, which has lasted since the 11th century.

Clericalism is the application of the formal, church-based, leadership or opinion of ordained clergy in matters of either the church or broader political and sociocultural import. In a pejorative manner, "clericalism" is often used to denote an ecclesiolatry approach to issues beyond the church by either clergy or their supporters, as well as to describe the cronyism and cloistered political environs of Christian denominational hierarchy, mainly in reference to the Roman Catholic Church. The phenomenon of clericalism is not restricted to the ordained (e.g., priests, ministers), as it occurs in purely secular guilds, such as academia, the legal and medical establishments, and the public-safety clergy: the police and military. Outside of Catholicism, clericalism is used to denote the divisions between ordained clergy and lay leaders in some Christian denominations while the older meaning of the term—an application of church-based theory or thought to secular issues—seems rather lost in most current uses of the term. In the aforementioned use of the term, it is important to discern the difference between a belief in a separation of church and state—which is not truly involving of clericalism—and the belief that church leadership should not be an internal and cloistered body that answers only to itself or that such leaders should not act as a powerful force in matters beyond the internal concerns of their church. 


Role in Politics
- http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21627672-more-americans-want-their-churches-involved-politics-preach-me

Epiphany (/ɪˈpɪfəni/ i-PIFF-ə-nee), also Theophany, Little Christmas, or Three Kings' Day, is a Christian feast day that celebrates the revelation of God incarnate as Jesus Christ. In Western Christianity, the feast commemorates principally (but not solely) the visit of the Magi to the Christ child, and thus Jesus' physical manifestation to the Gentiles. Moreover, the feast of the Epiphany, in some Western Christian denominations, also initiates the liturgical season of Epiphanytide. Eastern Christians, on the other hand, commemorate the baptism of Jesus on both sides of the Jordan River, seen as his manifestation to the world as the Son of God. Qasr el Yahud in the West Bank, and Al-Maghtas in Jordan on the east bank, Al-Maghtas is considered to be the original site of the baptism of Jesus and the ministry of John the Baptist. The traditional date for the feast is January 6. However, since 1970, the celebration is held in some countries on the Sunday after January 1. Eastern Churches following the Julian calendar observe the feast on what for most countries is January 19^[9] because of the 13-day difference today between that calendar and the generally used Gregorian calendar. In many Western Christian Churches, the eve of the feast is celebrated as Twelfth Night.^[11][12] The Monday after Epiphany is known as Plough Monday. Popular Epiphany customs include Epiphany singing, chalking the door, having one's house blessed, consuming Three Kings Cake, winter swimming, as well as attending church services.^[14] It is customary for Christians in many localities to remove their Christmas decorations on Epiphany Eve (Twelfth Night),^[15] although those in other Christian countries historically remove them on Candlemas, the conclusion of Epiphanytide.^[16][17] According to the first tradition, those who fail to remember to remove their Christmas decorations on Epiphany Eve must leave them untouched until Candlemas, the second opportunity to remove them; failure to observe this custom is considered inauspicious. Dates - January 6 (Gregorian calendar)January 19 (Gregorian equivalent of Julian calendar January 6) Second Monday of January (Colombia)

Mardi Gras (/ˈmɑːrdiɡrɑː/), also called Shrove Tuesday, or Fat Tuesday, in English, refers to events of the Carnival celebrations, beginning on or after the Christian feasts of the Epiphany (Three Kings Day) and culminating on the day before Ash Wednesday. Mardi Gras is French for "Fat Tuesday", reflecting the practice of the last night of eating richer, fatty foods before the ritual fasting of the Lenten season.Related popular practices are associated with Shrovetide celebrations before the fasting and religious obligations associated with the penitential season of Lent. In countries such as the United Kingdom, Mardi Gras is also known as Shrove Tuesday, which is derived from the word shrive, meaning "confess".
- The festival season varies from city to city, as some traditions, such as the one in New Orleans, Louisiana, consider Mardi Gras to stretch the entire period from Twelfth Night (the last night of Christmas which begins Epiphany) to Ash Wednesday.

• https://www.instagram.com/p/BfRcbD8lxIy/ note the flame like theme in the costume

Easter
- The term Octave of Easter may refer either to the eight-day period (Octave) in Eastertide that starts on Easter Sundayand runs until the Sunday following Easter, inclusive; or it may refer only to that Sunday after Easter, the Octave Day of Easter (often known as Low Sunday, particularly in the Anglican Communion). That Sunday is also known historically as St. Thomas Sunday (especially amongEastern Christians), Quasimodo Sunday andQuasimodogeniti. Since 1970 Low Sunday has been officially known as the Second Sunday of Easter (referring to the Easter season) in the Roman Catholic Church. On 30 April 2000, it was also designated as Divine Mercy Sundayby Pope John Paul II.
- https://www.rbth.com/russian-kitchen/327928-how-to-paint-easter-eggs
- uk

• ???? [1776 chron] easter day 1776 his majesty made a present of the byzant according to annual custom and after receiving holy communion

Christmas
- early christian writers suggested a variety of dates for celebration of jesus' birth eg clement of alexandria advocated may20. By the 4th century the date of dec25 had been chosen, possibly to take advantage of a traditional roman holiday associated with this date.


Missionaries
- Saint Athanasius of Alexandria(/ˌæθəˈneɪʃəs/; Greek: Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας, Athanásios Alexandrías; c. 296–298 – 2 May 373), also calledAthanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor or, primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church, Athanasius the Apostolic, was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria (as Athanasius I). His episcopate (because of the importance of the see, considered an archbishopric by Rome, the Coptic papacy, or an Orthodox patriarchate) lasted 45 years (c. 8 June 328 – 2 May 373), of which over 17 were spent in five exiles ordered by four different Roman emperors. Athanasius is a renowned Christian theologian, a Church Father, the chief defender of Trinitarianismagainst Arianism, and a noted Egyptianleader of the fourth century.
- Johann Adam Schall von Bell (湯若望; pinyin: Tāng Ruòwàng) (May 1, 1592 – August 15, 1666) was a German Jesuit andastronomer. He spent most of his life as amissionary in China and became an adviser to the Shunzhi Emperor of the Qing dynasty.

• http://big5.china.com.cn/chinese/ch-yuwai/214593.htm work in ming and qing dynasty

- sister annie skau berntsen

• Re book 陜西羚踨

- david livingstone

• David Livingstone (19 March 1813 – 1 May 1873) was a ScottishCongregationalist pioneer medicalmissionary with the London Missionary Society and an explorer in Africa.

- 
James Hudson Taylor (戴德生; 21 May 1832 – 3 June 1905) was a British Protestant Christian missionary to China and founder of the China Inland Mission (CIM, now OMF International). Taylor spent 51 years in China. The society that he began was responsible for bringing over 800 missionaries to the country who began 125 schools and directly resulted in 18,000 Christian conversions, as well as the establishment of more than 300 stations of work with more than 500 local helpers in all eighteen provinces. Taylor was known for his sensitivity to Chinese culture and zeal for evangelism. He adopted wearing native Chinese clothing even though this was rare among missionaries of that time. Under his leadership, the CIM was singularly non-denominational in practice and accepted members from all Protestant groups, including individuals from the working class, and single women as well as multinational recruits. Primarily because of the CIM's campaign against the opium trade, Taylor has been referred to as one of the most significant Europeans to visit China in the 19th century.Taylor was able to preach in several varieties of Chinese, including Mandarin, Chaozhou, and the Wu dialects of Shanghai and Ningbo. The last of these he knew well enough to help prepare a colloquial edition of the New Testament written in it.
Taylor left England on 19 September 1853 before completing his medical studies, departing from Liverpool and arriving in Shanghai, China, on 1 March 1854. The nearly disastrous voyage aboard the clipper Dumfries through an Easterly passage near Buru Island lasted about five months. In China, he was immediately faced with civil war, throwing his first year there into turmoil.
Taylor made 18 preaching tours in the vicinity of Shanghai starting in 1855, and was often poorly received by the people, even though he brought with him medical supplies and skills. He made a decision to adopt the native Chinese clothes and queue (pigtail) with shaven forehead, and was then able to gain an audience without creating a disturbance. Previous to this, Taylor realised that wherever he went he was being referred to as a "black devil" because of the overcoat he wore. He distributed thousands of Chinese Gospel tracts and portions of Scripture in and around Shanghai. During his stay in  Shanghai, he also adopted and cared for a Chinese boy named Hanban.
Scottish evangelist, William Chalmers Burns, of the English Presbyterian Mission began work in Shantou, and for a period Taylor joined him there. After leaving he later found that all of his medical supplies, being stored in Shanghai, had been destroyed by a fire. Then in October 1856, while traveling across China he was robbed of nearly everything he owned. Relocated in Ningbo by 1857, Taylor received a letter from a supportive George Müller which led to Taylor and his co-worker John Jonesdeciding to resign from the problematic mission board which had sent them, and instead work independently in what came to be called the "Ningbo Mission". Four Chinese men joined them in their work: Ni Yongfa, Feng Ninggui, Wang Laijun, and Qiu Guogui. In 1858, Taylor married Maria Jane Dyer, the orphaned daughter of the Rev. Samuel Dyer of the London Missionary Society, who had been a pioneer missionary to the Chinese in Penang, Malaysia. Hudson met Maria in Ningbo where she lived and worked at a school for girls which was run by one of the first female missionaries to the Chinese, Mary Ann Aldersey. As a married couple the Taylors took care of an adopted boy named Tianxi while living in Ningbo. They had a baby of their own that died late in 1858. Their first surviving child, Grace,  was born in 1859. Shortly after she was born, the Taylors took over all of the operations at the hospital in Ningbo that had been run by William Parker.

• OMF International (formerly Overseas Missionary Fellowship and before 1964 the China Inland Mission) is an international and interdenominational Protestant Christian missionary society with an international centre in Singapore. It was founded in Britain by Hudson Taylor on 25 June 1865.

•  The Chefoo School (芝罘學校; pinyin: Zhīfú Xuéxiào; Wade–Giles: Chih-fu Hsüeh-hsiao), also known as Protestant Collegiate School or China Inland Mission School, was a Christian boarding school established by the China Inland Mission—under James Hudson Taylor—at Chefoo (Yantai), in Shandong province in northern China, in 1880. Its purpose was to provide an education for the children of foreign missionaries and the foreign business and diplomatic communities in China. After the war, the Communist forces occupied north China and the school never returned to Chefoo. During the war, parts of Chefoo School were temporarily opened at Leshan (Kiating) (1941–1944), Kalimpong, India (1944–1946) and Shanghai (1946–1947). In 1947, the Mission purchased the Kuling American School and students and staff gradually returned. By the first summer, there were 126 students. By May 1949, Communist forces had occupied Kuling. The school continued under their observation until 1951. In 1951 Chefoo School in China ceased to exist. The China Inland Mission decided to withdraw completely from China, a “reluctant exodus”. Staff and students of Chefoo School withdrew to Hong Kong between February and April 1951, where missionary parents waited for their children. Following the redeployment of missionaries throughout east Asia, the school was relocated. Chefoo schools were established in Malaya/Malaysia (1952–2001), Japan (1951–1998), the Philippines (1956–1981), Taiwan (1954–1961) and Thailand (1952–1954). Chefoo School Malaysia, which was based on the outskirts of Brinchang at the Cameron Highlands, was the longest running and last surviving post-war Chefoo School when it ceased function as a school in June 2001 due to changes in demographics of mission work; the compound was subsequently transferred to the Methodist Church in Malaysia and has been repurposed as the Methodist Centennial Chefoo Centre, a church-run retreat and hostel opened in 2009 following extensive renovation.

- Samuel Marinus Zwemer (April 12, 1867 – April 2, 1952), nicknamed The Apostle to Islam, was an American missionary, traveler, and scholar.As a result of his direct pioneering work, four mission stations had been set up, and though only small in number, ‘the converts showed unusual courage in professing their faith.’^[21]The resulting church in Bahrain of the National Evangelical Church of Bahrain continues to this day.
-Robert (Bob) Pierce (1914–1978) was an American Baptist minister and relief worker. He is best known as the founder of the international charity organizations World Vision International in 1950 and Samaritan's Purse in 1970.

• Pierce was born in Fort Dodge, Iowa. He moved with his family to southern California in the mid-1920s. He attended Pasadena Nazarene College and studied for the ministry. From 1937 to 1940 he spent time traveling across California working as an evangelist. In 1940 he was ordained a Baptist minister and soon thereafter he became involved with the Los Angeles branch of the WWII-era “Youth for Christ” (YFC) movement. In 1947, Robert Pierce joined Youth for Christ, in a series of evangelical rallies held in China. ^[2] On the trip, he met Tena Hoelkeboer, a missionary teacher. She presented him with a battered and abandoned child. Unable to care for the child herself, Tena asked Pierce, "What are you going to do about her?" Pierce gave the woman his last five dollars and agreed to send the same amount each month to help the woman care for the child. He was deeply affected by the poverty and human suffering that he witnessed. In 1950 he founded World Vision International.

-John Newton (/ˈnjuːtən/; 24 July 1725O.S./4 August N.S.  – 21 December 1807) was an English sailor, in the Royal Navy for a period, and later a captain of slave ships. He became ordained as an evangelicalAnglican cleric, served Olney, Buckinghamshire for two decades, and also wrote hymns, known for "Amazing Grace" and "Glorious Things of Thee are Spoken".
-William Carey (17 August 1761 – 9 June 1834) was a British Baptist missionary and a Particular Baptistminister, known as the "father of modern missions." His essay, "An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens", led to the founding of the Baptist Missionary Society. He went to Kolkata (India) in 1793, but was forced to leave the British Indian territory by non-Baptist missionaries. He joined the Baptist missionaries in the Danish colony of Frederiksnagar in India (Serampore), and there he lived with people ravaged by extreme poverty and diseases. He translated the Bible into Bengali, Oriya, Assamese, Arabic, Hindi and Sanskrit. 

• founded the Serampore College and the Serampore University, the first degree-awarding university in India.

- ray buker - myanmar
-Bruce Olson (b. November 10, 1941) is a Scandinavian American Christian missionary who is best known for his pioneering work in bringing Christianity to the MotiloneIndians of Colombia and Venezuela. His story is told in his autobiographies Bruchko and Bruchko and the Motilone Miracle.
-James Hudson Taylor (Chinese: 戴德生) (21 May 1832 – 3 June 1905) was a British Protestant Christian missionary to China and founder of theChina Inland Mission (CIM) (now OMF International). Taylor spent 51 years in China. The society that he began was responsible for bringing over 800 missionaries to the country who began 125 schools and directly resulted in 18,000 Christian conversions, as well as the establishment of more than 300 stations of work with more than 500 local helpers in all eighteen provinces.

international, regional, national campaigns
- 世界歸安運動1919, usa
- 雲南歸主運動1920?
- 中華歸主運動1920?, shanghai


organisations to kiv
- habitat for community

• lam chiu ying and ccc in causeway bay seems to be related

- compass rose society

• hk chapter http://www.anglicannews.org/news/2018/01/compass-rose-society-opens-new-chapter-in-hong-kong.aspx

異端
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20160306/00176_087.html有四十多年歷史的基督教組織「香港神的教會」，因不滿被指為異端，昨入稟高院民事控告香港浸信會聯會、愛群道浸信會、以及一個基督教組織「新興宗教關注事工」的總幹事楊子聰誹謗，指對方舉辦的一個課程，其宣傳資料對「香港神的教會」構成誹謗，因此要求法庭頒令禁制，和要求對方作出金錢賠償，及在中英文報章刊登聲明澄清及作出道歉。原告「香港神的教會」表示，三名被告依次是香港浸信會聯會、楊子聰、愛群道浸信會有限公司。入稟狀指原告在去年八月，於愛群道浸信會的告示板、以及浸信會聯會逾百間教堂及其網站上，發現浸信會準備舉辦一個由楊子聰擔任導師，名叫「辨惑歸正」的課程，內容涉及簡介基督教異端的教派資訊，文中提到原告名稱。原告認為，有關發布會令公眾誤解，以為原告是基督教異端。原告為此曾聯絡浸信會總會交涉，又於去年九月，與對方會長莫江庭牧師見面。但經數輪商談後，雙方始終未能就善後問題達成共識。首被告在去年十一月單方面發聲明，承認一時不察文宣字眼問題，對事件表示遺憾。不過首被告又在聲明中強調，它們沒有為「異端」一詞作定義，亦無指明任何教派是異端。原告認為有關聲明，不但未有明確澄清原告不是異端，相反還對原告造成二次傷害，令公眾誤解更加嚴重。原告遂興訟處理。

USA
- The Cathedral-Basilica of Saint Louis, King of France, also called St. Louis Cathedral(French: Cathédrale Saint-Louis, Roi-de-France, Spanish: Catedral de San Luis), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans and is the oldest cathedral in what would become the United States. The first church on the site was built in 1718; the third, built in 1789, was raised to cathedral rank in 1793. The cathedral was expanded and largely rebuilt in 1850, with little of the 1789 structure remaining. Saint Louis Cathedral is in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, on the Place John Paul II (French: Place Jean-Paul II), a promenaded section of Chartres Street (rue de Chartres) that runs for one block between St. Peter Street (rue Saint-Pierre) on the upriver boundary and St. Ann Street (rue Sainte-Anne) on the downriver boundary. It is located next to Jackson Square and facing the Mississippi River in the heart of New Orleans, situated between the historic buildings of the Cabildo and the Presbytère. It is one of the few Roman Catholic churches in the United States that fronts a major public square.

• Along with numerous other buildings, the church was destroyed in the Great New Orleans Fire (1788) on Good Friday, March 21, 1788. The cornerstone of a new church was laid in 1789 and the building was completed in 1794. In 1793 Saint Louis Church was elevated to cathedral rank as the See of the Diocese of New Orleans, making it one of the oldest cathedrals in the United States. In 1819, a central tower with the clock and bell was added.On April 25, 1909, a dynamite bomb was set off in the cathedral, blowing out windows and damaging galleries.[2] The following year a portion of the foundation collapsed, necessitating the building's closure while repairs were made, from Easter 1916 to Easter 1917.

- Maryknoll is a name shared by three organizations (two religious institutes and one lay ministry) that are part of the Roman Catholic Church: Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers (Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America; Maryknoll Society), Maryknoll Sisters (Maryknoll Sisters of St. Dominic), and Maryknoll Lay Missioners. The organizations are independent entities with shared history that work closely together in the joint focus of the overseas mission activity of the Catholic Church particularly in East Asia, China, Japan, Korea, Latin America and Africa.^[2] The organizations officially began in 1911, founded by Thomas Frederick Price, James Anthony Walsh, and Mary Joseph Rogers. The name Maryknoll comes from the hill outside the Village of Ossining, Westchester County,New York, which houses the headquarters of all three.^[3] Members of the societies are usually called Maryknollers. Maryknollers are sometimes known as the "Marines of the Catholic Church" for their reputation of moving into rough areas, living side-by-side with the indigenous peoples and learning the language.^[2][5] Maryknollers focus on "combating poverty, providing healthcare, building communities and advancing peace and social justice" in the countries they serve and have built numerous orphanages, primary schools and secondary schools.^[6] Because of the way in which Maryknollers have especially engaged in social justice, Maryknoll is also sometimes seen as a movement that represents missionary service concerned with positive action for indigenous people. In the mid-20th century, this movement came to be associated with Liberation theology.^[2] The Christophers and The Maryknoll Affiliates are both associated with the Maryknoll Movement. Maryknoll is also the current name of the semi-monthly magazine which the Maryknoll Fathers & Brothers publish.

• hk

• http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170427/PDF/b15_screen.pdf瑪利諾修會學校

- Calvary Chapel, an association of evangelical Christian churches, maintains a number of radio stations around the world and operates many local Calvary Chapel Bible College programs. It presents itself as a "fellowship of churches" in contrast to a denomination,^[3][4] and includes over one thousand congregations worldwide.^{[5][not in citation given]} Churches that affiliate with Calvary Chapel may use the name "Calvary Chapel" but need not do so. Beginning in 1965 in Southern California, this fellowship of churches grew out of Chuck Smith's Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa. Doctrinally, Calvary Chapel is evangelical, charismatic, and pretribulationist, and maintains the principle of sola scriptura.

• Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa is a Christian megachurch located near the boundary between the cities of Costa Mesa and Santa Ana in Orange County. 

• Sing Hallelujah to the Lord is a 1974 contemporary Christian worship song composed by Linda Stassen-Benjamin (born. 1951) notable for its simplicity and popularity in many languages.^[1] The song was fully composed at a workshop at Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa, though the tune reportedly came to the songwriter while taking a shower, before she then took the tune to the composition group to work on harmonies. The song is in a minor key, which is unusual for a praise song. The song is themed as an Easter hymn for Resurrection Sunday, and the four stanzas are derived from simple repeated statements from the Bible found in early Christian liturgies.

Latin america
- The six Allied Discalced Carmelites of the Holy Trinity are the first nuns of their order, which was born in Aguascalientes, Mexico, to open a convent in the United States. “It is by the grace of God,” Mother Martha Patricia Malacara, superior of the community, told the Denver Catholic. “He is making history (here). “We want to thank Archbishop Samuel Aquila for welcoming us,” she added, “we are very grateful.” Founded by Sister Martha Maria Ramirez-Mora on July 16, 1986, the order has 200-plus nuns serving in various apostolates – ranging from assisting at nursing homes to retreat centers – in Mexico, Italy, Rome, Argentina and Chile. http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/mexican-nuns-of-new-order-open-first-us-convent-in-denver-56484/

italy
- The Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo or Scalabrinian Missionaries (abbr.: C.S.) are a Roman Catholic religious institute of brothers and priests founded by Giovanni Battista Scalabrini, Bishop of Piacenza in Italy, in 1887. Its mission is to "maintain Catholic faith and practice among Italian emigrants in the New World." Today, they and their sister organizations, the Missionary Sisters of St. Charles Borromeo (founded by Scalabrini on 25 October 1895) and Secular Institute of the Scalabrinian Missionary Women (founded 25 July 1961) minister to migrants, refugees and displaced persons.

spain
- The Society of Jesus (S.J. – from Latin: Societas Iesu) is a religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain. The members are called Jesuits. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents. Jesuits work in education (founding schools, colleges, universities, and seminaries), intellectual research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social ministries, and promote ecumenical dialogue. Ignatius of Loyola, a Basque nobleman from the Pyrenees area of northern Spain, founded the society after discerning his spiritual vocation while recovering from a wound sustained in the Battle of Pamplona. He composed the Spiritual Exercises to help others follow the teachings of Jesus Christ. In 1534, Ignatius and six other young men, including Francis Xavier and Peter Faber, gathered and professed vows of poverty, chastity, and later obedience, including a special vow of obedience to the Pope in matters of mission direction and assignment. Ignatius's plan of the order's organization was approved by Pope Paul III in 1540 by a bull containing the "Formula of the Institute".

• [poon hon tong book on interview with ma ying gou]  jesuits set up at the time of reformation; founders - ignacio de loyola, francis xavier, peter faber
• Francis Xavier, S.J. (/ˈzeɪviər, ˈzævi-/; born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta; Latin Franciscus Xaverius; Basque: Frantzisko Xabierkoa; Spanish: Francisco Javier; 7 April 1506 – 2 December 1552), was a Spanish Navarrese Roman Catholic missionary,^[1][2] who was a co-founder of the Society of Jesus. Born in Javier (Xavier in Navarro-Aragonese or Xabier in Basque), Kingdom of Navarre (in present day Spain), he was a companion of Saint Ignatius of Loyola and one of the first seven Jesuits who took vows of poverty and chastity at Montmartre, Paris, in 1534.^[3] He led an extensive mission into Asia, mainly in the Portuguese Empire of the time and was influential in evangelization work, most notably in India. The Goa Inquisition was proposed by St. Francis Xavier. He also was the first Christian missionary to venture into Japan, Borneo, the Maluku Islands, and other areas. In those areas, struggling to learn the local languages and in the face of opposition, he had less success than he had enjoyed in India. Xavier was about to extend his missionary preaching to China when he died on Shangchuan Island.

• [poon hon tong book on interview with ma ying gou]  francis xavier followed the portuguese merchants' route to spread gospel in india, china, japan. He died in 1552 in 台山外海上川島, never set foot in mainland china. In 2006, his descendant alvaro de marichalar drove 水上摩托車 from 台山上川島to hk, 澎湖,基隆, etc and finally stops in japan (repeating the missionary route of francis xavier). Poon received him at 澎湖, and suggested some companies as his sponsors, and lined up a dinner with ma in taipei (耕莘文教院神父fr wilfred chan was one of the attendant)

• The Ateneo de Manila University (Filipino: Pamantasang Ateneo de Manila; Spanish: Universidad Ateneo de Manila;) is a private research university in Quezon City,Philippines. Founded in 1859 by the Society of Jesus, the Ateneo is the third-oldest university in the Philippines.

• li zhanshu is an alumni

Japan
- in a letter home to Portuguese brethren, Jesuit missionary Pedro de Alcacova writes of singing a Mass to Japanese believers in 1552 http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2016/12/24/lifestyle/japans-first-christmas/
- Takayama Ukon (高山右近^?) or Dom Justo Takayama (or Iustus Takayama Ukon or Hikogoro Shigetomo) (1552 – 5 February 1615) was a Japanese kirishitan daimyō and samurai who followed Christianity during the Sengoku period of Japan. Born in Haibara-cho in Nara, he abandoned his status to devote himself to his Christian faith and he died in Manila with a reputation for holiness. His cause for sainthood has commenced and he is referred to as a Servant of God. Reports in 2014 indicated that he would be beatified sometime in 2015. Pope Francis signed a decree on 21 January 2016 recognizing that Ukon could be proclaimed Blessed; the beatification celebration occurred on Tuesday, 7 February 2017 in Osaka – Cardinal Angelo Amato presided over the beatification on the pope's behalf.

korea
- saemmul church

• reported to be very active in outreaching

China
- 中華基督教會全國總會，是由在中國傳教的基督教教派英國長老會、倫敦會、公理會於1927年聯合而成。這是1920年代，外國傳教組織為了應付五四運動以來中國日益高漲的民族主義運動，進行基督教組織本土化的嘗試之一。1927年10月在上海舉行第一屆中華基督教會全國總會，與會88位代表中有66位是華人領袖，代表了12個教區51個分區會12萬教友。誠靜怡被選為首任會長。總部設在上海。中華基督教會全國總會組織採四級制：最高級是全國之「總議會」，之後有省級行政區性之「大會」（或稱協會），地區性之「區會」，及基層之「堂會」。現時，只有香港仍有保留中華基督教會全國總會之組織，就是中華基督教會香港區會。位於中華民國福建省金門縣的中華基督教會廈門教區沙美教會現時已由臺灣基督教長老會掌管。

• according to 温州基督教編年史, 尤樹勳 began  preparation for 中華基督教會 in 1925

- from 温州基督教編年史 - 中華循道宗於1931年6月1-5日舉行第一次全國聯合會議於漢口循道會。會上議決循道宗各會聯合後定名為"循道公會"。1933年,中華循道公會第一届全國大會在寧波舉行,決定凡準備傳道的人,必須先在武昌華中協和神學(union seminary)內受訓練, 但由華南教會所選派的, 則繼續在廣州 協和神學(union seminary)內受訓練。
- churches face difficulties when providing services to the poor in mainland singtao 8aug15 a20
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-03/16/content_23886121.htm Roman Catholic and Protestant groups in China face a severe shortage of clergy as the number of followers continues to rise, according to church leaders. The 6 million-plus Catholics in the country are served by 3,316 priests and 5,622 nuns from 106 parishes, according to the Bishops Conference of the Catholic Church in China. Liu Yuanlong, vice-president of the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association, said the number of recruits to the priesthood in the Catholic Church in China has dropped sharply in recent years. Fewer than 800 trainee priests are receiving training at the nation's 10 major seminaries. "The shortage of new recruits is a major problem for the Catholic Church in China," he said on the sidelines of the annual session of the top political advisory body, which ended on Monday. He said some seminaries are smaller than a rural middle school and have just one or two newly recruited trainee priests each year.
- suzhou

• http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20161015/00178_020.html教宗方濟各上周三首次在梵蒂岡，公開接見隸屬內地官方的天主教愛國會、江蘇省蘇州教區主教徐宏根，並與同行的朝聖團教友合照。由於中國與梵蒂岡並沒有外交關係，教宗過往與中國主教都是私下接見，今次公開接見是第一次，被視為中梵關係良好的重要象徵。

- taizhou

• 基督教新教1887年传入泰州，先后传入5个教派：内地会、美南长老会、圣公会、地方教会(基督徒聚会处)、真耶稣教会。

- zhejiang

• 鄺保羅write to mainland authorities on removal of cross in zhejiang church hkej 11aug15 a15, http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20150813/00176_024.html約二十名來自六個基督教及天主教團體的代表到中聯辦外請願，促請內地停止強拆十字架及宗教建築物。一批示威者其後欲向中聯辦遞交一千七百多名信徒的聯署信，但有關方面未有接信，團體於中聯辦外宣讀聲明，並將請願信和紙牌十字架貼上外牆後散去。
• http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20160307/00178_015.html浙江前年針對教堂實行「三改一拆」（舊住宅區、舊廠區、城中村改造和拆除違法建築）後，強拆教堂十字架的行動持續，「中國耶路撒冷」溫州更成重災區，據指踏入三月已有最少五間教堂被拆，累計最少一千八百座教堂「淪陷」。據境外媒體引述溫州教徒張女士表示，上周三及四，永嘉縣及蒼南縣分別有三座及兩座教堂被拆十字架；平陽縣多間教堂已收到縣國土局通知，將派人在一周內拆十字架。報道又引述溫州教徒陳女士指，當局強拆了逾一千八百座教堂的十字架，惟未對高速公路旁的教堂下手，或是當局為掩人耳目，免得外國人到訪時看不到十字架而「做樣」。

- guangdong

• map of Xin'an County and Hong Kong was drawn by an Italian missionary, Monsignor Simeone Volonteri, in 1868 after a 4-year land survey, who made use of the newest cartographic technique in drawing navigational charts and furnishing the map with graticule and well defined keys. To show the difference in jurisdiction, the Chinese territory is outlined in blue, whereas the Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula and the Stonecutters Island under British rule are enclosed in yellow. A very unusual feature is the substantial number of place names in Hong Kong with bilingual illustrations. The map provides rich information on the distribution of market places, villages and Roman Catholic chapels in the region, contributing greatly to the study of the development of the Guangdong area in the mid 19th century.http://www.hkmemory.hk/collections/hkplaces/AllItems/images/201107/t20110722_42984.html

• hkej 15jun18 yip fai article - drew map together with 梁子馨

- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20150811/PDF/a3_screen.pdf 據國家宗教事務局網站報道，天主教河南安陽教區張銀林4日在安陽市二道街天主教堂接受祝聖，被任命為助理主教。資料顯示，這是繼2012年上海馬達欽主教的祝聖典禮後，中國天主教會首次公開祝聖主教。梵蒂岡廣播電台稱，這次祝聖得到了教皇的認可。報道稱，近日，天主教安陽教區張銀林助理主教祝聖典禮在河南省安陽市二道街天主教堂隆重舉行。祝聖典禮由教區張懷信主教主禮，江蘇海門教區沈斌主教、徐州教區王仁雷主教、山東周村教區楊永強主教襄禮。安陽教區及省內外75位神父、120位修女及教友代表共計1500餘人蔘加儀式。整個祝聖儀式莊嚴肅穆、熱烈祥和、井然有序。
- shandong

• 山東「兩會」期間，山東政協委員、山東大學儒學院曾振宇教授呼籲在孔子故里曲阜境內停建基督教教堂，並準備正式向政協遞交提案。曾振宇表示，目前曲阜境內的基督教堂距離孔廟僅有三公里，當地人稱春節後還將在現有平房式教堂基礎上繼續擴建，建議其選擇更適宜的地點建基督教堂，以示對已有的歷史與地方文化主權的尊重，亦有利於不同宗教和文化之間和諧相處。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/01/24/a14-0124.pdf

Taiwan
- person

• 陳姳慧

Hong kong
- organisation to kiv

• Vine church
• http://www.thestillpoint.hk/cht/about.php

- singtao 5jan17 f3 article on work of 基督新教 medical missionary when they first entered HK

- catholicism

• http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20151102/PDF/b13_screen.pdf 英國未租借新界之前，已有外籍天主教傳教士進入新界傳教，最早留下足跡的地方是大埔和西貢。兩地的鄉紳父老對待傳教士的態度不同，前者拒絕他們在墟市設立傳教點，後者則熱烈歡迎，並即時送出一幅土地用作興建聖堂。該地方在今天西貢舊墟永和酒家隔鄰，距天后古廟不遠，現已重建為民居。　首位在西貢墟傳道的是和神父，時維一八六四年。翌年柯神父決定在此定居。他獲鄉紳贈地建堂，給村民洗禮，及後天主教傳播至鹽田梓、北潭湧、糧船灣、赤徑、大浪、西灣等地，入教者眾，一八七四年西貢墟取代大埔汀角成為大陸地區（包括新安縣大部分、歸善縣和海豐縣）的傳教中心。　丁味略神父到西貢傳教時，看見學生漸多，一九二四年在西貢墟附近小山上創辦崇真學校。戰後，學校接受政府資助，先後開辦初中至大學預科。一九九九年中小學分拆，二○○六年正式“結龍”，易名“西貢崇真天主教學校”。今天上課的校舍已除去歷史痕跡，但旁邊幾座空置房屋卻見風霜。　　西貢的聖堂原在舊墟，後獲政府撥地在崇真學校旁另建新堂，一九五九年落成，名為“西貢聖心堂”。建築物的立面以紅、藍色為主，門廊上的山牆有一個石砌的十字架，與頂部裝飾相襯。沒有崇拜活動進行時，不妨入內看看，祭台後壁排列了七幅畫像，為其他教堂所罕見。
• The Missionary Society of St. Columban (Latin: Societas Santi Columbani pro Missionibus ad Exteros) (abbreviated as S.S.C.M.E. or S.S.C.), commonly known as the Columbans, is a missionary Catholic society of apostolic life, founded in Ireland in 1916 and approved by the Vatican in 1918. Initially it was known as the Maynooth Mission to China. Members may be priests, seminarians or lay workers.^[2] Fr John Blowick, one of the two founders of the Society, also founded the Missionary Sisters of St. Columban to share in their work. The society is dedicated to St. Columbanus. The current international headquarters is in Hong Kong.

• 五十年代結核病人續增，修會建議成立另 一所療養院，結果政府撥出灣仔半山肇輝台一 幅土地興建新的院所，名為 「傅麗儀療養院」 ，給律敦治療養院的病人休養。傅麗儀是律敦 治的女兒，死於一九五三年。 區貴雅修女由律敦治療養院創院便擔任院 長，直至一九八五年逝世，長達三十六年。其 間患結核病的人數逐年下降，最後受到控制。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170320/PDF/b5_screen.pdf

• caritas

• 上世纪五十年代，大量内地人涌入香港，人口急升，社会资源追不上需求。在此情况下，教会担当慈善角色，弥补政府在教育、医疗和其他福利方面的不足。天主教的白英奇主教于一九五三年创立天主教社会福利会，为贫苦大众解决日常生活上的困难。　天主教社会福利会其后加入“国际明爱”，成为其中一员。最初十年“香港明爱”并未获得政府资助，主要靠欧美教会的经济支持，其中德国天主教社会援助基金会出力甚多，曾资助兴建明爱医院。医院旁的永爱道，英文为Misereor Road，颇难发音，因取自基金会之德文名称。六十年代初香港工业起步，许多妇女出外工作以增收入。黄大仙的明爱单位率先成立游乐中心和幼儿园，提供幼儿照顾服务，让在职母亲无后顾之忧。另外明爱在长洲成立青年康乐中心，提供有益身心的户外活动，这个中心后来演变为今天明爱四个度假营地之一的赛马会明晖营。一九六二年颱风温黛袭港，伤亡惨重，西贡有不少渔民无家可归。明爱与西贡的天主教神父合作向政府申请土地筹建渔民村，一九六五年落成，名为“伯多禄村”。及后他们再发动各界支持，在西贡和青衣两地兴建了太平村、圣保禄村和明顺村，安排渔民和其他贫穷阶层入住。教育方面，明爱在六十年代初设立成人教育中心，开办职业训练课程，给有志学习的成年人进修。之后陆续成立幼儿园、幼稚园、护士训练学校、商科学校和职业先修学校，填补社会欠缺的范畴。　在德国天主教社会援助基金会资助下，明爱在坚道兴建明爱大厦作为总部，通花外墙採用明爱标誌设计。该厦先后由德国驻港总领事和基金会主任奠基，大厦内闢了一间友爱堂，纪念德、港两地人民的友谊。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170710/PDF/b8_screen.pdf

• 圣保禄女修会在铜锣湾的总部

• 这片地方过去是香港棉纺织染厂。该厂于一八九九年由渣甸洋行开设，从印度输入棉花，织成棉线后售予中国。但开业十五年便因香港缺乏熟练技工，电力不足，加上空气潮湿不宜纺纱等问题，在一九一四年将工厂迁往上海。在遮打爵士穿针引线下，圣保禄女修会以合理价钱购入厂址作为总部。当年的铜锣湾位于维多利亚城边缘，处处都是厂房和货仓，未料现在已成为人口稠密的商住区和购物中心。圣保禄女修会的总部自成一角，提供宗教、教育、医疗和照顾孤儿等服务。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170415/PDF/a21_screen.pdf

• wan chai st francis yard http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20161228/PDF/b11_screen.pdf
• retreat centre

• Http://xavier.ignatian.net
•  http://www.srspc.org.hk/en/retreat_house.php St. Paul’s House of Prayer

• 西貢崇真堂

• http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20151104/PDF/b13_screen.pdf 西貢崇真堂和西貢樂育幼稚園的所在地。 此樓房約於一九四○年興建，是商人李水生的住宅，日 治時期被徵用為日本憲兵隊總部。一九四五年日皇宣布無條 件投降，西貢的日軍卻拒絕撤離憲兵隊總部。有一天東江縱 隊游擊隊迫令投降，與日軍槍戰。日軍見大勢已去，趁黑夜 乘船離開。英國重新接管香港後，游擊隊遵照上級指示將保 護西貢的責任交回英方，交接儀式在李水生大屋進行。翌年 警察派駐西貢，大屋成為西貢警署，長達四年之久。 一九五四年崇真會購入大屋作為樂育神學院的院址，上 層供學生住宿。六六年神學院併入中大崇基學院神學院後， 西貢崇真堂遷入該址，同時開辦樂育幼稚園，繼續教育工作 。西貢崇真堂由一群教友於一九四七年成立，初時設在西貢 墟，主要向西貢半島的客家人布道。 許多人見到 「西貢崇真堂」名稱，會混淆附近的西貢崇 真學校，以為是同一教會。其實前者是基督教，後者是天主 教。兩個宗派先後在西貢墟設立傳教點，吸引不少村民信教 ，並為附近一帶的傳統村落帶來西方文化。

• Yim Tin Tsai (Chinese: 鹽田仔; literally: "Little Salt Field") is a small offshore island in Sai Kung, Hong Kong. As of 2013 there is at least one person living on the island again after a long absence of a permanent population.The island was settled by members of the Hakka Chan (陳) clan during the 19th century^[4][5][6] (other sources mention 300 years ago^[7]). The Chans came from Yim Tin (鹽田;pinyin: Yántián), now part of the Yantian District of Shenzhen. The new settlement was calledYim Tin Tsai in its memory.^[8] Other members of the clan settled in Yim Tin Tsai in Tai Po andPing Yeung, in Ta Kwu Ling, North District.^[6] At its peak, Yim Tin Tsai had 500 inhabitants^[9](other sources mention 1,200^[8]). Villagers lived on farming, fishing and salt-making. They farmed 6 acres (24,000 m²) of salt field, the smallest of the five salt fields in Hong Kong at the time. Other salt fields were in Tai O, Lantau Island, San Hui and Wong Ka Wai in Tuen Mun, Yim Liu Ha in Sha Tau Kok and Yim Tin Tsai in Tai Po.^[6] Baptism of the island's residents started in 1866,^[5] and by 1875, all villagers on the island were baptised. In 1879 a chapel was set up by Joseph Freinademetz (who was canonisedin 2003)^. Ching Po School, the village school closed down in the 1990s due to a lack of students.^[4] A groundbreaking ceremony was held on 17 March 2013 after the village was given approval to revitalise its abandoned salt fields. Chief Secretary Carrie Lam and Vicar General of the Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong Dominic Chan officiated the ceremony.

• 夏其龍的《天主作客鹽田仔--香港西貢鹽田仔百年史蹟》中記載了當年的信教人數：鹽田仔於1872年教徒人數為43人，1892年為110人，直至1959年仍有193位教徒http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/01/23/a21-0123.pdf

•  1841年以來，開始有天主教傳教士來港宣教，而西貢鹽田仔，就是香港天主教發源地之一。當時自然未有海底隧道，傳教士必須以水路前往九龍、新界，鹽田仔就是前往西貢及新界東部的起點。鹽田仔屬客家人村落，居民均屬陳氏宗族，早於1866年就有村民受洗，更於1875年全村領洗，自此全村村民皆信奉天主教，並有「教友村」之稱。教會在當地建設聖堂、住宅、學校，不少村民立志投身傳道活動，氣氛和常見的圍村全然不同。現任天主教香港教區副主教陳志明的家族，就是來自鹽田仔。時至今日，雖然村民已經遷出鹽田仔，當地的聖堂聖若瑟小堂仍會於每年五月舉行瞻禮彌撒，村民亦會聚集於鹽田仔參與崇拜。這傳統已維持超過百年，相信未來亦會繼續下去。https://simonshen.blog/2017/11/01/天主作客鹽田仔：香港的「東方猶太人」/

• 在赤柱村道对上山丘的玛利诺神父会院，去年十月底易手，教会迁出，旧址去向未明。这座楼房由美国天主教传教会（又称玛利诺男修会）于一九三五年兴建，作为华南地区总部，供美国神父和修士学习中国语文，亦可在此歇息休养。今天它已被豪宅重重包围，隐没于一角。如果站在赤柱卜公码头仰首细心观察，仍可发现它的踪影。早前外人可进入会院范围，圣诞节期间更可入内一睹中西合璧的圣堂，但现在被拒诸门外了。古蹟办专家曾建议将会院评为一级歷史建筑，但一直未获古谘会确认。民间对它认识不多，亦无集体回忆，故未闻有声音要求保育，十分可惜。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170127/PDF/b7_screen.pdf
• 元朗在二十世紀早期才出現聖堂，根據天主教香港教區資料，一九二○年代初，穀祿師神父開始在元朗的窮鄉僻壤傳道，為村民及教友排難解紛。他與接替他的區鴻慈神父先後在黃泥墩、上輋、荔枝園及金錢圍等地設立小堂。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170602/PDF/b15_screen.pdf
•  马鞍山曾有铁矿场，採矿事业长达半世纪，上世纪五、六十年代达到高峰期。当时山上约有三千名矿工，连同家属约五千人，他们来自大江南北，为了生活甘 愿在环境恶劣的山区工作。其时政府的社会福利追不上人口的增长，更无法伸展至这偏远地区。天主教和基督教传教士有见及此，到来服务这批新移民，向他们派发 物资，帮助解决生活上的困难。五十年代初，天主教方济会比利时籍的胡文义神父和基督教信义会的牧师到马鞍山开展事工，一九五二年分别在 山上建立圣若瑟小堂和恩光堂，附设学校，提供免费教育。由于服务需求日渐增加，胡文义神父邀请玛利亚方济各传教修会的修女常驻马鞍山村，五四年建立圣母圣 心会院，开设诊所、小学和幼稚园，为妇孺治病、接生和任教。其时山下的码头区亦聚居不少新移民，胡文义神父于一九五五年另立圣方济堂，附设圣若瑟小学，让山下的人也得到服务。信义会亦在码头旁边成立马鞍山海滨信义学校，即今天马鞍山信义学校的前身。一九七六年马鞍山矿场停产，矿工陆续迁出，山上人口大减，教会开始淡出。圣若瑟小堂和信义会恩光堂停止宗教和教学活动，后者于一九七七年至一九九○年代末曾改为静修中心和营地。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170706/PDF/b11_screen.pdf
• 天主教香港教區特倫多禮儀團體Tridentine Liturgy Community
• catholic churches in hk

• http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160107/PDF/b17_screen.pdf 今年一月一日，再有五間教堂 同時開啟聖門，包括香港仔的聖神修院小堂、九龍塘的聖德 肋撒堂、大埔的聖母無玷之心堂、西貢鹽田梓的聖若瑟小堂 和大嶼山的聖母神樂院小堂，都是別具特色的教堂。教區鼓 勵教徒在慈悲禧年前往朝聖，同時對這些教堂有多點認識。 

- jesuit

• https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/2167056/father-harold-naylor-jesuit-teacher-and-co-founder-hong-kongs The Irish Jesuit who co-founded Hong Kong’s first conservation group 50 years ago, Father Harold Naylor, died on Thursday at the age of 87. Naylor came to Hong Kong in 1960 and taught at the college from 1967. In 1968, he joined Lindsay Ride, former vice chancellor the University of Hong Kong, and vice-president of Chung Chi College Dr Robert Rayne to found the Conservancy Association, the city’s first green group.

- anglican

• http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160419/PDF/b17_screen.pdf 何明華

• Note his advocate iro confucianism and christianity

- 中華基督教會

• http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20161102/PDF/b15_screen.pdf 一九一八年，長老會、倫敦傳道會和公理會等代表在南京開會，議決合一，組成中華基督教會，以發揮更大的傳教功效。
• 禮賢會長老李志堅obit singtao 18mar18 a14

- orthodox

• http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20161130/PDF/b15_screen.pdf一九三四年，香港已有第一位東正教神父 。他被俄羅斯傳教團派遣到來，牧養在港的俄 羅斯僑民，其名字為迪米特里。一九七○年迪米特里神 父病逝香港，堂區全體會議決定不向莫斯科宗 主教區尋求財政援助，並關閉教堂，剩下的資 金轉作慈善用途，聖像和用具運去澳洲，東正 教在港三十六年歷史就此結束。 直至一九九六年，君士坦丁堡牧首區在港 建立香港及東南亞都主教教區，繼承傳教工作 。二○○三年，莫斯科宗主教區亦決定復建教 會。由於信眾來自不同國家，舉行禮儀時要使 用多種語言，前者以希臘語為主，後者以俄語 為主，並加插英文和中文。

- 美國公理會

• 公理會（英語：Congregational Church），又譯美部會，是一個信奉基督教新教喀爾文主義的傳教組織。在教會組織體制上主張各個堂會獨立，會眾實行自治（即公理制）。公理會的信仰比較自由化，強調個人信仰自由，尊重個人理解上的差異。美部會於1810年成立。1830年2月25日，裨治文和雅裨理到達廣州，美部會是美國第一個來華的差會。裨治文1847年遷至上海，把廣州傳教工作，讓與長老會。1847年，楊順從暹羅到福州南台，開始創建新教區。1860年柏亭理到天津開創北方傳教事業。1883年，喜嘉理自美至香港，次年5月4日他為孫中山施洗^[1][2]。之後喜嘉理又繼續在香港、廣州及四邑一帶經營了前後共27年之久。

- 九龍佑寧堂（Kowloon Union Church）成立於1927年，是香港一座英語傳道跨宗派基督新教教堂，位於九龍官涌佐敦道4號，現被列為香港法定古蹟。九龍佑寧堂是香港基督教協進會的教會會員。九龍佑寧堂亦借出場地及設施供其他基督教團體使用，其中包括採用粵語傳道的合一堂及普通話傳道的信義會，也包括眾樂教會及基督路小教會。英國雖然早於1860年已佔領九龍，但直到20世紀初才吸引較多歐籍居民，1902年克寧牧師（Rev. C.H. Hickling）在九龍英童學校（Kowloon British School）開始宗教聚會，但在短時間內停辦，到1905年聖安德烈堂建成後，教友轉到該處舉行主日崇拜。1922年約200名居住在九龍的教友簽署一封請願信，向政府申請撥地興建一所類似香港佑寧堂跨宗派的教堂，曾捐款興建聖安德烈堂的保羅·遮打爵士承諾如獲政府撥地，將會支付建築費用。1923年莊士敦牧師（Rev. J. Horace Johnston）抵港着手在九龍成立聚會，首個聚會於1924年1月第一個星期日在中央英童學校（Central British School）舉行。同年9月19日教堂首座建築物（現今教堂的禮堂）開放給公眾崇拜。九龍佑寧堂於1927年正式成立，神學上教堂隸屬基督新教，其任命的主任牧師亦是由主流基督新教教會全體牧師中選出，但教堂的會籍則開放給所有事奉基督為主的教友。政府原本答應在油麻地九龍醫院後面預留一幅龐大土地供九龍佑寧堂建立永久會址，但最終以官涌現址作交換，於1930年5月28日舉行奠基，教堂及牧師住宅於1931年4月10日落成啟用。第二次世界大戰日治時期教堂暫停活動，教堂建築物受到嚴重破壞，所有家具及設備被搜劫一空，學校禮堂的屋頂被拆除，而教堂禮堂被改為馬槽。戰後教堂重修，在購置家具時於一間二手店找回兩張靠背長椅，教堂於1947年10月19日重開。教堂逐漸擴建，1955年兩層的主日學院落成，地下為小禮堂，而樓上為課室。

• Svenska kyrkan organised swedish language classes 2018

- coptic

• http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170111/PDF/b13_screen.pdf 香港有間藏 身於上環一幢商業大廈的科普特教堂，曾多次探 訪，但都吃閉門羹。最近趁聖誕節前往，終於一 睹教堂的內貌和禮儀。現在仍有部分東方教會沿 用羅馬帝國年代的儒略曆，較公曆慢十三、四天 ，他們的聖誕節在一月六日或七日。 隨着在港教徒增多，他們於二○○六年發起 募捐，租用兩個相連單位成立科普特教堂，在重 要節日邀請神父由埃及來港牧養。

- cheung chau

• 香港開埠後翌年，美國浸信會牧師羅孝全、叔未士和粦為仁先後抵港，建立首間華人教會。以潮汕人士為傳教對象的粦為仁牧師，一八四三年七月與華人助手前往當時仍屬清朝管轄的長洲佈道，他選擇長洲是因為島上聚居了許多惠潮人士。一八五一年，浸信會將長洲一座民房改為聖堂，並辦女校。一百年後在新興后街興建一座麻石教堂，今天仍堅固屹立，只因被樓房包圍，甚少遊人留意。英國“租借”新界後，清廷撤走長洲的官兵，更多傳教士陸續到來。一九○四年倫敦傳道會在長洲開基，初期在船廠舉行崇拜，一九一五年租用大新街一樓宇作為基督教談道所，並附設端儀女校。三三年倫敦傳道會將香港包括長洲的事工交予中華基督教會廣東協會第六區會主理。四一年獲教友捐獻堂址建立今日的長洲堂，是長洲歷史第二最悠久的教會。長洲另一間用麻石建造的教堂是中華便以利會長洲堂，該會西教士於一九三四年到來開展事工，借用教友的漁船進行崇拜，後來租用新興街的鹽倉。三六年購地建堂，外貌猶如城堡，至今未有重建，是島上現存最古老的教堂建築，可是沒有被古蹟辦納入歷史建築評級名單。島上還有三間基督教堂和一間天主教堂。天主教的恩理覺主教於一九三○年代派遣神父到長洲牧民，使用大新后街一間簡陋小屋佈道，五二年覓地建堂，名為長洲花地瑪聖母堂。教會每年舉行花地瑪聖母出遊，有飄色跟隨，但與太平清醮不同，飄色上的小孩扮演傳播福音的天使。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170612/PDF/b4_screen.pdf

- hong kong student aid society

• by missionary david taylor in 1957

- church site redevelopment

• http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170421/PDF/b10_screen.pdf

- easter celebration

• 黃大仙有三個堂區在聖枝主日聯合舉辦出 遊，這種場面在香港較為罕見。他們首先在黃 大仙天主教小學的聖雲先小堂附近的操場集合 ，有數百人參加，主教進行簡單禮儀後，他們 即兵分三路，分別步行前往橫頭墈的聖博德堂 、新蒲崗的善導之母堂，及慈雲山的聖文德堂 。各人手持棕櫚枝，一路上唱聖詩，向市民傳 揚福音。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170413/PDF/b7_screen.pdf

Non-christians

- [buckland's complete book of witchcraft by raymond buckland] As christianity grew in strength, so the old religion was slowly pushed back.  Until about the time of the reformation, the old religion still existed in the outlying country districts. Non-christians at that time became known as pagans and heathens.  Pagan comes from the latin pagani and simply means "people who live in the country".  The word heathen means "one who dwells on the heath". So that terms were appropriate for non-christians at that time, but they bore no connotations of evil and their use today in a derogatory sense is quite incorrect