- The First Council of the Lateran was the 9th ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church. It was convoked by Pope Callixtus II in December 1122, immediately after the Concordat of Worms. The council sought to: (a) bring an end to the practice of the conferring of ecclesiastical benefices by people who were laymen; (b) free the election of bishops and abbots from secular influence; (c) clarify the separation of spiritual and temporal affairs; (d) re-establish the principle that spiritual authority resides solely in the Church; (e) abolish the claim of the emperors to influence papal elections.
- The Second Council of the Lateran was 10th ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church. It was convened by Pope Innocent II in April 1139 and attended by close to a thousand clerics. Its immediate task was to neutralise the after-effects of the schism which had arisen after the death of Pope Honorius II in 1130 and the papal election that year that established Pietro Pierleoni as the antipope Anacletus II.
- The Third Council of the Lateran met in March 1179 as the eleventh ecumenical council. Pope Alexander III presided and 302 bishops attended. By agreement reached at the Peace of Venice in 1177 the bitter conflict between Alexander III and Emperor Frederick I was brought to an end. When Pope Adrian IV died in 1159, the divided cardinals elected two popes: Roland of Siena, who took the name of Alexander III, and Octavian of Rome who, though nominated by fewer cardinals, was supported by Frederick and assumed the name of Pope Victor IV.[1] Frederick, wishing to remove all that stood in the way of his authority in Italy, declared war upon the Italian states and especially the Church which was enjoying great authority. A serious schism arose out of this conflict, and after Victor IV's death in 1164, two further antipopes were nominated in opposition to Alexander III: Paschal III (1164–1168) and Callistus III (1168–1178). Eventually, at the Peace of Venice, when Alexander gained victory, he promised Frederick that he would summon an ecumenical council.Besides removing the remains of the recent schism, the Council condemned the Cathar heresies and pushed for the restoration of ecclesiastical discipline. It also became the first general Council of the Church to legislate against sodomy.[citation needed] Three sessions were held, on 5, 14, and 19 March, in which 27 canons were promulgated.
- The Fourth Council of the Lateran was convoked by Pope Innocent III with the papal bull Vineam domini Sabaoth of 19 April 1213, and the Council gathered at Rome's Lateran Palace beginning 11 November 1215.[1] Due to the great length of time between the Council's convocation and meeting, many bishops had the opportunity to attend. It is considered by the Catholic Church to have been the twelfth ecumenical council and is sometimes called the "Great Council" or "General Council of Lateran" due to the presence of 71 patriarchs and metropolitan bishops, 412 bishops, 900 abbots and priors together with representatives of several monarchs.During this council, the teaching on transubstantiation—a doctrine of the Catholic Church which describes the method by which the bread and wine offered in the sacrament of the Eucharist becomes the actual blood and body of Christ—was defined. It also infamously was the first to require Jews (and Muslims) to wear distinctive clothing.
- Canons 50–52: There had been kings of France and Castile who had repudiated their wives and "remarried" with serious public consequences. Marriage, impediments of relationship, publication of banns were addressed in Canon 50.
- Canon 67: Jews may not charge extortionate interest.
- Canon 68: Jews and Muslims shall wear a special dress to enable them to be distinguished from Christians so that no Christian shall come to marry them ignorant of who they are. [14]
- Canon 69: Declares Jews disqualified from holding public offices, incorporating into ecclesiastical law a decree of the Holy Christian Empire.[15]
- Canon 70: Takes measures to prevent converted Jews from returning to their former belief.[15]
In addition, it threatened excommunication to those who supplied ships, arms, and other war materials to the Saracens.
The Council of Clermont was a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, called by Pope Urban II and held from 18 to 28 November 1095 at Clermont, Auvergne, at the time part of the Duchy of Aquitaine.Pope Urban's speech on November 27 included the call to arms that would result in the First Crusade, and eventually the capture of Jerusalem and the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In this, Urban reacted to the request by Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus who had sent envoys to the Council of Piacenza requesting military assistance against the Seljuk Turks. Several accounts of the speech survive; of these, the one by Fulcher of Chartres, who was present at the council, is generally accepted as the most reliable.Urban also discussed Cluniac reforms of the Church, and also extended the excommunication of Philip I of France for his adulterous remarriage to Bertrade of Montfort. The council also declared a renewal of the Truce of God, an attempt on the part of the church to reduce feuding among Frankish nobles.
- 千百年來，基督徒始終對聖地耶路撒冷懷有崇高的敬意，視之為「天上之城」。在中世紀，到基督教的諸聖地朝聖已經成為最敬虔的靈修活動之一。直到今天，全世界的天主教教堂都會展示「十字架苦路」（Stations of the Cross）。也就是用繪畫或雕刻等形式，描繪耶穌在耶路撒冷被羅馬帝國猶太行省總督比拉多（Pontius Pilate，不祥-41年）判罪，背負十字架去往骷髏地（Calvary）受難，一直到被埋葬的14件重要事跡。當時，歐洲大人物赴耶路撒冷朝聖，常有武裝隨從護衛，並有成群朝聖者跟隨。1064年，一位德國主教的朝聖之旅，就有好幾千人隨同。個人的朝聖活動，愈來愈成為炫耀力量，甚至是奢華的集體行為。 但這時問題出現了。公元7世紀，阿拉伯的穆斯林崛起，很快攻佔聖地（Holy Land）、埃及（Egypt）、敘利亞（Syria）和北非（North Africa）。耶路撒冷、安條克（Antioch）、亞歷山大里亞（Alexandria）、迦太基（Carthage）等古老的基督教中心，均被穆斯林佔領。拜占庭帝國（Byzantine Empire）一度與阿拉伯人達成協議，朝聖者獲准進出耶路撒冷和巴勒斯坦（Palestine）的其他地方，基督教徒與穆斯林總體上還算和平共處。 但11世紀，中亞遊牧民族塞爾柱突厥人（Seljuk Turks）皈依伊斯蘭教，並向西遷移。到11世紀中後期，他們取代阿拉伯人，控制了敘利亞、巴勒斯坦和小亞細亞的大部分地區。塞爾柱突厥人對基督徒的政策較為嚴厲，他們鎮壓和虐待當地的基督徒，殺害朝聖者。在西方世界裏，人們認為這是對基督教的侮辱，引起強烈的不滿和憤慨。拜占庭和西歐的人越來越激烈地談論「奪回聖地並在那裏恢復基督徒的統治」的計劃。在穆斯林的進攻下，基督教分布的地理格局也發生了變化。此前，基督教一直環繞地中海沿岸發展。現在，基督教形成了一條從不列顛經法蘭克王國到意大利，從西北到東南貫穿歐洲新的中心線。一直處在抵抗穆斯林第一線的拜占庭帝國，在長期的內憂外患困擾下，日益孱弱，越來越遠離這個中心，不得不向西歐尋求援助。 此時的基督教，已經實現軍事化。最早期的基督徒奉行耶穌的教誨，是嚴格的和平主義者。隨着歷史的發展，和平主義傳統被「正義戰爭」理論代替。奧古斯丁（Augustine of Hippo，354-430年）認為，如果有必要保護鄰居特別是無辜者和弱者免受不義的傷害，暴力不但沒有違反耶穌的誡命，反而是行使基督徒愛德的需要。在一個罪惡和不完善的世界上，為約束作惡者和保證相對的正義及和平，暴力有時是必須的。穆斯林持續不斷的威脅，進一步促成了基督教的徹底軍事化。 歐洲社會自身的困境，也助長了向外擴張的衝動。11世紀，西歐的土地已經被封建主瓜分乾淨，他們在加重對農奴盤剝的同時，也希望向外奪取新的領地，擴大財源。當時西歐各國實行長子繼承制，封建領主的土地由長子繼承，次子們只能成為無地騎士。其中大批好勇鬥狠、游手好閒之徒，希望去東方建功立業。同時，在動亂和盤剝之下，底層民眾對現世生活感到絕望，並視之為上帝的懲罰，熱衷於苦修、禁欲、補贖和朝聖，藉此祈求寬恕，身後升入「天國」。 當時，西歐貨幣經濟和交換得到發展，出現以商業和手工業為主的新興城市，以及從事工商業的市民階級。這種情況以意大利最為典型，為爭奪地中海東岸的港口和市場，他們視阿拉伯商人和拜占庭為競爭對手，想方設法進行打壓。這些擴張需求，同缺乏土地的貴族，追求物質和精神生活水平改善的底層窮苦民眾的欲求滙集在一起，為十字軍東征準備了充足的條件。十字軍東征最大的推手還是羅馬教皇。公元476年西羅馬帝國滅亡後，西歐出現巨大的權力真空，天主教會趁機填補空白，羅馬教皇逐漸擁有了政治權力，甚至一度被視為西歐絕對權力的唯一來源。當拜占庭帝國向西方求助時，羅馬教皇也打起了自己的算盤：以共同的對外目標，平息西歐內部的紛爭，合併東方教會等等。1096年，在教皇烏爾班二世（Urban Ⅱ，1088-1099年在位）的鼓動和主導下，第一次十字軍東征成行。烏爾班二世儀表堂堂、能言善道，充滿近於狂熱的宗教激情，同時也是位政治敏銳、手段高明的外交家。為發動十字軍東征，1095年烏爾班二世在法國南部宣傳鼓動達九個月之久，他做出這樣的承諾：「我對在場的人這樣說。我命令將我的話轉告那些不在場的人。這是基督的命令。所有去那裏並丟掉性命之人的罪將立即得蒙赦免，無論他們死在陸上、海上，還是死在與異教徒的戰爭中。憑藉上帝所賜予我的巨大恩賜，我赦免所有去參加戰鬥之人的罪。」 聽眾反響的熱烈，大大超出了烏爾班二世的預料。1096年起，十字軍分五路先後向東方進發。在此後近200年間，十字軍的軍事行動進行9次。1099年7月15日，十字軍佔領了耶路撒冷。十字軍沿以色列海岸線，建立了4個「十字軍國家」：耶路撒冷王國、安條克公國、的黎波里伯國（Tripoli）、埃德薩伯國（Edessa）。這些國家被統稱為西里西亞（Outremer），字面含義為「海外」。 無論是尋求宗教理想，抑或追逐世俗利益，十字軍嘴上所說和心中所想，都沒有達成目的。不到100年，1187年耶路撒冷重回穆斯林之手。朝聖的基督徒越來越少，路途也越來越兇險。十字軍國家逐一失守，1291年十字軍的最後一個據點阿卡城（Acre）被攻佔，十字軍東征時代徹底結束。從這些意義上說，十字軍東征是失敗的。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200805/PDF/b14_screen.pdf
Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.
- catechism
- social teaching
- Rerum novarum (from its first two words, Latin for "of revolutionary change"[n 1]), or Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor, is an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on 15 May 1891. It was an open letter, passed to all Catholic Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops and bishops, that addressed the condition of the working classes. It discussed the relationships and mutual duties between labor and capital, as well as government and its citizens. Of primary concern was the need for some amelioration of "The misery and wretchedness pressing so unjustly on the majority of the working class." It supported the rights of labor to form unions, rejected socialism and unrestricted capitalism, whilst affirming the right to private property.
- Quadragesimo anno (Latin for “In the 40th Year”) is an encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI on 15 May 1931, 40 years after Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum novarum. Unlike Leo XIII, who addressed the condition of workers, Pius XI discusses the ethical implications of the social and economic order. He describes the major dangers for human freedom and dignity arising from unrestrained capitalism and totalitarian socialism/communism. He also calls for the reconstruction of the social order based on the principle ofsolidarity and subsidiarity. https://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19310515_quadragesimo-anno.html
- The Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church was published in 2004 by the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace at the request of John Paul II. Catholic social teaching deals with "questions concerning life in society" of which the Compendium aspires to present "a precise but complete over-view". In its English translation, the volume is 315 pages long, not counting the extensive Table of Contents, a foreword in the shape of a Letter from Cardinal Sodano, the then Cardinal Secretary of State to the President of the Pontifical Council, a brief Presentation by that President, a 24 page Index of References, and a comprehensive Analytical Index of 141 pages organised alphabetically from "abortion" to "youth".
- criteria of just war
- just cause
- legitimate authority
- right intention
- probability of success
- proportionality
- last resort
- standard of restraint in war
- immunity of noncombatants
- proportionality
- right intention
- conscientious objection
- gandhi movement
- 1980s solidarity movement poland
There are seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, which according to Catholic theology were instituted by Jesus and entrusted to the Church. Sacraments are visible rites seen as signs and efficacious channels of the grace of God to all those who receive them with the proper disposition. The sevenfold list of sacraments is often organized into three categories: the sacraments of initiation (into the Church, the body of Christ), consisting of Baptism, the Eucharist, and Confirmation; the sacraments of healing, consisting of Reconciliation and Anointing of the Sick; and the sacraments of service: Holy Orders and Matrimony.
The Holy See, also referred to as the See of Rome, (Italian: Santa Sede; Latin: Sancta Sedes; Ecclesiastical Latin: [ˈsaŋkta ˈsɛdes]) is the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Churchin Rome, the episcopal see of the Pope, and an independent sovereign entity. It serves as the central point of reference for the Catholic Church everywhere and the focal point of communion due to its position as the pre-eminent episcopal see of the universal church. Today, it is responsible for the governance of all Catholics, organised in their Particular Churches, Patriarchates and religious institutes. As an independent sovereign entity, holding the Vatican City enclave in Romeas sovereign territory, it maintains diplomatic relations with other states. It is viewed as analogous to a state while administered by the Roman Curia (Latin for Roman Court), similar to a centralised government with the Cardinal Secretary of State as its chief administrator, and various dicasteries, comparable to ministries and executive departments. Diplomatically, the Holy See acts and speaks for the whole church. It is also recognised by other subjects of international law as a sovereign entity, headed by the Pope, with which diplomatic relations can be maintained. Although it is often informally referred to as "the Vatican", the "Holy See" is not the same entity as the "Vatican City State", which came into existence only in 1929 because of the Lateran Treaty; the Holy See, the episcopal see of Rome, dates back to antiquity. Ambassadors are officially accredited not to the Vatican City State but to "the Holy See", and Papal representatives to states and international organizations are recognized as representing the Holy See, not the Vatican City State. The creation of the Vatican City state was meant to ensure the diplomatic and spiritual independence of the Pope. The expression "the Holy See" (without further specification) is normally used in international relations (and in the canon law of the Catholic Church) to refer to the See of Rome viewed as the central government of the Catholic Church.
- La plaza de España (en italiano Piazza di Spagna) es una de las plazas más famosas de Roma. Toma su nombre del Palacio de España, sede de la embajada española ante la Santa Sede y ante la Orden de Malta. En la plaza destacan la conocida escalinata que sube hasta la iglesia de Trinità dei Monti y la barroca Fontana della Barcaccia.
- La Embajada de España ante la Santa Sede se encuentra en el Palacio de España o Palacio Monaldeschi, ubicado en esta plaza. Este edificio viene realizando esta función desde el año 1647. Además, ejerce de embajada ante la Soberana Orden de Malta y también ante las Obras Pías de los Establecimientos Españoles en Italia. Se trata, según indican muchos, de la más antigua embajada permanente de un estado ante otro. Existe otra Embajada española en Roma, situada en la planta primera del Palacio Borghese, la cual ejerce en este caso la representación diplomática y consular española ante Italia y la República de San Marino.
The Council of Trent (Latin: Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento, in northern Italy), was an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation, it has been described as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation. The Council issued condemnations of what it defined to be heresies committed by proponents of Protestantism, and also issued key statements and clarifications of the Church's doctrine and teachings, including scripture, the Biblical canon, sacred tradition, original sin, justification, salvation, the sacraments, the Mass and the veneration of saints.[4] The Council met for twenty-five sessions between 13 December 1545 and 4 December 1563.[5] Pope Paul III, who convoked the Council, presided over the first eight sessions (1545–47), while the twelfth to sixteenth sessions (1551–52) were overseen by Pope Julius III and the seventeenth to twenty-fifth sessions (1562–63) by Pope Pius IV. The consequences of the Council were also significant as regards the Church's liturgy and practices. During its deliberations, the Council made the Vulgate the official example of the Biblical canon and commissioned the creation of a standard version, although this was not achieved until the 1590s.[2] In 1565, a year after the Council finished its work, Pius IV issued the Tridentine Creed (after Tridentum, Trent's Latin name) and his successor Pius V then issued the Roman Catechism and revisions of the Breviary and Missal in, respectively, 1566, 1568 and 1570. These, in turn, led to the codification of the Tridentine Mass, which remained the Church's primary form of the Mass for the next four hundred years. More than three hundred years passed until the next ecumenical council, the First Vatican Council, was convened in 1869.
- tridentine reform was introduced and led to creation of newly militant catholic orders, especially the jesuits and capuchins, which did much to revitalise lay catholic piety.
Orders
- The Carthusian Order (Latin: Ordo Cartusiensis), also called the Order of Saint Bruno, is a Catholic religious order of enclosedmonastics. The order was founded by Bruno of Cologne in 1084 and includes both monks and nuns. The order has its own Rule, called the Statutes, rather than the Rule of Saint Benedict, and combines eremitical and cenobitic monasticism. The name Carthusian is derived from the Chartreuse Mountains; Saint Bruno built his first hermitage in the valley of these mountains in the French Alps. The word charterhouse, which is the English name for a Carthusian monastery, is derived from the same source. The same mountain range lends its name to the alcoholic cordial Chartreuse produced by the monks since 1737 which itself gives rise to the name of the colour. The motto of the Carthusians is Stat crux dum volvitur orbis, Latin for "The Cross is steady while the world is turning."
- Today, the monastery of the Grande Chartreuse is still the Motherhouse of the Order. There is a museum illustrating the history of the Carthusian order next to Grande Chartreuse; the monks of that monastery are also involved in producing Chartreuse liqueur. Visits are not possible into the Grande Chartreuse itself, but the 2005 documentary Into Great Silence gave unprecedented views of life within the hermitage. Today, Carthusians live very much as they originally did, without any relaxing of their rules. Generally, those wishing to enter must be between the ages of twenty-one and forty-five. Nowadays, medical examinations are considered necessary before the Novitiate and Profession.[8] The Carthusian novice is introduced to the "Lectio divina" method of prayer. In the 21st century, the Sélignac Charterhouse was converted into a house in which lay people could come and experience Carthusian retreats, living the Carthusian life for shorter periods (an eight-day retreat being fixed as the absolute minimum, in order to enter at least somewhat into the silent rhythm of the charterhouse).
- According to tradition, a marshal of artillery to French king Henry IV, François Hannibal d'Estrées, presented the Carthusian monks at Vauvert, near Paris, with an alchemical manuscript that contained a recipe for an "elixir of long life" in 1605. The recipe eventually reached the religious order's headquarters at the Grande Chartreuse monastery, in Voiron, near Grenoble. It has since then been used to produce the "Elixir Végétal de la Grande Chartreuse". The formula is said to include 130 herbs, plants and flowers and secret ingredients combined in a wine alcohol base.The beverage soon became popular, and in 1764 the monks adapted the elixir recipe to make what is now called Green Chartreuse. In 1793, the monks were expelled from France, and manufacture of the liqueur ceased. Several years later they were allowed to return. In 1838, they developed Yellow Chartreuse, a sweeter, 40% alcohol liqueur (80° proof) colored with saffron. The monks were again expelled from the monastery following a French law in 1903, and their real property, including the distillery, was confiscated by the government. The monks took their secret recipe to their refuge in Tarragona, Catalonia, and began producing their liqueurs with the same label, but with an additional label which said Liqueur fabriquée à Tarragone par les Pères Chartreux ("liquor manufactured in Tarragona by the Carthusian Fathers"). At the same time, the "Compagnie Fermière de la Grande Chartreuse", a corporation in Voiron that obtained the Chartreuse assets, produced a liqueur without benefit of the monks' recipe which they sold as Chartreuse. While the French corporation was acting legally in France, the monks successfully prevented the export of the liqueur to many other countries, since the order retained ownership of its foreign trademark registrations, largely because the recipe had been kept secret. Sales at the French company were very poor, and by 1927, it faced bankruptcy. A group of local businessmen in Voiron bought all the shares at a low price and sent them as a gift to the monks in Tarragona. After regaining possession of the distillery, the Carthusian brothers returned to the monastery with the tacit approval of the French government and began to produce Chartreuse once again. Despite the eviction law, when a mudslide destroyed the distillery in 1935, the French government assigned Army engineers to relocate and rebuild it at a location near Voiron where the monks had previously set up a distribution point. After World War II, the government lifted the expulsion order, making the Carthusian brothers once again legal French residents.
- [1776 chronicle] charterhouse, london, formerly a carthusian monastery and refounded in 1611 as a school and hospital
- chateau les carmes haut-brion belonged to the order from 1584 to 1789. After the french revolution, the property was acquired by bordeaux negociants, the chantecaille
- “2nd World Encounter Teresian Mysticism and Interreligious Dialogue. Chan/Zen Buddhism and Carmelite Spirituality: on Love and Compassion”, which will take place in Ávila, from 22nd to 26th of July 2020, and will also be jointly organized by CITeS and CBS. em 22jan2020 em 27may2020
- The Rosary (Latin: rosarium, in the sense of "crown of roses" or "garland of roses"), usually in the form of the Dominican Rosary, is a form of prayer used especially in the Catholic Church named for the string of prayer beads used to count the component prayers. When used of the form of prayer, the word is usually capitalized ("the Rosary"), as is customary for other names of prayers, such as "the Lord's Prayer", "the Hail Mary", "the Magnificat". When referring to the beads, it is normally written with a lower-case initial ("a rosary"). The prayers that essentially compose the Rosary are arranged in sets of ten Hail Marys with each set preceded by one Lord's Prayer and followed by one Glory Be. During recitation of each set, known as a decade, thought is given to one of the Mysteries of the Rosary, which recall events in the lives of Jesus and Mary. Normally, five decades are recited in a session. Other prayers are sometimes added after each decade (in particular, the Fátima Prayer) and before (in particular, the Apostles' Creed), and after (in particular, the Hail, Holy Queen) the five decades taken as a whole. The rosary as a material object is an aid towards saying these prayers in the proper sequence. A standard fifteen Mysteries of the Rosary, based on the long-standing custom, was established by Pope Pius V in the 16th century, grouping the mysteries in three sets: the Joyful Mysteries, the Sorrowful Mysteries, and the Glorious Mysteries. In 2002 Pope John Paul II suggested a new optional set of five, called the Luminous Mysteries, bringing the total number of mysteries to twenty.For over four centuries, the rosary has been promoted by several popes as part of the veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism. The rosary also represents the Roman Catholic emphasis on "participation in the life of Mary, whose focus was Christ", and the Mariological theme "to Christ through Mary", taught by Saint Louis de Montfort.
- The practice of meditation during the praying of the Hail Mary is attributed to Dominic of Prussia (1382–1460), a Carthusian monk who termed it "Life of Jesus Rosary".[7] The German monk from Trier added a sentence to each of the 50 Hail Marys, using quotes from scriptures (which at that time followed the name "Jesus", before the intercessory ending was added during the Counter-Reformation). In 1569, the papal bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices by the Dominican Pope Pius V officially established the devotion to the rosary in the Catholic Church. From the 16th to the early 20th century, the structure of the rosary remained essentially unchanged. There were 15 mysteries, one for each of the 15 decades. During the 20th century the addition of the Fatima Prayer to the end of each decade became more common. There were no other changes until 2002 when John Paul II instituted five optional new Luminous Mysteries, although variations of these had already been proposed by the likes of St. Louis de Montfort and were implemented during the mid-20th Century by figures such as Patrick Peyton.
- The rosary beads provide a physical method of keeping count of the number of Hail Marys said as the mysteries are contemplated.
- A number of churches around the world are named after the Rosary. These range from small churches in Poland,[citation needed] Canada,[citation needed] Brazil[citation needed] and Hong Kong[citation needed] to key basilicas at Lourdes and Fatima with millions of pilgrims per year.[citation needed]. Roman Catholic Marian churches around the world named in honor of the rosary include: the Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei in Italy, Our Lady of the RosaryBasilica in the Archdiocesan seat of Rosario province, Argentina; the Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás in the neighboring suffragan diocese of San Nicolás de los Arroyos, the Rosary Basilica in Lourdes, and Nossa Senhora do Rosário in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Since the 17th century, the Rosary began to appear as an element in key pieces of Roman Catholic Marian art.
- With the absorption of the Burgundian lands into the Spanish Habsburg empire, the sovereignty of the Order passed to the Habsburg kings of Spain, where it remained until the death of the last of the Spanish Habsburgs, Charles II, in 1700. He was succeeded as king by Philip V, a Bourbon. The dispute between Philip and the Habsburg pretender to the Spanish throne, the Archduke Charles, led to the War of the Spanish Succession, and also resulted in the division of the Order into Spanish and Austrian branches. In either case the sovereign, as Duke of Burgundy, writes the letter of appointment in French.
- Leonor, Princess of Asturiaswearing the Spanish Fleece in 2018
- The Austrian Order did not suffer from the political difficulties of the Spanish, remaining (with the exception of the British prince Regent, later George IV) an honour solely for Catholic royalty and nobility. The problem of female inheritance was avoided on the accession of Maria Theresa in 1740 as sovereignty of the Order passed not to herself but to her husband, Francis. Upon the collapse of the Austrian monarchy after the First World War, King Albert I of Belgium requested that the sovereignty and treasure of the Order be transferred to him as the ruler of the former Habsburg lands of Burgundy. This claim was seriously considered by the victorious allies at Versailles but was eventually rejected due to the intervention of King Alfonso XIII of Spain, who took possession of the property of the Order on behalf of the dethroned emperor, Charles I of Austria. Sovereignty remains with the head of the House of Habsburg, which was handed over on 20 November 2000 by Otto von Habsburg to his elder son, Karl von Habsburg.
- orthodox church
- Our Lady of Kazan, also called Mother-of-God of Kazan (Russian: Казанская Богоматерь tr. Kazanskaya Bogomater'), was a holy icon of the highest stature within the Russian Orthodox Church, representing the Virgin Mary as the protector and patroness of the city of Kazan, and a palladium of all of Russia, known as the Holy Protectress of Russia. According to legend, the icon was originally acquired from Constantinople, lost in 1438, and miraculously recovered in pristine state over 140 years later in 1579. Two major cathedrals, the Kazan Cathedral, Moscow, and the Kazan Cathedral, St. Petersburg, are consecrated to Our Lady of Kazan, and they display copies of the icon, as do numerous churches throughout the land. The original icon in Kazan was stolen, and likely destroyed, in 1904. The "Fátima image" is a 16th-century copy of the icon, or possibly the 16th-century original, stolen from St. Petersburg in 1917 and purchased by F. A. Mitchell-Hedges in 1953. It was housed in Fátima, Portugal from 1970 to 1993, then in the study of Pope John Paul II in the Vatican from 1993 to 2004, when it was returned to Kazan, where it is now kept in the Kazan Monastery of the Theotokos. Copies of the image are also venerated in the Roman Catholic Church. Feast days of Our Lady of Kazan are 21 July, and 4 November (which is also the Russian Day of National Unity).
- In Eastern Orthodox church history, especially within the Russian Orthodox Church, the Old Believers or Old Ritualists (Russian: старове́ры or старообря́дцы, starovéry or staroobryádtsy) are Eastern Orthodox Christians who maintain the liturgical and ritualpractices of the Eastern Orthodox Church as they were before the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow between 1652 and 1666. Resisting the accommodation of Russian piety to the contemporary forms of Greek Orthodox worship, these Christians were anathematized, together with their ritual, in a Synod of 1666–67, producing a division in Eastern Europe between the Old Believers and those who followed the state church in its condemnation of the Old Rite.Russian speakers refer to the schism itself as raskol (Russian: раскол), etymologically indicating a "cleaving-apart".舊禮儀派（俄語：Старообрядчество），或稱「舊教徒派」、「舊信徒派」、正教會官方稱之為「分裂派」，是俄羅斯東正教的一個異端分支。1666年正式從俄羅斯正教會分裂出去。起因是東正教大牧首尼孔在1652-1666年的宗教改革。
- Pope Francis will meet with the head of Russian Orthodox Church Kirill on February 12 in Cuba, according to a joint statement published Friday between the two churches. The two church leaders will meet at the airport in Cuba. The main topic of their meeting will be the persecution of Christians. The Catholic Church and Orthodox Church split in 1054 and is known as the East-West Schism, or Great Schism. Read more: http://sputniknews.com/world/20160205/1034276934/russia-vatican-pope-cuba.html#ixzz3zLsAAVJ7
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/13/russia-orthodox-church-meeting The Russian Orthodox church has said it will not attend a historic meeting of all of the world’s Orthodox churches because other churches have walked out. The meeting on the Greek island of Crete due to start on Sunday would be the first in more than a millennium. The Ecumenical patriarch, however, seemed to open the door for further talks that could prevent the meeting from falling through. Orthodox church leaders have not held such a meeting since the year 787, when the last of the seven councils recognized by both Orthodox and Catholics, was held. The “great schism” that divided the Roman Catholics and the Orthodox followed in 1054 amid disputes over the Vatican’s power.
- 东正教堂的几大特点。一般大门在东，圣坛在西。教堂里没有雕塑，只有图像。圣坛中间是天堂之门，只有神父和受洗的男婴才能通过，女人不能进。还有，教堂里没有座位，大家都站着或跪着祈祷。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170626/PDF/b3_screen.pdf
- russian orthodox
- https://www.rbth.com/lifestyle/331655-hollywood-stars-orthodox
- The Order of Saint Benedict (OSB; Latin:Ordo Sancti Benedicti), also known – in reference to the color of its members'habits – as the Black Monks, is a Catholic religious order of independent monasticcommunities that observe the Rule of Saint Benedict. Each community (monastery,priory or abbey) within the order maintains its own autonomy, while the order itself represents their mutual interests. The terms "Order of Saint Benedict" and "Benedictine Order" are, however, also used to refer to all Benedictine communities collectively, sometimes giving the incorrect impression that there exists a generalate or motherhouse with jurisdiction over them. Internationally, the order is governed by theBenedictine Confederation, a body, established in 1883 by Pope Leo XIII's BriefSummum semper, whose head is known as the Abbot Primate. Individuals whose communities are members of the order generally add the initials "OSB" after their names.
- Ányos István Jedlik (Hungarian: Jedlik Ányos István; Slovak: Štefan Anián Jedlík; in older texts and publications: Latin:Stephanus Anianus Jedlik; 11 January 1800 – 13 December 1895) was aHungarian inventor, engineer, physicist, and Benedictine priest. He was also a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and author of several books. He is considered by Hungarians and Slovaks to be the unsung father of the dynamo andelectric motor.
- The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem (official names: Latin: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum Hierosolymitanorum,German: Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Haus der Heiligen Maria in Jerusalem), commonly the Teutonic Order (today: German Order [Deutscher Orden], alsoDeutschherrenorden or Deutschritterorden), is a Catholic religious order originally founded as a military order in the 12th century in Acre. Purely religious since 1929, it still confers limited honoraryknighthoods. The order was formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals. Its members have commonly been known as the Teutonic Knights, having a small voluntary andmercenary military membership, serving as a crusading military order for protection of Christians in the Holy Land and the Balticsduring the Middle Ages.
- According to moscow times, defeated by alexander nevsky
- Monks of scotland's arbroath abbey belonged to this order
- taiwan 副總統陳建仁 Chen Chien-Jen is 2013 Knight of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
- The Order of the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem (Latin: Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), also known as Order of Saint John, Order of Hospitallers, Knights Hospitaller, and theHospitallers, was the name of the precedent medieval military organisation of the contemporary Sovereign Military Order of Malta ("SMOM"), one of the most prominent of the Roman Catholic military orders and still today a sovereign subjectof international law. It was headquartered in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Rhodes andMalta, until it became known by its current name.The Hospitallers probably arose as a group of individuals associated with an Amalfitanhospital in the Muristan district ofJerusalem, dedicated to Saint John the Baptist and founded around 1023 to provide care for sick, poor or injuredpilgrims coming to the Holy Land. Some scholars, however, consider that theAmalfitan order and hospital were different from Gerard Thom's order and its hospital. After the conquest of Jerusalem in 1099 during the First Crusade, the organisation became areligious and military order under its own Papal charter, charged with the care and defence of the Holy Land. Following theconquest of the Holy Land by Islamic forces, the knights operated from Rhodes, over which they were sovereign, and later from Malta, where they administered avassal state under the Spanish viceroy ofSicily. The Hospitallers were the smallest group ever to colonise parts of the Americas; at one point in the mid-17th century, they acquired four Caribbeanislands, which they turned over to the French and Dutch in the 1660s.The knights were weakened in theProtestant Reformation, when richcommanderies of the order in northern Germany and the Netherlands became Protestant and largely separated from the Roman Catholic main stem, remaining separate to this day.
- hkej 27jan17 shum article
- The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Latin: Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici), commonly known as the Knights Templar, the Order of Solomon's Temple (French: Ordre du Temple orTempliers) or simply as Templars, were among the wealthiest and most powerful of the Western Christian military orders and were prominent actors in Christian finance. The organisation existed for nearly two centuries during the Middle Ages. Officially endorsed by the Roman Catholic Church around 1129, the Order became a favoured charity throughout Christendomand grew rapidly in membership and power. Templar knights, in their distinctive white mantles with a red cross, were among the most skilled fighting units of the Crusades. Non-combatant members of the Order managed a large economic infrastructure throughout Christendom, innovating financial techniques that were an early form of banking, and buildingfortifications across Europe and the Holy Land. The Templars' existence was tied closely to the Crusades; when the Holy Land was lost, support for the Order faded. Rumours about the Templars' secret initiation ceremony created distrust, and King Philip IV of France, deeply in debt to the Order, took advantage of the situation. In 1307, many of the Order's members in France were arrested, tortured into giving false confessions, and then burned at the stake. Under pressure from King Philip,Pope Clement V disbanded the Order in 1312. The abrupt disappearance of a major part of the European infrastructure gave rise to speculation and legends, which have kept the "Templar" name alive into the modern day.
- The Order of Preachers (Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum, hence the abbreviation OPused by members), more commonly known after the 15th century as theDominican Order or Dominicans, is aRoman Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Saint Dominic de Guzman in France and approved by Pope Honorius III (1216–27) on 22 December 1216. Membership in this "mendicant" order includes friars, nuns, active sisters, and lay or secular Dominicans (formerly known as tertiaries, though recently there has been a growing number of Associates, who are unrelated to the tertiaries) affiliated with the order. Founded to preach the Gospel and to combat heresy, the teaching activity of the order and its scholastic organization placed the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages. The order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order, who is currently Bruno Cadoré. Members of the order generally carry the letters O.P., standing for Ordinis Praedicatorum, meaning of the Order of Preachers, after their names. n August 15, 1217 Dominic dispatched seven of his followers to the great university center of Paris to establish a priory focused on study and preaching. The Convent of St. Jacques, would eventually become the order's first studium generale. Saint Dominic was to establish similar foundations at other university towns of the day, Bologna in 1218, Palencia andMontpellier in 1220, and Oxford just before his death in 1221. In 1219 Pope Honorius III invited Saint Dominic and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina, which they did by early 1220. Before that time the friars had only a temporary residence in Rome at the convent of San Sisto Vecchio which Honorius III had given to Dominic circa 1218 intending it to become a convent for a reformation of nuns at Rome under Dominic's guidance. In May 1220 at Bologna the order's first General Chapter mandated that each new priory of the order maintain its own studium conventuale thus laying the foundation of the Dominican tradition of sponsoring widespread institutions of learning. The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5, 1222. This studium was transformed into the order's first studium provinciale by Saint Thomas Aquinas in 1265. Part of the curriculum of thisstudium was relocated in 1288 at the studium of Santa Maria sopra Minerva which in the 16th century world be transformed into the College of Saint Thomas (Latin: Collegium Divi Thomæ). In the 20th century the college would be relocated to the convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus and would be transformed into the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas,Angelicum. The Dominican friars quickly spread, including to England, where they appeared in Oxford in 1221. In the 13th century the order reached all classes of Christian society, fought heresy,schism, and paganism by word and book, and by its missions to the north of Europe, toAfrica, and Asia passed beyond the frontiers of Christendom. Its schools spread throughout the entire Church; its doctors wrote monumental works in all branches of knowledge, including the extremely important Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. Its members included popes, cardinals, bishops, legates, inquisitors, confessors of princes, ambassadors, and paciarii (enforcers of the peace decreed by popes or councils). The order was appointed by Pope Gregory IX the duty to carry out the Inquisition.[34] In his Papal Bull Ad extirpanda of 1252, Pope Innocent IV authorised the Dominicans' use of torture under prescribed circumstances.- Jacques de Molay (French: [də mɔlɛ]; c. 1243 – 18 March 1314), also spelt "Molai", was the 23rd and last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, leading the Order from 20 April 1292 until it was dissolved by order of Pope Clement V in 1307. Though little is known of his actual life and deeds except for his last years as Grand Master, he is one of the best known Templars.
- https://www.quora.com/Where-did-the-surviving-Knights-Templar-and-all-their-wealth-go It was during the early 14th century that the Knights Templar officially came to an end, with the execution of its last Grand Master, Jacques de Molay. The dissolution of the Order was related to its vast treasury.The man responsible for the downfall of the Templars was the king of France, Philip IV, called the Fair. The French king, it has been claimed, was heavily in debt to the Templars due to his war with the English, and was also eyeing the wealth of the Templars for himself. In 1305, Pope Clement V sent letters to de Molay and the Grand Master of the Hospitallers, requesting them to come to France to discuss the possible merger of the two Orders. de Molay arrived in early 1307, though the meeting was delayed for some time. Nevertheless, the Grand Master was able to discuss other matters with the Pope, one of which concerned some charges made a few years earlier by an ousted Templar, regarding impropriety in the Templars’ initiation ceremony. Some believe that the Pope was in collusion with the French king, though others claim that the Pope was a weak character who served as a pawn of Philip. A royal enquiry was set up to look into the matter of the Templars, and Philip saw this as an opportunity to get rid of the Templars. On the 18th of March 1314, almost seven years after the Templars were first arrested throughout France, de Molay and three other top-ranking Templars were burned to death as heretics in Paris.Philip freed himself from his monetary debts to the Templars, and seized their treasury as well. The king, however, would not enjoy his new-found wealth for long, as he died on the 29th of November 1314, less than a year after de Molay’s execution. Some believe that the Templars managed to hide some of their wealth from the French king. This became the foundation for the legend of the Templar’s treasure, and many have since speculated on the location of their richness.
- DeMolay International, founded in Kansas City, Missouri in 1919, is an international fraternal organization for young men ages 12 to 21. It was named for Jacques de Molay, the last Grand Master of the Knights Templar. DeMolay was incorporated in the 1990s and is classified by the IRS as a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization.
- mel blanc joined the order as a young man and eventually inducted into hall of fame
- 李國華親王 將軍 congrat ad re carrie lam winning ce electionhttp://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170329/PDF/a22_screen.pdf
- https://www.quora.com/Were-the-Knights-Templar-completely-annihilated-or-did-some-manage-to-escape-and-go-underground The institution, the Order, was completely annihilated. The Pope dissolved the Order and that means that no religious Order rooted in the Knights Templar could exist thereafter. Furthermore, all property of the Templars were transferred to the Knights Hospitaller. There are meticulous records maintained by the Hospitallers (that still exist) showing the transfer of these lands, what buildings were on them, what crops they produced, what revenue they yielded, and who took over the management etc.As for individual members, they were required to join a “stricter” order, and we presume that most knights and sergeants chose to join another militant order such as the Hospitallers or Teutonic Knights. In the Iberian peninsula, where the Templars had never been discredited, they had even a wider range of military, religious orders that they could join. They then ceased to be Templars and became Hospitallers or Teutonic Knights or Knights of Santiago etc.Theoretically, some individuals might have refused to join another Order, but without any resources or institutional framework they would have been little better than outlaws or, if they disguised their identity, “free-lance” knights or mercenaries. They were then renegades, rather than Templars.There is not a trace of evidence that former Templars banded together and managed to acquire wealth and maintain a network that amounted to a secret or clandestine order. Nor would the be any reason to do so, since the individuals were better off integrated into one of the remaining powerful, wealthy and respected military orders.
- https://www.quora.com/Who-is-the-last-Knight-Templar-living-today
- Saint Dominic (Spanish: Santo Domingo), also known as Dominic of Osma and Dominic of Caleruega, often called Dominic de Guzmánand Domingo Félix de Guzmán (1170 – August 6, 1221), was a Spanish priest and founder of the Dominican Order. Dominic is the patron saint of astronomers.
- Dominican Republic named after him?
- Franciscans are people and groups (religious orders) who adhere to theteachings and spiritual disciplines of StFrancis of Assisi and of his main associates and followers, such as Clare of Assisi, Anthony of Padua, and Elizabeth of Hungary, among many others. The movement originates within Roman Catholicism, where it also remains most numerous. However, Franciscan Orders and Franciscan spirituality also form part of other denominations including Old Catholics, Anglicans, and Lutherans. Franciscans observants in Poland and Lithuania are known as Bernardines, afterBernardino of Siena, although the term elsewhere refers to Cistercians instead. The Franciscan Order is also sometimes referred to as the Seraphic Order.
- Luke Wadding, an Irish Franciscan friar from Waterford whose persistent efforts turned March 17 into a feast day (st patrick's day). Born in 1558, Wadding died in Rome on 1657 and his remains are interred there in the college of St Isidore’s, which he founded. If you visit the National Gallery of Ireland, you can see a painting of the friar by Carlo Maratta, while in Waterford city he is commemorated with a statue outside the French Church (Greyfriars).
- The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (Latin:Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum;postnominal abbr. O.F.M.Cap.) is an Orderof friars in the Catholic Church, among the chief offshoots of the Franciscans.
- The Royal, Celestial and Military Order of Our Lady of Mercy and the Redemption of the Captives (Latin: Ordo Beatae Mariae de Mercede Redemptionis Captivorum, abbreviated O. de M.), also known as the Mercedarians, is a Catholic mendicant order established in 1218 by St. Peter Nolasco in the city of Barcelona, at that time in the Principality of Catalonia (Crown of Aragon), for the redemption of Christian captives. [2][3] Its members are most commonly known as Mercedarian friars or nuns. One of the distinguishing marks of the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy is that, since its foundation, its members are required to take a fourth vow to, if necessary, die for another who is in danger of losing their faith. The Order exists today in 17 countries.
- A Cistercian is a member of the Cistercian Order(/sɪˈstɜːrʃⁱən/, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist (Latin:(Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis), a religious order of monks andnuns. They are variously called the Bernardines, after the highly influential St. Bernard of Clairvaux (though the term is also used of the Franciscan Order in Poland andLithuania), or the White Monks, in reference to the colour of the "cuccula" or white choir robe worn by the Cistercians over their habits, as opposed to the black cucculas worn by the Benedictine monks. The original emphasis of Cistercian life was on manual labour and self-sufficiency, and many abbeys have traditionally supported themselves through activities such as agriculture and brewing ales. Over the centuries, however, education and academic pursuits came to dominate the life of their monasteries. A reform movement seeking a simpler lifestyle started in 17th-century France at La Trappe Abbey, which led to development in 1892 of the independent Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (OCSO), commonly called the Trappists. After that the followers of the older pattern of life became known as the Cistercians of the Original Observance. The term Cistercian (French Cistercien), derives fromCistercium, the Latin name for the village of Cîteaux, nearDijon in eastern France. It was in this village that a group of Benedictine monks from the monastery of Molesme foundedCîteaux Abbey in 1098, with the goal of following more closely the Rule of Saint Benedict. The best known of them were Robert of Molesme, Alberic of Cîteaux and the English monk Stephen Harding, who were the first three abbots.Bernard of Clairvaux entered the monastery in the early 1110s with 30 companions and helped the rapid proliferation of the order. By the end of the 12th century, the order had spread throughout France and into England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Eastern Europe. The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Rule of St Benedict. Rejecting the developments the Benedictines had undergone, the monks tried to replicate monastic life exactly as it had been in Saint Benedict's time; indeed in various points they went beyond it in austerity. The most striking feature in the reform was the return to manual labour, especially field-work, a special characteristic of Cistercian life. Cistercian architectureis considered one of the most beautiful styles of medieval architecture.[4] Additionally, in relation to fields such as agriculture, hydraulic engineering and metallurgy, the Cistercians became the main force of technological diffusion in medieval Europe. The Cistercians were adversely affected in England by the Protestant Reformation, the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII, the French Revolution in continental Europe, and the revolutions of the 18th century, but some survived and the order recovered in the 19th century.- [manuscript hunter] when francisco morazan of liberal party in guatemala triumphed in 1836, the country's clergy (except this order who had found favor with the new leader) was expelled from their monasteries and went into exile along with the archbishop of guatemala, francisco de casaus, who was deported to havana.
- The Order of Calatrava (Spanish: Orden de Calatrava Portuguese: Ordem de Calatrava) was the first military order founded in Castile, but the second to receive papal approval. The papal bull confirming the Order of Calatrava as a Militia was given by Pope Alexander III on September 26, 1164. Most of the political and military power of the order dissipated by the end of the 15th century, but the last dissolution of the order's property did not occur until 1838.It was founded at Calatrava la Vieja in Castile, in the twelfth century by St. Raymond of Fitero, as a military branch of the Cistercian family. The etymology of the name of this military order, Calatrava, conveys the meaning: "fortress of Rabah".
- Jozsef fodor (1843-1901) founded public health system in hungary and did pioneering work in immunology, born into unitarian family, attended gimnazium of cistercian order.
- uk
- Tintern Abbey (Welsh: Abaty Tyndyrn ) was founded by Walter de Clare, Lord of Chepstow, on 9 May 1131. It was only the second Cistercian foundation in Britain (after Waverley Abbey), and the first in Wales. The abbey fell into ruin after the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century. Its remains have been celebrated in poetry and painting from the 18th century onwards. In 1984 Cadw took over responsibility for the site.
- st winefride's well, a dependency of nearby cistercian house is emblematic of discreet and nominally hidden worship and spiritual practices of catholics as part of the religious peace even after 1688
- germany
- kloster eberbach, former cistercian abbey, became a weingut
- czech
- 杨 内波穆克Saint John of Nepomuk (or John Nepomucene) (Czech: Jan Nepomucký; German: Johannes Nepomuk; Latin: Ioannes Nepomucenus[1]) (c. 1345 – March 20, 1393) is the saint of Bohemia (Czech Republic) who was drowned in the Vltava river at the behest of Wenceslaus, King of the Romans and King of Bohemia. Later accounts state that he was the confessor of the queen of Bohemia and refused to divulge the secrets of the confessional. On the basis of this account, John of Nepomuk is considered the first martyr of the Seal of the Confessional, a patron against calumnies and, because of the manner of his death, a protector from floods and drowning.Jan z Pomuku came from the small market town of Pomuk (later renamed Nepomuk) 内波穆克（天主教汉译“臬玻穆”） in Bohemia, now in the Czech Republic, which belonged to the nearby Cistercian abbey. Born in the 1340s, his father was a certain Velflín (Welflin, Wölflin) and his mother is unknown. His father's name is probably diminutive of the German name Wolfgang.
- Hk follower http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20160403/PDF/a17_screen.pdf
- Juan de Silva (died April 19, 1616, Malacca) was a Spanish military commander and governor of the Philippines, from April 1609 until his death on April 19, 1616. De Silva was a native of Trujillo, Spain, and a knight of the Order of Santiago. He arrived in the Philippines as governor and captain general at Easter, 1609, bring with him five companies of reinforcements for the Spanish military in the colony. He developed a reputation for bravery and determination in his fight with the Dutch in the Far East.
- Saint-Sulpice (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃sylpis]) is a Roman Catholic church in Paris, France, on the east side of the Place Saint-Sulpice within the rue Bonaparte, in the Odéon Quarter of the 6th arrondissement. At 113 metres long, 58 metres in width and 34 metres tall, it is only slightly smaller than Notre-Dame and thus the second largest church in the city. It is dedicated to Sulpitius the Pious. Construction of the present building, the second church on the site, began in 1646. During the 18th century, an elaborate gnomon, the Gnomon of Saint-Sulpice, was constructed in the church.
- featured in dan brown's da vinci code
- burned by yellow vests in protests in mar2019
- The Salesians of Don Bosco (or the Salesian Society, officially named the Society of St. Francis de Sales) is a Roman Catholic religious institute founded in the late nineteenth century by Italian priest Saint John Bosco to help poor children during the Industrial Revolution.The institute is named after Francis de Sales, an early-modern bishop from Geneva.In 1845 Don John Bosco ("Don" being a traditional Italian honorific for a priest) opened a night school for boys in Valdocco, now part of the municipality of Turin in Italy. In the following years, he opened several more schools, and in 1857 drew up a set of rules for his helpers, which became the Rule of the Society of St. Francis de Sales, which Pope Pius IX approved definitively in 1873. The Society grew rapidly, with houses established in France and Argentina within a year of the Society's formal recognition. Its official print organ, the Salesian Bulletin, was first published in 1877. Over the next decade the Salesians expanded into Austria, Britain, Spain, and several countries in South America. The death of Don Bosco in 1888 did not slow the Society's growth. By 1911 the Salesians were established throughout the world, including Colombia, China, India, South Africa, Tunisia, Venezuela and the United States. The Society continues to operate worldwide; in 2000, it counted more than 17,000 members in 2,711 houses. It is the third-largest missionary organization in the world.
- https://sites.google.com/site/hksalesian1967/home/writings/60years history in hk
- http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20170606/20046074在香港營辦多所學校的天主教慈幼會，位於意大利北部鮑思高新堡的一間教堂上周五晚遭賊匪光顧，被奉為聖髑的19世紀創會神父聖若望鮑思高（St. John Bosco，圖）腦部不翼而飛。http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20170606/20046084天主教香港教區前任主教陳日君樞機亦是該會會士。慈友會中華會省網站指，鮑思高在1886年10月宣佈將傳道工作擴展至中國。1906年，雷鳴道神父率領首批會士抵達澳門，其後陸續到廣東省、香港及上海等地傳教。1927年，慈幼會接替馬利諾傳教會營辦聖類斯工藝學院，成為現今聖類斯中學的前身。1949年中國政權變天，慈幼會在內地的工作無以為繼，在大中華地區的工作局限於香港、澳門及台灣。本港的九龍鄧鏡波學校、慈幼英文學校、香港仔工業學校等，均由慈幼會營運。由於鮑思高神父曾任裁縫、麵包師、鞋匠、木匠等工作，在他影響下慈幼會營辦的不少都屬工業學校。
- 5月17日复活期第七主日早上7点半，台湾慈幼会的陈兴翼神父在苏州教区花溪堂为家乡教友主持耶稣升天节弥撒，张振华老神父、朱才龙神父共祭。陈神父虽然身居台湾，但始终关心着家乡教会，所以一直留意网络，从网络上了解一些家乡教会的情况，这次回来看到家乡教会的发展，他特感欣慰。陈兴翼神父为常熟人氏，后到香港读书 ，在港工作33年，后又去台湾服务至今，已有8年的时间。2003年脑部出血中风，恢复后身体依然健朗 ，继续为主服务。http://www.chinacatholic.org/News/index/id/31760.html
- 上周六遭吊臂車撞毀的柴灣道行人天橋是由慈幼會陳興翼神父於多年前提議興建，故對天橋被撞毀感到婉惜，校方會與政府及路政署密切溝通，相信最終會重建天橋。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20180123/00176_073.html
- The Order of Poor Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of the Pious Schools (Latin:Ordo Clericorum Regularium pauperum Matris Dei Scholarum Piarum, Sch. P. or S. P.) or, in short, Piarists /ˈpaɪ.ərᵻsts/, is the name of the oldest Catholic educationalorder also known as the Scolopi,Escolapios or Poor Clerics of the Mother of God (in both cases clerics can also become clerks, from the same etymology). Founded by Saint Joseph Calasanctius, the main occupation of the Piarist fathers is teaching children and youth, the primary goal being to provide free education for poor children. The Piarist practice was taken as a model by numerous later Catholic societies devoted to teaching, while the state-supported public school system in certain parts of Europe also followed their example. The Piarists have had a considerable success in the education of physically or mentally disabled persons. Some famous individuals of the last few centuries, including Pope Pius IX, Goya, Schubert,Gregor Mendel, and Victor Hugo, were taught at Piarist schools.
- George de hevesy
- George a olah
- Mihaly lenhossek was a descendent of a medical dynasty, attended the gimnazium of piarist order. A professor of anatomy.
- lasallian east asia district (lead) exhibited at 2016 world didac asia
- mentioned in the history of la salle college singtao 3may18 f2
- branches in hk https://twitter.com/IrelandinHK/status/1010061431415271424?fl=4&cn=ZmxleGlibGVfcmVjc18y&refsrc=email
- operated schools in 法租界
- Saint Joseph Freinademetz, S.V.D., (聖福若瑟; pinyin: Shèng Fú Ruòsè) (April 15, 1852 - January 28, 1908) was an Austrian Roman Catholic priest and missionary in China. He has been declared a saint by the Catholic Church. In March 1879, he and his confrere Johann Baptist von Anzer boarded a ship to Hong Kong, where they arrived five weeks later. They stayed there for two years. Freinademetz was based in Sai Kung until 1880[1][2] and set up a chapel on the island of Yim Tin Tsai in 1879.[3] In 1881 they moved to the southern region of the Province of Shantung, to which they had been assigned. At the time of their arrival, there were 12 million people living in that province, of which 158 had been baptized. Freinademetz was very active in the education of Chinese laymen and priests. He wrote a catechism in Chinese, which he considered a crucial part of their missionary effort. In 1898, he was sick with laryngitis and tuberculosis, so Anzer, who had become the bishop of the region, and other priests convinced him to go to Japan to recuperate. He returned, but was still not fully cured. When Anzer had to leave China for a journey to Europe in 1907, the administration of the diocese was assigned to Freinademetz. Freinademetz, together with Arnold Janssen, the founder of his Society, was canonized on October 5, 2003 by Pope John Paul II, as was Daniel Comboni, the founder of the Comboni Missionaries, which works in Africa. Under his patronage is the St. Joseph Freinademetz German National Parish in Beijing is a parish for German-speaking residents and visitors.
- The Apostleship of the Sea is an agency of the Catholic Church. It is also sometimes known as Stella Maris (Star of the Sea), and its patron is the Virgin Mary as Our Lady, Star of the Sea. Founded in Glasgow, Scotland in the early 20th century, it provides pastoral care to seafarers through chaplaincies in ports in all continents of the world. AoS provides practical and pastoral care to all seafarers, regardless of nationality, belief or race. AoS port chaplains and volunteer ship visitors welcome seafarers, offer welfare services and advice, practical help, care and friendship. The Apostleship of the Sea in Great Britain is part of an international network known to the maritime world as Stella Maris, working in more than 311 ports served by 216 port chaplains in more than 30 countries around the world.The modern movement began in the 1890s with several isolated and independent beginnings. In 1891 the Apostolate of Prayer first posted devotional magazines and books from Wimbledon College to 12 ships and began enrolling seafarers in this pious association. Two years later, The Society of St. Vincent de Paul commenced visiting seafarers in the ports of Bristol, Sunderland, and Tyneside. In the same year a Catholic Seafarers’ Centre opened in Montreal. The Apostleship of the Sea port ministry was founded in Glasgow in 1920. At this time Britain had one of the largest merchant fleets in the world, employing many thousands of British seafarers. The Apostleship of the Sea ran large seafarers’ hostels in all the major port towns where seafarers could stay while their ships were in port, often for weeks at a time.
- Maryknoll is a name shared by three organizations (two religious institutes and one lay ministry) that are part of the Roman Catholic Church: Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers (Catholic Foreign Mission Society of America; Maryknoll Society), Maryknoll Sisters (Maryknoll Sisters of St. Dominic), and Maryknoll Lay Missioners. The organizations are independent entities with shared history that work closely together in the joint focus of the overseas mission activity of the Catholic Church particularly in East Asia, China, Japan, Korea, Latin America and Africa.[2] The organizations officially began in 1911, founded by Thomas Frederick Price, James Anthony Walsh, and Mary Joseph Rogers. The name Maryknoll comes from the hill outside the Village of Ossining, Westchester County, New York, which houses the headquarters of all three.[3] Members of the societies are usually called Maryknollers. Maryknollers are sometimes known as the "Marines of the Catholic Church" for their reputation of moving into rough areas, living side-by-side with the indigenous peoples and learning the language.[2][5] Maryknollers focus on "combating poverty, providing healthcare, building communities and advancing peace and social justice" in the countries they serve and have built numerous orphanages, primary schools and secondary schools.[6] Because of the way in which Maryknollers have especially engaged in social justice, Maryknoll is also sometimes seen as a movement that represents missionary service concerned with positive action for indigenous people.[7][8][9] In the mid-20th century, this movement came to be associated with liberation theology. The Christophers and The Maryknoll Affiliates[10] are both associated with the Maryknoll Movement. Maryknoll is also the current name of the semi-monthly magazine which the Maryknoll Fathers & Brothers publish.Prior to 1906, the United States was on a roster of Catholic mission territories compiled by the Vatican. It was part of an era of heavy migrations of European Catholics to the United States and there was a cultural hostility to Roman Catholicism. The establishment of Maryknoll for foreign missions came at a time when the Catholic church was focussing its energies on that anti-Catholic bias within the United States.[12] "Out of the 17,000 Americans serving as Catholic priests at the time, for example, the number serving in foreign missions was 14."In 1907, Father James Walsh of Boston began publishing The Field Afar, a mission magazine that would later become Maryknoll. The following year, Mary "Mollie" Josephine Rogers (later Mother Mary Joseph, MM) began helping Walsh with editing, translating and writing. In 1910, Father Thomas Price was facing the failure of his attempt to begin a Catholic order for domestic mission work in the South. Price was overwhelmed with fundraising on top of his actual mission work and the many responsibilities he had as the order Superior. Price and Walsh had corresponded and met in person that year at a conference in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The pair immediately began planning a national foreign mission seminary. They were complementary in character; Walsh had a knack for organization and planning things on a grand scale while Price was a "Tarheel" from North Carolina who was personable and charismatic.The two received permission to travel to Rome, where Pope Pius X granted their request to found a new society on June 29, 1911.knoll是小山的意思，Mary是聖母瑪利亞的英文名稱
- 1918年末，波拉斯（香港及台灣譯為「普瑞斯」）[2]、华理柱、福尔德（Francis Xavier Ford）及馬奕猷（Fr. Bernard F Meyer）這4名第一批来华玛利诺神父到达中国广东省阳江县。他们是最早来华的美国天主教神父。此后，玛利诺外方传教会陆续接管了5个教区：江门教区（1924）、嘉应教区（1925）、梧州教区（1930）、抚顺教区（1932）、桂林监牧区（1938）。是第一次世界大战以后成长最快的一个在华天主教修会。1924年，教廷从广州教区划出新会、台山、阳江、赤溪、茂名、信宜、电白、罗定、郁南、花县、云浮等县成立江门教区，交给玛利诺会负责。江门教区至民国26年，有外国传教士50多人，中国传教士12人，教徒7000余人；至中华人民共和国成立前，有教职人员70余人，教徒达12800人。1925年，玛利诺传教会又接管了从汕头代牧区分出的嘉应自治区，主教福尔德（Francis X. Ford），下辖梅县、兴宁、蕉岭、五华、平远、龙川、和平、连平8县，有教堂10座（另5座尚未竣工），小堂37座，教徒4000余人；1935年有外国神父26人，教徒23000余人。1935年獲奉委為該會第一位主教。1925年，梧州教务脱离广西改属江门。1930年设立梧州自治区，1934年升为监牧区。1933年，桂林也由南宁代牧区移交给梧州教区，1938年成为监牧区。1925年，玛利诺传教会到东北传教，1932年接管了从沈阳教区分出的抚顺监牧区。1949年以后，具有“美帝”身份的瑪利諾會在华主教都受到了严厉的镇压：嘉应教区福尔德主教于1952年2月21日死于狱中；江門教区主教华理柱（James Edward Walsh ，1891-1981），1936年回国任马利诺外方传教会的第二任总会长，1948年再度来华，出任天主教教务协进会秘书长，在1958年10月18日在上海被判处20年徒刑，直到1970年7月10日，因中美关系将要有重大变化，才被提前释放，成为最后一个离开中国的西方传教士。瑪利諾神父會於1963年在香港開辦了一所名為「華德學校」的小學以表揚華理柱神父在華傳教的辛勞。瑪利諾神父會亦於1969年在香港開辦一所名為「柏德學校」的小學以紀念另一位來華傳教的瑪利諾會士柏增神父的辛勞。瑪利諾神父會也在1952年在香港開辦一所名為福德學校的小學以紀念福爾德神父的辛勞。這是瑪利諾神父會在二戰後在香港所開辦的第一所學校。 華德和福德兩所學校現由天主教香港教區管理，而柏德學校則仍由瑪利諾神父會管理。1950年10月6日，教廷将台湾中部台中、南投、彰化、云林等县从高雄监牧区分出，成立为台中监牧区，并于1951年1月26日委任玛利诺会的蔡文兴神父（William F.Kupfer）为首任主教。於是原来在大陆传教的玛利诺会士神父陆续来台传教。此後瑪利諾會的會士增加，在台北、新竹、台南、高雄等教區傳教或從事社會服務。目前還有三十二位瑪利諾會士在台灣工作。
- 在港傳教及教學五十八載的江天文神父（Fr. John Elbert Geitner），昨晨在深水埗聖方濟各天主堂的宿舍昏倒，由救護車送院搶救後不治，終年九十歲。江天文神父於一九二七年十月在美國紐約出生，十七歲加入美國天主教傳教會（瑪利諾男修會），一九六○年被派來香港傳教，曾在瑪利諾神父學校（中學部(added by me according to wenweipo 21feb18, patrick nip is an alumni)）任教，其後兼任校監至二○一二年。七○年他與任澤民神父籌辦觀塘瑪利諾書院，曾先後任校長、校監；九五年他獲任命擔任聖方濟各堂助理主任司譯，至一五年退休後繼續留宿於教堂成為住宿神父。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20180221/00176_036.html
- The Maryknoll Sisters of St. Dominic, or simply Maryknoll Sisters, are a group of Roman Catholic religious women founded in the village of Ossining, Westchester County, New York, in 1912, six months after the 1911 creation of the Maryknoll community of missionary brothers and fathers. Until 1954, when they became a pontifical institute, the religious institute was known as the Foreign Mission Sisters of St. Dominic. The sisters use the suffix "M.M." after their names. The institute was founded by Mother Mary Joseph (née Mary Josephine "Mollie" Rogers), from Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, a graduate of Smith College (1905).Some of the schools the sisters founded are Maryknoll Convent School in Kowloon, Hong Kong; Holy Spirit School (later Maryknoll Sisters' School, now Marymount Secondary School) in Happy Valley, Hong Kong; Maryknoll College (now Miriam College) in Quezon City, Philippines; and the Maryknoll Academy (now Maryhill College) in Lucena City, Philippines. Our Lady of Maryknoll Hospital was founded by the Maryknoll Sisters and officially opened by D. J. M. Mackenzie, Director of Medical and Health Services, on 11 December 1961. It became a public hospital in 1991.
- Daughters of the Heart of Mary
- Sister Dr Ruth Katherina Martha Pfau (9 September 1929 – 10 August 2017) was a German-Pakistani physician and nun of the Society of Daughters of the Heart of Mary. She devoted nearly 50 years of her life to fighting leprosy in Pakistan.
- The first Sisters of St Paul de Chartres arrived in Hong Kong in 1848. Institutions founded by the Sisters include: St. Paul's Convent School, St. Paul's Secondary School, St. Paul's School (Lam Tin), St. Paul's Hospital, Hong Kong, St Teresa's Hospital, Hong Kong
Assigned to his hometown parish, Fr. Masmitjá became increasingly concerned over the poor education of young girls. He sought to rebuild society through their education in prayer and Christian doctrine. On July 1, 1848, Masmitjá founded the Institute of the Daughters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary. During the Spanish Civil War IHM sisters Carmen (age 41), Rosa (36), and Magdalena (34) Fradera, who were also blood sisters, were executed by the militia. They are among the 498 Martyrs of 20th Century Spain beatified by Pope Benedict XVI in 2007.
- In 1869, Fr. Masmitja's friend Bishop Thaddeus Amat y Brusi of Monterey, California, was visiting Spain, and asked for some of the sisters to come to California. Two years later, with Father Masmitja's approval, Mother Raimunda led nine others to the new California mission. The Sisters established two houses, one in Gilroy and the other in San Juan. Very soon the Sisters of the Immaculate Heart were teaching in several schools in different parts of California. Their lifestyle attracted young women to follow the charisma of Fr. Masmitja, and the Sisters inaugurated a third house in San Luis Obispo (1876), a fourth house in San Bernardino (1880), and finally the last house during the lifetime of Fr. Masmitja was established in Los Angeles (1886). On January 11, 1886, the IHMs began teaching in the Cathedral School of Los Angeles, directly behind the Cathedral. For several years it served as an elementary school, but under the leadership of Sister Gabriel, IHM, an academy for girls was added, four years of high school. The IHMs taught at the Cathedral School until June 1969, and also ran orphanages.
- crux vera
- Crux Vera (True Cross) was a secret Catholic organization that engaged in murder to accomplish its goals. The group was formed during the Spanish Civil War to protect the Catholic Church from its enemies, defined as Bolsheviks and Jews. The organization spread across Europe and developed a desire to attempt to restore the Church to position of power during the middle ages. The order could justify its actions to itself because laymen rather than priests were used to commit crimes. These laymen were later granted absolution by priests who belonged to Crux Vera.
- in fiction - the confessor
- in hk
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170318/PDF/b9_screen.pdf 行经皇后大道东的律敦治医院，可见防痨会于一九五一年建成的三层高大楼。外墙上有防痨会（现称香港防痨心脏及胸病协会）的徽号，那是红色的“洛林十字”，会方称之为“无耳牛”。
- only sign in the memorial stone for the free french at the military cemetery in stanley (inaugurated in 1948, moved to another place in the cemetery in 1970s and added two names [hk french connections by association culturelle france-hk ltd, published by bonham media ltd])
- logo of hwa nan printing press 华南印务公司 (in jordan kowloon) has incorporated the sign
- http://racing.hkjc.com/racing/info/horse/smartform/english/V225 STRATHCLYDE (V225) and http://www.hkjc.com/english/racing/horse.asp?HorseNo=S206 STRATHMORE 龍城勇將 and STRATHSPEY 龍城勁將 owned by Mr and Mrs Iain Bruce (http://www.hkjc.org.cn/eng/about/activity_club_full.asp?in_file=/chinese/news/news_2008031018356.htm), race colour bear cross sign
- also 龍城勝將 STRATHALLAN (B178)
- http://www.hkjc.com/english/racIng/Horse.asp?HorseNo=A063 Torney (A063) owned by torney syndicate熊楓團體, race colour bear cross sign
- http://www.hkjc.com/english/racing/horse.asp?HorseNo=A039 MORETHANLUCKY紅衣優駿 owned by funs of family racing syndicate, race colour bear cross sign
- SUPER SPRINTER (V105) 超強快駒 owned by Dr Peter Cheng Ming Chuen, Allen Chan Wing Loong, Leung Kwan Tong & Morley Hui Chong Wai
- happy spirit 開心駿馬 (V008) owned by german pool
陳國民與陳嘉賢 Edward Chan Kwok Man & Karen Chan Ka Yin (father and daughter)- SMART BABY (A160) owned by mr and mrs chan tak wa
- Almababy 亞馬寶寶 (V057)owned by ngai wing yin 魏穎然, 馬主魏振雄與魏穎然從事建築行業，兩父子一向在股票市場動作多多。由魏振雄掌舵的盈信控股，年前更成功從領展手中收購錦英苑及天馬苑兩個商場，成為業內一時佳話。 至於馬場方面，兩父子現時聯名擁有高廐「文藝學家」，昔日則有「心理學家」和未出賽已退役「歷史學家」。此外，他們也分別以個人名義養馬，魏振雄過往有「功夫」、「光速」及兩匹不成材的「進取」系馬，魏穎然就有一匹「亞馬寶寶」。比較之下，老竇贏馬雖多，但普遍都是低班賽，相對「亞馬寶寶」至今兩勝三班賽，取得了逾267萬獎金，似乎囝囝目前養馬成績更好，可謂青出於藍。http://www.singpao.com.hk/index.php?fi=history&id=21040
- 皇家魅力ROYAL CHOCOLATE (A356) owned by Wilson Cheung Wai Yin張偉賢(德金資源（1163）主席, 亦身兼萬德移動執行董事、主席及行政總裁三職，董事名單亦與德金資源互相重疊。http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/art/20140707/18791124)
- HERO TIME勇者勝 (B010) owned by Fung Ka Pun & Lucia Fung馮家彬先生及夫人
- 喺金融界同政壇都有相當名氣嘅馮家彬，突然宣布辭任昊天能源(00474)副主席兼執行董事等嘅全職職務，連佢個女馮穎琪亦都辭任公司嘅非執行董事職務。雖然辭晒喺昊天能源重要嘅職務，不過馮家彬仍然會擔任公司嘅顧問，為商業投資組合運作繼續服務。馮家彬係股壇前輩，八十後未必識，但喺金融圈玩得十年八年嘅人，對佢應該唔陌生。佢除咗係已故證券大王馮景禧得力助手外，亦係金匯國際嘅創辦人兼主席，同埋金匯投資嘅主要股東，喺金融、證券及商品交易同埋企業財務方面擁有豐富經驗，絕對稱得上喺老行尊。身為自由黨常委嘅馮家彬，喺政壇亦相當具號召力，舊年低調娶新抱，亦獲得一眾黨友空群出動飲喜酒，場面真係星光熠熠。至於馮家彬嘅千金馮穎琪，就因為想投入更多時間喺個人或其他業務事項上，而喺同日辭職。可能大家對洋名叫Vicky嘅馮穎琪，喺商界嘅戰績有啲陌生，但喺樂壇都有名氣o架，好多樂壇天王天后都唱過佢嘅作品。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20110921/00271_004.html
- LIGHTNING TREASURE 雷電寶 (B259) owned by chan tung and kwan wah 陳東與關華 (「越駿寶」馬主關華和陳東同樣養馬不少，並曾一齊參與團體馬「穿針引線」、「心水寶」，他們均從事衣車以及針織機械生產，寫字樓基地都在深水埗。http://www.singpao.com.hk/index.php?fi=news6&id=23560)
- LIGHTNING STEED 飛雲騅 (B274) owned by Fortunes Turn Syndicate 運轉乾坤團體
- https://hk.sports.appledaily.com/racing/realtime/article/20171128/57513365 整個持有馬匹的賽馬團體，完全地變換名稱，歷來發生的次數卻少之又少。馬會最新公佈董事局已批准以下賽馬團體易名：
舊英文名稱：Marunhangtung Syndicate
舊中文名稱：馬運亨通團體新英文名稱：Fortunes Turn Syndicate
新中文名稱：運轉乾坤團體說穿了，今次情況跟9月初發生的麥菲文馬房行馬機意外，可謂息息相關，須知當日事件唯一重創致歿的賽駒「超強奇兵」，正是由當時的馬運亨通團體持有。
- THE ABRAXAS 太陽戰馬 (C212) owned by Joseph Lo Kin Ching & Calvin Lo勞建青(https://www.polyu.edu.hk/universityfellowships/fellows_detail.php?lang=tc&id=47)與勞俊嘉
- great smart 志聰明 (C319) owned by Joe Ma Tin Chung, Ray Ma Tin Ming & Wilson Law Chi Yin馬天聰、馬天明與羅志賢馬天明是BKT集團的主席。他從小白手興家，與親生弟弟馬天驄一起奮鬥至今，由一開始做工程，維修等雜工到今時今日集團副主席，業務由1994年的一家餐館發展到超過30間連鎖餐飲、涉及生產、東南亞食品進出口貿易、加工業及食品經銷零售的一體化飲食集團。http://www.bkt.com.hk/detail.aspx?cid=634佢同哥哥馬天明一星期五日喺油麻地派發飯盒https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20181220/00176_076.html
- casa de forca 步履娛飛 (C289) owned by leslie tang wai yip (Feb 14, 2009 - 演唱會之父」張耀榮，昨日喜逢嫁女之喜，愛女張麗芳下嫁鞋王二公子鄧偉業，男家花費過百萬，筵開一百五十席廣宴親朋; 今年3月「演唱會之父」張耀榮猝逝後，迅即爆發兩房家變，據今期《好報》獨家披露二房女婿鄧偉業因投資演唱會的七位數字款項未能收回，前日入稟高院申請耀榮娛樂清盤)
- coat of arms of lithuanian jagiellonian dynasty, hungary's coat of arms, sweden's coat of arms, national flag of slovakia (1992- ), war ensign of slovak republic (1939-45) contains vera crux
- Statue of Stephen I of Hungary in Buda Castle in Budapest https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_Saint_Etienne_Budapest.jpg
- called cross of lorraine in the case of Duchy of Lorraine
- The Order of the Holy Ghost (also known as Hospitallers of the Holy Spirit) is a Roman Catholic religious order, founded by Guy de Montpellier in Provence for the care of the sick by groups of lay people, recognised by Pope Innocent III ca 1161–June 16, 1216), originally based in the Santo Spirito in Sassiain Rome. Almost disappeared, a small female fraction still exists in Poland. Note the cross emblem used in 17th century
- note that patriachal cross resembles the cross
- Free France and its Free French Forces(French: France Libre and Forces françaises libres) were the government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle during the Second World War and its military forces, that continued to fight against the Axis powers as one of the Allies after the fall of France. Set up in London in June 1940, it organised and supported the Resistance in occupied France. Flag contains cross of lorraine
- coat of arms of antonio riberi ( 黎培理 15 June 1897 – 16 December 1967)
- The place on the bridge parapet where John of Nepomuk was thrown into the Vltava. bear the vera crux sign with stars
- https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_arms_of_Alexandre_Jose_Maria_dos_Santos.svg/800px-Coat_of_arms_of_Alexandre_Jose_Maria_dos_Santos.svg.png The Coat of arms of Alexandre Jose Maria dos Santos, who is a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the first native cardinal of Mozambique.
- symbol of sulphur
- cross can be seen in some pictures of st margaret of hungary
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BasileIIConstantinVIIIHoldingCross.jpg
- coat of arms of varennes-en-argonne
- seen in coat of arms of county mayo
- seen in flag of The People's Party – Our Slovakia (Slovak: Ľudová strana – Naše Slovensko, ĽSNS), since November 2015 officially known as Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia(Slovak: Kotleba – Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko), is a far-right national populist neo-Nazi political party in Slovakia.
- conscience objectors
- society of friends (quakers)
- meeting house in burford was probably built in 1688 and is one of the oldest purpose-built quaker meeting houses still in use
- [1776 chron] quaker merchant of whitby owned ship which captain cook served his apprenticeship; mrs knowles, quaker lady, wellknown for various talents (links with boswell, wilkes, dr johnson)
- Marshall Goodwin Simms Hodgson (April 11, 1922 – June 10, 1968), was an Islamic studies academic and a world historian at the University of Chicago. He was chairman of the interdisciplinary Committee on Social Thought in Chicago. He was also a practicing Quaker. Though he did not publish extensively during his lifetime, he has become arguably the most influential American historian of Islam due to his three-volume The Venture of Islam; Conscience and History in a World Civilization. The work is universally recognized as a masterpiece that has radically reconfigured the academic study of Islam and the Civilization of Muslims. The term Islamicate culture was coined by Marshall Hodgson (d. 1968) in the first volume of his The Venture of Islam (1974). Hodgson invented the term in response to the confusion surrounding such terms as "Islamic," "Islam," and "Muslim" when they are used to describe aspects of society and culture that are found throughout the Muslim world. Hodgson used the term to describe cultural manifestations arising out of an Arabic and Persian literate tradition, which does not refer directly to the Islamic religion but to the "social and cultural complex historically associated with Islam and the Muslims, both among Muslims themselves and even when found among non-Muslims" (p. 59).
- Charlton "Charlie" Brooker (born 3 March 1971) is an English humourist, critic, author, screenwriter, producer, and television presenter. He is the creator and co-showrunner of the anthology series Black Mirror and has written for programmes such as Brass Eye, The 11 O'Clock Show, and Nathan Barley.Charlton Brooker was born on 3 March 1971 in Reading, Berkshire. He grew up in a relaxed Quaker household in Brightwell-cum-Sotwell, Oxfordshire.
- mennonite religion
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/01/pope-francis-women-never-roman-catholic-priests-church
- The Catholic News Agency (CNA) is a provider of news related to Catholicism to an English speaking audience worldwide. It is headquartered in Denver, Colorado. Its editors' service provides free-of-charge news, features, commentary and photojournalism to newspaper editors. News from the agency is used by other news services such as EWTN, the National Catholic Register, and Christian News Wire. Catholic News Agency is the sister agency of the Spanish-language news agency ACI Prensa. In 2014 the Catholic News Agency and the ACI Group announced that they are merging with EWTN.
ordination
- Ordination is one of the seven sacraments, variously called holy orders or cheirotonia ("Laying on of Hands"). Apostolic succession is considered an essential and necessary concept for ordination, in the belief that all ordained clergy are ordained by bishops who were ordained by other bishops tracing back to bishops ordained by the Apostles who were ordained by Christ, the great High Priest (Hebrews 7:26, Hebrews 8:2), who conferred his priesthood upon his Apostles (John 20:21–23, Matthew 28:19–20, Mark 16:15–18, and Acts 2:33). There are three "degrees" of ordination (or holy orders): deacon, presbyter, and bishop. Both bishops and presbyters are priests and have authority to celebrate the Eucharist. In common use, however, the term priest, when unqualified, refers to the rank of presbyter, whereas presbyter is mainly used in rites of ordination and other places where a technical and precise term is required.
sacred symbols
- altars, baptismal fonts, statyes, pews
romish church (kiv what that is, and the original text french?)
- appear in article 3 of edict of saint-germain (8aug1570) - "we ordain that the catholic and romish church be set up again........."
- paix de religion/religions-vrede july 1578 article 3 - "catholic and roman religion be reestablished in......."
Jansenism was a Catholic theological movement, primarily in France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. The movement originated from the posthumously published work of the Dutch theologian Cornelius Jansen, who died in 1638. It was first popularized by Jansen's friend AbbotJean du Vergier de Hauranne, of Saint-Cyran-en-Brenne Abbey, and, after du Vergier's death in 1643, was led by Antoine Arnauld. Through the 17th and into the 18th centuries, Jansenism was a distinct movement within the Catholic Church. The theological centre of the movement was the convent of Port-Royal-des-Champs Abbey, which was a haven for writers including du Vergier, Arnauld, Pierre Nicole, Blaise Pascal, and Jean Racine.
- Jansenism was opposed by many in the Catholic hierarchy, especially the Jesuits. Although the Jansenists identified themselves only as rigorous followers of Augustine of Hippo's teachings, Jesuits coined the term "Jansenism" to identify them as having Calvinist affinities. The apostolic constitution, Cum occasione promulgated by Pope Innocent X in 1653, condemned five cardinal doctrines of Jansenism as heresy—especially the relationship between human free will and efficacious grace, wherein the teachings of Augustine, as presented by the Jansenists, contradicted the teachings of the Jesuit School. Jansenist leaders endeavored to accommodate the pope's pronouncements while retaining their uniqueness, and enjoyed a measure of peace in the late 17th century under Pope Clement IX. However, further controversy led to the apostolic constitution Unigenitus Dei Filius, promulgated by Pope Clement XI in 1713.
usa
- 美國紐約州的長島洛克維爾中心（Rockville Centre）天主教區上周四宣布，由於面對大量性侵官司索償，教區已入稟申請破產。由去年起，紐約州法律不再對神職人員性侵教徒案件設法律追訴期，很久以前的案件也可訴諸司法，令該州在過去十三個月先後有三個教區申請破產。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201004/00180_020.htmlitaly
- The trustees of the Pontifical Irish College decided last week that the national seminary in Rome will no longer host men studying for the priesthood in Ireland, beginning in the 2020-2021 academic year. The decision was taken because of the decline in Irish seminarians, according to the acting rector of the Irish College, Fr. Paul Finnerty.The Pontifical Irish College was founded in Rome in 1628. It moved to its current location on the Coelian Hill, close to the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran, more than 90 years ago. It is one of two national seminaries of the Catholic Church in Ireland. One of the college’s significant alumni is Servant of God Ragheed Ganni, an Iraqi seminarian and then priest who lived at the college from 1996 to 2003 while studying at the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (the Angelicum). Fr. Ganni returned to Iraq to serve at a parish in Mosul in 2003, two years after his priestly ordination, and in 2007 he was martyred after offering Mass at his Chaldean Catholic parish. https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/romes-irish-college-will-not-receive-irish-seminarians-next-academic-year-49701
ireland
- The Synod of Cashel of 1172, also known as the Second Synod of Cashel,[note 1] was assembled at Cashel at the request of Henry II of England shortly after his arrival in Ireland in October 1171. The Synod sought to regulate some affairs of the Church in Ireland and to condemn some abuses, bringing the Church more into alignment with the Roman Rite. As such it can be seen as a continuation and part of the Irish church reform of the Twelfth Century, and the first synod of Cashel, the Synod of Rathbreasail and the Synod of Kells, slowly embracing the Gregorian Reforms. The extent to which the Synod set the direction for the relationship between the English and the Irish Church has been the subject of scholarly debate. Stephen J. McCormick described the Synod as one of the most important events of this period of Irish history. The Synod is not mentioned in Irish sources, so historians have had to rely on other sources, in particular Giraldus Cambrensis' (Gerald of Wales) account in Expugnatio Hibernicae (Conquest of Ireland). In his account of the Synod he lists the "constitutions" of the synods, "verbatim, as they were published".
korea
- [seoul book of everything] catholicism establishes a foothold in korea in 1790s; construction completed on seoul's myeongdong cathedral (whose french gothic style would become the standard for korean catholic churches)
china
- The Martyr Saints of China, or Augustine Zhao Rong and his 119 companions, are saints of the Roman Catholic Church. The 87 Chinese Catholics and 33 Western missionaries, from the mid-17th century to 1930, were martyred because of their ministry and, in some cases, for their refusal to apostatize. Many died in the Boxer Rebellion, in which xenophobic peasants slaughtered 30,000 Chinese converts to Christianity along with missionaries and other foreigners. In the ordinary form of the Latin Rite they are remembered with an optional memorial on July 9.
- The Martyr Saints of China, or Augustine Zhao Rong and his 119 companions, are saints of the Roman Catholic Church. The 87 Chinese Catholics and 33 Western missionaries, from the mid-17th century to 1930, were martyred because of their ministry and, in some cases, for their refusal to apostatize. Many died in the Boxer Rebellion, in which xenophobic peasants slaughtered 30,000 Chinese converts to Christianity along with missionaries and other foreigners. In the ordinary form of the Latin Rite they are remembered with an optional memorial on July 9.
- On January 15, 1648, the Manchus, having invaded the region of Fujian and shown themselves hostile to the Christian religion, killed Saint Francisco Fernández de Capillas, a Dominican priest aged 40. After having imprisoned and tortured him, they beheaded him while he recited with others the Sorrowful Mysteries of the Rosary. Father de Capillas has since been recognised by the Holy See as the protomartyr of China. After the first wave of missionary activities in China during the late Ming to early Qing dynasties, the Qing government officially banned Catholicism (Protestantism was considered outlawed by the same decree, as it was linked to Catholicism) in 1724 and lumped it together with other 'perverse sects and sinister doctrines' in Chinese folk religion. While Catholicism continued to exist and increase many-fold in areas beyond the government's control (Sichuan notably), and many Chinese Christians fled the persecution to go to port cities in Guangdong or to Indonesia, where many translations of Christian works into Chinese occurred during this period, there were also many missionaries who broke the law and secretly entered the forbidden mainland territory. They eluded Chinese patrol boats on the rivers and coasts; however, some of them were caught and put to death. Towards the middle of the 18th century five Spanish missionaries, who had carried out their activity between 1715–1747, were put to death as a result of a new wave of persecution that started in 1729 and broke out again in 1746. This was in the epoch of the Yongzheng Emperor and of his successor, the Qianlong Emperor. Saint Peter Sanz, O.P., bishop, was martyred on May 26, 1747, in Fuzhou.All four of the following were killed on October 28, 1748:1. Saint Francis Serrano, O.P., vicar apostolic and bishop-elect2. Saint Joachim Royo, O.P., priest3. Saint John Alcober, O.P., priest4. Saint Francis Diaz, O.P., priest.
- 《中國天主教編年史》by 顧衛民
hong kong
- translated words worth to note
- hk management org chart appledaily 11jan19
- translated words worth to note
- [pamphlet obtained from 公教進行社] from 又聖母經 - 厄娃子孫
- hk management org chart appledaily 11jan19
- 瑪利諾神父宿舍（Maryknoll House）位於香港赤柱赤柱村道44號，由香港首位瑪利諾神父詹威路士（Bishop James A. Walsh，香港和台灣譯作「華爾實」）於1935年所建。大樓由一個美國家庭捐贈經費，以紀念其一位於交通意外喪生的家庭成員杰拉爾德·麥當勞（Gerald MacDonald）。這所大樓既是美國天主教傳教會總部，亦是神父的避暑地點，此外還設有語言學校，供將往中國宣道的神父學習中文。日本攻打香港期間，這幢建築物曾被英軍佔用，還收容了不少中國難民，日佔時期則被徵用作日軍總部，神父則被關押在赤柱拘留營。1947年建築獲重修，用作傳道人員的退修和研習中心。三層高的建築中西合壁，修院是由在紐約的建築師Henry J. McGill設計，以西式風格為主，並加入中國建築元素，如琉璃瓦屋頂、六邊形或八邊形的窗戶等。建築已被古物古蹟辦事處評為一級歷史建築。自1918年瑪利諾神父來華傳道後均以香港為補給，休假，退修及聯絡中心。他們曾以不同地點作為香港總部，但建成赤柱瑪利諾神父宿舍前則較長時間以柯士甸160號道為總部。當發起建造此總部的消息公佈後，美國一位名叫杰拉爾德·麥當勞（Gerald McDonald）的先生慷慨解囊，表示願承擔所有費用以紀念其曾於第一次世界大戰參軍之兒子，這位杰拉爾德·麥當勞先生於1929年8月13日因交通意外不幸逝世。初時瑪利諾會聘請美國建築師設計規模龐大的建築群。可惜麥當勞先生後來因經濟問題未能全數支持如斯龐大計劃，當時瑪利諾會曾尋求貸款不果，結果需要更改規模及好些細節。結果還是有賴瑪利諾會之建造專家亞爾拔修士 （Brother Albert Staubli）。除縮小規模，更改外形設計及內部裝修細節外，亞爾拔修士還親自督工。為了方便監工，他於工地附近蓋建簡陋棚屋，並以此為家。1935年竣工後瑪利諾會香港總部由柯士甸道160號搬遷至赤柱，直到今天。瑪利諾會來華後一直認為需要系統地教授來華傳教士中文。進駐赤柱後，瑪利諾會即在此籌辦語言學校。1935年Fr. O'Melia先開辦廣東話學校。1939年Fr William Downs開辦客家話學校。1940年Fr F. X. Keelan開辦國語（又稱華語，現今普通話）學校。1970年代初期，建築老化問題日趨嚴重，亟需維修，卻又缺乏經費。最後瑪利諾會決定將宿舍旁邊部份土地出售，收入用來進行翻新。這次翻新瑪利諾會聘用了華人建築師，工程於1974年完成，這就是今天瑪利諾神父宿舍的模樣。
- 於2016年被業主以逾7億元轉售，最新更面臨被申請加建豪宅單位。有申請人向城規會提出申請，要求將該「政府、機構或社區」地帶改劃為「住宅（丙類）2」或「其他指定用途」註明「住宅發展並保存歷史建築物」地帶，並擬建8個住宅單位，涉及地盤面積達7,645平方米，住用樓面涉5,734平方米。申請人稱，瑪利諾神父宿舍為一級歷史建築，應加以保育，強調現有業主無意拆卸宿舍，並設法保存舊建築外觀、禮拜堂及圖書館等特色，項目落成後，業主計劃舉辦半年一度的導賞團，已登記的訪客可以業主客人身份進內參觀，屆時會設小型展覽。根據土地註冊處紀錄，該宿舍大宅由一間「New Season Global Limited」公司於2016年10月以1億元美金(折合約7.8億元港幣)購入，公司董事包括簡士民、周厚文、葉思明及鄭信明，其中簡及周分別為本地發展商「資本策略」的執行董事。全民保育行動成員袁智仁批評，瑪利諾神父宿舍發展項目只是打著保育旗號的豪宅項目，如同佑寧堂事件翻版，擔心歷史建築最終變成豪宅俱樂部。他又指城規會的申請中並沒有列明宿舍內部會如何改建及及外牆確實的清拆範圍，又認為將該幅用地轉作住宅發展是違反了當初的批地原意，故一定會去信城規會反對計劃，他又認為該宿舍甚具歷史及建築意義，計劃去信古諮會要求將其列作暫定古蹟作保護，希望政府與業權人盡快商討保育方案。 https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/realtime/article/20180720/58465336
- 城市規劃委員會明日審議赤柱一級歷史建築——瑪利諾神父宿舍加建住宅的申請，規劃署開綠燈，表明不反對申請，意味申請很大機會獲通過。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20190103/00176_044.html
- mexican link
- 一九七一年，主教公署發表通告，宣佈成立聖文德堂區，並委任方濟會士謝華生神父為主任司鐸。The Diocese Curia announced in 1971 the intention to establish the St. Bonaventure parish and appointed Rev. John B. Tse OFM of the Franciscans as the first rector. The image of statues of the Way of the Cross is specially designed based on the ideas of Mexican Catholic named Borboa. The concept is to enable we laity to capture and bear the expression of Jesus as a way to re-create his image and follow his footsteps （2 Corithians 4：10）.
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