Saturday, February 2, 2019

London

etymology
- https://www.quora.com/Why-does-London-in-Romance-languages-end-in-an-s during the Middle Ages, London was already pronounced [ˈlʌn dn̩], with a syllabic (or vocalic) consonant in the second syllable, just as it is pronounced today. The author of that site is probably wrong about the vowel in the first syllable, which was more likely [ɔː], but he is likely right about that second syllable, resulting in [ˈlɔːn dn̩]. His argument is that the syllabic consonant in the second syllable was impossible to reproduce for French people who heard it. In Middle French, it was impossible to have to nasals surrounding another consonant. Instead, they substituted the most reduced syllable available in French, the [-rə] that was spelled -re in Middle French, as it is in modern French. The result was a spoken form pronounced Londre [ˈlõː drə] (with [r] because French had probably not yet shifted to a velar or uvular R). I suspect that this spoken form was adopted by Italians but adapted to their language by analogy with other French words ending in a schwa, which were cognate with Latin and Italian feminines ending in -a. The result was Londra, a form later also adopted by Romanian. Meanwhile, according to the linked source, in Middle French, the spoken form Londre—by analogy with familiar place names such as Amiens, Calais, Soissons, and even Paris—began to take on an epenthetic -s (usually pronounced [z]) when it was pronounced before words beginning with vowels. (By the Middle French period, final -s was already silent before consonants.) This became the written form Londres. My suspicion is that this form then spread to the Iberian peninsula, where it was pronounced as it was spelled according to the orthographic and phonetic rules of Spanish and Portuguese.

http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21621854-london-becoming-24-hour-city-after-dark

http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1598163/london-transport-crisis-could-spark-new-riots-commissioner-warns

banqueting house
- [1776 chron] ceiling painting by rubens repaired by giovanni cipriani

Barking is a district and suburban area of East London and the administrative centre of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham.  It was an ancient parish in the county of Essex. Its economic history is characterised by a shift from fishing and farming to market gardening and industrial development south of the River Thames. The railway station opened in 1854 and has been served by the London Underground since 1908.Its name came from Anglo-Saxon Berecingas, meaning either "the settlement of the followers or descendants of a man called Bereca" or "the settlement by the birch trees". In AD 735 the town was Berecingum and was known to mean "dwellers among the birch trees". By AD 1086, it had become Berchingae as evidenced by the town's entry in the Domesday Book. In British slang "Barking" is short for "barking mad", and Barking is sometimes cited as the origin of the phrase, attributed to the alleged existence of a medieval insane asylum attached to Barking Abbey. However, the phrase first appeared in the 20th century. A more likely derivation is from comparing an insane person to a mad dog.
- On 3 September 1878 the iron ship Bywell Castle ran into the pleasure steamer Princess Alice in Gallions Reach, downstream of Barking Creek. The paddle steamer was returning from the coast via Sheerness and Gravesend with nearly 800 day trippers. She broke in two and sank immediately, with the loss of more than 600 lives, the highest single loss of civilian lives in UK territorial waters. At this time there was no official body responsible for marine safety in the Thames, the official enquiry resolving that the Marine Police Force based at Wapping be equipped with steam launches to replace their rowing boats and be better able to perform rescues.
- fire at de pass gardens

清福德（Chingford）The River Ching runs through the area, and the town of Chingford is close to a number of fords of that river. However, old maps and descriptions give a name for the settlement long before the river has a name and it is likely that the name of the river as "Ching" arose long after the settlement was named. The area of Chingford is referenced in the Doomsday book as "Cingefort" from 1066AD.[6] It is thought that, similarly to how Kingston upon Thames appears in Domesday Book of 1086AD as Chingestone and Chingetun(e), with ching being old English for the king, that Chingford could refer to the King's river, and Kings Ford. This idea is compounded by links to royalty using the area for hunting in centuries gone by, with Queen Elizabeth's Hunting Lodge[7]still standing in North Chingford.[8]Furthermore, there is evidence of King Harold Harefoot having lived in Chingford and the environs in the 11th century, a date which ties in with the Old English use of "Ching" for King. Another suggested explanation by place name genealogists' is that the settlement's name has its origin as "Shingly Ford"—that is, a ford over a waterway containing shingles.

cockspur street
- [1776 chron] british coffee house frequented by scotsmen including adam smith, who uses it as his london base

cornhill
- [1776 chron] new york coffee house in sweeting's alley; jerusalem coffee house, off cornhill, a common resort of those with interests in india; black legged gentry at jonathan's (who fabricated the manoeuvre of the french war) described in the tatler as the general mart of stock-jobbers


covent garden
- prostitution

  • Harris's List of Covent Garden Ladies, published from 1757 to 1795, was an annual directory of prostitutes then working in Georgian London. A small pocketbook, it was printed and published in Covent Garden, and sold for two shillings and sixpence. A contemporary report of 1791 estimates its circulation at about 8,000 copies annually.Harris's List was published for a city rife with prostitution. London's bawdy houses had, by the 1770s, disappeared from the poorer areas outside the city wall, and in the West End were found in four areas: St Margaret's in Westminster; St Anne's in Soho and St James's; and most especially, with more than two thirds of London's "Disorderly Houses", around Covent Garden and the Strand.[53] The area was noted for its "great numbers of female votaries to Venus of all ranks and conditions", while another author distinguished Covent Garden as "the chief scene of action for promiscuous amours."[54] The Scottish statistician Patrick Colquhoun estimated in 1806 that of Greater London's approximately 1,000,000 citizens,[55] perhaps 50,000 women, across all walks of life, were engaged in some form of prostitution. It was not the first directory of prostitutes to be circulated in London. The Wandering Whoreran for five issues between 1660 and 1661, in the early (and newly liberal) years of the Restoration. Allegedly an exposé of the capital's sex trade and usually attributed to John Garfield, it lists streets in which prostitutes might have been found, and the locations of brothels in areas like Fleet Lane, Long Acre and Lincoln's Inn Fields.
deptford
- Deptford Dockyard was an important naval dockyard and base at Deptford on the River Thames, in what is now the London Borough of Lewisham, operated by the Royal Navy from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. It built and maintained warships for 350 years, and many significant events and ships have been associated with it.Founded by Henry VIII in 1513, the dockyard was the most significant royal dockyard of the Tudor period and remained one of the principal naval yards for three hundred years. Important new technological and organisational developments were trialled here, and Deptford came to be associated with the great mariners of the time, including Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh. The yard expanded rapidly throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, encompassing a large area and serving for a time as the headquarters of naval administration, and became the Victualling Board's main depot. Tsar Peter the Great visited the yard officially incognito in 1698 to learn shipbuilding techniques. Reaching its zenith in the eighteenth century, it built and refitted exploration ships used by Cook, Vancouver and Bligh, and warships which fought under Nelson. The dockyard declined in importance after the Napoleonic Wars. Its location upriver on the Thames made access difficult, and the shallow narrow river hampered navigation of the large new warships. The dockyard was largely inactive after 1830, and though shipbuilding briefly returned in the 1840s the navy closed the yard in 1869. The victualling yard that had been established in the 1740s continued in use until the 1960s, while the land used by the dockyard was sold, the area now being known as Convoys Wharf.The land occupied by the Dockyard was sold after its closure, the area becoming known as Convoys Wharf.[27] T. P. Austin paid £70,000 for the land,[when?] which was then bought by the City of London Corporation for £91,500.[when?] Slaughterhouses were then constructed on the site.[27] A later periodical described how "Deptford Dockyard, dismantled and degraded from its olden service to the Navy, has just been converted into a foreign cattle market and a shambles."[27] The area's use as a Cattle Market continued until 1913; thereafter it was used as an army depot and then as warehouse space.[36] In 1980 the site was acquired by News International for the importing and storing of paper products; 28 years later they vacated the site, which now awaits redevelopment as a residential complex. Many of the Royal Dockyard's buildings, facilities and features have been lost or destroyed since its closure, and its waterways infilled. Henry VIII's Great Storehouse of 1513 was demolished in 1954 (its bricks were used for repairs to Hampton Court Palace); and demolition of the adjacent eighteenth-century Storehouse buildings followed likewise in 1984.[d] A few buildings have survived, however, most notably the Master Shipwright's House of 1708 (built by Joseph Allin), the nearby Office Building of 1720 and (from a late period of the dockyard's existence) the prominent Olympia Warehouse of 1846. (This building, of distinctive iron construction, was originally a double shed, built over dual slipways alongside the main Basin to enable shipbuilding to take place under cover). Moreover, remains of many of the yard's core features, including the slipways, dry docks, basins, mast ponds and building foundations, still exist below ground level and have been studied in archaeological digs.[2] The subterranean remains of the Tudor Great Storehouse are now a Scheduled Ancient Monument.In the 17th century a Victualling Yard was established, independent of but adjacent to the main dockyard, to supply and victual the navy's warships. In 1743 the Victualling Commissioners took the decision to move their main depot to Deptford from Tower Hill, and they embarked on the construction of new facilities on the site: a cooperage, storehouses, slaughterhouses and facilities for baking and brewing.[13][41][42][c] In 1858 it was renamed the Royal Victoria Victualling Yard. The Victualling Yard continued in operation for almost a century after the closure of the dockyard, dedicated to the manufacture and storage of food, drink, clothing and furniture for the navy. It closed in 1961 and a council estate was built on the site.[2][19] A number of its buildings and other features were retained and can still be seen in and around the Pepys Estate, mostly dating from the 1770-80s.In 2013 the Lenox Project put forward a formal proposal to build a full-size sailing replica of HMS Lenox, a 70-gun ship of the line originally built at Deptford Dockyard in 1678. The ship would actually be constructed on the dockyard site, and would form the centrepiece of a purpose-built museum which would remain as a permanent part of the development of Convoys Wharf.By late 2015 the project had gathered momentum, with more detailed plans fitting the building of the Lenox into the overall development of this part of Deptford.[39] The 2015 Feasibility Study identified the Safeguarded Wharf at the Western end of the Convoys Wharf site as the most suitable place for the dry-dock where the ship herself would be built; the existing but disused canal entrance could then be modified to provide an entrance for the dock as well as a home berth for the finished ship. It is hoped that the Lenox will provide a focus for the regeneration of the area as the comparable replica ship Hermione did for Rochefort in France.
  • The site was owned until 2008 by News International, which used it to import newsprint and other paper products from Finland until early 2000. It is now owned by Hutchison Whampoa Limited and is subject to a planning application to convert it into residential units,[3] although a large part of the site has safeguarded wharf status.
  • Since buying the site in 2005, Li’s development company had submitted numerous different versions of its plans, and become bogged down in an arduous process of consultation exercises, rejected proposals and design revisions, according to sources familiar with the matter.Lewisham Borough Council finally voted to allow the first phase of the master plan, consisting of 456 flats in residential blocks ranging from two to 14 storeys, on June 11.  “It is good timing, with the relaxation of the BN (O) rules – 
    we will see more Hong Kong homebuyers heading for the UK
    . A home-grown developer’s project will definitely attracts Hongkongers – after all CK [Asset] is a big name for us,” said Vincent Cheung, managing director of Vincorn Consulting and Appraisal.https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/3092713/li-ka-shings-ps1-billion-scheme-build-3500-homes-former-royal
East Sheen, also known as Sheen, is an affluent suburb of South London in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. The earliest recorded use of the name is c. 950 as Sceon and means shed or shelters. The area was designated separately from Sheen(an earlier name for Richmond) from the 13th century, as the southern manor of Mortlake.
- people
  • oxley clive william obe ed (former 校董 of st stephen's college) obit scmp 6may19, hkej 7may19 a16
great george street
- [1776 chron] built in 1750s which includes the house of spanish ambassador, prince masserano

Hans Town (Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea) is now just the name of an ward, but was once a grand 18th-​​century suburb, centred on Sloane Street.https://hidden-london.com/gazetteer/hans-town/
- [1776 chron] in house of commons, thomas townshend criticised the recruiting of foreigners in the hans towns, known to be the asylum of all rogues and vagabonds of germany.


Harrow is a diverse borough, having 63.8% of its population from the BME (Black and Minority Ethnic) communities, with the largest group being of Indian ethnicity (specifically those from Gujarat and South India). The borough can also claim to have the largest concentration of Sri Lankan Tamils in the UK and Ireland as well as having the highest density of GujaratiHindus as well as Jains in the UK.  A large number of Jewish people live in Stanmore and Hatch End. The Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue boasts the largest membership of any single synagogue in the whole of Europe.
- Pinner was originally a hamlet, first recorded in 1231 as Pinnora,[3] although the already archaic -ora (meaning 'hill') suggests its origins lie no later than c.900.[4] The name Pinn is shared with the River Pinn, which runs through the middle of Pinner.The oldest part of the town lies around the fourteenth-century parish church of St. John the Baptist,[5] at the junction of the present day Grange Gardens, The High Street and Church Lane. Pinner is considered to be the wealthy side of the London Borough of Harrow, with wide tree-lined streets, a conservation area, large houses and flat conversions in attractive Edwardian buildings. The information research group Experian, describes the demographic as the "Business Class - The dominant type of people living here are business leaders approaching retirement who live in large family homes in the most prestigious residential suburbs."

haymarket
- [1776 chron] mkt for hay and straw every tuesday, thursday and saturday

The River Lea is a river in South East England. The name of the River Lea was first recorded in the 9th century, although is believed to be much older. Spellings from the Anglo-Saxon period include Lig(e)an in 880 and Lygan in 895, and in the early medieval period it is usually Luye or Leye. It seems to be derived from a Celtic(brythonic) root lug-meaning 'bright or light' which is also the derivation of a name for a deity, so the meaning may be 'bright river' or 'river dedicated to the god Lugus'.[4][5] A simpler derivation may well be the Brythonic word cognate with the modern Welsh "Li" pronounced "Lea" which means a flow or a current.

city of london
- Two Sheriffs are elected annually for the City of London by the Liverymen of the City Livery Companies. Today Sheriffs have only nominal duties, but previously had important judicial responsibilities. They have attended the Justices at the Central Criminal Court, Old Baileysince its original role as the Court for the City and Middlesex. The Sheriffs live in the court house complex during their year of service, so that one of them can always be attendant on the judges. In Court No 1 the principal chairs on the bench are reserved for their and the Lord Mayor's use, with the Sword of the City hanging behind the bench. It is an invariable custom that the Lord Mayor of London must previously have served as a Sheriff. By a "custom of immemorial usage in the City",[1] the two Sheriffs are elected at the Midsummer Common Hall by the Liverymen by acclamation, unless a ballot is demanded from the floor, which takes place within fourteen days. The returning officers at the Common Hall are the Recorder of London (senior Judge of the 'Old Bailey') and the outgoing Sheriffs. As of September 2016, the current Sheriffs are Alderman Peter Kenneth Estlin and Alderman William Anthony Bowater Russell. The Sheriffs' jurisdiction covers only the square mile of the City of London. The High Sheriff of Greater London covers areas of London outside the City, which today incorporates parts of several old counties, most notably Middlesex.

  • The title of sheriff, or shire reeve, evolved during the Anglo-Saxon period of English history. The reeve was the representative of the king in a city, town or shire, responsible for collecting taxes and enforcing the law.[3] By the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066, the City of London had sheriffs, usually two at a time. The sheriffs were the most important city officials and collected London's annual taxes on behalf of the royal exchequer; they also had judicialduties in the City's law courts.

- 5 broadgate
  • The City of London has a shiny new financial engine. It’s a massive building called 5 Broadgate, a 12-storey “groundscraper” whose four trading floors alone cover almost 67,000 square metres – the equivalent of four football pitches. This vast money machine will hum into life next year, supercharged with the biggest single concentration of traders in the City – 3,000 of them working for UBS, plus 2,400 management and support staff.UBS, the Swiss-based global financial services group which manages assets worth £1.3trn, has paid the best part of £500m for 5 Broadgate, which was designed by Make Architects. The building’s fit-out alone cost in the region of £100m. Everything is geared to transactional, technical, and corporate efficiency.https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/5-broadgate-inside-the-groundscraper-set-to-become-the-citys-new-financial-engine-10301069.html
  • The building in the city's financial district was bought by a subsidiary of CK Asset Holdings, the property company founded by Hong Kong's richest man, Li Ka-shing.http://money.cnn.com/2018/06/14/news/economy/5-broadgate-sale-london/index.html

- tulip tower
  • London's Mayor has advised planners to reject proposals for a new skyscraper. In April, the City of London Corporation (CLC) approved the 1,000ft (305m) Tulip tower proposed for Bury Street, beside the Gherkin tower. But Sadiq Khan said a number of concerns raised in a London Review Panelreport meant it would harm the skyline and had few public benefits. Those behind the project said they were "disappointed" and have a right to appeal the mayor's decision. Mr Khan advised CLC planners to reject permission on the basis of reasons outlined by the panel, which included: The design did not constitute the very highest quality of design required for a building in the location; The proximity, height and material would have a negative impact on the Tower of London World Heritage site; The space around the proposed building was insufficient to be safe and to prevent overcrowding; A lack of new cycle parking spaces failed to comply with the London Plan for transport
- mansion house

  • [1776 chron] scene of city feasting

- royal exchange

  • [1776 chron] 
  • note different walks- american; portugal; jews; spanish;jamaica; virginia; eaft-india; norway; eaft country; irifh; scotch; french; italian walk - place to find commander of ship setting out for venice; barbadoes; canary; salters; hambrough...
  • beneath the exchange are vaults occupied by east india company as pepper magazines

- bartholomew lane

  • [1776 chron] home to new england coffee house much favoured by american refugees
- coffee house

  • [1776 chron] new lloyd's coffee house; portugal, rainbow and union coffee house (in cornhill) ;  garraway's coffee house (in exchange alley); lloyd's coffee house (in lombard street)
- leadenhall mkt

  • [1776 chron] nvopt only the largest in city of london, but perhaps thruout the world. East of mktbis east india house, where east india company's business is carried on under 24 directors

- china

  • 伦敦金融城市长鲍满诚3月19日开启访华之旅，率领庞大商贸代表团的他在九天超级行程中到访深圳、上海和北京。伦敦前任市长利文斯通日前则在华出席了中英金融论坛。威斯敏斯特公学（又称西敏公学）校长帕特里克27日则在中国宣布，今年秋季这间具有卓越声誉的国际学校在华首间分校将开学，中英在教育领域合作势必更加密切。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180328/PDF/a3_screen.pdf

- hong kong

  • https://www.gov.uk/government/world-location-news/the-lord-mayor-of-the-city-of-london-visits-hong-kong During his visit, the Lord Mayor met key representatives from Hong Kong Monetary Authority, Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing, the Financial Services Development Council and Office of the Commissioner for Insurance as well as British and local businesses and professionals to discuss issues including the development of offshore RMB market, cyber-crimes, carbon disclosure, green finance and financial technology. He attended a UK Alumni Awards cereamony organised by the British Council, and shared his views at an education panel discussion on skills for employability to promote UK as a higher education destination of choice.
ludgate hill
- london cofffee house

marylebone or marybone gardens
- [1776 chron] now occupied by beaumont street, devonshire street, and part of devonshire place

mayfair
- [1776 chron] grafton street home to vice admiral lord howe

mill hill
- The area's name was first recorded as Myllehill in 1547 and appears to mean "hill with a windmill".[3] However, the workings of the original Mill are in the building adjacent to The Mill Field. William Wilberforce (MP, and abolitionist of the slave trade) and Sir Stamford Raffles (founder of colonial Singapore) both briefly resided here, the former being the patron of Mill Hill's first church, Saint Paul's. Mill Hill was part of the ancient civil parish of Hendon within the historic county boundaries of Middlesex.
peckham
- colloquially termed "little lagos" because the nigerian origin of many of its residents ft 2feb19

Perivale (/ˈpɛrɪˌveɪl/) is an area in the London Borough of Ealing, 9.5 miles (15.3 km) west of Charing Cross, central London.The earliest reference to Perivale is in the 11th century Doomsday Book where it is described as an apple orchard. The name of Perivale was first used in 1508, when it was spelt Pyryvale. The word seems to be a compound of perie (pear tree) and vale.Until then, Perivale was often called Little Greenford or Greenford Parva, to distinguish it from its larger neighbour Great Greenford.Perivale is an ancient parish in the historic county of Middlesex. Perivale was one of the counties smallest parish up until the early twentieth century, at just 633 acres and a negligible population. The church of St Mary’s, Perivale is one of London’s oldest churches. Dating to at least the early thirteenth century, the church still stands today (south of the A40, off Perivale Lane). The neighbouring fifteenth century Rectory House was demolished in 1958. Perivale was a framing area from at least the fourteenth century. At this date, Perivale consisted of woodland and fields used for arable farming. During the fifteenth century, a grand, three-story manor house Perivale Manor[11] was commissioned by Henry Myllett, a prominent Perivale resident. The house was surrounded by a moat, gardens orchards and outbuildings. Perivale Manor, located close to St Mary’s Church was demolished at some point around 1784.From the sixteenth century, wheat was the main crop of Perivale, a crop for which it gained a high reputation. With industrialisation, much of Perivale’s land began to be used to grow grass for hay to feed London’s horses. 

smithfield
- [1776 chronicle] the greatest mkt in europe for black cattle,sheep and horses and a very considerable mkt for hay and straw (formerly known as west smithfield to distinguish it from east smithfield, which lies to the east of the tower) It is the home to bartholomew fr which begins on 3rd sept (formerly 24thaug) each yr

  • among the amusements of the fr isvthe grand temple of minerva, with a sultan and  sultana frommthe east, displayed by mr astleybnear the george inn. Near the end of hosier lane isva curious eastern monarch mounted on his elephant.


southwark
- jamaica road
  • The road came into existence in the second half of the 18th century, when it was called (Bermondsey) New Road. Its present identity derives from the trade that was carried on with Jamaica at the nearby docks, stocking ‘London’s larder’ with provisions.The Salmon Youth Centre on Old Jamaica Road takes its name from the Reverend Harold ‘Pa’ Salmon, who founded the Cambridge Medical Mission Settlement on Jamaica Road in 1907, when slum housing filled much of the vicinity and many residents lived in poverty and suffered poor health as a consequence. Later called the Cambridge University Mission, many of its early staff were Christian undergraduate volunteers, often medical students.The Most Holy Roman Catholic Trinity Church, in the angle of Jamaica Road and Dockhead, was rebuilt in 1960 after its predecessor, which had stood for more than a century, was destroyed by a V2 rocket in 1945. The neighbouring Convent of Mercy was rebuilt at the same time.A handful of terraced houses survive on Jamaica Road from the early 19th century but the majority of the area was redeveloped with blocks of flats in the 1950s and 60s. The biggest project was the Dickens estate, west of George Row. Most of the area’s blocks are five- or seven-storeys tall. On the south side of Jamaica Road, the 22-storey Casby House, completed in 1964, sticks out like a sore thumb.Housing associations have taken up where the municipal authorities left off, building flats and small houses, especially south of Jamaica Road.Designed by Ian Ritchie Architects and built in stainless steel and concrete, Bermondsey Jubilee line station opened in 1999, a little to the east of Jamaica Road’s midway point. Uninfluenced by its name, Jamaica Road remained a predominantly white British part of south London long after districts like Peckham and Brixton had become multiracial communities. Nowadays, the population of the main local ward, Riverside, is 48 per cent white British – still relatively high compared with the rest of the borough, except Dulwich. The next most numerous ethnic sub-group is of black African birth or descent.
- southwark fair

  • An annual tradition since the fifteenth century, the fair finally became so raucous that it was closed in 1762 as a public nuisance. A famous painting of william hogarth
spitalfields
- [1776 chron] to the east manufactures of silk are rich beyond conception, but the no of workmen employed are frequently discontented with their wages, and troublesome

the tower, london bridge
- [1776 chron] houses the menagerie which those who are inclined to see the rarities eg lioness from senegal

westminster
- Petty France is a street in the City of Westminster in central London, linking Buckingham Gate with Broadwayand Queen Anne's Gate. Among the buildings that line the street is 102 Petty France, which currently houses the Ministry of Justice.The name is generally thought to refer to the settlement of Huguenotrefugees in the area.In the second half of the 18th century "the name was changed to York Street from [Edward], Duke of York, son of George II., who had made a temporary residence amongst them".[5][a] It retained this name until around 1925, when its previous name was restored. In 1719 a house was acquired in Petty France to accommodate the Westminster Infirmary.[6]It was the first street in London to be paved for pedestrians,[7] and it was the location of the first custom built artificial ice-rink in London, called Niagara, which opened in the late 1800s.  Jeremy Bentham lived in a house next to 19 York street.[2]The commemorative plaque was unveiled on 12 October 2004.

vauxhall
- vauxhall gardens

  • [1776 chron] opened circa 160 and was named the new spring gardens to distinguish it from the spring gardens near charing cross



Population
- by nationality

  • http://www.eliberico.com/areas-londres-tienen-mayor-poblacion-extranjera.html
garden bridge
- https://www.ft.com/content/8cb6e2ae-32cd-35a3-9589-8857ab7404d6 Plans to build a Garden Bridge in central London have failed at a cost to the taxpayer of £46m after backers of the project gave up their search for financial support. Its future had been in doubt ever since London mayor Sadiq Khan pulled the Greater London Authority’s support for the project in April on the basis that to do otherwise would entail the risk that taxpayers would have to pay more towards building, and then maintaining, the £200m bridge. The Garden Bridge Trust said on Monday that the project would be “formally closed”. This will involve winding up the group “in accordance with the Companies Acts”, and will result in the termination of contracts and donor agreements. It said it had “no choice” but to do this because of the mayor’s decision to withdraw his support.

History
- old/now non-existent places

  • pantheon (n2, along oxford street)
  • sold to m&s in 1937
  • hog lane (now charing cross road)

-The Great Fire of London was a majorconflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London from Sunday, 2 September to Wednesday, 5 September 1666. The fire gutted the medieval City of Londoninside the old Roman city wall. It threatened but did not reach the aristocratic district of Westminster,Charles II's Palace of Whitehall, and most of the suburban slums. It consumed 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, St Paul's Cathedral, and most of the buildings of the City authorities. It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City's 80,000 inhabitants. The death toll is unknown but traditionally thought to have been small, as only six verified deaths were recorded. This reasoning has recently been challenged on the grounds that the deaths of poor and middle-class people were not recorded, while the heat of the fire may have cremated many victims, leaving no recognisable remains. A melted piece of pottery on display at the Museum of London found by archaeologists in Pudding Lane, where the fire started, shows that the temperature reached 1250 °C.


Heritage
- europe house

  • Europe House, 32Smith Square. The building was formerly the Conservative Party Central Office from the late 1950s until 2004 and was famous as the place where the Conservatives planned and celebrated their election victories. It was then left vacant until 2009 when the EU chose it as their new London office, along with a new personalised postcode - SW1P 3EU. There was some criticism of the amount spent by the EU in updating the interior of the building, which allegedly included the installation of bomb and bullet-proof windows.
  • Ft article 1 oct 16

arts
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/art/2017-07/25/content_30233337.htm The City of London Corporation and major arts organizations in the Square Mile announced on Friday ambitious plans to create a new art quarter for the historic city. The northern border of the city of London will be the home to a new Culture Mile, according to CLC, the local municipal authority. The Culture Mile will feature a new museum covering London and its history and a new music center that will have the capacity to be a major venue for visiting orchestras. The area is already home to the Barbican Arts Center with two concert halls, two theaters, an art gallery and cinemas, as well as the Museum of London, the Guildhall School of Music & Drama and London Symphony Orchestra's St Luke's venue. In addition, the area has a rich heritage ranging from the Roman period through medieval churches and ancient crafts groups to distinguished contemporary buildings by leading architects.

wales
- For a real Welsh connection, we can go to Petty Wales near Tower Bridge. The street was probably so called because it was the settlement of a Welsh centre (from ‘petit’, French for ‘little’). There is also a Petty France in London, for many years the home of the London passport office. There were once several ‘foreign’ sectors in London, such as Petty Burgundy and Petty Calais, though one of them is nothing to do with the nationality of its inhabitants.
https://thestreetnames.com/tag/petty-wales/

denmark
- Denmark Street is a street on the edge of London's West End running from Charing Cross Road to St Giles High Street. It is near St Giles in the Fields Church and Tottenham Court Road station. The street was developed in the late 17th century and named after Prince George of Denmark. Since the 1950s it has been associated with British popular music, first via publishers and later by recording studios and music shops. A blue plaque was unveiled in 2014 commemorating the street's importance to the music industry.

portugal
- to kiv portugal street, holborn

france
- savoy alley

poland
- poland street was named after a pub "King of Poland" which was renamed in honour of Poland's King John III Sobieski in the heading of a coalition of western armies, crucially defeated the invading Ottoman forces at the 1683 Battle of Vienna. In the 18th century, Polish Protestants settled around Poland Street as religious refugees fleeing the Polish Counterreformation.

  • notable people

  • Frances Burney (13 June 1752 – 6 January 1840), also known as Fanny Burney and later as Madame d'Arblay, was an English satirical novelist, diarist and playwright. 
  • works - the wanderer (to note)


south asia
- festival

  • https://www.londonmela.org/about Melas originate from the Indian sub continent. The word Mela comes from the sanskrit "to meet" and is related to "milana" the verb to tune. It is commonly used to describe a large gathering of people celebrating artistic, religious or political events - a fair or a festival.
punjab
- Havelock Road. The road could be named Guru Nanak Road because Southall, the place where the road is located is Little Punjab, given the number of Punjabis nestled there. Havelock Road, however, has a Kanpur connection. To understand that connection we need to go back to India’s First War of Independence in 1857, what the British called Sepoy Mutiny.Nana Saheb, born as Dhondu Pant, had wrested control over Kanpur. It was Havelock who then took back Kanpur from Nana Saheb and his forces. Havelock then realised that his country had lost control over Lucknow too, but entering Lucknow was impossible given the force of resistance. Havelock than deployed the Sikh regiment to ensure the British forces could complete construction of a bridge over Ganga. The Sikh soldiers managed to control the ‘rebels’ but a lot of blood was lost in the process. While Havelock was busy capturing Lucknow, Nana Saheb’s lieutenant Tantya Tope recaptured Kanpur. The British eventually managed to use the same bridge to reenter Kanpur, the one that they had used to make their way into Lucknow. They used Indian resources to fight and kill Indians. Havelock was instrumental in wrecking havoc on people in this war. Kanpur back then was spelled as the British found it easier to spell - Cawnpore. It became Kanpur in 1977. Now a point to note here is that India also had an island named after the same Havelock. In the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago, the most famous island, the one where you find the pristine Radha Nagar Beach, was called Havelock Island till 2018.When PM Narendra Modi visited Andaman and Nicobar in 2018, Havelock Island was renamed to 'Swaraj Dweep'. Modi was there to mark the 75th anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose's visit to the islands, and along with Havelock, two other famous islands also got new names: Neel Island became Shaheed Dweep, and Ross Island is now Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Island. It is 2020. Names are being changed every now and then. Coimbatore became Koyampuththoor yesterday. The Tamil Nadu government has changed 1,018 British spellings in a recent order. But we began by telling you that Southall in London is known as Little Punjab. You can’t think about Punjab and not be reminded of its food. What is Punjab without its parathas? It is the shape of a roti, may even resemble khakhra, but it is none of those. A paratha in Punjab, becomes parota down south, but retains all its unhealthy values. We won’t get into the debate of where it originated because here we are concerned about what we are paying for it. Health is just one part of that payment.https://www.dailyo.in/variety/black-lives-matter-havelock-road-coronavirus-parota-gst/story/1/33100.html

singapore
- investors from singapore

  • [the good life published by modern media] the halkin hotel in belgravia was built in 1991 by christina ong (COMO hotel), being the first hotel ever developed by singaporean investor


chinese
- chinese owned london buildings hket 30oct17 a4
- scmp 23jun19 coffee seller back in business thanks to customers
- Chinatown

  • 大業主擬將倫敦華埠轉型 singtao eu edition facebook 19sep17

useful info
- https://thestreetnames.com



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