- https://www.quora.com/What-did-the-Vikings-look-like
- https://www.quora.com/Were-the-Vikings-really-as-big-as-they-are-portrayed-in-movies-How-tall-and-heavy-were-they-And-does-that-match-the-diet-that-they-consumed
- https://www.quora.com/What-civilization-was-more-advanced-Aztecs-or-Vikings
- https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/09/viking-was-job-description-not-matter-heredity-massive-ancient-dna-study-shows
- https://www.quora.com/Are-you-surprised-that-a-genetic-study-reveals-that-Vikings-were-generally-not-blond-blue-eyed-or-big-and-burly
“Vikings” spoke several languages too. The “Norman French” who invaded England and shaped English so extremely from 1066 onward were actually the descendants of Vikings, living in Northern France, and speaking Northern French, after just a few generations. Their name means “North Men”— they were Vikings, or at least their ancestors were. In fact, the Vikings were known not just for raiding other places, but also making settlements and relatively quickly adopting the local language. And on the whole, a lot of the interactions, especially after the first invasions, were actually quite peaceful, with intermarriage, and normal daily life. This is shown by the type of words borrowed into English vocabulary from Old Norse, like “husband”, indicating generations of interaction in daily life, not warfare like you’d picture as the typical image of Vikings.https://www.quora.com/Is-the-language-of-Vikings-still-spoken-today
The Gokstad ship is a 9th-century Viking ship found in a burial mound at Gokstad in Sandar, Sandefjord, Vestfold, Norway. It is currently on display at the Viking Ship Museum in Oslo, Norway. The Gokstad ship is clinker-built and constructed largely of oak. The ship was intended for warfare, trade, transportation of people and cargo. Dendrochronological dating suggests that the ship was built of timber that was felled around 890 AD. This period is the height of Norse expansion in Dublin, Ireland and York, England. The Gokstad ship was commissioned at the end of the 9th century during the reign of King Harald Fairhair.
- scottish composer john mcleod wrote a piece in the name of the ship
people
europe
- *********Being itinerant tribal warriors from the far fringe of Europe, they didn’t get the occasion to form an orderly military structure that could deploy forces for a major battle, like the mighty Charlemagne or the Arab conquerors did. Therefore, no battles where anyone got a chance to get them wiped out. First when they settled in Northern France, in Kievan Rus and Sicily and blended with local elites, they started to think and act like regular kings and dukes and counts. And also at this, they were hugely successful, with at least three mighty kingdoms as their lasting legacy.https://www.quora.com/If-the-Vikings-were-so-strong-why-were-they-annihilated-so-quickly
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-the-Viking-raids-end
nordic
- [tr berg] sigurd the crusader travelled all the way to jerusalem, and tge landnamabok (book of settlements) makes reference to a country that may be svalbard
scandinavia
- https://www.quora.com/When-did-the-Viking-era-end-and-why-Did-the-Vikings-exist-after-the-11th-century
france
- The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; French: Normands; Latin: Nortmanni/Normanni; Old Norse: Norðmaðr) are an ethnic group that arose from contact between Norse Viking settlers of a region in France, named Normandy after them, and indigenous Franks and Gallo-Romans. The settlements in France followed a series of raids on the French coast from Denmark, Norway, and Iceland, and they gained political legitimacy when the Viking leader Rollo agreed to swear fealty to King Charles III of West Francia. The distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the Normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, and it continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries.The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Catholic piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy of the Romance community into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of the Frankish land they settled, their dialect becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French, an important literary language which is still spoken today in parts of Normandy and the nearby Channel Islands. The Duchy of Normandy, which they formed by treaty with the French crown, was a great fief of medieval France, and under Richard I of Normandy was forged into a cohesive and formidable principality in feudal tenure.The Normans are noted both for their culture, such as their unique Romanesque architecture and musical traditions, and for their significant military accomplishments and innovations. Norman adventurers played a role in founding the Kingdom of Sicily under Roger II after briefly conquering southern Italy and Malta from the Saracens and Byzantines, during an expedition on behalf of their duke, William the Conqueror, which also led to the Norman conquest of England at the historic Battle of Hastings in 1066. Norman and Anglo-Norman forces contributed to the Iberian Reconquista from the early eleventh to the mid-thirteenth centuries.Norman cultural and military influence spread from these new European centres to the Crusader states of the Near East, where their prince Bohemond I founded the Principality of Antioch in the Levant, to Scotland and Wales in Great Britain, to Ireland, and to the coasts of north Africa and the Canary Islands. The legacy of the Normans persists today through the regional languages and dialects of France, England, Spain, and Sicily, as well as the various cultural, judicial, and political arrangements they introduced in their conquered territories.
- 荷蘭北部荷加窩登（Hoogwoud）一名農民上年聖誕節，利用金屬探測器，在當地附近一塊粟米田裏發現一枚罕見的維京時代銀戒指，最遠可追溯至十世紀中期。這枚圓環戒指近日由該國國立古物博物館買下，成為中世紀文物館藏之一，將於數年後展出。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200412/00180_040.html
dutch and frisians
The Vikings had some technological advantages, like the wheel and various military technologies. They were better at sailing, but that’s more to do with geography: they happened to live at sailing distance from places they could rob, places with more advanced societies to be plundered. The Aztecs didn’t have any such need, since they had no societies that were richer than they were at a suitable distance. But in organisation of a society—that is, in actually being a civilisation—the Aztecs obliterate the Vikings.
“Vikings” spoke several languages too. The “Norman French” who invaded England and shaped English so extremely from 1066 onward were actually the descendants of Vikings, living in Northern France, and speaking Northern French, after just a few generations. Their name means “North Men”— they were Vikings, or at least their ancestors were. In fact, the Vikings were known not just for raiding other places, but also making settlements and relatively quickly adopting the local language. And on the whole, a lot of the interactions, especially after the first invasions, were actually quite peaceful, with intermarriage, and normal daily life. This is shown by the type of words borrowed into English vocabulary from Old Norse, like “husband”, indicating generations of interaction in daily life, not warfare like you’d picture as the typical image of Vikings.https://www.quora.com/Is-the-language-of-Vikings-still-spoken-today
The Gokstad ship is a 9th-century Viking ship found in a burial mound at Gokstad in Sandar, Sandefjord, Vestfold, Norway. It is currently on display at the Viking Ship Museum in Oslo, Norway. The Gokstad ship is clinker-built and constructed largely of oak. The ship was intended for warfare, trade, transportation of people and cargo. Dendrochronological dating suggests that the ship was built of timber that was felled around 890 AD. This period is the height of Norse expansion in Dublin, Ireland and York, England. The Gokstad ship was commissioned at the end of the 9th century during the reign of King Harald Fairhair.
- scottish composer john mcleod wrote a piece in the name of the ship
people
- Halfdan Ragnarsson (Old Norse: Hálfdan; Old English: Halfdene or Healfdene; Old Irish: Albann; died 877) was a Viking leader and a commander of the Great Heathen Army which invaded the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England, starting in 865. According to the tradition recorded in the Norse sagas he was one of the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, and his brothers included Björn Ironside, Ivar the Boneless, Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye and Ubba. He was the first Viking King of Northumbria and a pretender to the throne of Kingdom of Dublin. He died at the Battle of Strangford Lough in 877 trying to press his Irish claim.
- Halfdan was one of the leaders of the Great Heathen Army which invaded the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of East Anglia in 865. According to the Norse sagas this invasion was organised by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, of whom Halfdan was one, to wreak revenge against Ælla of Northumbria. Ælla had supposedly had Ragnar executed in 865 by throwing him in a snake pit, but the historicity of this explanation is unknown. The invaders are usually identified as Danes, although the tenth-century churchman Asser stated that the invaders came "de Danubia", which translates as "from the Danube"; the fact that the Danube is located in what was known in Latin as Dacia suggests that Asser actually intended Dania, a Latin term for Denmark.In the autumn of 865 the Great Heathen Army landed in East Anglia, where they remained over the winter and secured horses for their later efforts. The following year the army headed north and invaded Northumbria, which was in the midst of a civil war between Ælla and Osberht, opposing claimants for the Northumbrian throne. Late in 866 the army conquered the rich Northumbrian settlement of York. The following year Ælla and Osberht put their differences aside, and teamed up to retake the town. The attempt was a disaster, and both of them lost their lives. With no obvious leader, Northumbrian resistance was crushed and the Danes installed a puppet-king, Ecgberht, to rule in their name and collect taxes for their army. Later in the year the Army moved south and invaded the kingdom of Mercia, capturing the town of Nottingham, where they spent the winter.[9] The Mercian king, Burghred, responded by allying with the West Saxon king Æthelred, and with a combined force they laid siege to the town. The Anglo-Saxons were unable to recapture the city, but a truce was agreed whereby the Danes would withdraw to York, where they remained for over a year, gathering strength for further assaults. The Danes returned to East Anglia in 869, this time intent on conquest. They seized Thetford, with the intention of remaining there over winter, but they were confronted by an East Anglian army. The East Anglian army was defeated and their king, Edmund, was slain. Medieval tradition identifies Edmund as a martyr who refused the Danes' demand to renounce Christ, and was killed for his steadfast Christianity. Ivar and Ubba are identified as the commanders of the Danes, and the killers of Edmund, and it is unknown what part, if any, Halfdan took. Following the conquest of East Anglia Ivar apparently left the Great Heathen Army – his name disappears from English records after 870. However, he is generally considered to be identical to Ímar, a Norse King of Dublin who died in 873. With Ivar in Ireland, Halfdan became the main commander of the Army, and in 870 he led it in an invasion of Wessex. Sometime after Ivar left the Army, a great number of Viking warriors arrived from Scandinavia, as part of the Great Summer Army, led by Bagsecg, bolstering the ranks of Halfdan's army. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Danes battled the West Saxons nine times, including the Battle of Ashdown on 8 January 871. However, the West Saxons could not be defeated, and Halfdan accepted a truce from Alfred, newly crowned king of Wessex.
- Rollo or Gaange Rolf (Norman: Rou; Old Norse: Hrólfr; French: Rollon; c. 860 – c. 930 AD) was a Viking who became the first ruler of Normandy, a region in northern France. He is sometimes called the first Duke of Normandy. His son and grandson, William Longsword and Richard I, used the titles "count" (Latin comes or consul) and "prince" (princeps). His great-grandson Richard II was the first to officially use the title of Duke of Normandy. His Scandinavian name Rolf was extended to Gaange Rolf because he became too heavy as an adult for a horse to carry; therefore he had to walk. Rollo emerged as the outstanding personality among the Norsemen who had secured a permanent foothold on Frankish soil in the valley of the lower Seine. After the Siege of Chartres in 911, Charles the Simple, the king of West Francia, ceded them lands between the mouth of the Seine and what is now Rouen in exchange for Rollo agreeing to end his brigandage, and provide the Franks with protection against future Viking raids. Rollo is first recorded as the leader of these Viking settlers in a charter of 918, and he continued to reign over the region of Normandy until at least 928. He was succeeded by his son William Longsword in the Duchy of Normandy that he had founded. The offspring of Rollo and his followers became known as the Normans. After the Norman conquest of England and their conquest of southern Italy and Sicily over the following two centuries, their descendants came to rule Norman England (the House of Normandy), the Kingdom of Sicily (the Kings of Sicily) as well as the Principality of Antioch from the 10th to 12th century, leaving behind an enduring legacy in the histories of Europe and the Near East.The name Rollo is generally presumed to be a latinisation of the Old Norse name Hrólfr – a theory that is supported by the rendition of Hrólfr as Roluo in the Gesta Danorum. It is also sometimes suggested that Rollo may be a Latinised version of another Norse name, Hrollaugr. Rollo is generally identified with one Viking in particular – a man of high social status mentioned in Icelandic sagas, which refer to him by the Old Norse name Göngu-Hrólfr, meaning "Hrólfr the Walker" (also widely known by an Old Danish variant, Ganger-Hrolf). The byname "Walker" is usually understood to suggest that Rollo was so physically imposing that he could not be carried by a horse and was obliged to travel on foot. Norman and other French sources do not use the name Hrólfr, and the identification of Rollo with Göngu-Hrólfr is based upon similarities between circumstances and actions ascribed to both figures.[citation needed]The 10th-century Norman historian Dudo records that Rollo took the baptismal name Robert. A variant spelling, Rou, is used in the 12th-century Norman Frenchverse chronicle Roman de Rou, which was compiled by Wace and commissioned by King Henry II of England, a descendant of Rollo.After Rollo's death, his male-line descendants continued to rule Normandy until 1204, when it was lost by John Lackland to the French King Philip Augustus.Rollo's dynasty was able to survive through a combination of ruthless military actions and infighting among the Frankish aristocracy, which left them severely weakened and unable to combat the Rouen Vikings' growing determination to stay put.羅洛的挪威背景首先由十一世紀的本篤會修道士和歷史學家戈弗雷多·馬拉特拉明確主張，他寫道：「來自挪威的羅洛帶領他的艦隊，大膽航行到基督教的海岸」。同樣，十二世紀英國歷史學家馬姆斯伯里的威廉說羅洛是「挪威人中的貴族血統」。
anglo saxons
- https://www.quora.com/Would-an-Anglo-Saxon-and-Viking-be-able-to-understand-one-another-while-on-the-battlefield
romans
- https://www.quora.com/Did-the-Romans-ever-encounter-the-Vikings The Roman Empire as we know it from 27 BC to 395 AD never encountered the Vikings. The closest they ever got to encountering them was their trade with the Saxons. The Eastern half of the empire did encounter Vikings circa the first half of the 9th century. By 988, Emperor Basil II would hire the Rus’ and East Norse as a part of the army to form the Varangian Guard (the first record of Western Norsemen was circa 1030).
- *********https://www.quora.com/If-the-Romans-encountered-the-Vikings-how-would-they-treat-them some of the viking ancestors actually DID meet the romans in war. I’m talking about the Cimbri and Teutons, ancient danish tribes who left their home in 113 BC and migrated south. They fought the romans several times and were considered a very real threat to Rome. In the first battle against Rome in 105 B.C., the romans lost between 80.000 and 110.000 men. See Battle of Arausio - Wikipedia The Cimbri and Teutons later decided to invade Rome, but were defeated in year 101 B.C. In the final battle, it is said that when the women realized that their men were loosing the war, they cut the throat of their babies and then themselves, not to be taken prisoner. Only very few survivers were brought back to Rome. These lighthaired, brighteyed giants were proudly displayed in a parade of victory, before they were sold as slaves.Vikings were not a people or a nation, but actually a profession. They came out of Scandinavia in a time of wealth and good harvest, when Scandinavia produced more sons than it had room for. So some of them went ‘into Viking’, sailing out to trade, plunder and explore in foreign lands. Only later did they organize into small armies, controlled by upcoming kings. As for my native Denmark, it did not have a king for the entire country untill late 10th century. And the Viking age is said to end with the death of Canute the Great in 1035.
blacks
- https://www.quora.com/Were-there-ever-black-vikings-If-not-then-what-is-the-black-African-equivalent-to-Norse-vikings A Norwegian chieftain Geirmund Heljarskinn and his twin brother Håmund, born in 850 in the province of Rogaland were reported to have very dark skin and some prominent East Asian facial features. And they were very big in all the right places.
army
- https://www.quora.com/How-strong-were-Viking-round-shields
- https://www.quora.com/How-did-the-Vikings-fight-in-battle-Did-they-really-go-berserk Going Berserk is mysterious but was done in sagas and historically. We don’t know what caused it: drugs, drink, PSTD, the “red mist” of battle psychology, or a combination of these, but it was used by individuals to fight to the death, charging enemy formations or holding a position and just using ferocity. They were known as Úlfhéðnar (wolf warriors) or berserkir (bear shirts), wearing animal skins and trying to go into the mentality of a wolf or bear
crusaders
anglo saxons
- https://www.quora.com/Would-an-Anglo-Saxon-and-Viking-be-able-to-understand-one-another-while-on-the-battlefield
romans
- https://www.quora.com/Did-the-Romans-ever-encounter-the-Vikings The Roman Empire as we know it from 27 BC to 395 AD never encountered the Vikings. The closest they ever got to encountering them was their trade with the Saxons. The Eastern half of the empire did encounter Vikings circa the first half of the 9th century. By 988, Emperor Basil II would hire the Rus’ and East Norse as a part of the army to form the Varangian Guard (the first record of Western Norsemen was circa 1030).
- *********https://www.quora.com/If-the-Romans-encountered-the-Vikings-how-would-they-treat-them some of the viking ancestors actually DID meet the romans in war. I’m talking about the Cimbri and Teutons, ancient danish tribes who left their home in 113 BC and migrated south. They fought the romans several times and were considered a very real threat to Rome. In the first battle against Rome in 105 B.C., the romans lost between 80.000 and 110.000 men. See Battle of Arausio - Wikipedia The Cimbri and Teutons later decided to invade Rome, but were defeated in year 101 B.C. In the final battle, it is said that when the women realized that their men were loosing the war, they cut the throat of their babies and then themselves, not to be taken prisoner. Only very few survivers were brought back to Rome. These lighthaired, brighteyed giants were proudly displayed in a parade of victory, before they were sold as slaves.Vikings were not a people or a nation, but actually a profession. They came out of Scandinavia in a time of wealth and good harvest, when Scandinavia produced more sons than it had room for. So some of them went ‘into Viking’, sailing out to trade, plunder and explore in foreign lands. Only later did they organize into small armies, controlled by upcoming kings. As for my native Denmark, it did not have a king for the entire country untill late 10th century. And the Viking age is said to end with the death of Canute the Great in 1035.
blacks
- https://www.quora.com/Were-there-ever-black-vikings-If-not-then-what-is-the-black-African-equivalent-to-Norse-vikings A Norwegian chieftain Geirmund Heljarskinn and his twin brother Håmund, born in 850 in the province of Rogaland were reported to have very dark skin and some prominent East Asian facial features. And they were very big in all the right places.
army
- https://www.quora.com/How-strong-were-Viking-round-shields
- https://www.quora.com/How-did-the-Vikings-fight-in-battle-Did-they-really-go-berserk Going Berserk is mysterious but was done in sagas and historically. We don’t know what caused it: drugs, drink, PSTD, the “red mist” of battle psychology, or a combination of these, but it was used by individuals to fight to the death, charging enemy formations or holding a position and just using ferocity. They were known as Úlfhéðnar (wolf warriors) or berserkir (bear shirts), wearing animal skins and trying to go into the mentality of a wolf or bear
crusaders
- https://www.quora.com/Do-the-Crusaders-have-anything-to-do-with-the-Vikings many of the Crusaders - including one of the leaders of the First Crusade, Bohemund, were their descendants - Normans.
maritime
- *******https://www.quora.com/Looking-at-Viking-long-boats-there-doesnt-seem-to-be-anywhere-for-the-Vikings-to-sleep-or-cook-How-did-they-perform-these-basic-functions-on-long-voyages
culture
- https://www.quora.com/Did-the-Vikings-have-bad-hygiene
- https://www.quora.com/How-did-the-Vikings-avoid-hypothermia-when-out-in-the-rough-seas
traits, personality
- https://www.quora.com/Why-are-Vikings-depicted-as-being-really-tall-when-they-were-shorter-than-the-average-height
Normans were well represented on all Crusades, and other descendants of Vikings - Danes and Swedes - did Crusades to Baltic lands and Finland. King Sigurd I Jorsalafarare of Norway did himself a crusade to the Holy Land in 1107.
maritime
- *******https://www.quora.com/Looking-at-Viking-long-boats-there-doesnt-seem-to-be-anywhere-for-the-Vikings-to-sleep-or-cook-How-did-they-perform-these-basic-functions-on-long-voyages
culture
- https://www.quora.com/Did-the-Vikings-have-bad-hygiene
- https://www.quora.com/How-did-the-Vikings-avoid-hypothermia-when-out-in-the-rough-seas
traits, personality
- https://www.quora.com/Why-are-Vikings-depicted-as-being-really-tall-when-they-were-shorter-than-the-average-height
- https://www.quora.com/Were-ancient-humans-such-as-Vikings-actually-muscular-How-did-they-get-so-muscular-and-massive
food
- https://www.quora.com/What-foods-would-Vikings-pack-on-their-boats-for-raids
- https://www.quora.com/How-did-Vikings-eat-while-they-were-on-ships
cruelty
- https://www.quora.com/Were-the-Vikings-or-the-Romans-more-brutal-1
burial
- 古代北歐維京人有船葬墓傳統，考古學家近日在挪威中部一個農村，發現一座維京人船葬墓穴，由於裏面以大船套小船的奇特方式葬了一男一女，加上兩名死者的生存年代竟然相距一個世紀，令學者大感困惑。古墓上月於一個高速公路地盤內發現，墓內的兩名男女分別放在兩艘船內。男死者藏身於長約十米的木船，帶着劍、盾和矛，估計他於公元八世紀下葬。而比他「年輕」百載的女死者，則安放在前者的木船上另一艘約八米長全新木船中，身穿精美衣裙，戴有由戰利品愛爾蘭馬具改裝成的首飾，墓內並有一批食物和一個牛頭。參與發掘的挪威科技大學博物館考古學家紹瓦熱（Raymond Sauvage）表示，這種大船套小船的葬法屬首見，又指由於中世紀有法律規定，一個家族需證明連續至少五代居於同一土地，才算擁有業權，加上維京人家庭觀念很重，因此相信這葬法是標誌死者家族對該農村一帶土地的業權。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191124/00180_035.html
food
- https://www.quora.com/What-foods-would-Vikings-pack-on-their-boats-for-raids
- https://www.quora.com/How-did-Vikings-eat-while-they-were-on-ships
cruelty
- https://www.quora.com/Were-the-Vikings-or-the-Romans-more-brutal-1
burial
- 古代北歐維京人有船葬墓傳統，考古學家近日在挪威中部一個農村，發現一座維京人船葬墓穴，由於裏面以大船套小船的奇特方式葬了一男一女，加上兩名死者的生存年代竟然相距一個世紀，令學者大感困惑。古墓上月於一個高速公路地盤內發現，墓內的兩名男女分別放在兩艘船內。男死者藏身於長約十米的木船，帶着劍、盾和矛，估計他於公元八世紀下葬。而比他「年輕」百載的女死者，則安放在前者的木船上另一艘約八米長全新木船中，身穿精美衣裙，戴有由戰利品愛爾蘭馬具改裝成的首飾，墓內並有一批食物和一個牛頭。參與發掘的挪威科技大學博物館考古學家紹瓦熱（Raymond Sauvage）表示，這種大船套小船的葬法屬首見，又指由於中世紀有法律規定，一個家族需證明連續至少五代居於同一土地，才算擁有業權，加上維京人家庭觀念很重，因此相信這葬法是標誌死者家族對該農村一帶土地的業權。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191124/00180_035.html
untrue common beliefs
- [time travel] vikings did not wear horned helmets
- [time travel] vikings did not wear horned helmets
cosmology, religion
- The Vikings didn’t have one. They had an afterlife, but it doesn’t map to Heaven and Hell as interpreted by the Abrahamic religions.If you were a warrior, you could come to Valhalla, the hall of Odin. The stories that have been preserved don’t mention this explicitly, but all gods had their own halls, and it’s quite reasonable to expect that, for instance, farmers went to the hall of Frej, Álfheimr, that sailors went to Noatun to reside with Njord and that hunters went to Skade in Trymheim. But none of these places were similar to the Christian idea of “Heaven”.And if you were a nithing, that is, the most despicable kind of criminal, you’d be certain to end up in Hel—which is actually where the Christian “Hell” got its English name from, but it’s different in that it’s cold and dark, and would remind you more of Hades.https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-Viking-heaven-called
history
- The Viking phenomenon was born in the Iron Age of Scandinavia, at a time where small, loosely-affiliated kingdoms, and other political entities, dotted the coast of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark.These nations were dominated by an aristocratic warrior-elite that regularly engaged in small-scale warfare against each other. The vast majority of people in this period were small scale farmers and fishermen. Warriors were the exception, not the rule (yet, they were the rulers).From the end of the 8th century onwards, progress in shipbuilding techniques made it possible for some chieftains and warlords to sail further afield, and much more quickly than pretty much anyone else in Europe at the time.This lead to a rise in piracy originating from Scandinavia. It affected both western and eastern Europe’s coastal regions and was fueled by Scandinavian men who realized that with just a little bit of booty, they could significantly increase their wealth, social statue, and fame, back home.This phenomenon lasted centuries, and evolved into a more traditional form of warfare, where national armies clashed against other national armies, all across northern Europe.As such, the Viking phenomenon did not quite abruptly end, as it progressively evolved and participated in the formation of the early Scandinavian states. There was no strict historical break between Viking Age, and Scandinavian Middle Ages, really, and the culture and way of life of the viking Age Norsemen continued, to a degree, for centuries to come.The Viking Age poetry known as Skaldic poetry continue until about 1300.https://www.quora.com/Do-Viking-communities-still-exist-today
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-the-Vikings-disappear-after-the-13th-century They didn’t, Vikings settled as far as Greenland, Iceland, Malta, they founded Russia. That was Rus the Viking), they sailed the Danube and beyond to the Crimea, traded with Chinese, Arabs, Wilhelm the Conquerer founded modern England, Rollo (his relative) settled the Normandy (Norseman - Normandy). The Vikings are everywhere, they just settled and stopped raiding. Vikings were a whole bunch of Northern Germanic Seafaring tribes, from Germany, Danmark, Sweden, Norway.The German Hanse, a loose connection fo seafaring trading cities in Germany grew out of the Viking Influence and was one of the major Trading Unions in the world.
Note also a map - mentioning vinland (north america)
In 911, Charles the Simple, king of West Francia made a deal with Jarl Gaange Hrolfr. The jarl would convert to Christianity, become Duke of Normandy and his gang of freebooters would become the French Navy.Then in East Francia, Ansgar (Oscar) bishop of Hamburg-Bremen sent missionaries to Scandinavia. They converted the jarls of Denmark, Norway and Sweden into Christianity. The diocese recognized them as kings and financed their military expeditions to conquer and convert the heathen jarls hiding out out in the fjords. That statue above is located, appropriately enough in Copenhagen Denmark.
america
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-it-that-when-the-Vikings-visited-North-America-the-indigenous-people-were-immediately-hostile-yet-when-the-European-explorers-visited-north-America-they-were-welcomed-with-gifts
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-the-Vikings-abandon-their-North-American-colonies-and-never-return-again
- 北歐維京人足迹遍及多地，具體登陸北美洲時間有待考證。然而，一批來自荷蘭科學家近日透過一種全新技術發現，維京人早於1,000年前已踏足當地，甚至較發現美洲新大陸的著名航海家哥倫布早近471年。有關研究周三已在國際學術期刊《自然》刊登。加國木製遺址分析來自荷蘭格羅寧根大學的地球科學家與加拿大專家在加國紐芬蘭與拉布拉多省的維京人木製遺址當中，分析其中3塊來自不同木材樣本，再利用公元992年發生大規模太陽風暴作為基點。他們發現木材經歷太陽風暴後形成29圈年輪，即代表它們是於1021年被砍。領導是次研究的迪伊（Michael Dee）指出，許多考古學家認為維京人前往新大陸動機，是為了找尋新木材，相信他們是從現時丹麥屬地格陵蘭出發。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/content/%E5%85%A9%E5%B2%B8%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B/odn-20211023-1023_00180_062/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E4%BA%BA%E7%99%BB%E9%99%B8%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E--%E6%97%A9%E9%81%8E%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E5%B8%83
europe
- *********Being itinerant tribal warriors from the far fringe of Europe, they didn’t get the occasion to form an orderly military structure that could deploy forces for a major battle, like the mighty Charlemagne or the Arab conquerors did. Therefore, no battles where anyone got a chance to get them wiped out. First when they settled in Northern France, in Kievan Rus and Sicily and blended with local elites, they started to think and act like regular kings and dukes and counts. And also at this, they were hugely successful, with at least three mighty kingdoms as their lasting legacy.https://www.quora.com/If-the-Vikings-were-so-strong-why-were-they-annihilated-so-quickly
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-the-Viking-raids-end
nordic
- [tr berg] sigurd the crusader travelled all the way to jerusalem, and tge landnamabok (book of settlements) makes reference to a country that may be svalbard
scandinavia
- https://www.quora.com/When-did-the-Viking-era-end-and-why-Did-the-Vikings-exist-after-the-11th-century
iceland
- 美國布朗大學一批考古學者，早前在冰島西北部一個火山岩洞深處，發現一個石製的船形結構，內裏放有來自中東的文物和動物骸骨。團隊相信這些是1,100年前到達當地的維京人，為阻止滅世巨災而獻上的祭品。岩洞名為蘇魯特熔岩洞（Surtsheller Lava Cave），是冰島最長的熔岩洞和旅遊景點。考古團隊在石船內發現63件文物，當中包括來自現今伊拉克地區的飾物，以及經火燒的豬、牛、羊等牲畜骨頭。領導這次考古的學者史密斯（Kevin Smith）認為，逾千年前當維京人剛來到冰島，一場火山噴發令他們擔心是世界末日先兆，遂在熔岩才剛開始冷卻時便進入山洞，製作這個船形結構和在裏面獻祭，祈求災禍不要降臨。據了解，部分冰島人現時仍認為蘇魯特通往世界盡頭，撒旦會於「審判之日」在此出現以火燄滅世。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210430/00180_040.html
france
- The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; French: Normands; Latin: Nortmanni/Normanni; Old Norse: Norðmaðr) are an ethnic group that arose from contact between Norse Viking settlers of a region in France, named Normandy after them, and indigenous Franks and Gallo-Romans. The settlements in France followed a series of raids on the French coast from Denmark, Norway, and Iceland, and they gained political legitimacy when the Viking leader Rollo agreed to swear fealty to King Charles III of West Francia. The distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the Normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, and it continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries.The Norman dynasty had a major political, cultural and military impact on medieval Europe and the Near East. The Normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Catholic piety, becoming exponents of the Catholic orthodoxy of the Romance community into which they assimilated. They adopted the Gallo-Romance language of the Frankish land they settled, their dialect becoming known as Norman, Normaund or Norman French, an important literary language which is still spoken today in parts of Normandy and the nearby Channel Islands. The Duchy of Normandy, which they formed by treaty with the French crown, was a great fief of medieval France, and under Richard I of Normandy was forged into a cohesive and formidable principality in feudal tenure.The Normans are noted both for their culture, such as their unique Romanesque architecture and musical traditions, and for their significant military accomplishments and innovations. Norman adventurers played a role in founding the Kingdom of Sicily under Roger II after briefly conquering southern Italy and Malta from the Saracens and Byzantines, during an expedition on behalf of their duke, William the Conqueror, which also led to the Norman conquest of England at the historic Battle of Hastings in 1066. Norman and Anglo-Norman forces contributed to the Iberian Reconquista from the early eleventh to the mid-thirteenth centuries.Norman cultural and military influence spread from these new European centres to the Crusader states of the Near East, where their prince Bohemond I founded the Principality of Antioch in the Levant, to Scotland and Wales in Great Britain, to Ireland, and to the coasts of north Africa and the Canary Islands. The legacy of the Normans persists today through the regional languages and dialects of France, England, Spain, and Sicily, as well as the various cultural, judicial, and political arrangements they introduced in their conquered territories.
[from wiki 25oct2021]The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; French: Normands; Latin: Nortmanni/Normanni) were inhabitants of the early medieval Duchy of Normandy.[1] They were descendants of Norse Viking settlers (after whom Normandy was named) and the native Franks and Gallo-Romans of West Francia. The term is also used to denote emigrants from the duchy who conquered other territories such as England and Sicily. The Norse settlements in West Francia followed a series of raids on the French northern coast mainly from Denmark, although some also sailed from Norway and Sweden. Said settlements were finally legitimized when Rollo, a Scandinavian viking leader, agreed to swear fealty to King Charles III of West Francia following the siege of Chartres in 911 AD.[4] The intermingling between the Norse settlers and the indigenous Franks and Gallo-Romans in Normandy produced an ethnic and cultural "Norman" identity in the first half of the 10th century, an identity which continued to evolve over the centuries.The Norman dukes exercised independent control of their holdings in Normandy, while at the same time being vassals owing fealty to the King of France, and under Richard I of Normandy (byname "Richard sans Peur" meaning "Richard the Fearless") the Duchy was forged into a cohesive and formidable principality in feudal tenure. By the end of his reign in 996, the descendants of the Norse settlers "had become not only Christians but in all essentials Frenchmen. They had adopted the French language, French legal ideas, and French social customs, and had practically merged with the Frankish or Gallic population among whom they lived". Between 1066 and 1204, as a result of the Norman conquest of England, most of the kings of England were also dukes of Normandy. In 1204, Philip II of France seized mainland Normandy by force of arms, having earlier declared the Duchy of Normandy to be forfeit to him. It remained disputed territory until the Treaty of Paris of 1259, when the English sovereign ceded his claim to the Duchy, except for the Channel Islands. In the present day, the Channel Islands (the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey) are considered to be officially the last remnants of the Duchy of Normandy, and are not part of the United Kingdom but are instead self-governing Crown Dependencies.
- Autrefois, le mot de Normands était employé pour qualifier les Vikings. C'est pourquoi son étymologie s'explique par le francique ou le scandinave et signifie littéralement « Hommes du Nord ».
- https://www.quora.com/How-French-had-the-Normans-become-by-1066-Or-were-they-still-more-culturally-akin-to-Norsemen They spoke a distinct language/dialect (people can have a meaningless fight over which it was at that time); they were largely independent politically, as were most of the major duchies and counties in West Francia: in fact William the Bastard spent more than a few years at war with his nominal overlord, the King; they had no particular relationship with the Kingdom of Denmark or Norway.It was a very different time. Until the reign of Philippe II Auguste (r. 1180–1223), the Kings in Paris still called themselves Roi des Francs, not Roi de France or Roi des Francais. When Hugues Capet acquired the Kingship in 987, he actually controlled the Isle de France and not a lot beyond it. But all of West Francia, except the Basques [ETA: and Bretons*], spoke Gallo-Romance languages of one kind or another.The continuing project of the Capetian dynasty was to extend their authority over West Francia, which they more or less achieved by the 13th century. They took Normandy from its historic Dukes during the reign of John, also a notorious King of England. Up to then it can be regarded as functionally independent. But Norse it was not.
- https://www.quora.com/Did-the-Normans-retain-any-of-their-Viking-cultural-heritage-and-was-any-of-that-extant-by-1066 Yes. One example of extant influence is the way Normans decorated wooden structures.Scandinavian ships famously had wooden prows decorated to look like dragons, and their construction used particular patterns of wood joints.
When the Normans built wooden architectural structures in the 1060s, these wooden fortifications had designs reminiscent of those old Scandinavian ships. When wooden logs stuck out of the edge of buildings, the Norman artisans often carved dragon heads on the ends of them in prominent locations.This type of timber construction is called “Scandinavian style” by Hugh Braun in The English Castle. It involves four “keels” laid out with tall fir “masts” put on the corners of the wooden structure to support a high-pitched roof (Braun 25). Basically, they were still building their wooden architecture the same way their ancestors built their wooden ships.The Bayeux Tapestry reflects that common style of wood structures. Some of the buildings depicted woven into that artwork are quite fanciful (as the women sewing it did not necessarily ever see the buildings they depicted), but the artists often ended up creating weird amalgamations of Byzantine architecture, real-life castles, and Norman dragon head carvings.For instance, the image below shows the body of King Edward being brought to a church in England. Near the very center of the image, the Norman artwork fancifully shows a dragon head (not a gargoyle) looming over the entryway. The long wooden plank that acted as the building’s rooftop “spine” in large Norman structures often had such carvings on the end.
- 荷蘭北部荷加窩登（Hoogwoud）一名農民上年聖誕節，利用金屬探測器，在當地附近一塊粟米田裏發現一枚罕見的維京時代銀戒指，最遠可追溯至十世紀中期。這枚圓環戒指近日由該國國立古物博物館買下，成為中世紀文物館藏之一，將於數年後展出。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200412/00180_040.html
dutch and frisians
- English records mention Dani et Frisones (Danes and Frisians) raiding parts of England. https://www.quora.com/Were-Dutch-and-Hollands-vikings-too
iberia
iberia
- https://www.quora.com/Why-were-the-Vikings-massacred-in-Iberia-and-successful-in-Britain
spain and morocco
- https://www.quora.com/Why-didnt-Vikings-settle-in-Spain-and-Morocco-if-they-raided-there-Didnt-they-consider-such-climates-and-lands-more-suitable-than-theirs
maps, artefacts
- https://www.quora.com/Were-the-vikings-afraid-of-anyone NOTE THE MAP
spain and morocco
- https://www.quora.com/Why-didnt-Vikings-settle-in-Spain-and-Morocco-if-they-raided-there-Didnt-they-consider-such-climates-and-lands-more-suitable-than-theirs
maps, artefacts
- https://www.quora.com/Were-the-vikings-afraid-of-anyone NOTE THE MAP
Viking things
- 美國飛機製造商波音公司研發的最新多用途戰機F15EX，周二在密蘇里州首次試飛成功。F15EX於東岸時間下午1時57分，從蘭伯特-聖路易斯國際機場起飛，約90分鐘後降落，期間測試航空電子設備、先進系統及軟件，並展示「維京飛行」（Viking takeoff）技能，即升空後以垂直角度爬升。試飛原定周一舉行，因天氣原因押後。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210205/00180_005.html
in pop culture
- 維京人傳奇領袖洛特布羅克（Ragnar Lothbrok）的事迹近年多次成為影視節目題材，例如加拿大劇集《維京傳奇》（Vikings），深受廣大觀眾喜愛。近日，網上掀起扮演洛特布羅克的換裝挑戰。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/content/%E5%85%A9%E5%B2%B8%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B/odn-20210808-0808_00180_065/%E7%B6%B2%E6%B0%91%E7%88%AD%E7%9B%B8%E6%89%AE%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E8%8B%B1%E9%9B%84
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