- 《李朝实录》，又稱《朝鮮王朝實錄》或《朝鮮封建王朝實錄》，是李氏朝鲜《太祖大王实录》到《哲宗大王实录》的一个统编，是李氏朝鲜（又称“朝鮮王朝”）472年的历代实录。是第151號韓國國寶。1990年代開始，韓國基金會將其翻譯成現代韓文並進行數位化[2]。1997年10月，《李朝实录》登錄為世界紀錄遺產。韓國國史編纂委員會在1993年完成《朝鮮王朝實錄》翻譯成韓文，2006年提供原文（漢文）和韓文本的網路閱覽服務，並預計在2033年完成英譯本。The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty (also known as The True Record of the Joseon Dynasty) are the annual records of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea, which were kept from 1413 to 1865. The annals, or sillok, comprise 1,893 volumes and are thought to cover the longest continual period of a single dynasty in the world.
- Cry Korea: The Korean War - A Reporter's Notebook by Thompson, Reginald
- Reginald Thompson reported from Korea for the Daily Telegraph during the four months in which the Korean war was 'won' and 'lost'. After the assault on Inchon, in September 1950, he followed UN forces up to the Manchurian border and back, witnessing scenes of appalling brutality.
Jinhan (Korean pronunciation: [tɕin.ɦan]) was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century AD in the southern Korean Peninsula, to the east of the Nakdong River valley, Gyeongsang Province. Jinhan was one of the Samhan (or "Three Hans"), along with Byeonhan and Mahan. Apparently descending from the Jin state of southern Korea, Jinhan was absorbed by the later Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.辰韓（진한，しんかん），是古代（公元前2世紀末至公元後4世紀左右）朝鮮半島南部部落之一，在洛東江以東慶尚道，與馬韓及弁韓合稱三韓。三韓是現在朝鮮族的直系祖先，也是如今韓國國名得來的原因。《三國志魏書卷三十 烏丸鮮卑東夷傳》-辰韓在馬韓之東，其耆老傳世，自言古之亡人避秦役來適韓國，馬韓割其東界地與之。有城柵。其言語不與馬韓同，名國為邦，弓為弧，賊為寇，行酒為行觴。相呼皆為徒，有似秦人，非但燕、齊之名物也。名樂浪人為阿殘；東方人名我為阿，謂樂浪人本其殘餘人。今有名之為秦韓者。始有六國，稍分為十二國。故辰韓亦有秦韓之稱(「辰」和「秦」在現代韓語/韓語中發音一樣，韓語諺文書寫字形也都是「진」字，但漢字表記不同）。另一說法是辰國人後裔。辰韓初有六國，後發展最鼎盛時共有十二國；辰韓包括前57年建立的新羅，東晉時期為新羅國所分。辰韓被新羅合併後秦人逃亡日本。辰韓與弁韓交流較多，居民均相互雜居[3]。辰韓與弁韓語言文化相似，但《後漢書》記載，兩者語言文化相異。
- note that jin rong translated the chinese version
Mahan (Korean pronunciation: [ma.ɦan]) was a loose confederacy of statelets that existed from around the 1st century BC to 5th century AD in the southern Korean peninsula in the Chungcheong and Jeolla provinces.[1] Arising out of the confluence of Gojoseon migration and the Jin state federation, Mahan was one of the Samhan ("Three Hans"), along with Byeonhan and Jinhan. Baekje began as a member statelet, but later overtook all of Mahan and became one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Under continuous pressure from Baekje, only 20 statelets of Mahan confederacy survived until the late 3rd century. Baekje eventually absorbed or conquered all of Mahan by the 5th century, growing into one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, along with Silla and Goguryeo.
- According to the San Guo Zhi, Mahan consisted of 54 statelets of up to ten thousand families each:
- Gamhae (감해국, 感奚國), present-day Iksan.
- Gamhaebiri (감해비리국, 監奚卑離國), present-day Hongseong.
- Geonma (건마국, 乾馬國), present-day Iksan.
- Gorap (고랍국, 古臘國), present-day Namwon.
- Gori (고리국, 古離國), present-day Iksan.
- Gobiri (고비리국, 古卑離國), present-day Yangpyeong or Yeoju.
- Gowon (고원국, 古爰國)
- Gotanja (고탄자국, 古誕者國)
- Gopo (고포국, 古蒲國), present-day Buyeo County.
- Guro (구로국, 狗盧國), present-day Cheongyang.
- Gusaodan (구사오단국, 臼斯烏旦國), present-day Jangseong.
- Guso (구소국, 狗素國), present-day Jeongeup.
- Guhae (구해국, 狗奚國), present-day Gangjin.
- Naebiri (내비리국, 內卑離國)
- Noram (노람국, 怒藍國)
- Daeseoksak (대석삭국, 大石索國), present-day Yangju or Ganghwa Island.
- Mangno (막로국, 莫盧國)
- Mallo (만로국, 萬盧國), present-day Boryeong or Gunsan.
- Morobiri (모로비리국, 牟盧卑離國), present-day Gochang.
- Mosu (모수국, 牟水國), present-day Suwon.
- Mokji (목지국, 目支國), present-day Cheonan.
- Baekje (백제국, 百濟國), present-day Seoul.
- Byeokbiri (벽비리국, 辟卑離國), present-day Gimje.
- Bulmi (불미국, 不彌國), present-day Naju.
- Bulsabunsa (불사분사국, 不斯濆邪國), present-day Jeonju.
- Burun (불운국, 不雲國), present-day Gongju or Boseong.
- Biri (비리국, 卑離國), present-day Gunsan.
- Bimi (비미국, 卑彌國), present-day Seocheon.
- Saro (사로국, 駟盧國), present-day Hongseong.[8]
- Sangoe (상외국, 桑外國), present-day Hwaseong.
- Soseoksak (소석삭국, 小石索國), present-day Gyodong Island.
- Sowigeon (소위건국, 素謂乾國), present-day Boryeong.
- Songnobulsa (속로불사국, 速盧不斯國), present-day Gimpo.
- Sinbunhwal (신분활국, 臣濆活國), present-day Anseong or Gapyeong.
- Sinsodo (신소도국, 臣蘇塗國), present-day Taean.
- Sinunsin (신운신국, 臣雲新國), present-day Cheonan.
- Sinheun (신흔국, 臣釁國), present-day Daejeon or Asan.
- Arim (아림국, 兒林國), present-day Seocheon or Yesan.
- Yeoraebiri (여래비리국, 如來卑離國), present-day Iksan.
- Yeomno (염로국, 冉路國), present-day Asan.
- Uhyumotak (우휴모탁국, 優休牟涿國), present-day Bucheon.
- Wonyang (원양국, 爰襄國), present-day Hwaseong or Paju.
- Wonji (원지국, 爰池國), present-day Yeosu.
- Illan (일난국, 一難國)
- Illi (일리국, 一離國)
- Irhwa (일화국, 日華國)
- Imsoban (임소반국, 臨素半國), present-day Gunsan.
- Jarimoro (자리모로국, 咨離牟盧國), present-day Icheon.
- Jiban (지반국, 支半國), present-day Buan.
- Jichim (지침국, 支侵國), present-day Eumseong.
- Cheomno (첩로국, 捷盧國), present-day Jeongeup.
- Chori (초리국, 楚離國), present-day Goheung.
- Chosandobiri (초산도비리국, 楚山塗卑離國), present-day Jindo County.
- Chiriguk (치리국국, 致利鞠國), present-day Seocheon.
three kingdoms
- [seoul book of everything by macintyre purcell publishing] three kingdoms began in 57 BCE; during 392 to 551, there were battles amongst the kingdoms for control of the han river valley and seoul. The seoul area is, at different points, under the possession of all three kingdoms, and under silla rule after 551; in 618, tang dynasty comes to power in china and allies with silla kingdom in helping defeat baekje and goguryeo kingdoms.
silla
- 金庾信（きん ゆしん、595年 - 673年）は、三国時代の新羅の将軍。新羅の朝鮮半島統一に最大級の貢献をした。532年に新羅に併合された金官伽倻の王家の血を引いており[1]、金庾信の妹が武烈王（金春秋）に嫁いで文明夫人となり、その長子が後の第30代の文武王となる。金庾信自身も後に武烈王の三女を智炤夫人として娶っており、新羅の王族ではなかったが王族との関係は親密であった。『三国史記』『金庾信列伝』によれば、金庾信は首露王を祖先とする12世孫であり、金庾信碑には、その祖先は黄帝の子の少昊金天氏の後裔であり、そのため金氏を名乗っていたとある[註釈 1]。
- King Taejong Muyeol(604- 661), born Kim Chun-Chu, was the 29th ruler of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He is credited for leading the unification of Korea's Three Kingdom. King Taejong Muyeol was born with the "sacred bone" rank of seonggol. His father, Kim Yongsu (金龍樹), was a son of Silla's 25th ruler, King Jinji. When King Jinji was overthrown, all royalty from his line, including Kim Yongsu, were deemed unfit to rule over the kingdom. However, as he Yongsu was one of the few remaining seonggols, and married a seonggol princess (King Jinpyeong's daughter Princess Cheonmyeong), their child, Kim Chunchu, became seonggol and thus had a claim to the throne. Kim Yongsu was a powerful figure in the government. However, he lost all of his power to Kim Baekban, the brother of the king. In order to survive, he had accepted to become a jingol, the rank that was right below seonggol. Therefore, he lost his chance of becoming the king, and so did his child, Kim Chunchu. Following the death of his aunt, Queen Seondeok, Chunchu was passed over in favor of Jindeok of Silla, the last verifiable seonggol. With her death, all the seonggols were dead, so somebody with the royal blood in the jinggol rank had to succeed the throne. Kim Alcheon(a.k.a. So Alcheon), who was then Sangdaedeung (highest post of government) of Silla was the original favorite to succeed the throne. His father was a seonggol, who married a jingol wife so that his son would not be a seonggol and suffer from the fight for the throne. However, Kim Yushin supported Kim Chunchu, and Alcheon eventually refused the throne and supported Chunchu's claim. As a result, Kim Chunchu succeeded the throne as King Muyeol.
- Kim Inmun (629–694) was a noted aristocrat, scholar, and official of the ancient Korean kingdom of Silla. He was the son of Muyeol and the younger brother of Munmu, the twenty-ninth and thirtieth kings respectively of Silla. In 651, as a young man of twenty-three, Kim Inmun was dispatched by his father, King Muyeol, to TangChina and entered into the service of Tang Gaozong, where he soon won that emperor's trust and esteem. In 653 King Muyeol entrusted his son Inmun with the diplomatic mission of securing a Tang military alliance against Silla's rival Baekje. Kim Inmun mobilized with the Tang troops that subsequently marched on Baekje, and participated in the campaign that ended in the destruction of Baekje and the capture of its last king Uija. Kim Inmun would go on to serve as a regular mediary between the Tang and Silla courts in the years of Korea's unification wars and for a short period thereafter, living much of his life in the Tang capital. In 674, in the wake of Silla's unification of the peninsula and the subsequent deterioration of the Silla-Tang alliance, Kim Inmun was actually named King of Silla by the Tang emperor and ordered to return to Silla to replace his brother on the throne. It was while en route back to Silla that an embassy from Silla was met proferring apologies to Tang and seeking forgiveness. Kim's title was rescinded and he returned to the Tang capital. The 12th century Korean history Samguk Sagi contains a brief biography of Kim Inmun. There it states that he died of illness in the Tang capital of Chang'an in the fourth month of 694, a detail confirmed in the Tang histories. The Tang emperor sent a special delegation to conduct Kim's body back to Silla. In Silla he was granted the posthumous title of Taedae gakgan (태대각간, 太大角干) and was buried on the western plain of the Silla capital of Gyeongju.
- 新羅の首都である慶州(キョンジュ)と古朝鮮・高句麗の首都である平壌(ピョンヤン)一帯の古墳http://japan.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/36306.html
- 于山國
- 《三国史记》说明了于山國在朝鲜三国时代時就已存在。在512年，新罗的将军異斯夫攻打于山国，使于山國向朝鮮本島臣服。不過，到了11世紀初，于山國受到女真族的海盜侵略而滅亡。韩国人认为古代名称的于山島是和日本争执的独岛，但日本人认为于山岛是在鬱陵島接近的竹屿。
Baekje (백제; 百濟; [pɛk̚.t͈ɕe] (also Paekche); 18 BC – 660 AD) was a kingdom located in southwestern Korea.It was founded by Onjo, the third son of Goguryeo's founder Jumong and So Seo-no, at Wiryeseong (present-day southern Seoul). Baekje, like Goguryeo, claimed to succeed Buyeo, a state established in present-day Manchuriaaround the time of Gojoseon's fall.At its peak in the 4th century, Baekje controlled most of the western Korean peninsula, as far north as Pyongyang, and may have even held territories in China, such as in Liaoxi, though this view is controversial. It became a significant regional sea power, with political and trade relations with China and Japan.Baekje was a great maritime power; its nautical skill, which made it the Phoeniciaof East Asia, was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan.In 660 it was defeated, by an alliance of Silla and the Chinese Tang Dynasty, and submitted to Unified Silla. - language
Goryeo (고려; 高麗; Koryŏ; [ko.ɾjʌ]) was a Korean kingdom founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392. Goryeo achieved what has been called a "true national unification" by Korean historians as it not only unified the Later Three Kingdoms but also incorporated much of the ruling class of the northern kingdom of Balhae, who had origins in Goguryeo of the earlier Three Kingdoms of Korea. The name "Korea" is derived from the name of Goryeo, also spelled Koryŏ, which was first used in the early 5th century by Goguryeo. The once prosperous kingdom of Later Silla, which had ruled much of the Korean Peninsula since the late 7th century, began crumbling by the late 9th century due to internal turmoil, leading to the revival of the ancient states of Baekje and Goguryeo, known in historiography as "Later Baekje" and "Later Goguryeo".[11]Later Goguryeo, also known as Taebong, was overthrown from within in 918 by Wang Geon, a prominent general of noble Goguryeo descent, who established Goryeo in its place. Goryeo peacefully annexed Later Silla in 935 and militarily conquered Later Baekje in 936, successfully reunifying the Korean Peninsula. Beginning in 993, Goryeo faced multiple invasions by the Khitan Liao dynasty, a powerful nomadic empire to the north, but a decisive military victory in 1019 brought about a century of peace and prosperity as Goryeo entered its golden age.During this period, a balance of power was maintained in East Asia between Goryeo, Liao, and Song.
- surname
- [漢語大辭典]劦(replace力with刀)音li,第二聲, 百濟百姓之一
Goryeo (고려; 高麗; Koryŏ; [ko.ɾjʌ]) was a Korean kingdom founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392. Goryeo achieved what has been called a "true national unification" by Korean historians as it not only unified the Later Three Kingdoms but also incorporated much of the ruling class of the northern kingdom of Balhae, who had origins in Goguryeo of the earlier Three Kingdoms of Korea. The name "Korea" is derived from the name of Goryeo, also spelled Koryŏ, which was first used in the early 5th century by Goguryeo. The once prosperous kingdom of Later Silla, which had ruled much of the Korean Peninsula since the late 7th century, began crumbling by the late 9th century due to internal turmoil, leading to the revival of the ancient states of Baekje and Goguryeo, known in historiography as "Later Baekje" and "Later Goguryeo".[11]Later Goguryeo, also known as Taebong, was overthrown from within in 918 by Wang Geon, a prominent general of noble Goguryeo descent, who established Goryeo in its place. Goryeo peacefully annexed Later Silla in 935 and militarily conquered Later Baekje in 936, successfully reunifying the Korean Peninsula. Beginning in 993, Goryeo faced multiple invasions by the Khitan Liao dynasty, a powerful nomadic empire to the north, but a decisive military victory in 1019 brought about a century of peace and prosperity as Goryeo entered its golden age.During this period, a balance of power was maintained in East Asia between Goryeo, Liao, and Song.
- costume
- court
- crafts
- http://www.jksct.or.kr/_common/do.php?a=full&b=4&bidx=339&aidx=4215 King and Crown Prince's Gwanbok (冠服) written in『Goryeosa』Yeobokji was the bestowment of robes and crowns by the Son of Heaven who yielded hegemony over East Asia. It designated the King and Crown Prince of Goryeo as real and authentic as well as confirmed the political status of Goryeo in East Asia. In『Goryeosa』Yeobokji, the King's Gwanbok is of higher stature than the adornments of the King's ritual robes (祭服) and court robes (朝服) which held a domestic political significance. In East Asia, bestowment of voiture (車) and robe (服) usually appeared in the multistate system. In the 10th century, the Later Jin (後晋) spread the idea of investiture and bestowment to Khitan (契丹). The Liao (遼) or Khitan and the Jin (金), the Conquest Dynasties, endeavored to establish the legitimacy of the Son of Heaven by imitating Sinocentrism by means of investiture and bestowment. In the reign of XingZong (興宗) and DaoZong (道宗) of Liao, the ritual of investiture and bestowment for Goryeo was in the making, adding titles and bestowments in the occasion of the elevation of Emperor Liao's honorific title. King Munjong (文宗) of Goryeo reached 9-bestowment which symbolized the first of the feudal lords in East Asia. This exceptional respect for Goryeo went on to Jin's investiture and bestowment. From then, 9-bestowment was defined as an international decorum (禮) toward Goryeo. This historical study of Gwanbok (冠服) of『Goryeosa』, indicates: First, the King's Ceremonial Robe with Nine-symbol Design were designated from the early to middle of the Goryeo Dynasty by investiture and bestowment from the Conquest Dynasties. Second, the bestowed King's Robe and Crown had simultaneous functions for domestic order and international order. Goryeo did not follow ideological Sinocentrism but followed practical interest by accepting Confucian Li (禮) philosophy passed on through the Conquest Dynasties.
- 目前全世界僅存二十多件高麗螺鈿漆器，大多收藏於日本和美國的博物館。文化財廳去年十二月向日本一名私人收藏家購下該文物後運回國；連同是次收回的，南韓共有三件高麗螺鈿漆器保存在國立中央博物館。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200704/00180_039.html
- legacy
- 遼寧省文物考古研究院昨日發佈消息稱，遼寧 省高句麗遺蹟考古工作（2018年至 2019年）結 束。截至目前，遼寧共發現高句麗遺蹟 300 餘 處。其中，山城 70餘座，墓葬 200餘處，其他相 關遺蹟60餘處。 遼寧省高句麗遺蹟考古工作大致始於 20世紀 30年代，至今已有 80多年的歷史。2017年底， 遼寧省開始對遼寧省境內的高句麗、渤海時期遺 蹟展開調查。 此次調查歷時 2年，調查共涉及城址 31座、墓 葬 218處、遺址和關隘 21處，確認了邊牛山城、 五女山城、高儉地山城、城牆砬子山城、瓦房溝 山城、下古城子城址、黑溝山城、高爾山山城、 塔山山城等高句麗城址；確認雅河流域墓群、望 江樓墓群、上古城子墓群等高句麗時期墓葬，大 井遺址、大恩堡石柱子、北溝關隘、撫順勞動公 園址等高句麗遺址。另外發現渤海時期遺址 1 處。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/01/20/a15-0120.pdf
小中華思想（しょうちゅうかしそう）とは朝鮮で唱えられた中華思想（華夷思想）の一変種であり中華文明圏の中にあって、漢族とは異なる政治体制と言語を維持した民族と国家の間で広まった思想。自らを「中国王朝（大中華）と並び立つもしくは次する文明国で、中華の一役をなすもの（小中華）」と見なそうとする文化的優越主義思想である。この「文化」とは儒教文化のことであり、中華文明への同化の程度によって文化の高低が判断されるものであったナショナリズムの一種とも捉えられないことはない。小中華思想の元となった中華思想は儒教に裏付けられた漢民族の文化優越主義から始まり、地理的世界観、政治的世界観も併せ持つに至る。中華思想の基で中国王朝は周辺諸民族を他者化（自他の区別をつけるもの）し、夷狄（文明化しない野蛮人）、禽獣（獣に等しい存在）と蔑む一方、冊封体制（事大朝貢体制）によってその世界観を具現化し、また同時に夷狄の教化に当たった。中国王朝のこうした世界観は周辺諸国では否定的に受け取られることが多く、ベトナムでは対外的君主と国内的君主を分離した上皇制度を導入し、皇帝がその諱（本名）を知られて中国皇帝の臣下として扱われるのを避け、皇帝が早い段階で後継者に皇位を譲って太上皇（上皇）となり、宮廷内の最高意思決定と中国皇帝に対する朝貢を行い、内政一般など国内の政治は皇帝が担当していた。このため、中国への朝貢は上皇が「国王」を名乗って行っており、中国正史とベトナムの正史が伝える国王の在位にはずれが生じているといわれている。また日本でも聖徳太子の書「日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云」、あるいは南北朝期の懐良親王が明の太祖からの朝貢を促す書簡を無礼と見なし、使者を斬り捨てたことに表れるように、中華中心の華夷観を否定し対等外交を志向する向きが強かった。
The Joseon dynasty (also transcribed as Chosŏn or Chosun, Korean: 조선; officially the Kingdom of Great Joseon, Korean: 대조선국) was a Korean[5] dynastic kingdom that lasted for approximately five centuries. It was founded by Yi Seong-gye in July 1392 and was replaced by the Korean Empire in October 1897.[6] It was founded following the aftermath of the overthrow of Goryeo in what is today the city of Kaesong. Early on, Korea was retitled and the capital was relocated to modern-day Seoul. The kingdom's northernmost borders were expanded to the natural boundaries at the rivers of Amnok and Tuman through the subjugation of the Jurchens. Joseon was the last dynasty of Korea and its longest-ruling Confucian dynasty.
- sejong
- [seoul book of everything] an avid proponent of confucianism
- https://beta.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/2175439/no-k-drama-fresh-prince-south-korea-real-royalty-and-hes-american Andrew Lee is princely, but in a modern, self-made tech-royalty sense rather than a traditional crown-and-sceptre way. His ears sparkle with diamond studs, while his shoulder-length curls are tucked under a flat-brimmed, hip-hop-style baseball cap emblazoned with the words “Handshake Hodler” – terms used in blockchain and crypto culture. Lee, 34, also happens to be the newly crowned prince and successor to the imperial throne of Korea. Until his inauguration in October, Lee led an existence typical to many Korean-Americans, running a tech company and raising two young children with his wife in the suburbs of Las Vegas, where the family recently relocated from Los Angeles.Lee was born and raised in Indianapolis, the capital of Indiana, along the rust belt where only corn and other agricultural industries reign. He says his parents (his father is related to the Yi family) never disclosed their royal relations, so he only learned about the family dynasty through a passing reference from a relative. “I wasn’t aware of our family background,” Lee says.
- The Hahoe Folk Village (Korean: 안동하회마을) is a traditional village from the Joseon Dynasty. The 'Ha' is short for river and 'hoe' means to 'turn around, return, come back." The village is a valuable part of Korean culture because it preserves Joseon period-style architecture, folk traditions, valuable books, and an old tradition of clan-based villages. The Ryu (or Yu in some transcriptions) clan of Pungsan established the Hahae Folk Village in the 16th century during the Joseon Dynastyand has been a one-clan community since that time.[3] The village is notable because it has preserved many of its original structures, such as the village Confucian school and other buildings, and maintains folk arts such as the Hahae Mask Dance Drama ('Byeonlsin-gut') which is a shamanist rite honoring the communal spirits of the village.この村は、16世紀に豊山柳氏の一族によってつくられ、その後同族集落として存続してきた。現在も、約180戸ある村の住人の7割は豊山柳氏である。豊山柳氏からは朝鮮王朝中期の儒学者・政治家である柳雲龍・柳成龍兄弟を輩出している。豊山柳氏宗家（柳雲龍の末裔）の屋敷である養真堂や、柳成龍の住居であった忠孝堂など、両班の暮らしを窺うことのできる瓦葺きの古い建築や、藁葺きの家々が数多く保存されている。また、仮面劇である河回別神クッも伝えられており、使用人の目から両班を諷刺する内容となっている。河回別神クッは大韓民国指定重要無形文化財第69号となっており、使われる仮面は大韓民国指定国宝第121号となっている。
- architecture
- [korea jun19] Gwanghallu Pavilion (built in 1419)'s style is representative of that of joseon dynasty and is the setting of the classic korean love story chunhyangjeon (tale of chunhyang). The pavilion also hosts the annual chunhyang festival. In addition, wanwoljeong pavilion's name roughly means a pavilion for enjoying a view of the moon. At night from this pavilion, the moon can be seen rising over the pond and the garden submerged in the moonlight. It was destroyed during the second japanese invasion of korea (1597-8) but rebuilt in 1638.
- Salgoji was once covered with fields that provided grazing for the government's horses and an ideal habitat for birds. It was also the domain of masculine activities. Gentry ― with their falcons ― hunted birds. Archers practiced their art in the archery ranges that also served as drill fields for soldiers. Often, modernization destroys the relics of the past but in this area one visage of Joseon remains and, remarkably, is still used. This relic from the past is Salgoji Bridge. According to the signboard nearby, construction of the bridge began in 1420 but was not completed until 1483. It was the longest stone bridge built during the Joseon dynasty and had a vital role in transportation with the capital and the southeast region.http://m.koreatimes.co.kr/pages/article.asp?newsIdx=291476
The Japanese invasions of Korea comprised two separate yet linked operations: an initial invasion in 1592, a brief truce in 1596, and a second invasion in 1597. The conflict ended in 1598 with the withdrawal of the Japanese forces[1][21] from the Korean Peninsula after a military stalemate[3] in Korea's southern coastal provinces. The invasions were launched by Toyotomi Hideyoshi with the intent of conquering Korea and China, which were ruled by the Joseon and Ming dynasties, respectively. Japan quickly succeeded in occupying large portions of the Korean Peninsula, but the contribution of reinforcements by the Ming Dynasty,[23][24][25] as well as the disruption of Japanese supply fleets along the western and southern coasts by the Joseon Navy[26][27][28][29][30] forced a withdrawal of Japanese forces from Pyongyang and the northern provinces to the south, where the Japanese continued to occupy Hanseong (present-day Seoul) and the southeastern regions. Afterwards, with guerrilla warfare waged against the Japanese by Joseon civilian militias [31] and supply difficulties hampering both sides, neither the Japanese nor the combined Ming and Joseon forces were able to mount a successful offensive or gain any additional territory, resulting in a military stalemate in the areas between Hanseong and Kaesong. The first phase of the invasion lasted from 1592 until 1596, and was followed by ultimately unsuccessful peace negotiations between Japan and the Ming between 1596 and 1597. In 1597, Japan renewed its offensive by invading Korea a second time. The pattern of the second invasion largely mirrored that of the first. The Japanese had initial successes on land, capturing several cities and fortresses, only to be halted and forced to withdraw to the southern coastal regions of the peninsula. The pursuing Ming and Joseon forces, however, were unable to dislodge the Japanese from their remaining fortresses and entrenched positions in the southern coastal areas,[32][33][34] where both sides again became locked in a ten-month long military stalemate. With Hideyoshi's death in 1598, limited progress on land, and continued disruption of supply lines by the Joseon navy, the Japanese forces in Korea were ordered to withdraw back to Japan by the new governing Council of Five Elders. Final peace negotiations between the parties followed afterwards and continued for several years, ultimately resulting in the normalization of relations.
- [seoul book of everything] in 1876, a forced treaty opens korea up to trade with japan, ending korea's isolation
- [korea international school booklet] korea's view on japan's rule - an authorised ruling 1910-1920 (japanese governor-general founded the police of enlisted men in sep1910, arranged 2 million miliary police in all parts of joseon, education based in korean (korean traditional education center seodang) was abolished, sungkyunkwan (korea's biggest university abolished), high level education banned (only until G4), the freedom of purchasing land by korean banned, japan tried to weed out righteous army in the honam region); cultural ruling (1920-1930)(goal was to "divide joseon", donga and joseon newspaper company was established, but interference and banning news issue frequently happened, emergence of new power "pro-japanese", independence movement singanhoe - a party that was most active after 3.1 movement, build korean economy by encouraging purchase of joseon made products); national extermination ruling (1930-1945) (use of joseon words, education by joseon language, education of joseon history and using joseon name banned, independence movement by joseon include the establishment of joseon language society in 1942 aiming to make a dictionary only in joseon language)
- The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905, also known as the Eulsa Treaty, Eulsa Unwilling Treaty or Japan–Korea Protectorate Treaty, was made between the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire in 1905. Negotiations were concluded on November 17, 1905.[1] The treaty deprived Korea of its diplomatic sovereignty and made Korea a protectorate of Imperial Japan. It resulted from Imperial Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905.In the metonymy Eulsa Treaty,[3] the word Eulsa or Ulsa derives the Sexagenary Cycle's 42nd year of the Korean calendar, in which the treaty was signed.[4] The treaty is identified by several names including Second Japan–Korea Convention (Japanese: 第二次日韓協約, Korean: 제2차 한일협약, 第二次韓日協約),[5] Eulsa Restriction Treaty (Korean: 을사늑약, 乙巳勒約),[5] Eulsa Protection Treaty (Japanese: 乙巳保護条約, Korean: 을사보호조약),[citation needed] and Korea Protection Treaty (Japanese: 韓国保護条約).This treaty deprived Korea of its diplomatic sovereignty,[9][10][11] in effect making Korea a protectorate of Imperial Japan.[12] The provisions of the treaty took effect on November 17, 1905, and it laid the foundation for the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907, and subsequent annexation of Korea in 1910.本協約は、1965年に結ばれた日韓基本条約第2条により、他の条約とともに「もはや無効」であることが確認されたが、この解釈においても日本と韓国では割れている。日本では1965年の条約締結以降に無効になったと考えている。一方、韓国政府は日韓併合条約が当初から無効であった（締結時から効力を発していない）という立場を取っている。
- The post of Governor-General of Korea served as the chief administrator of Korea while it was held as Chōsen (Korea) from 1910 to 1945. The seat of the colonial government was the General Government Building, completed in 1926. While suppressing freedom of speech and association as well as independence movement, Governor-General of Korea laid down an infrastructure of public works and facilities, which brought prevention of infectious disease and the increase of birthrate. Governor-General of Korea had a police organisation, which, for example, clamped down on Korean procurers who tricked girls in their minority into working as comfort women.
- 大韓帝国では庶民に対する教育機関がほとんど無く、七割程度の朝鮮人は読み書きができなかったといわれる。また、朝鮮では両班階級を中心に漢字文化が重視されており、ハングル（朝鮮語）文化は下層階級が使うものと見下され蔑視されていたともいう[25][26]。そうしたなか、朝鮮総督府は朝鮮語教育に力を入れ、朝鮮民衆にハングルが広まったのは大日本帝国の政策の結果であったとする意見も存在している[4]。朝鮮総督府は1912年（明治45年）、近代において初めて作成された朝鮮語の正書法である普通学校用諺文綴字法を作成し、1930年（昭和5年）には児童の学習能率の向上、朝鮮語の綴字法の整理・統一のための新正書法である諺文綴字法を作成した。国政選挙に関しては朝鮮では選挙法が適用されず選挙区が設定されなかったが地方議会は開設されるに至った。朝鮮における統治はすべて総督府が直接職掌しており、民衆が朝鮮統治に関与する方途は、朝鮮人にはむろん朝鮮在住の内地人にも与えられておらず、このため内地の縁故地を頼り帝国議会の議席を確保することで朝鮮統治に関する政治参加が目指された。併合以来すでに朝鮮人もまた帝国憲法の保護する帝国臣民であり日本国籍が与えられていたことから、内地において衆議院選挙に参加することは可能であった。朝鮮人では朴春琴が唯一衆議院議員に選出された他､貴族院議員については通算10人の朝鮮人議員が任命されている。地方議会の議員に選出される者や軍・中央官庁や地方公共団体に勤務する者もいた。総督府庁舎の置かれた景福宮などが日本による破却や損傷を受けており、慶熙宮のように完全に破却された宮殿もあった[27]が、崩れかけていた石窟庵などの遺跡を修復したり、景福宮正門であった光化門[注 4]や崇礼門など保存運動などによって保存された建造物もあった[27]。1919年（大正8年）の三・一独立運動後、日本内地における大正デモクラシーの影響もあって「武断政治」は融和的な「文化政治」に転換するが、1937年（昭和12年）に日中戦争が勃発すると朝鮮でも戦時体制下で皇民化政策[注 5]が推進され、大日本帝国が敗戦を迎えるまで各種の人的資源の動員や、商行為を通して様々な資源、食糧の日本本土への大量移送なども行われた[14]。朝鮮人の中には朝鮮人志願兵や軍属として第二次世界大戦に参加した者や、慰安婦として働いた女性も存在した。
- noble
- 特権的身分制度が設けられ、韓国の旧皇族は王公族に、韓国併合に功績あるものは朝鮮貴族となった。
- 王公族（おうこうぞく、朝鮮語: 왕공족）は、大日本帝国により併合された旧大韓帝国皇族である李王家とその一族の日本における身分。本記事では制度としての王族・公族について記述し、家系については李王家で記述する。最後の皇帝であった純宗は「昌徳宮李王坧（しょうとくきゅうりおうせき）」、皇太子李垠は「王世子」とされた。また、太皇帝（前皇帝）高宗は「徳寿宮李太王熈（とくじゅきゅうりたいおうき）」とされた。王位は男子によって世襲されるものと定められ、李王坧の薨去により、王世子の垠が李王家を承継して「昌徳宮李王垠（しょうとくきゅうりおうぎん）」となった。また、高宗の庶子の李堈と高宗の兄の李熹には「公」位が授けられた。李堈公家は2代、李熹公家は4代にわたり世襲された。
- http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180227/PDF/b11_screen.pdf, http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20180306/PDF/b15_screen.pdf
- 二○一九年初，Netflix的首部韓國原創劇集《Kingdom》播出。因為很有創意地將喪屍和宮鬥這兩大題材糅合在一起，也和其他Netflix原創劇一樣，製作方面捨得投入，所以推出之後廣受好評。不過，我想說的倒不是劇情，而是這部劇的中文名。《Kingdom》自從上線開始，其中文名就一直是《李屍朝鮮》。因為劇中的時代背景設定在十六世紀末日本入侵朝鮮數年之後，其王室姓氏為李家，所以我覺得這個名字既食了「李氏朝鮮」的字，又點出了喪屍這一特色，算是相當不錯。這種為影視作品的食字改名，在香港台灣甚為流行，此前大熱的《Train to Busan》，香港譯名《屍殺列車》、台灣譯名《屍速列車》就是一例。 但在今年三月二十日，在《李屍朝鮮》第二季上映僅僅一周之後，Netflix官方宣布出於對韓國歷史與文化的尊重，將影片的中文譯名改為《屍戰朝鮮》。原來Netflix收到不少韓國影迷的抗議，表示「李氏朝鮮」為當時日本入侵及殖民時所用的稱呼。一九一○年，朝鮮被日本吞併，由日本帝國朝鮮總督府統治，將其稱為「李氏朝鮮」。韓國在獨立之後皆通用「朝鮮王朝」代替「李氏朝鮮」的稱呼，其學者也普遍認為這個詞有貶低之意。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200325/PDF/b4_screen.pdf
- The United Kingdom–Korea Treaty of 1883 was negotiated between representatives of the United Kingdom and Korea.In 1876, Korea established a trade treaty with Japan after Japanese ships approached Ganghwado and threatened to fire on the Korean capital city. Treaty negotiations with several Western countries were made possible by the completion of this initial Japanese overture.In 1882, the Americans concluded a treaty and established diplomatic relations,[2] which served as a template for subsequent negotiations with other Western powers.The British and Koreans negotiated and approved a multi-article treaty with provisions similar to other Western nations.Ministers from the United Kingdom to Korea were appointed in accordance with this treaty; and these diplomats were: Sir Harry Parkes, appointed in 1884; Sir John Walsham, appointed in 1885; Sir Nicholas O'Conor, in 1892; Sir Claude Maxwell, in 1896; John Jordan in 1898.The treaty remained in effect even after the Japanese protectorate was established in 1905, and only came to and end in 1910 when Japan annexed Korea.Under the treaty, Great Britain obtained extraterritorial rights in Korea and from 1883 to 1910, British subjects in Korea were not subject to the jurisdiction of Korean courts, but instead were tried or had civil cases brought against them in British consular courts or the British Supreme Court for China and Japan which was called the Supreme Court for China and Korea between 1900 and 1910.
1919年1月22日凌晨，致力于韩国独立的高宗暴毙，死后全身有红斑，两眼发赤，尸体很快腐烂。 韩国广大民众认为高宗是被日本人暗中投毒至死，全国各地群情激愤，纷纷酝酿大规模的抗议示威活动。当时的韩国宗教界领袖孙秉熙与工商企业界等33人联合起草了一份《独立宣言书》，要求国际社会给予韩国独立。1919年3月1日韩国独立人士在塔洞公园举行群众大会，公开宣读《独立宣言书》，引发汉城和韩国其它多地民众的大规模反日游行示威。之后，三一运动的独立浪潮席卷整个朝鲜半岛，有200万以上群众参加了上千起反日示威和武装起义。三一运动遭到当时占领朝鲜半岛的日本人的残酷武力镇压。根据日本官方缩小的统计数字，三一运动期间被杀害的韩国人数有近8000人，1.6万人受伤，数万人被捕。三一运动是韩国近现代史最伟大的全民性的反日救国运动，对韩国独立运动产生了深远的影响，增强了韩民族的凝聚力。由于三一运动的冲击日本在政治、经济、文化方面都对韩国作出让步，被迫改为文治主义为主的怀柔政策。三一运动促成了大韩民国临时政府的成立。为了纪念三一运动的自主独立精神，巩固民族团结，培养国民的爱国心，韩国政府在1949年制定并公布了《国庆日法律》，将3月1日这一天定为国庆日“三一节”，并每年举办各种纪念活动。
korean war
- 联合国军The United Nations Command (UNC) is the unified command structure for the multinational military forces, established in 1950, supporting South Korea (the Republic of Korea or ROK) during and after the Korean War. The United Nations Command and the Chinese-North Korean Command signed the Korean Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953, ending the heavy fighting. The armistice agreement established the Military Armistice Commission (MAC), consisting of representatives of the two signatories, to supervise the implementation of the armistice terms, and the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC) to monitor the armistice's restrictions on the parties' reinforcing or rearming themselves. The North Korean-Chinese MAC was replaced by Panmunjom representatives under exclusive North Korean management.[1] Regular meetings have been stopped, although duty officers of the Joint Security Area (commonly known as the Truce Village of Panmunjom) from each side meet regularly.そのほか、2014年にはフランス海軍のフリゲート艦プレリアルが、沖縄の米海軍基地をはじめ日本の各地に寄港している
- hkej 8mar18 shum article
The Gwangju Uprising, alternatively called May 18 Democratic Uprising by UNESCO, and also known as Gwangju Democratization Movement (Hangul: 광주 민주화 운동; Hanja: 光州民主化運動; RR: Gwangju Minjuhwa Undong), was a popular uprising in the city of Gwangju, South Korea, from May 18 to 27, 1980. Estimates suggest up to 606 people may have died. During this period, Gwangju citizens took up arms (by robbing local armories and police stations) when local Chonnam University students – who were demonstrating against the Chun Doo-hwan government – were fired upon, killed, and beaten in an unprecedented attack by government troops.[6][7] The uprising eventually ended in defeat on May 27, 1980. The event is sometimes called 5·18 (May 18; Hangul: 오일팔; Hanja: 五一八; RR: Oilpal), in reference to the date the movement began.
- kiv
- 南韓前總統全斗煥涉嫌誹謗目擊光州事件的已故神父曹畢奧，案件昨日在光州地方法院召開最後一次聆訊。檢方要求把全斗煥判囚一年半，法庭將於下月三十日宣判。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20201006/00180_021.html
traditional colour symbolism
- based upon five elements (wood, fire, earth, metal and water) and five basic colours used are blue, red, black, white and yellow.
- black represents darkness and evil, it is often used innanti-american and anti-japanese posters
clans
- choe clan of gyeongju
- [korea jan19 issue] family founded by general choe jin-nip, who made military contributions during the japanese invasions in 1592 and 1597, and served in various govt posts after the wars. His son don-nyang inherited the wealth his father received for service to his country and used it to buy a large plot of farming land. Whenever people sought to borrow plots of his land, he leased them at low rent and without going through a middleman, an uncommon practice back then. By the time his son guk-seon took over the household, the clan was richest in all joseon (1392-1910), building and maintaining a reputation as a virtuous upper-class family by sharing its wealth with the poor. The choe clan established the foundation for its wealth management through gageo shiphun (ten mottos), which emphasised the rules of conduct and economic value for their descendants. They also practiced kindness toward their neighbours through the six gahun family mottos, which stressed harmonious relations with neighbors, and yukyeon (six ways) or guidelines for individual actions in specific situations.
traditional music
- the historic choe compound has a system of entrances and spaces designating the hierarchy and gender of people allowed to use each door, reflecting confucian values in the compound's layout and functions.
- the last descendant, during japanese colonial era, sent a million hwan to the korean government in exile based in shanghai to fund the pro-independence movement. After korea gained independence, the choe family donated its entire fortune accumulated over 300 years to fund the establishment of a university
- [seoul book of everything] sanjo; jongmo jeryeak; pansori;minyo; samulnori http://chinese.korea.net/NewsFocus/Society/view?articleId=178934
搓澡
myth
- According to Korean mythology, a bear and a tiger prayed to Hwan-ung – the son of the Lord of Heaven and the creator of the City of God on Earth – to be transformed into humans. Hwan-ung told them to remain in a dark cave for 100 days, eating only garlic and mugwort. The challenge was difficult; the tiger quickly gave up and returned to the wild. The bear suffered silently throughout the ordeal and persevered, and was transformed into a woman. She subsequently bore a child with Hwan-ung who they named Dangun Wanggeom. The latter founded the first kingdom of Korea and ruled for a century and a half. The bear-woman myth loomed large in the Korean-American psyche, said Jae, the social worker. The virtues of self-abnegation, of suffering in silence, seem indelible, ingrained in many Koreans and Korean-Americans alike. No Korean who grew up, as I did, listening to the founding-myth story, wants to be the tiger, the one who was granted the opportunity to become something better and squandered it because of weakness and lack of grit. We were brought up to be the bear, the creature who lives in darkness, clinging to the promise that silent suffering will be rewarded.https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/article/3027130/how-deadly-us-epidemic-fuelled-korean-mental-health-taboo
japan
- The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882, also known as the Treaty of Chemulpo or the Chemulpo Convention, was negotiated between Japan and Korea following the Imo Incident in July 1882.Article V of the "convention" permitted the Japanese to protect the Japanese legation and the Japanese community in Korea.In 1884, the Japanese forgave the ¥400,000 indemnity which had been mandated by the treaty.
china
- 黃華前外長和周南前副外長，我是在四十六年前的一九七三年九月去聯合國參加朝鮮問題的討論時認識的。當時黃華是中國常駐聯合國代表，周南是中國常駐聯合國代表團參贊。那年是聯合國把朝鮮問題第一次列入議程，當然這是聯合國多數成員多年不斷努力的結果。朝鮮代表團以李鍾木第一副外長為首，為參加討論也來到紐約，下榻華爾道夫酒店。 黃華與李鍾木多次見面，就面臨的形勢和可能面對的問題，深入交換意見。這些活動，一般周南都在場。那年討論結果，聯合國第一委員會通過了解散美國主宰的聯合國統一復興委員會決議，初步達到了目的。一九九二年九月，我出使韓國，剛到首爾，就聽說黃華也在這裏。他是作為國際行動理事會成員，中國前副總理來到首爾的。 我到達後還沒有遞交國書，就參加了韓國方面為他舉行的活動，一次晚宴上，主人盛讚「黃華風」，認為中韓建交是黃華帶來的結果。當然黃華也是力主中國與韓國建交的。 http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190623/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
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