Saturday, February 16, 2019

Georgia

etymology
- ********The country of Georgia is actually natively named Sakartvelo. The exonym comes from the Persian name for Sakartvelo, Gurgania (possibly linked to Hyrcania), which got mixed with the legend of St George by the Crusaders and evolved into names like “Gurgania”, “Gorginia” and “Georgia”. But “Georgia” in Latin should be pronounced with hard Gs - “Gheorghia”, not “Jorjia” as in English. It would avoid a lot of confusion. (incidentally, in Russian and other Slavic languages, the name is “Gruzia”, coming from, through a number of consonant and vowel shifts, Persian “Gurjistan”)  https://www.quora.com/Why-are-there-two-Georgias

hkej 12oct18 shum article

Royalty
- The Bagrationi dynasty (Georgian: ბაგრატიონი, bagrat’ioni [bɑɡrɑtʼiɔni]) is a royal family that reigned in Georgia from the Middle Agesuntil the early 19th century, being among the oldest extant Christian ruling dynasties in the world. In modern usage, this royal line is often referred to as the Georgian Bagratids (a Hellenized form of their dynastic name), also known in English as the Bagrations.

  • Prince Don Bagrat de Bagration y de Baviera, also Prince Bagrat Bagrationi-Mukhraneli and Prince Bagrat Bagration-Moukhransky(12 January 1949 – 20 March 2017)[1] was a member of the Bagration dynasty which once ruled the Kingdom of Georgia in the Caucasusand a relative of the royal family of Spain. He was born in Madrid, Spain on 2 February 1949 and named Bagrat Juan María de Fátima de Todos los Santos, the third child of Prince Irakli Bagration-Mukhrani (1909-1977) by his third wife, Infanta Doña María de las Mercedes de Baviera y Borbón (1911-1953), a niece of King Alphonso XIII.[3] His godparents were Don Juan and Princess Doña Mercedes de Borbón-Dos Sicilias y Orléans, Count and Countess of Barcelona. His maternal great-grandfather was King Alfonso XII. Prince Jorge de Bagration, a Spanish race car driver and pretender to the throne of Georgia, was his elder half brother. Although born in Tbilisi, his father left Georgia after completing his studies there, lived briefly in Italy and France, but acquired Spanish citizenship in 1947.[4] His mother had been born in Madrid, and although part of her youth was spent in exile in the Basses Pyrenees of France,[3] Bagrat was raised, along with Jorge and his elder sister Princess Mariam (born 1947), by his widowed father in Madrid and at the Palacio de Santillana del Mar in Santander. He was a knight of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (Spanish association, No. 21658 as decreed in the Magisterial Palace of Rome on 31 January 1980).
  • H.R.H.Prince David Bagrationi Mukhrani (Mukran-Batoni [მუხრანბატონი]) of Georgia, David Bagration de Moukhrani y de Zornoza, or Davit Bagrationi-Mukhraneli (Georgian: დავით ბაგრატიონ-მუხრანელი), Royal Prince of Kartli, Hereditary prince of the sovereign principality of Mukhrani (satavado) [1]and by genealogical seniority, head of the Royal Bagration House of Georgia (born 24 June 1976), is a Spanish-born scion of the Mukhrani branch of the Georgian Bagrationi dynasty and current Head by primogeniture of the royal House of Bagrationi which reigned in Georgia from the medieval era until the early 19th century,[2] succeeding on the death of his father Jorge de Bagration on 16 January 2008. The Crown Prince is also the Grand Master of the Order Eagle of Georgia which was recently accepted by Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain, [3] and is also the Grand Master of the Order Saint Queen Tamar and Order of the Crown of Georgia. Bagrationi's 2009 marriage to Princess Ana Bagration-Gruzinsky, a member of the rival Gruzinsky branch of the Bagrationi, his marital life and subsequent divorce in 2013, drew much publicity. Bagrationi was born to the Georgian émigré family as the second son of Spanish race car driver, Prince George Bagrationi-Mukhraneli, by his first wife Doña María de las Mercedes de Zornoza y Ponce de León in Madrid, Spain. Bagrationi also has one older sister, Maria-Antonietta, one older brother, Irakly, and a younger half-brother, Gourami (Ugo).
  • H.R.H. Prince Juan Bagration-Mukhrani https://georgianfoundation.ge/founder/
  • came to hk to promote obor
government
- enterprise georgia
  • In June 2014 the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia, together with the Ministry of Agriculture, launched a new government program “Produce in Georgia.” The program’s objective is to promote an entrepreneurial culture throughout the country by stimulating the establishment new enterprise and supporting the expansion of existing operations. Enterprise Georgia is the key implementing partner of “Produce in Georgia” and is responsible for business support, export promotion and investment in Georgia sectors.   The Business division of the agency promotes entrepreneurial activity in Georgia by supporting entrepreneurs - assisting with the creation of new enterprises as well as the expansion and refurbishment of existing enterprises. The Export division promotes the export potential of the country by increasing the competitiveness of local products and the overall volume of goods directed towards international markets. The Invest division’s primary role is to attract, promote and develop direct foreign investment in Georgia. http://www.enterprisegeorgia.gov.ge/en/about
- The National Wine Agency of Georgia (Georgian: ღვინის ეროვნული სააგენტო) is a legal entity of public law under the Ministry of Agriculture of Georgia that was founded in 2014 in accordance with the law on “Vine and Wine". The Agency operates in constant contact with the Ministry of Agriculture and relevant state and private companies in the field of wine making.


Partnership fund
- JSC Partnership Fund (PF) is a state owned investment fund, established in 2011. The fund is assigned Fitch rating "BB-", which is equal to sovereign ceiling of Georgia. PF was created on the basis of consolidating the ownership of the largest Georgian state owned enterprises operating in transportation, energy and infrastructure sectors. PF’s main objective is to promote investment in Georgia by providing co-financing (equity, mezzanine, etc.) in projects at their initial stage of development.  PF is split in two separate business units: 1. Asset management – PF has assets under management with combined annual turnover of over USD 750 million in 2012. PF’s portfolio is comprised of Georgia’s strategically important assets:
  • Georgian Railway - 100% of shares
  • Georgian Oil and Gas Corporation (GOGC)  - 100% of shares
  • Georgian State Electrosystem - 100% of shares
  • Electricity System Commercial Operator - 100% of shares
  • JSC Telasi - 24.5% of shares
Georgian Railway and GOGC are the main source of financing for PF’s investment activity.
2. Investment activity – the number of the projects implemented or under implementation in various sectors with a total value of over USD 1 billion. PF has a mandate to invest only in Georgia. PF’s strategy is aimed at attracting and supporting private investors. Energy, agriculture, manufacturing, real estate/tourism and logistics/infrastructure sectors are on the top of the priority list as these sectors are largely untapped and have great potential for further development. PF co-invests in commercially viable investment projects with an experienced partner or specialized operator. PF acts as financial partner for private investors and provides mid to long-term financing. Fund provides Greenfield as well as Brownfield financing and acts as a "Sleeping Partner” with a predetermined, clear exit strategy. Moreover PF enables projects to attract senior financing from commercial sources or IFIs. PF provides equity financing, mezzanine and in some cases subordinated loan (both convertible and non-convertible). PF’s participation in projects is limited to minority share (up to 50%). PF co-finances companies and assists its partners and management teams in developing plans to create sustainable long-term value.

阿奈克利亞   Anaklia (Georgian: ანაკლია) is a town and seaside resort in western Georgia. It is located in the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region, at the place where the Enguri Riverflows into the Black Sea, near the administrative border with Abkhazia.
- The earliest settlement on Anaklia's territory dates back to the mid-Bronze Age and is typical to the Colchian culture. It is the Classical Heraclea of Colchis, Anaclia of later authors, and Anarghia of Archangelo Lamberti and Jean Chardin (both the 17th-century travelers). After the fragmentation of the Kingdom of Georgia in the 15th century, it was an important fortified town, sea port and fishing station within the Principality of Mingrelia. In 1723, the town was captured by the Ottoman Empire and converted into its maritime outpost and slave-trading locale. Western Georgian kingdom of Imereti regained control over Anaklia in 1770, seizing the opportunity of Ottoman Empire being at war with Russia (Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)). Solomon I, the king of Imereti, was supposed to be supported in this endeavor by a small Russian contingent under General Totleben, but the Russian troops retreated before a clash against the Turks.
- In 2016, Georgia decided to construct a new deepwater port at Anaklia, in the vicinity of the aborted project of the Lazika city. The new port project was developed by the Anaklia Development Consortium, a joint Georgian–United States venture. The construction began in December 2017.[10] In July 2018, the Dutch marine contractor Van Oord was selected for the early dredging and reclamation works. The Anaklia Port is planned to become operational in December 2020, with a handling capacity of up to 10,000 TEU vessels.
  • economist 16feb19 "shrinking the black sea"


Gori
- Gori (Georgian: გორი [ɡɔri]) is a city in eastern Georgia, which serves as the regional capital of Shida Kartli and the centre of the homonymous administrative district. The name is from Georgian gora(გორა), that is, "heap", or "hill". As of 2014, it had a population of 54,700. Gori was an important military stronghold in the Middle Ages and maintains a strategic importance due to its location on the principal highway connecting eastern and western parts of Georgia. In the course of its history, Gori has been invaded by the armies of regional powers several times. The city was occupied by Russian troops during the 2008 Russia–Georgia war. Gori is also known as the birthplace of theSoviet leader Joseph Stalin, ballistic missile designer Alexander Nadiradze and philosopher Merab Mamardashvili.


Association
- wine
  • Georgian wine association
company
- bank
  • Bank of Georgia (abbreviated as BOG or BoG) is a Georgian bank headquartered in Tbilisi, Georgia. It is the largest bank in Georgia by assets. The bank was established in 1903, nationalized by the communists and became known as Binsotsbank before it was privatized again and renamed the Bank of Georgia in 1994. Bank of Georgia was first listed on the Georgian Stock Exchange in 2001 and then merged with Tbiluniversalbank in 2004. In 2004 Bank of Georgia acquired the BCI insurance company. In November 2006, Bank of Georgia became the first company from Georgia and the second bank from the CIS to list its shares in the form of GDRs on the London Stock Exchange. Then in December 2006 Bank of Georgia's insurance subsidiary, BCI, announced the acquisition of the Aldagi Insurance Company. In 2006 Bank of Georgia acquired Intellect Bank’s assets and liabilities. In 2007 Bank of Georgia acquired 98.77% of Universal Bank of Development & Partnership in Ukraine (later renamed BG Bank). Then in May 2008, Bank of Georgia bought a 70% equity interest in Belarusky Narodny Bank, a Belarus Bank. In 2009 the Bank started to issue the American Express Card and the American Express Gold Card issued in Georgia. In 2010 Bank of Georgia sets up a UK subsidiary company, Bank of Georgia Representative Office UK Limited in London. In 2011 Bank of Georgia sold its 80% interest in BG Bank of Ukraine.




Maritime
- http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015-09/15/content_21854280.htm The prime minister said Georgia wants to build a new port in Anaklia on the Black Sea and needs the participation of Chinese companies. Georgia has been negotiating with Chinese construction companies, and the project is expected to begin in June, Garibashvili added. He said that after the new port is built, it will take just 17 days for Chinese goods to be delivered to Europe, compared with the current shipping route, which takes about a month. "This will be one of the most efficient routes in the Silk Road project," he said. Garibashvili said the Silk Road initiative will not only boost trade, commerce and infrastructure projects, but will also "enable Central Asian countries, the Silk Road countries, to fully use the potential that exists on this continent". "We have ambition to become a logistics hub in the region. So I believe Georgia's involvement with the Silk Road Fund and the Silk Road initiative will make it a very important player in the Caucasus region," Garibashvili said.

fintech
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21722869-anti-establishment-technology-faces-ironic-turn-fortune-governments-may-be-big-backers

wine
- The country is home to 115 registered wine and spirit exporters, many of which have successfully grown their customer base in both the US and Asia, while retaining their long-standing presence in a number of East European wine-loving nations. Inevitably, though, this export success has changed the hierarchy of its customer base. While Poland, for instance, used to be the third-largest market for Georgian wine exports, it has now been relegated to fifth place – this is despite the fact that, in absolute terms, sales to its former Soviet ally have grown by 42% (to a total of 628,022 bottles). This, however, has been dwarfed by the 1,000% increase in the level of Georgian wine exports to the US, which now total 1,281,450 bottles. Over the same period, exports to China grew by only a comparatively minor 7%, although this still represents an all-time high of 600,783 bottles. With early 2019 having turned out to be a bumper period for Georgian wines and spirits exporters, sales were also up in a number of other relatively new markets, including Lithuania (75%), France (24%), Sweden (313%) and Bulgaria (6%). At the same time, its more traditional markets also held up well, with substantial increases recorded for Russia (17%), Mongolia (200%), Belarus (140%) and Azerbaijan (8%). In the pre-boom period, Georgia's top five wine and spirit export destinations were (in descending order) Russia, Ukraine, Poland, China and Kazakhstan. In terms of the respective weights of these markets, Russian was way out in front, with the country importing more than 10 times the volume of second-placed Ukraine and, in total, four times more than the other top four importers combined.http://economists-pick-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/International-Market-News/Georgian-Wines-and-Spirits-Set-to-Conquer-Asia-Via-Hong-Kong/imn/en/1/1X308LSH/1X0AGV2D.htm

university
- The University of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველოს უნივერსიტეტი, translit.: sakartvelos universit'et'i) is a university founded in 2002 in Tbilisi, Georgia. By the end of 2002, two professors from Tbilisi State University and Georgian Technical University, Giuli Alasania and Manana Sanadze, decided to set up a Center for American Studies that would offer the MA degree in American Studies. The aim of the Center was to study and research the USA - one of the most successful countries in the world. Later on, similar Programs were offered in European studies. According to the wish of the MA students, the programs were developed in a way that made it possible for them to comprehend the studies of not only the USA or Europe in general, but also to gain the knowledge in the western management model for the various spheres of the social life: Public Administration, Business Administration, Management of Culture and Education, etc.

clans
- The Kazbegi (Georgian: ყაზბეგი), originally known as Chopikashvili (ჩოფიკაშვილი), was an influential clan from the northeastern highland Georgian district of Khevi. Of a semi-legendary noble descent, the Chopikashvili rose in prominence under the Georgian king Erekle II at the end of the 18th century, when the clan's leader Kazi-Beg was made an official (mouravi) in the village Stepantsminda and placed in charge of collecting tolls on travelers through the key road to the North Caucasus. Kazi-Beg's son Gabriel was made an aznauri, noble of a lower rank, and adopted the surname Kazbegi (Kazbek). He played a role in the Russian-Georgian interaction and pledged his loyalty to the Russians upon their annexation of Georgia in 1801. When the Georgian princes of the deposed Bagrationi dynasty rallied Georgian and Ossetian highlanders against the Tsar's rule in 1804, Gabriel Kazbegi fought in the Russian ranks and was promoted to major. The clan ran Stepan-Tsminda – henceforth frequently referred to as Kazbek in Russian accounts – and Khevi as their fief. Gabriel's son Mikheil (1805—1876) fought in the Caucasian War and was made a major general of the Russian army in 1859. Mikheil's son was the famed Georgian prose writer Alexander Kazbegi.
  • Alexander Kazbegi (Georgian: ალექსანდრე ყაზბეგი, Aleksandre Q’azbegi) (1848–1893) was a Georgian writer, famous for his 1883 novel The Patricide. Kazbegi was the great grandson of Kazibek Chopikashvili, a local feudal magnate who was in charge of collecting tolls on the Georgian Military Highway. Alexander Kazbegi studied in Tbilisi, Saint Petersburg and Moscow, but on returning home, decided to become a shepherd to experience the lives of the local people. He later worked as a journalist, and then became a novelist and playwright. In his later life, he suffered from insanity. After his death in Tbilisi, his coffin was carried across the Jvari Pass to his hometown of Kazbegi (now renamed Stepantsminda), which also preserves his childhood home as a museum in his honor. His most famous work, the novel The Patricide is about a heroic Caucasian bandit named Koba, who, much like Robin Hood, is a defender of the poor. Koba has nothing but contempt for authority, a proclivity towards violence, and a firm belief in vengeance.

People
- Mikheil Saakashvili (Georgian: მიხეილ სააკაშვილი, Mexeil Saak’ašwili IPA: [miˈχɛil ˈsɑːkʼɑʃvili]; Ukrainian: Міхеіл Саакашвілі, Michejil Saakašwili; born 21 December 1967) is a Georgian and Ukrainian politician.[7][8] He was the third President of Georgia for two consecutive terms from 25 January 2004 to 17 November 2013. From May 2015 until November 2016, Saakashvili was the Governor of Ukraine's Odessa Oblast. He is the founder and former chairman of the United National Movement party. Involved in Georgian politics since 1995, Saakashvili became president in January 2004 after President Eduard Shevardnadze resigned in the November 2003 bloodless "Rose Revolution" led by Saakashvili and his political allies, Nino Burjanadze and Zurab Zhvania. He was re-elected in the Georgian presidential election on 5 January 2008. He was widely regarded as a pro-NATO and pro-West leader who spearheaded a series of political and economic reforms. In 2010, he had a 67% approval rating[11] despite being criticized by the opposition for his alleged authoritarian tendencies and electoral fraud. Saakashvili was born to a Georgian family in Tbilisi on 21 December 1967, capital of the then Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet Union.[29][30] His father, Nikoloz Saakashvili, is a physician who practices medicine in Tbilisi and directs a local Balneological Center. His mother, Giuli Alasania, is a historian who lectures at Tbilisi State University.
- Kakha Bendukidze (Georgian: კახა ბენდუქიძე; 20 April 1956 – 13 November 2014) was a Georgian statesman, businessman and philanthropist, founder of the Knowledge Foundation and head of the supervisory board of Agricultural and Free Universities. A biologist by education, Bendukidze started his own business, Bioprocess, which manufactured biochemicals for scientific research in 1987. Soon he became known as one of Russia's leading libertarians. He led a working group on tax and currency within the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs and pressed for changes in tax policy, which ultimately included adoption of a flat 13 percent tax rate. In Russia, he was a strong opponent of government intervention in the economy, a view that put him at odds with President Vladimir Putin. Soon Bendukidze sold his stake and moved back to Georgia. After the Rose Revolution, shortly after returning from Russia, he was appointed as Minister of Economy by former President Mikheil Saakashvili and the late Prime Minister Zurab Jvania in 2004.[2] He served as Georgian Minister of Economy (June–December 2004), Minister for Reform Coordination (December 2004 – January 2008) and Head of the Chancellery of Government of Georgia (February 2008 – February 2009) and was the author of liberal reforms that overhauled Georgia's post-Soviet economy. After the appointment of Bendukidze, Georgia experienced a yearly 9.3% economic growth in 2004–2007 and almost four times more foreign investments. The government managed to decrease the taxes fourfold, the number of licenses by 90% and to liberalize the labour market. He created a charity called the Knowledge Foundation, and he was the force behind the establishment of the Free University of Tbilisi and the Agricultural University of Georgia. Bendukidze took an active role in helping the new government of Ukraine during its confrontation with Russia in 2014.
- kakha kaladze hkej 2jul14 a24
- links with byzantine
  • projects
  •  The statue of Peter the Great in downtown Moscow which, at 94 meters, is the eighth tallest statue in the world. Popular legend states that the Statue was initially of Christopher Columbus, but that after being rejected by the US Government, its head was replaced, and it was sold to the Russian government as a nautical statue of Peter the Great. In November 2008, it was voted the tenth ugliest building in the world by Virtual Tourist.
  • A statue known as Birth of the New World depicting Christopher Columbus. The statue was rejected by the US government when Tsereteli attempted to have it installed there in 1992, in connection with the 500th anniversary of his voyage. The municipal government of Cataño, Puerto Rico, consented to having the statue built in their town, but later was unable to garner enough public support and funding. On August 15, 2008, the private contractor in charge of building a series of facilities for the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games announced that the corporation had bought the structure and will build it in the municipality of Mayagüez, expecting to assemble it in time for the games.[4] After this project was abandoned, the statue was moved to the municipality of Arecibo, where its assembly began during the spring of 2014.[5] The statue was unveiled in Arecibo on June 14, 2016.[6] A smaller twin statue named The Birth of a New Man was given by Russia in 1993 and was assembled in Seville, where it is popularly known as Huevo de Colón (Columbus' Egg).
  •  His Tear of Grief (actually titled To the Struggle Against World Terrorism) features a 40-foot teardrop suspended in the fissure of a 106-foot bronze rectangular tower. The monument includes the names of all the victims of the September 11, 2001, attacks in New York, Washington D.C., and Pennsylvania, as well as the 1993 attack on the World Trade Center. At the ground breaking for the massive project, Vladimir Putin was present and called the sculpture “a gift from the people of Russia.” It was erected at the tip of the decommissioned Military Ocean Terminal, now rechristened The Peninsula at Bayonne Harbor, in Bayonne, New Jersey (after nearby Jersey City first accepted, then declined, the free monument) and was dedicated on September 11, 2006. The artist, Bill Clinton, Michael Chertoff, New Jersey Senator Jon Corzine, and a 9/11 widow all spoke at the dedication ceremony.
  •  the sculpture “Good Defeats Evil” on the UN Headquarters grounds, presented to the UN by the Soviet Union on the occasion of the Organization’s 45th anniversary. Created by Zurab Tsereteli, a native of Georgia, the sculpture depicts St. George slaying the dragon.

Mtavari (Georgian: მთავარი, "prince", lit. "head/chief" [man], from t’avi, "head", with the prefix of agent m-) was a feudal title in Georgia usually translated in English as prince. The earliest instances of the use of mtavari are in the early Georgian hagiographic texts dated to the 5th century. From the 11th to the 14th centuries, the title mtavari, along with tavadi, was synonymous with eristavi, and all referred to one of the upper nobles, a prince. Throughout the Golden Age of the Kingdom of Georgia (12th-13th centuries), the title gradually changed from conditional to hereditary tenure, a process completed only at the end of the 15th century. In the 15th century the term mtavari was applied only to the five ruling princes of western Georgia (Samtskhe, Mingrelia, Guria, Svaneti, and Abkhazia), whose autonomous powers were finally eliminated under Imperial Russia.

The episode Saint George and the Dragonappended to the hagiography of Saint George was Eastern in origin, was brought back with the Crusaders, and was retold with the courtly appurtenances belonging to the genre of Romance.[1] The earliest known depictions of the motif are from 10th- or 11th-century Cappadocia[2] and 11th-century Georgia.[3] While the veneration of Saint George as a soldier saint goes back to the 7th century at least, the earliest known surviving narrative of the dragon episode is an 11th-century Georgian text. In Western tradition, the dragon was combined with the already standardised Passio Georgiiin the second half of the 13th century, first in Vincent of Beauvais' encyclopedic Speculum Historiale and Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Legend (1260s), rising to great popularity as a literary and pictorial subject in the Late Middle Ages.[5] The legend gradually became part of the Christian traditions relating to Saint George and was used in many festivals thereafter. 
- According to the Golden Legend, the narrative episode of Saint George and the Dragon took place somewhere he called "Silene", in Libya; the Golden Legend is the first to place this story in Libya. In the tenth-century Georgian narrative, the place is the city of Lasia, and the idolatrous emperor who rules the city is called Selinus. The town had a small lake with a plague-bearing dragon living in it and poisoning the countryside. To appease the dragon, the people of Silene fed it two sheep every day. When they ran out of sheep they started feeding it their children, chosen by lottery. One time the lot fell on the king's daughter.[8] The king, in his grief, told the people they could have all his gold and silver and half of his kingdom if his daughter were spared; the people refused. The daughter was sent out to the lake, dressed as a bride, to be fed to the dragon. Saint George by chance rode past the lake. The princess tried to send him away, but he vowed to remain. The dragon emerged from the lake while they were conversing. Saint George made the Sign of the Cross and charged it on horseback, seriously wounding it with his lance. He then called to the princess to throw him her girdle, and he put it around the dragon's neck. When she did so, the dragon followed the girl like a meek beast on a leash. The princess and Saint George led the dragon back to the city of Silene, where it terrified the populace. Saint George offered to kill the dragon if they consented to become Christians and be baptised. Fifteen thousand men including the king of Silene converted to Christianity. George then killed the dragon, and the body was carted out of the city on four ox-carts. The king built a church to the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint George on the site where the dragon died and a spring flowed from its altar with water that cured all disease.
- note the author of play if the same name

  • Stockport native Rory Mullarkey graduated in 2009 from Cambridge, after which he studied at the State Theatrical Arts Academy of St. Petersburg. A translator of Russian Drama, Mullarkey's translations have been produced by the ADC Theatre, The Royal Court and the Free Theatre of Belarus.https://www.bloomsbury.com/author/rory-mullarkey
food
- Khachapuri (Georgian: ხაჭაპური khach’ap’uri [xɑtʃʼɑpʼuri] from Georgian: ხაჭო Georgian pronunciation: [xach'o] "curds" + Georgian: პური Georgian pronunciation: [p'uri] "bread") is a traditional Georgian dish of cheese-filled bread. The bread is leavened and allowed to rise and is shaped in various ways, usually with cheese in the middle and a crust which is ripped off and used to dip in the cheese. The filling contains cheese (fresh or aged, most commonly sulguni), eggs and other ingredients.It is more popular among women and older people. As a Georgian staple food, the price of making khachapuri is used as a measure of inflation in different Georgian cities by the Khachapuri index, developed by the International School of Economics at Tbilisi State University. It is Georgia's national dish that is inscribed on the list of the Intangible cultural heritage of Georgia.Khachapuri is popular in the post-Soviet states, including Russia.
georgian (language)
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-longest-word-in-Georgian Even the most basic words in Georgian require some dissection into basic affixes of various kinds. But Georgian also has many constructions that are neither clearly affixes nor words, and one is these is involved in the revolutionary word above. Instead of prepositions, Georgian uses mostly postpositions: =tvis ‘for’, =k’en ‘towards’, =gan ‘from’, etc. These clearly select a noun in the genitive case: k’ac-is=tvis [man-GEN=for] ‘for the man’, kal-is=gan [woman-GEN=from] ‘from the woman’. The problem is that these are mostly written and pronounced in one string: კაცისთვის, ქალისგან. Are these words, or phrases? This is not clear, since like English <’s>, they can modify an entire phrase: კაცისა და ქალისთვის [[k’ac-isa da kal-is]=tvis] ‘for the man and the woman’. The clitic -ც -(a)c ‘too, also’ is also like this: it attaches promiscuously to almost any kind of word, which is not a very affix-y way to behave.

History
- The Kingdom of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველოს სამეფო), also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval monarchy which emerged circa 1008 AD. It reached its Golden Age of political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar the Great from 11th to 13th centuries. At the peak of its dominance, the kingdom's influence spanned from the south of modern-day Ukraine to the northern provinces of Iran, while also maintaining religious possessions abroad, such as the Monastery of the Cross and Iviron. It was the principal historical precursor of present-day Georgia.Lasting for several centuries, the kingdom fell to the Mongol invasions in the 13th century, but managed to re-assert sovereignty by the 1340s. The following decades were marked by Black Death, as well as numerous invasions under the leadership of Timur, who devastated the country's economy, population, and urban centers. The Kingdom's geopolitical situation further worsened after the fall of the Empire of Trebizond. As a result of these processes, by the end of the 15th century Georgia turned into a fractured entity. Renewed incursions by Timur from 1386, and the later invasions by the Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu led to the final collapse of the kingdom into anarchy by 1466 and the mutual recognition of its constituent kingdoms of Kartli, Kakheti and Imereti as independent states between 1490 and 1493.

  • Note the coat of arms include saint george and the dragon
- The Georgian affair of 1922 (Russian: Грузинское дело) was a political conflict within the Soviet leadership about the way in which social and political transformation was to be achieved in the Georgian SSR. The dispute over Georgia, which arose shortly after the forcible Sovietization of the country and peaked in the latter part of 1922, involved local Georgian Bolshevik leaders, led by Filipp Makharadze and Budu Mdivani, on one hand, and their de facto superiors from the Russian SFSR, particularly Joseph Stalin and Grigol Ordzhonikidze, on the other hand. The content of this dispute was complex, involving the Georgians' desire to preserve autonomy from Moscow and the differing interpretations of Bolshevik nationality policies, and especially those specific to Georgia. One of the main points at issue was Moscow's decision to amalgamate Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan into Transcaucasian SFSR, a move that was staunchly opposed by the Georgian leaders who urged for their republic a full-member status within the Soviet Union. he affair was a critical episode in the power struggle surrounding the sick Vladimir Lenin, whose support Georgians sought to obtain. The dispute ended with the victory of the Stalin-Ordzhonikidze line and resulted in the fall of the Georgian moderate Communist government. It also contributed to a final break between Lenin and Stalin, and inspired Lenin's last major writings.



Usa
-The United States and Georgia seek to identify opportunities for U.S. businesses to invest in Georgia, and for both countries to sell goods and services to each other. They have signed a bilateral investment treaty and a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement. Georgia can export many products duty-free to the United States under the Generalized System of Preferences program. Through a high-level trade and investment dialogue, the two countries have discussed a range of options to improve economic cooperation and bilateral trade, including the possibility of a free trade agreement. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5253.htm

Eu
- http://www.eu-nato.gov.ge/en/eu/cooperationThe EU-Georgia relations started in 1992 following the recognition of Georgia's independence by the European Union.
Georgia started preparation process to sign the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) from 1994. The Agreement was signed in Luxembourg on 22 April 1996. The PCA, which determines the major framework for future relations between the EU-Georgia, was signed by the EU Member States, the President of the European Commission and the President of Georgia and entered into force in 1999. Since 1995 Georgia benefits from the EU's Generalised System of Preferences (GSP).
- On 27 June 2014 the EU and Georgia signed an Association Agreement and have applied it provisionally since 1 September 2014.  The Agreement introduces a preferential trade regime – the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA).Georgia has been a member of the World Trade Organisation since 2000.
russia
- tv series on russians in georgia https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/04/14/watch-leonid-parfyonovs-new-film-on-russian-georgians-a69988

China
- trade and inv ties

  • http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2016-03/23/content_24031299.htm New flights connecting major cities like Shanghai and Beijing might be launched in future. "Air China representatives plan to visit Georgia to explore business possibilities," says David Aptsiauri, ambassador of Georgia in China. Already, China Southern Airlines operates direct flights from Urumqi to Georgia. The country is also offering e-visas to encourage Chinese visitors. Applicants can usually get results within five working days. "All you need to do is to complete the online application form and pay with your credit/debit card instead of applying through the Georgian embassy," Aptsiauri says. Roughly 9,000 Chinese tourists visited to the country last year, up 11 percent as compared with the previous year, according to the Georgian National Tourism Administration. During the first two months of this year, the number of Chinese visitors increased by 59 percent year-on-year. The country's tourism authority is striving to realize annual growth of 30 percent in the number of Chinese visitors in future.


- fta
  • Prime minister says nation to launch free trade talks with China. Georgia wants to construct a port to cut shipping time from China to Europe in half, and the nation will begin free trade negotiations with China soon, the country's prime minister said. Irakli Garibashvili made the remarks in an exclusive interview with China Daily over the weekend. The Georgian prime minister was in China to attend last week's Summer Davos meeting in Dalian, where he met with Premier Li Keqiang. "The most important thing is that, together with Premier Li Keqiang, we agreed to start negotiations on a free trade agreement with China. We have done a feasibility study together," Garibashvili said. "Of course for China, Georgia's market is a small one, but it is very symbolic. We really appreciate this gesture by China. We consider it as an expression of support to Georgia, to Georgia's economy, and to our people," he said  http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015-09/15/content_21854280.htm
  • http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-02/22/c_135120792.htmChina and Georgia officially launched here Monday the first round of negotiations for a free trade agreement (FTA), pledging to work closely together to conclude a comprehensive deal within 2016. "We are expected to reach a high-standard FTA with China to push forward the future development of our trading cooperation," said Genadi Arveladze, Georgia's chief negotiator and deputy minister of economy and sustainable development, at the beginning of the talks.
  • http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2016-09/22/content_26859657.htm A day after China and Georgia announced they will sign a free trade agreement later this year,Georgia's agriculture minister said the two countries' wine industries will quickly be bigbeneficiaries. "Our countries have a special relationship that goes back to the Silk Road era and before," saidLevan Davitashvili, who took a break from Georgia's ongoing election campaign to discuss thenews with a group of visiting Chinese journalists. "Today the tariff on wine imports in China is 48.5 percent, but after the FTA goes into effect nextsummer, it will be zero," he said.http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/10/06/a16-1006.pdf中國商務部昨日稱，中國與格魯吉亞實質性結束自貿協定談判並簽署諒解備忘錄。這是中國在歐亞地區開展的首個自貿協定談判。當天，中國商務部部長高虎城會見格魯吉亞總理克維里卡什維利，並與該國第一副總理兼經濟與可持續發展部部長庫姆西什維利分別代表兩國政府簽署了《關於實質性結束中國—格魯吉亞自由貿易協定談判的諒解備忘錄》。據悉，商務部還將履行法律審核、草簽、協定翻譯、報請國務院授權簽署、正式簽署和國內核准等各項後續工作。預計中格自貿協定將於明年年中簽署，明年底正式生效。目前，中國是格魯吉亞第四大貿易夥伴、第三大進口來源國和第三大出口市場。
  • http://www.china.org.cn/business/2017-05/14/content_40812069.htmChina and Georgia inked free trade agreement on Saturday to expand bilateral trade. The two countries agreed to expand cooperation in goods trade, service trade, trade remedy and other fields, according to the agreement, which will take effect at the end of 2017 or early 2018. Once the agreement takes effect, Georgia will impose no tariff on 96.5 percent of products from China immediately, while 90.9 percent of China's imports from Georgia will be free from tariff immediately and another 3 percent will be exempted from tariff within five years. Georgia agreed to open further in service trade covering financial, transport and other sectors, while China will further open its tourism and ocean shipping markets to Georgia. The two countries initiated the FTA negotiation in December 2015 and ended it substantively in October 2016. It is the first FTA that China accomplished in Eurasia.
  • beneficiaries
  • The Georgian government signed a memorandum of understanding with the Shanghai-based CEFC China Energy Co on Sunday, and the Chinese company plans to set up a commercial bank in the country. The equity of the bank will be $300 million in the first phase and eventually reach $1 billion to support the country's services, infrastructure, transportation and power project development. CEFC China acquired a 50 percent share in J&T Finance Group, the second-largest financial group by revenue in the Czech Republic, in March 2016, becoming the first Chinese private company to control a European bank. Kumsishvili said Chinese companies, including Dongfang Electric Corp and China Tianchen Engineering Corp, are in the process of building a coal-fired power plant and a gas-operated power plant in Georgia. Kumsishvili hoped more Georgian goods such as wine and agricultural products will be shipped to China through the international railway with a zero tariff rate next year, thanks to the newly signed China-Georgia Free Trade Agreement. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-05/17/content_29376797.htm


- anaklia port

  • http://www.eurasianet.org/node/77321  For China, the New Year got off to an inauspicious start in the South Caucasus country of Georgia after a Chinese-Georgian consortium failed to win a contract to build a deep-water port on the Black Sea. The consortium earlier had been seen as the Georgian government’s preferred candidate, but, on February 8, officials instead announced that the Anaklia Development Consortium (ADC), an American-Georgian partnership, had won the tender. Ironically, the announcement came on Chinese New Year’s Day. In an emailed statement to EurasiaNet.org, Deputy Economy Minister Irma Kavtaradze did not offer a detailed explanation about the tender choice. “In selecting companies for bidding, the government commission was guided by financial, technical, economic, and legal criteria to identify the best bidder,” she wrote. Touted as a game-changer for Georgia’s economy, the $2.5-billion, 988-acre Anaklia port facility, which will stretch 2.5 kilometers along the coast, will be able to accommodate vessels that are too large to call at Georgia’s existing Black Sea ports at Poti and Batumi. Currently, such ships must transfer Georgia-bound cargo to feeder ships, mostly in Istanbul. Anaklia is expected to welcome its first deep-sea vessel by the beginning of 2019. Construction, estimated to cost upwards of $700 million, should begin this October, provided an environmental-impact assessment does not hold things up. The government has committed to spend an additional $100 million on upgrading local infrastructure, including the construction of an 18-kilometer-long railway to connect the port to the national rail system. Critically for Georgia, which is grappling with an official unemployment rate of 12.4 percent, the project is projected to create an estimated 6,400 jobs, more than half in construction. By 2025, the ADC consortium estimates that the port, able to process 100 million tons of cargo per year, could generate up to an extra half-percent to the country’s overall annual economic growth figure. ADC also received a 49-year-long lease to develop a free industrial zone on about 1,482 acres (600 hectares) of land adjacent to the port.
- cooperation zone
  • 作为“一带一路”倡议重要节点城市的江苏徐州，1日上午与中国华信能源有限公司签约，于徐州约8平方公里区域共建“中国格鲁吉亚丝路共同市场合作区”（下称合作区）。据介绍，2018年合作区将首先启动已签约的粮食、冷链、大宗贸易等项目，预计总体投资规模达100亿元人民币。中国华信能源有限公司执行董事臧建军表示，今年9月中国华信与格鲁吉亚政府签约，收购黑海沿岸南部波季自由工业区75%股权。根据协议，中国与波季自由工业区组成的合作区，会打造集“基础设施建设、国际产能合作、跨境大宗贸易、人民币国际化、研发及先进技术产业转移”五位为一体的“共同市场经济模式”，参与全球物流、贸易、金融大循环，推动海外市场、资源和技术与中国相应的优势产能、市场对接合作。格鲁吉亚波季自由工业区位于黑海沿岸南部，毗邻波季国际集装箱天然良港，辐射环黑海近10个国家，与世界20多个国家通航。该区是格鲁吉亚政府2020经济和社会发展规划的重点项目，以出口加工为主导，并具备国际金融服务和贸易物流潜在价值。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171102/PDF/a2_screen.pdf

- bank
  • http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2016-07/07/content_25997070.htm Xinjiang Hualing Trade and Industry (Group) Co Ltd said on Wednesday that it had entered into a preliminary agreement with Societe Generale Group and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development to buy Societe Generale's majority stake in Bank Republic, its Georgian subsidiary. The transaction will help Hualing, a large private conglomerate based in China's Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region and one of the major foreign investors in Georgia, to strengthen its banking arm in Georgia. According to the transaction terms, Hualing will merge Bank Republic with its banking entity BasisBank to create a universal bank that will become the No 3 player in the Georgian market with total assets reaching about 2.5 billion Georgian lari ($1.07 billion). The new bank will have 250,000 clients, 61 branches and some 1,300 staff. After the merger, Societe Generale will own approximately 8 percent of the shares in the new combined entity and remain a member of the supervisory board.

- tea

  • Russia invited Chinese Lau-Dzhen-Dzhau to plant tea in Georgia (Chakva) (source: Russian photo event at St Peter and Paul Orthodox church)
  • http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-08/21/content_30893781.htm Hangzhou Wanhu Tea Co Ltd, which sells the famous Chinese black tea, has expanded its business quickly in Georgia.


Hong kong
- association

  • 「扒王之王」聯同格魯吉亞文化亞洲協會在沙田有「派罩」行動，二千個籌號一個小時內派發完畢。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200216/00176_020.html

- fta

  • The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region announced today (6 May 2016) that Hong Kong will soon commence Free Trade Agreement (FTA) (Note 1) negotiations with Georgia
  • opportunities for hk http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/06/02/b12-0602.pdf目前，南方航空公司已經有烏魯木齊飛到了格魯吉亞的航線。所以，香港人要遊覽外高加索，需要經過烏魯木齊轉飛。香港的航空公司缺乏長遠眼光，也沒有直接飛到格魯吉亞的航班，要先行飛到土耳其的伊斯坦布爾，再向東飛到達第比利斯，相當不便。「一帶一路」需要熟悉沿線國家的國情的人才，現在看來，從航空公司到特區政府的上層，對於格魯吉亞的歷史和現狀，所知有限，而且也缺乏協助港商解決投資於該區的稅務條例、經商條例的專業人才。
  • Hong Kong and Georgia signed a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) today (June 28), which will not only bring to our traders and businessmen legal certainty and better market access to the Georgian market, but also enhance the trade and investment flows between the two economies.   The Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development, Mr Edward Yau, and the Deputy Minister of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia, Mr Genadi Arveladze, signed the FTA at a signing ceremony in the Belt and Road Summit that was held today in Hong Kong.    "This is the first FTA between Hong Kong and a country in the Caucasus. Georgia is a close trading partner of Hong Kong in the Caucasus and an emerging market with great potential for further growth. The FTA is comprehensive in scope, encompassing trade in goods, trade in services, investment, dispute settlement mechanism and other related areas. It will provide a platform for both parties to take their bilateral economic and trade relations to a new level, while offering ample opportunities for Hong Kong businessmen to tap the Georgian market and the Caucasus covered under the Belt and Road Initiative," Mr Yau said.    "The expansion of our FTA network into the Eurasia region will further strengthen Hong Kong's role as an international trade, commerce and financial hub, and a gateway between the Mainland and our overseas trading partners," he said. http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201806/28/P2018062700677.htm
- wine

  • Wine promotion event (attended by 葉樹堃)http://www.hkcd.com.hk/pdf/201511/1114/HZ16B14CSTA.pdf
  • origin of wine making and link with stalin? http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/11/18/a28-1118.pdf
- delegations from hk
  • 葉劉近日喺社交網站貼文同上載照片，講吓今次考察團嘅點滴。佢話呢次行程都幾趕，喺格魯吉亞嘅最後一日，先可以抽空喺城中遊覽，而中午時分佢哋就去咗當地嘅著名酒莊。呢個酒莊喺一八七八年由格魯吉亞皇室繼承人Mukhrani王子建立，佢哋一行多人仲喺嗰度食午餐，之後考察團就轉往匈牙利繼續行程喇。葉劉話，由格魯吉亞去匈牙利布達佩斯嘅路線較為轉折，首先要向北飛往莫斯科，再由莫斯科向南飛往匈牙利https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20190324/00176_075.html
- investors from hk
  • Melco
  • http://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/1645222/melcolot-raising-money-casino-georgia
  • Melco International Development Ltd and its unit MelcoLot Ltd on Wednesday said that a casino project they planned – with other partners – in Georgia in Eastern Europe would not go ahead. “Although every effort has been made to negotiate… on the lease terms, the parties are unable to reach an agreement on terms satisfactory to MelcoLot,” said the joint announcement, referring to a lease on land wholly owned by Dhabi Group Georgia LLC. In March last year, the Melco entities – led by Asian casino developer Lawrence Ho Yau Lung (pictured) – had said they were “at an advanced stage of establishing” a casino project in Georgia’s capital Tbilisi. MelcoLot first announced in November 2014 its plans for a casino in the former Soviet Union republic.http://www.ggrasia.com/lawrence-hos-melco-group-drops-georgia-casino-plan/   hkej 12feb16
Posted by at

No comments:

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)