http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3508183/Is-world-s-oldest-customer-complaint-3-750-year-old-Babylonian-tablet-details-person-called-Nanni-not-happy-delivery-ancient-copper-ore.html An intricate tablet, thought to be the world's oldest complaint 'letter' was written by a disappointed customer from ancient Babylonia, 3,766 years ago. In it, 'Nanni' complains to a merchant about receiving the wrong grade of copper ore that's arrived late and is slightly damaged.
Artefacts
- The Babylonian Map of the World is a labeled depiction of the known world from the perspective of the Babylonians. The map is incised on a clay tablet, showing the city of Babylon somewhat to the north of its center; the clay tablet is damaged, and also contains a section of cuneiform text. It is usually dated to the 5th century BC. It was discovered at Sippar, southern Iraq, 60 miles (97 km) north of Babylon on the east bank of the Euphrates River, and published in 1899. The clay tablet resides at the British Museum (BM 92687). It is conjectured that the island locations, though possibly referring to real areas, may also represent a mythological interpretation of the world.The map is circular with two outer defined circles. Cuneiform script labels all locations inside the circular map, as well as a few regions outside. The two outer circles represent water in between and is labelled as "'river' of 'bitter' water", the salt sea. Babylon is in the center of the map; parallel lines at the bottom seem to represent the southern marshes, and a curved line coming from the north, northeast appear to represent the Zagros Mountains. There are seven small interior circles at the perimeter areas within the circle, and they appear to represent seven cities.
- [tr berg] text states that map's creator was a descendant of ea-bel-ili from the city of borsippa, situated directly south of sippar
- 劍橋大學教授薩瑟蘭（Bill Sutherland）在Twitter上表示，這些食譜都是來自一本叫《古美索不達米亞會說話》（Ancient Mesopotamia Speaks）的書籍。該楔形文字食譜本來是刻在泥板上，其後有專業人士翻譯並由耶魯大學出版。書中的食譜有楔形文字及英語對照，並以顏色區分，讀者可一邊烹飪菜餚一邊學習歷史語言。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200704/00180_034.html
Music
- kiv By the Waters of Babylon (1850) by arthur sullivan
- In the Steely Dan song "Babylon Sisters", the narrator suggests that he and his companion will go to San Francisco and "drink Kirschwasser from a shell".
- A kirschwasser (/ˈkɪərʃvɑːsər/ KEERSH-vahs-ər; German: [ˈkɪɐ̯ʃvasɐ], German for "cherry water") or kirsch is a clear, colorless fruit brandy traditionally made from double distillation of morello cherries, a dark-colored cultivar of the sour cherry. People in the German-speaking region where kirschwasser originated usually serve it after dinner, as a digestif. It is used in traditional German Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte (Black Forest cake) and in other cakes—for example in Gugelhupf cake.
Literature
- Sumerian literature is the literature written in theSumerian language during the Middle Bronze Age. Most Sumerian literature is preserved indirectly, via Assyrian orBabylonian copies. The Sumerians invented the first writing system, developing Sumerian cuneiform writing out of earlierproto-writing systems by about the 30th century BC. The earliest literary texts appear from about the 27th century BC. The Sumerian language remained in official and literary use in the Akkadian and Babylonian empires, even after the spoken language disappeared from the population; literacy was widespread, and the Sumerian texts that students copied heavily influenced later Babylonian literature.
- The Enûma Eliš (Akkadian Cuneiform: 𒂊𒉡𒈠𒂊𒇺, also spelled "Enuma Elish"), is the Babylonian creation myth (named after its opening words). It was recovered by Austen Henry Layard in 1849 (in fragmentary form) in the ruined Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (Mosul, Iraq), and published by George Smith in 1876. The Enûma Eliš has about a thousand lines and is recorded in Old Babylonian on seven clay tablets, each holding between 115 and 170 lines of Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform script. Most of Tablet V has never been recovered but, aside from this lacuna, the text is almost complete. This epic is one of the most important sources for understanding the Babylonian worldview, centered on the supremacy of Marduk and the creation of humankind for the service of the gods. Its primary original purpose, however, is not an exposition of theology or theogony but the elevation of Marduk, the chief god of Babylon, above other Mesopotamian gods. The Enûma Eliš exists in various copies from Babylon and Assyria. The version from Ashurbanipal's library dates to the 7th century BCE. The composition of the text probably dates to the bronze age, to the time of Hammurabi or perhaps the early Kassite era (roughly 18th to 16th centuries BCE), although some scholars favor a later date of c. 1100 BCE.
- Note the "nether world" (created by babylonian god marduk, provideva mythic space for human existence after death) and kiv
- French wikipedia version of netherlands is pays-bas !
- the greatest of all of temples was the temple of Marduk, called the esagila, located in babylon. A massive statue of marduk stood inside the inner sanctuary. Marduk's father is ea, the god of water and civilisation; his son is nabu, the gid of knowledge, science, writing and craftsmen. Marduk played a large role in determining the destiny of individual human beings. The divination traditions spread to the west through trade and cultural exchange between eastern and western mediterranean worlds in hellenistic times. Marduk was also considered to be protector of civilisation and civilised values such as justice and goodness - encapsulated in code of hammurabi
- most popular religious festival was the new year festival (akitu). An essential part of the festival was the reciting of enuma elish.
- economist 4jul2020 "a night at the cathay" a pair of displaced dynasties, the sassoons and kadoories, helped shape two extraordinary cities
- sassoons were leaders of a jewish community in baghdad that dated back to the babylonian captivity for centuries, the head of family acted as the pashas' chief treasurer
history
- The city of Babylon was built in the Middle East, in the region called Mesopotamia. This region already had a rich history. This is where agriculture appeared around 10,000 years ago during the Neolithic.Around 2300 BC, the Sumerian cities were subdued by Sargon, the king of Akkad, who conquered all of Mesopotamia. The Akkadian Empire was probably the first empire in history but it only lasted two centuries, it disappeared for reasons still discussed by historians (foreign invasions, political crises?).After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, the Sumerian cities experienced a short renaissance before giving way definitively to a new rising power : Babylon.The city of Babylon was founded around 2000 BC in present-day Iraq. It was quickly infiltrated by the Amorrites, a people from northern Arabia, who founded the first royal dynasty of the city.Originally a simple small town, the city quickly experienced a great ascent by expanding its territory, taking advantage in particular of the decline of Sumerian cities. These ended up falling under the thumb of Babylon.Around 1790 BC, the city reached its peak during the reign of Hammurabi, the 6th king of the Amorrite dynasty. This ambitious king launched great conquests by subjugating the neighboring kingdoms.
- disappearance??
Babylon was then the largest city in the world. With more than a million subjects, the Babylonian Empire was probably also the largest in the world. It ruled most of Mesopotamia, including the bulk of present-day Iraq as well as parts of present-day Syria and Iran.At that time, the city also experienced remarkable urban development with the digging of new canals, the construction of new districts and large religious temples called ziggurats.Science, literature and the arts were also flourishing. But the glory of Hammurabi lies above all in the text that bears his name, the code of Hammurabi : a collection of his laws and court decisions that concerned all aspects of daily life.The laws of the code of Hammurabi would seem to us unjust today but it should not be forgotten that the mentalities of the time were very different. They were "eye for an eye" laws, literally and figuratively. Hammurabi died around 1750 BC. His successors have maintained his heritage fairly well. But about two centuries later, Babylon fell under the yoke of foreign invaders, the Hittites and then the Kassites, causing the fall of the Amorrite dynasty. In 1595, the Kassites founded their own dynasty after the city was taken. Babylon remained the major intellectual and cultural center of Mesopotamia. Around 900 BC, Babylon had to face new external enemies, the Assyrians, a warlike people who began to build a vast empire which experienced its peak from the reign of King Sargon II.The Assyrian army ended up seizing Babylon in 728 BC, which did not end hostilities with the Babylonians who sought independence. In 689, the Assyrian king Sennacherib finally resolved to destroy the city. When he died, his successor Assarhaddon had it rebuilt in an attempt to reconcile the two peoples.Nabopolassar, the governor of Babylon, rose up against the Assyrians by joining forces with the Medes, a people of Iran, who were beginning to build their own empire.In 612, Nineveh, the capital of the Assyrian Empire, fell to the combined armies of the Babylonians and the Medes. It was the end of the Assyrian Empire.Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabopolassar, became the new king of Babylon. Under his reign, he launched great conquests and thus subdued almost all of Mesopotamia, which enriched the new Babylonian Empire.Babylon then found some hope during the campaigns of Alexander the great who defeated the Persian Empire and who decided to make Babylon his new capital after entering it in 331 BC. But the untimely death of Alexander put an end to this project.Contested by the Persians and the Romans, Babylon ended up falling into the hands of the Arabs in the 7th century AD.https://www.quora.com/Why-was-the-city-of-Babylon-prosperous-in-ancient-times
- The Partition of Babylon designates the attribution of the territories of Alexander the Great between his generals after his death in 323 BC. The phrase is a proper name formulated by scholars in English in the late 19th century. For example, the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1885 presents it as one of a trio occurring sequentially in the period: "The list of satrapies at this period is known from the records of the partitions of Babylon (323), Triparadisus (321), and Persepolis (315)."[1] "Partition" as presented by the name does not mean that Babylon was politically partitioned, but rather the empire of Alexander was partitioned at Babylon; the same convention is applied as in the naming of a treaty, after the location where the agreement was reached.- disappearance??
- https://www.quora.com/What-civilizations-disappeared-without-a-trace
- https://www.quora.com/What-geopolitical-factors-led-to-the-ascendancy-of-Babylonia-over-Assyria-in-the-late-7th-century-BC Babylonia was the chief architect of Assyria’s destruction. The hated overlord, Assyria was extinguished forever by Babylon and its allies. However, Assyria’s doom was determined more than a century before its collapse. One particular piece of geopolitics plagued Assyria from its height and sowed the seeds for its eventual downfall at the hands of Babylonia.Across the land flow 2 rivers - the Tigris and the Euphrates, a flat and fertile corridor in an otherwise dry landscape. Mesopotamia, the land between these 2 rivers, was sought-after real-estate in the ancient Middle East. It was also politically-volatile and a geopolitical double-edged sword; the region lacked features such as mountain ranges that could act as a buffer between states, while the rivers were unpredictable, often barely running or flooding violently. In this ancient landscape sat Assyria and Babylonia, 2 of the descendants of the earlier Akkadian empire. Babylonia was the more cultured, sensible and stable sister, made wealthy by its location at the mouth of the Persian Gulf where it controlled the region’s maritime trade. Assyria however was comparatively more of a backwater, located further north on the banks of the Tigris River. She was the more erratic and unstable sister, prone to violent tantrums. The last picture is Assyria in nuclear-mode. This is the Neo-Assyrian Empire, at its height around 665 BC. Which brings us to our question - how was this behemoth, the terror of the ancient world, brought down by Babylonia? Consensus among historians differ. [1]It is often stated that the empire was simply too big to be sustainable for its time. However, a recent scientific discovery has shed new light on this - it now seems likely that our familiar friend climate change began weakening the Assyrians before they even reached their height. In November 2019, scientists tracking ancient climate change in the Middle East made a crucial discovery. From 900–740 BC, parts of the region experienced an unusually wet period with intense agricultural output. This was immediately followed by a dry period that lasted until 500 BC, during which the region experienced long and devastating droughts. Around 900 BC, after more than a century of quietly controlling what is today northern Iraq, Assyria began a westwards military expansion into the fertile Levant. This is speculation, as records of the time do not seem to indicate this, but the expansion and food surplus likely led to a population boom. This would have resulted from a possible baby boom and large deportations of the Levant’s Aramaic-speaking populations into the Assyria’s north Mesopotamian heartland (a policy the Assyrians typically practised on conquered populations). The increased population and growing arable land led to the creation of massive road and irrigation networks to support the growing empire. This development of the heartland would power its brutal military. By the time the wet period ended in 740 BC, Assyria was already the most formidable power in the region, but it was still less than half the size it would be at its height.Assyria’s decades-long agricultural boom had turned it from a backwater to an economic giant in less than 2 centuries. From 740 BC however, the droughts began. Assyria’s recent population boom, while increasing its ability to field large armies and administrations, would have grown more and more unsustainable as crop yields started to stagnate and fall. It is at this point that Assyria began its massive period of expansion. This might seem counter-intuitive but its possible that there was a need to acquire more sources of grain, since the drought meant its hungry population was no longer self-sufficient.By 700 BC Assyria had neared its zenith, controlling the entirety of the Levant and Mesopotamia, including Babylonia. The region’s arable lands were now geared towards feeding the populated-Assyrian heartland. Trade would have flourished, with the Assyrians reaping the rewards of controlling the entirety of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, together with the ports on the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean. To top this off, the Assyrians were even able to do the unthinkable; by around 666 BC, they had subjugated Egypt, with its ample farmland and access to gold. From 700–631 BC, stability would endure under the rule of Ashurbanipal, the last great king of the Assyrians. During this time however, the great drought entered its full swing.In 657 BC, a letter was addressed to Ashurbanipal. It bore a simple message; “No harvest was reaped.” This is perhaps the first written evidence we have of the growing threat. The following year the governor of Babylon formed a secret alliance with the Egyptians, Elamites and other peoples looking to tear down the oppressive Assyrians. The Babylonian revolt came in 652 BC. However the Assyrians were still strong at this point and 3 years later had successfully put down the revolt and sacked Babylon. It was during this period that Egypt quietly relinquished itself from Assyrians. Despite the king’s strong standing and the empire’s apparent invincibility, there doesn’t seem to have been an attempt to retake this breadbasket. Was it possible that the resources for such a reconquest were lacking? Or that the Assyrian military, depleted by the effects of the drought, tried and failed? Neither are recorded.This decay sets the stage for the events of 625 BC. Babylon had always been a thorn in Assyria’s side, resenting their rule by the ‘barbaric’ Assyrians and revolting 3 times between 710–648 BC, but were crushed each time. Now however, the Assyrians were weak. The feared King Ashurbanipal was dead, the population reduced, the economy depleted and political stability in tatters. The vast empire could no longer be contained. In 625 BC, Babylonia, supported by the Medes of Iran, rose up again. This time, they could not be halted.In the face of a two-pronged invasion, the Assyrians rapidly imploded as the Babylonians and Medes quickly and violently entered their heartland. The region’s flat terrain, used by the once mighty Assyrian army to terrorise their neighbours, now allowed the Babylonians and the Medes to do the very same.The capital of Nineveh was sacked by the Medes and Babylonians in 612 BC. With the heartland and capital lost and their military in ruins, the Assyrians were destroyed for good, replaced by the vengeful Babylonians who established, almost in mirror-image, the Neo-Babylonian Empire.The resulting Neo-Babylonian Empire did not seem to have suffered from the drought as its predecessor may have done, possibly because the Assyrian heartland relied more on rain-fed agriculture while the Babylonian heartland’s irrigation-based agriculture may have shielded it.[4]On the contrary, Babylonia appears to have experienced a renaissance in the arts, literature and culture, with grand building projects including the famed (and potentially-fictional) Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Nevertheless, this empire would only last around 70 years, from 609 to 540 BC, when it was conquered and absorbed entirely into the upstart Persian Empire. Like Assyria, Babylonia would never return as an independent state. NOTE THE MAPS!
china
- 神奇的北緯 30°線貫穿四大文明古國，中國段被譽為最美的風景走廊。位於北緯30°線上的巴山大峽谷，經過2億多年的時光雕刻，被譽 為一座「天然褶皺博物館」。巴山大峽谷原名「百里峽」，位於大巴山南麓、川陝渝交界 處，峽長70公里，海拔452米至2458米，以雄、險、奇、秀、幽著稱，這裏是巴人故里， 土家族聚居地，原汁原味的巴人文化傳承至今。薅草鑼鼓的歌詞有不少為口 頭即興創作，寫作手法多用賦、比、興，唱腔高 亢悠揚。2008年 6月 7日，薅草鑼鼓被列入第二 批國家級非物質文化遺產名錄。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/10/22/a22-1022.pdf
- Sino-Babylonianism is a scholarly theory that in the third millennium B.C.E. the Babylonian region provided the essential elements of material civilization and language to what is now China. Albert Terrien de Lacouperie(1845–1894) first proposed that a massive migration brought the basic elements of early civilization to China, but in this original form the theory was largely discredited. In the early 20th century, Sinocentric arguments, sometimes based on Hua–Yi distinction appealed to Chinese intellectuals who wanted to believe that the Yellow Emperor and other figures were historical, not myths.
any relation?
- Sino-Babylonianism is a scholarly theory that in the third millennium B.C.E. the Babylonian region provided the essential elements of material civilization and language to what is now China. Albert Terrien de Lacouperie(1845–1894) first proposed that a massive migration brought the basic elements of early civilization to China, but in this original form the theory was largely discredited. In the early 20th century, Sinocentric arguments, sometimes based on Hua–Yi distinction appealed to Chinese intellectuals who wanted to believe that the Yellow Emperor and other figures were historical, not myths.
- The French Sinologist Albert Terrien de Lacouperie (1845–94) presented extensive and detailed arguments in The Western Origin of the Early Chinese Civilization, from 2300 B.C. to 200 A.D. (1892) that Chinese civilization had been founded by Babylonian immigrants.[1] He wrote:Everything in Chinese antiquity and traditions points to a western origin. No Sinologist who has studied the subject has been able to ascertain any other origin for the Chinese than one from the West. It is through the N.W. of China proper that they have gradually invaded the country, and that their present greatness began from very small beginnings some forty centuries ago.Lacouperie claimed that the Yellow Emperor was an historical Mesopotamian tribal leader who led a massive migration of his people into China around 2300 BC and founded what later became Chinese civilization. He further claimed a similarity between the trigrams and hexagrams in the ancient Chinese text, the Yijing, and Mesopotamian hieroglyphs.
- Biographical detail on Terrien is scant, some notices drawing on Royal Asiatic Societyrecords and prefaces. He was born in November 1844 in Ingouville, Le Havre, Normandy. He was a descendant of the Cornish family of Terrien, which emigrated in the 17th century during the English Civil War, and acquired the property of La Couperie in Normandy. Some bibliographies append "Baron" to his name[6] and it appears he published under the name Albert Étienne Jean-Baptiste Terrien de Lahaymonnais Peixotte de Poncel, Baron de La Couperie,[7][8] but there is no record of the family being ennobled. His father was a merchant, and Albert received a business education.In early life he settled at Hong Kong, where he soon turned his attention from commerce to the study of oriental languages, and he acquired an especially intimate knowledge of the Chinese language. In 1867, he published a philological work, Du Langage, Essai sur la Nature et l'Étude des Mots et des Langues (Paris, 8 volumes), which attracted considerable attention. Soon after, his attention was attracted by the progress made in deciphering Babylonianinscriptions, and by the resemblance between the Chinese characters and the early Akkadian language hieroglyphics.
- hkej 10jul2020
legacy
- ************Babylon has long been abandoned. It was essentially depopulated by the 2d century — when Roman emperor Trajan reached the site in 116 he saw nothing but ruins. Most of the population had long since relocated to Seleucia-Ctesiphon — which itself was mostly dismantled, many centuries later, to provide building materials for Baghdad. The archaeological remains of Babylon are in modern Hillah, Iraq https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-ancient-city-of-Babylon-called-today
- usa
- *******巴比倫The Town of Babylon is one of ten towns in Suffolk County, New York, United States. Its population was 214,191 as of the 2010 census. Parts of Jones Beach Island, Captree Island and Fire Island are in the southernmost part of the town.The region was once called South Huntington. Nathaniel Conklin moved his family to the area, and around 1803 named it New Babylon, after the ancient city of Babylon.The town was officially formed in 1872 by a partition of the Town of Huntington.
- The Nathaniel Conklin House is a historic house located at 280 Deer Park Avenue in Babylon, Suffolk County, New York.It was built in 1803 and consists of a rectangular main block and a smaller back extension. It has a two-story plus attic, five-bay-wide, frame building with an attached kitchen wing of one and one half stories. It was moved to its present site in 1871. It has been owned and operated by the American Red Cross since 1945.
in contemporary culture
- Babylon Berlin is a German neo-noir television series. It is created, written and directed by Tom Tykwer, Achim von Borries and Hendrik Handloegten, based on novels by German author Volker Kutscher. The series takes place in Berlin during the Weimar Republic, starting in 1929. It follows Gereon Rath, a police inspector on assignment from Cologne who is on a secret mission to dismantle an extortion ring, and Charlotte Ritter, police clerk by day, flapper by night, who is aspiring to become a police inspector.
- 在設計界攬獲多個獎項的三 角 軌 道 公 園 ， 德 語 名 字 是 Gleisdreieck Park。如果你攤開 一張柏林地圖，在地圖最中心的 位置將毫無意外地發現這個由兩 個明顯的三角形構成的綠地公 園。它處於如此中心的區域，難 怪這個位置的舊火車站在二戰前 是德意志帝國鐵路的最重要交通 樞紐。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20210528/PDF/b6_screen.pdf
- "Rivers of Babylon" is a Rastafari song written and recorded by Brent Dowe and Trevor McNaughton of the Jamaican reggae group The Melodians in 1970. The lyrics are adapted from the texts of Psalms 19 and 137 in the Hebrew Bible. The Melodians' original version of the song appeared on the soundtrack album for the 1972 movie The Harder They Come, which made it internationally known.The song was re-popularised in Europe by the 1978 Boney M. cover version. [note by me - zion is mentioned in lyrics]
In the Rastafarian faith, the term "Babylon" is used for any governmental system which is either oppressive or unjust. In Jamaica, Rastafarians also use "Babylon" to refer to the police, often seen as a source of oppression because they arrest members for the use of marijuana (which is sacramental for Rastafarians). Therefore, "By the rivers of Babylon" refers to living in a repressive society and the longing for freedom, just like the Israelites in captivity. Rastafarians also identify themselves as belonging to the Twelve Tribes of Israel. The original version specifically refers to Rastafarian belief in Haile Selassie, by changing references to "the Lord" in the Biblical text to "Far-I" and "King Alpha". Both terms refer to Selassie (Selassie's wife Menen Asfaw is known as Queen Omega).[3] In addition, the term "the wicked" replaces the neutral "they" of Psalm 137 in the line "they that carried us away captive required of us a song...".
Boney M. was a Euro-Caribbean vocal group created by German record producer Frank Farian, who served as the group's primary songwriter. Originally based in West Germany, the four original members of the group's official line-up were Liz Mitchell and Marcia Barrett from Jamaica, Maizie Williams from Montserrat and Bobby Farrell, a performing artist from Aruba.Boney M. was hugely popular in the Soviet Union in the 1970s, although the song "Rasputin" was banned by the Soviet authorities during the group's concert in Moscow in December 1978.[25] In the Soviet film Repentance (1984, released 1987), "Sunny" is played at a party of high-ranked communist officials.[26] "Sunny" is played during a few parts of the successful Korean film of the same name, Sunny.During the 2002 presidential election campaign of South Korea, then-candidate Roh Moo-hyun, who eventually won the presidency at that event, took Bahama Mama to promote his aim of positive political reform.The 2005 Chinese film Shanghai Dreams features a scene depicting a rural Chinese disco in 1983, with teenagers dancing to "Rivers of Babylon" and "Gotta Go Home".[citation needed]In the 2008 Kazakh film Tulpan, the tractor driver Boni continually plays a cassette of Rivers of Babylon, an example of his fascination for all things Western.[citation needed]In the 2008 Chinese film Cheung Gong 7 hou (English title: CJ7), "Sunny" is a vital part of the soundtrack.
- other songs to note - belfast, chico papa
According to David Stowe,Brent Dowe, the lead singer of the Melodians, told Kenneth Bilby that he had adapted Psalm 137 to the new reggae style because he wanted to increase the public's consciousness of the growing Rastafarian movement and its calls for black liberation and social justice. Like the Afro-Protestant Revival services, traditional Rastafarian worship often included psalm singing and hymn singing, and Rastas typically modified the words to fit their own spiritual conceptions; Psalm 137 was among their sacred chants.
- ******Mitsuteru Yokoyama (横山 光輝, Yokoyama Mitsuteru, June 18, 1934 – April 15, 2004) was a Japanese manga artist born in Suma Ward of Kobe City in Hyōgo Prefecture. His personal name was originally spelled Mitsuteru (光照), with the same pronunciation. His works include Tetsujin 28-go, Giant Robo, Akakage, Babel II, Sally the Witch, Princess Comet, and adaptations of the Chinese classics Water Margin and Romance of the Three Kingdoms.本名は、横山 光照。代表作に『鉄人28号』、『伊賀の影丸』、『仮面の忍者 赤影』、『魔法使いサリー』、『コメットさん』、『バビル2世』、『三国志』等々多数。 2004年4月15日因在東京的家中意外失火而全身燒傷不治去世。遺作是《殷周傳說》。
- 《巴比倫二世》，是日本漫畫家橫山光輝自1971年間斷連載至1979年的科幻漫畫作品，先後於1973年[2]與2001年[3]播放電視動畫，第一版電視動畫曾於香港麗的電視中文台（亞洲電視本港台前身）播放。1992年發售OVA共4卷。5000年前，宇宙人巴比倫（バビル）因太空船故障來到地球。他以超越時代的科學水準與自身的超能力，說服了當時的權貴為他興建巴別塔，將太空船的主電腦與大半設備逐一裝置在巴別塔中，目的是要向自己的星球發出求救訊號。但缺乏科學技術的地球人，卻因為一時的疏失而讓巴別塔在即將完工前夕毀壞大半。對回到故鄉死心的巴比倫最後與地球人結婚，但他決意要將毀壞的巴別塔託付給自己的後代，因此以太空船上的機器製造出三個不同功能的超科技僕人，以找出未來可能誕生、與自己同樣具有超能力的後代子孫。5000年後，原為中學生的15歲少年山野浩一（1973年動畫版姓氏為古見，2001年動畫版為神谷），由於繼承了超能力體質，而被巴別塔發出的電波所偵測到，使他在不願意的情況下成為巴比倫二世。獲得驚人智力、體力與各項超能力的巴比倫二世，自此與三個僕人開始對抗同為巴比倫後裔、卻企圖征服世界的邪惡帝王約米（ヨミ），為了世界的和平而戰鬥。約米和二世同為繼承巴比倫超能力的後裔，可說是二世之兄長的存在。過去曾早於二世被巴別塔所召喚，但因主電腦判定其不適任而消去了約米的這段記憶。
- [future learn] gospel books, such as the Book of Kells, were often decorated with intricate designs. Some scholars, such as St Jerome, creator of the Vulgate Bible, criticised the decoration of the gospels preferring ‘correctness and accurate punctuation to gilding and Babylonian parchment with elaborate decorations’.
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