East
- Les Orientales is a collection of poems by Victor Hugo, inspired by the Greek War of Independence. They were first published in January 1829. Of the forty-one poems, thirty-six were written during 1828. They offer a series of highly coloured tableaux depicting scenes from the eastern Mediterranean that, reflecting the cultural and political bias of the French public, underscore the contrast between freedom-loving Greeks and imperialist Ottoman Turks. The fashionable subject ensured the book's success. The general theme of the poems is a celebration of liberty, linking the Ancient Greeks with the modern world, freedom in politics with freedom in art, and reflecting the evolution of Hugo's political views from the royalism of his early twenties to a rediscovery of the Napoleonic enthusiasms of his childhood (for example, see the fortieth, Lui). The poems are also intended to undermine the classicists' exclusive claim on antiquity. The depiction of Turks in Les Orientales mixes condemnation, idealisation, and crude envy. It is often cited as an example of the "Orientalist" attitudes typical of French literature.
West
- american beat movement
- western zen buddhism (late 1960s and early 1979s) in californis
- literature
Occient
- abendland in deutsch - Als Abendland (auch das christliche Abendland) oder Okzident (auch der Westen) wurde ursprünglich der westliche Teil Europas bezeichnet, besonders Deutschland, England, Frankreich, Italien und die Iberische Halbinsel.
- strong catholic overtones, with france, spain, italy at heart; britain and netherlands marginal
The Pax Romana (Latin for "Roman Peace") was a long period of relative peace and stability experienced by the Roman Empire between the accession of Caesar Augustus, founder of the Roman principate, and the death of Marcus Aurelius, last of the "good emperors". Since it was inaugurated by Augustus with the end of the Final War of the Roman Republic, it is sometimes called the Pax Augusta. During this period of approximately 206 years (27 BC to AD 180), the Roman empire achieved its greatest territorial extent and its population reached a maximum of up to 70 million people – a third of the world’s population. According to Cassius Dio, the dictatorial reign of Commodus, later followed by the Year of the Five Emperors and the crisis of the third century, marked the descent "from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust".
An Essay on Man is a poem published by Alexander Popein 1733–1734.Pope's Essay on Man and Moral Epistles were designed to be the parts of a system of ethics which he wanted to express in poetry. Moral Epistles has been known under various other names including Ethic Epistles and Moral Essays.The four epistles which had already been published would have comprised the first book. The second book was to contain another set of epistles, which in contrast to the first book would focus on subjects such as human reason, the practical and impractical aspects of varied arts and sciences, human talent, the use of learning, the science of the world, and wit, together with "a satire against the misapplication" of those same disciplines. The third book would discuss politics and religion, while the fourth book was concerned with "private ethics" or "practical morality."
- germany
bolsheviks/mensheviks - majority/minority
- [gc pang and h toth] bolsheviks, who became the communists, helped the mongolian nationalists in their own struggle for independence.
american dream
- James Truslow Adams (October 18, 1878 – May 18, 1949) was an American writer and historian. He was a freelance author who helped to popularize the latest scholarship about American history and his three-volume history of New England is well regarded by scholars. He coined the phrase "American Dream" in his 1931 book The Epic of America.Adams was born in Brooklyn, New York, to a wealthy family, the son of Elizabeth Harper (née Truslow) and William Newton Adams Jr.His father had been born in Caracas, Venezuela. His paternal grandfather William Newton Adams Sr. was American of English descent with roots in Virginia and his paternal grandmother Carmen Michelena de Salias was a Venezuelan of Spanish descent back to Gipuzkoa and Seville in the eighteenth century. The earliest paternal ancestor was Francis Adams from England, an indentured servant who settled in the Province of Maryland in 1638.
- Karneval gave the people a break from the tightly structured class system, as they were able to hide their social background behind imaginative masks and costumes. Poor people were able to mix with all other levels of society and share fun with them. In those days people would dress up as knights, damsels and even priests, as a way of making fun of them. In a similar way, people these days sometimes wear masks which make fun of well-known politicians or celebrities.
nondenominational-
- christianity
- muslim
- judaism
banalization
dystopia
Carioca (Portuguese pronunciation: [kaɾiˈɔkɐ] or [kɐɾiˈɔkɐ]) is a demonym used to refer to anything related to the City of Rio de Janeiro as well as its eponymous State of Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil. The original word, "kara'i oka", comes from the indigenous Tupi languagemeaning "house of carijó", which was a native tribe of Rio de Janeiro who lived in the vicinity of the Carioca River, between the neighborhoods of Glória and Flamengo. Like other Brazilians, cariocas speak Portuguese. The carioca accent and sociolect (also simply called "carioca", see below) are the most widely recognized in Brazil, in part because Rede Globo, the second-largest television network in the world, is headquartered in Rio de Janeiro. Thus, a lot of Brazilian TV programs, from news and documentary to entertainment (such as the novelas), feature carioca-acting and -speaking talent. An eponymous song from 1933, Carioca, has become a jazz standard. Carnaval Carioca is the Portuguese name for the largest Brazilian Carnival, the Rio Carnival. Samba Carioca is a localized style of Brazilian Samba.
"DINK" is an acronym that stands for "dual income, no kids". It describes a childless couple in which both partners work. The term was coined in the 1980s at the height of yuppie culture. The Great Recession has solidified this social trend, as more couples waited longer to have kids. In the Netherlands, one in five couples choose not to have them at all."DINK" also exists and is used for "dual income, no kids" in the United States, South Korea, and Japan. DINK is used in reference to childless couples. "DINKER" means "dual (or double) income & no kids, early retirement". Some marketers have proposed "yappie" as a term to describe similar couples who do have children. "DINKY" means "double income, no kids yet". A British radio sitcom "Double Income, No Kids Yet" bore that name. "GINK" means "green inclinations, no kids", referring those who choose not to have children for environmental reasons.
Yob is a slang word used in the United Kingdom. The term denotes a loutish, uncultured person, and is published in dictionaries in the United Kingdom.[2] In Australia and New Zealand, the word yobbo is more frequently used, with a similar although slightly less negative meaning. The American equivalent is "yahoo".
quantum level leaps in three major critical business areas:
- critical mass
- mass customization
- mass communication
"big platform""大平台"
- hkej 11jul19 shum article why singapore can and hk can't
"new" occupation
- 1 月 5 日，2020香港賽馬會助力運動處方師首期培訓班在 深圳開班。運動處方師培訓由國家體育總局體育科學 研究所與中國體育科學學會主辦，香港賽馬會贊助， 將分別於1月、3月、5月在深圳、上海、廈門三地舉 辦，完成 300餘名家庭醫生、全科醫生和社區醫生的 培訓任務，合格者將獲得中國體育科學學會頒發的運 動處方師證書。此次培訓班旨在培養一支能開具個性 化運動處方的醫生隊伍，助力全民健身和健康中國建 設。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/01/06/a07-0106.pdf
class system
[eckstut]under rule of ferdinand of aragon and isabelle of castille, end of religious tolerance and spanish inquisition - skin colour became a way of identifying and singling out muslims and jews, as many were of n african descent. Christians were generally far paler, their skin was fair enough to see their veins, which appeared blue thru its layers. So to show your blue blood was a way to prove your pure christian heritage. In 19thc class conscious british adopted the identifier blue blood, and it came to mean, more specifically, a member of aristocracy.
cowboy
socialism/sociology/human behaviour
- Henri-Raymond Casgrain (December 16, 1831 – February 11, 1904) was a French Canadian Roman Catholic priest, author, publisher, and professor of history.He wrote primarily on New France and its personalities, such as Samuel de Champlain, Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and his aide-de-camp Francis de Gaston, Chevalier de Levis. From 1889 to 1890, he was the president of the Royal Society of Canada.
- Erving Goffman (11 June 1922 – 19 November 1982) was a Canadian-born sociologist, social psychologist, and writer, considered by some "the most influential American sociologist of the twentieth century".[1] In 2007 he was listed by The Times Higher Education Guide as the sixth most-cited author in the humanities and social sciences, behind Anthony Giddens, Pierre Bourdieu and Michel Foucault, and ahead of Jürgen Habermas. Goffman was the 73rd president of the American Sociological Association. His best-known contribution to social theory is his study of symbolic interaction. This took the form of dramaturgical analysis, beginning with his 1956 book, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Goffman's other major works include Asylums (1961), Stigma (1963), Interaction Ritual (1967), Frame Analysis (1974), and Forms of Talk (1981). His major areas of study included the sociology of everyday life, social interaction, the social construction of self, social organization (framing) of experience, and particular elements of social life such as total institutions and stigmas.
- *******[talking maps] Many revered the east as the direction from which life came, in contrast to the west which was associated with death and the setting sun; indeed hardly any communities privilege the west as a prime direction (hence the expression end of light and life). Early judeo-christian belief inherited the east as the sacred direction of monotheistic prayer. In the old testament ezekiel announced that the glory of the god of israel came from the way of the east: and his voice was like a noise of many waters: and the earth shined with his glory (ezekiel 43:2). As in Chinese, the etymological link with prime direction is telling: the hebrew for east means front, while west means back. As jerusalem became the cardinal point of orientation in early christianity, so the north took on unfavourable pagan associations, as described in ezekiel 8:3. During elizabethan times, it was understood that the east was a commercial aspiration and a direction of early english imperial travel, rather than a cardinal direction. It was a shift that would come to define european map-making, with north firmly established at the top of the map.
- astor armada drawings (engagement of fleets between portland bill and the isle of wight 3aug1588) late 16th-early17thc - strange spelling of east --- eau(with a horizontal line above it)st?
- invention of eastern europe around 1800 added a third component, the east, to the dualistic north-south scheme.
-東風路的冠名，想來緣自《紅樓夢》林黛玉所言：「但凡家庭之事，不是東風壓了西風，就是西風壓了東風。」在過去相當長的一個年代，東風是正義的化身，是力量的源泉，是東方文明古國的象徵，用作路名，賦予了濃厚的政治色彩。其實，東風的內涵是多元而豐富的，「子規夜半猶啼血，不信東風喚不回。」「東風夜放花千樹。更吹落，星如雨。」http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200203/PDF/b4_screen.pdf
- [辞源 by commercial press 1979] 卯為東 酉為西
orient/orientalism
- Chinoiserie (English: /ʃinˈwɑːzri/, French: [ʃinwazʁi]; loanword from French chinoiserie, from chinois, "Chinese") is the European interpretation and imitation of Chinese and East Asian artistic traditions, especially in the decorative arts, garden design, architecture, literature, theatre, and music. The aesthetic of Chinoiserie has been expressed in different ways depending on the region. Its acknowledgement derives from the current of Orientalism, which studied Far East cultures from a historical, philological, anthropological, philosophical and religious point of view. First appearing in the 17th century, this trend was popularized in the 18th century due to the rise in trade with China and East Asia. As a style, chinoiserie is related to the Rococo style. Both styles are characterized by exuberant decoration, asymmetry, a focus on materials, and stylized nature and subject matter that focuses on leisure and pleasure. Chinoiserie focuses on subjects that were thought by colonial-eraEuropeans to be typical of Chinese culture.
- new words such as "loot", "cash", "thug" brought back from east india company to london, became so much a part of english language
- Les Orientales is a collection of poems by Victor Hugo, inspired by the Greek War of Independence. They were first published in January 1829. Of the forty-one poems, thirty-six were written during 1828. They offer a series of highly coloured tableaux depicting scenes from the eastern Mediterranean that, reflecting the cultural and political bias of the French public, underscore the contrast between freedom-loving Greeks and imperialist Ottoman Turks. The fashionable subject ensured the book's success. The general theme of the poems is a celebration of liberty, linking the Ancient Greeks with the modern world, freedom in politics with freedom in art, and reflecting the evolution of Hugo's political views from the royalism of his early twenties to a rediscovery of the Napoleonic enthusiasms of his childhood (for example, see the fortieth, Lui). The poems are also intended to undermine the classicists' exclusive claim on antiquity. The depiction of Turks in Les Orientales mixes condemnation, idealisation, and crude envy. It is often cited as an example of the "Orientalist" attitudes typical of French literature.
- from the time of ancient greeks, the west was often vaguely associated with a land of promise, peace and happiness
- traces of concept found in china, japan, sri lanka, egypt, iran
- russia considered as east (rather than north) from 1830s. During late tsarist empire, westernization was widely seen as precondition for modernization of russia and diverse purportedly western models were chosen in different policy fields. E.g. denmark - agricultural policy; germany - social policy areas
- islamism emerged as a powerful challenge to global dominance of the west
- persia
- prominent westerners
westerners
- indonesia
- [antonio m jorge da silva] portugal claim itself as 大西洋國; instituto do oriente of universidade de lisboa publishes journal called 大西洋國daxiyangguo-revista portuguesa de estudos asiaticos; banco nacional ultramarino 大西洋銀行is one of the currency issuing bank in macao; as portuguese are the first western europeans to come and settle in china, therefore europeans are often called 西洋人or 洋人by chinese
western civilisation
- frankish kings adopted the concept of west to legitimise their own rule in line with western part of roman empire
- middle ages europe - orthodoxy (east) vs catholicism (west)
- "west" or "western europe" rarely used in 1st half of 20th century- traces of concept found in china, japan, sri lanka, egypt, iran
- russia considered as east (rather than north) from 1830s. During late tsarist empire, westernization was widely seen as precondition for modernization of russia and diverse purportedly western models were chosen in different policy fields. E.g. denmark - agricultural policy; germany - social policy areas
- islamism emerged as a powerful challenge to global dominance of the west
- persia
- Persian Letters (French: Lettres persanes) is a literary work, written in 1721, by Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu, recounting the experiences of two Persian noblemen, Usbek and Rica, who are traveling through France.In 1711 Usbek leaves his seraglio in Isfahan to take the long journey to France, accompanied by his young friend Rica. He leaves behind five wives (Zashi, Zéphis, Fatmé, Zélis, and Roxane) in the care of a number of black eunuchs, one of whom is the head or first eunuch. During the trip and their long stay in Paris (1712–1720), they comment, in letters exchanged with friends and mullahs, on numerous aspects of Western, Christian society, particularly French politics and Moors, ending with a biting satire of the System of John Law. Over time, various disorders surface back in the seraglio, and, beginning in 1717 (Letter 139 [147]), the situation there rapidly unravels. Usbek orders his head eunuch to crack down, but his message does not arrive in time, and a revolt brings about the death of his wives, including the vengeful suicide of his favorite, Roxane, and, it appears, most of the eunuchs.
- Lettres juives or The Jewish Letters in full, 'The Jewish Letters or Philosophical, Historical and Critical Correspondence between a Jew traveler in Paris and his correspondents in various places',(1738-1742) is an epistolary novel attributed to Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d'Argens. It "purports to be a translation of the correspondence between five distinguished rabbis who reside in different cities. ... The book comprises a survey of the various governments of Europe at whose several capitals these Jewish rabbis reside either permanently or temporarily during their travels.
- prominent westerners
- Fukuzawa Yukichi (福澤 諭吉, January 10, 1835 – February 3, 1901) was a Japanese author, writer, teacher, translator, entrepreneurand journalist who founded Keio University, Jiji-Shinpō (a newspaper) and the Institute for Study of Infectious Diseases. Fukuzawa was an early Japanese civil rights activist and liberal ideologist. Fukuzawa's ideas about the government work,[clarification needed] and the structure of social institutions made a lasting impression on a rapidly changing Japan during the Meiji period. Fukuzawa is regarded as one of the founders of modern Japan.Fukuzawa Yukichi was born into an impoverished low-ranking samurai family of the Okudaira Clan of Nakatsu (now Ōita, Kyushu) in 1835. His family lived in Osaka, the main trading center for Japan at the time. His family was poor following the early death of his father, who was also a Confucian scholar. At the age of 5 he started Han learning, and by the time he turned 14 had studied major writings such as the Analects, Tao Te Ching, Zuo Zhuan and Zhuangzi. Fukuzawa was greatly influenced by his lifelong teacher, Shōzan Shiraishi, who was a scholar of Confucianism and Han learning.
- Mehmed Ziya Gökalp (23 March 1876 – 25 October 1924) was a Turkish sociologist, writer, poet, and political activist. After the 1908 Young Turk Revolution that reinstated constitutionalism in the Ottoman Empire, he adopted the pen name Gökalp ("sky hero"), which he retained for the rest of his life. As a sociologist, Ziya Gökalp was influential in the negation of Islamism, pan-Islamism, and Ottomanism as ideological, cultural, and sociological identifiers. In a 1936 publication, sociologist Niyazi Berkes described Gökalp as "the real founder of Turkish sociology, since he was not a mere translator or interpreter of foreign sociology." Gökalp's work was particularly influential in shaping the reforms of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk; his influence figured prominently in the development of Kemalism, and its legacy in the modern Republic of Turkey. Influenced by contemporary European thought, particularly by the sociological view of Émile Durkheim, Gökalp rejected Ottomanism and Islamism in favor of Turkish nationalism. He advocated a re-Turkification of the Ottoman Empire, by promoting Turkish language and culture to all Ottoman citizenry. His thought, which popularized Pan-Turkism and Turanism, has been described as a "cult of nationalism and modernization". His nationalist ideals espoused a de-identification with Ottoman Turkey's nearby Arab neighbors, in lieu of a supernational Turkish (or pan-Turkic) identity with "a territorial Northeast-orientation [to] Turkic peoples".
- Rabindranath Tagore[a] FRAS (/rəˈbɪndrənɑːt tæˈɡɔːr/ ; Bengali: [robind̪ronat̪ʰ ʈʰakur]), also written Ravīndranātha Ṭhākura[2](7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941),[b] sobriquet Gurudev, was a Bengali polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music, as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Author of Gitanjali and its "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse",[6] he became in 1913 the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.[7] Tagore's poetic songs were viewed as spiritual and mercurial; however, his "elegant prose and magical poetry" remain largely unknown outside Bengal. He is sometimes referred to as "the Bard of Bengal". A Pirali Brahmin from Calcutta with ancestral gentry roots in Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old.[10] At the age of sixteen, he released his first substantial poems under the pseudonym Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by literary authorities as long-lost classics. By 1877 he graduated to his first short stories and dramas, published under his real name. As a humanist, universalist internationalist, and ardent anti-nationalist, he denounced the British Raj and advocated independence from Britain. As an exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, he advanced a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy also endures in the institution he founded, Visva-Bharati University.
westerners
- indonesia
- [precarious belongings] general term in java was londo, in bali was turis, both turned into the generalised bule (from the term albino)
- [antonio m jorge da silva] portugal claim itself as 大西洋國; instituto do oriente of universidade de lisboa publishes journal called 大西洋國daxiyangguo-revista portuguesa de estudos asiaticos; banco nacional ultramarino 大西洋銀行is one of the currency issuing bank in macao; as portuguese are the first western europeans to come and settle in china, therefore europeans are often called 西洋人or 洋人by chinese
western civilisation
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Western-civilization-most-often-credited-to-the-Greeks-when-Ancient-Greek-culture-seemed-more-similar-to-Near-Eastern-cultures-at-the-time It's not the culture that matters so much, it's the documents. Yes, the ancient Greeks had a lot in common with the Near East culturally; they made wine, ate feta cheese, raised goats, and so on. But it was the Greeks who gave us Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, and Archimedes. That's where the civilization comes from.
"western civilisation social experiment"
- ??????????https://www.quora.com/Which-battle-was-the-last-stand-for-the-Western-Roman-Empire Syagrius, a wannabe emperor, lost the battle against an axe wielding swamp tribe, the Franks led by Clovis. But somehow the Gallo-Romans did not despair because Clovis' queen Clothilde was Nicene-Chalcedonian Christian. Unlike the Visigoths, Vandals, Burgundians, and Ostrogoths who were Arian Christian. Clothilde had been pestering her husband to convert to Christianity. He resisted. But in 507 at the Battle of Tolbiac against the pagan army he was about to be annihilated. So he prayed to his wife's eternally begotten Father, Son and Holy Ghost God and won. He converted and that earned him the loyalty of the Gallo-Romans and they joined his army in droves. Now teaching them to throw axes was a different skill set than throwing pila. But that led to the revival of the Western Civilization social experiment on Christmas Day 800.
east meet west
"western civilisation social experiment"
- ??????????https://www.quora.com/Which-battle-was-the-last-stand-for-the-Western-Roman-Empire Syagrius, a wannabe emperor, lost the battle against an axe wielding swamp tribe, the Franks led by Clovis. But somehow the Gallo-Romans did not despair because Clovis' queen Clothilde was Nicene-Chalcedonian Christian. Unlike the Visigoths, Vandals, Burgundians, and Ostrogoths who were Arian Christian. Clothilde had been pestering her husband to convert to Christianity. He resisted. But in 507 at the Battle of Tolbiac against the pagan army he was about to be annihilated. So he prayed to his wife's eternally begotten Father, Son and Holy Ghost God and won. He converted and that earned him the loyalty of the Gallo-Romans and they joined his army in droves. Now teaching them to throw axes was a different skill set than throwing pila. But that led to the revival of the Western Civilization social experiment on Christmas Day 800.
east meet west
- east vs west
- around 1860 of the German author Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer, who helped to promote the idea of two distinct “eastern” and “western” civilizations https://www.quora.com/Is-Western-civilization-good
The Hajnal line is an imaginary line that is drawn from Saint Petersburg, Russia and Trieste, Italy.In 1965, John Hajnal hypothesized that it divides Europe into two areas characterized by different levels of nuptiality. According to Hajnal, to the west of the line, marriage rates and thus fertility were comparatively low, and a significant minority of women married late or remained single; to the east of the line and in the Mediterranean and select pockets of Northwestern Europe, early marriage was the norm and high fertility was countered by high mortality.The idea itself has its roots in earlier theories of the racial inferiority of Slavic people. Nazi anthropologist Werner Conze is credited with the earliest development of what would later be called the "Hajnal line". Werner Conze's work directly influenced the decision makers responsible for the Holocaust and the associated mass murder of millions of Slavic civilians in German-occupied territory during World War 2.
- various times, one in 1950s and 1960s
- american beat movement
- 1950s
- western zen buddhism (late 1960s and early 1979s) in californis
- literature
- The Naulahka: A Story of East and West is a 1892 novel by Rudyard Kipling, originally serialized in The Century Magazine from November 1891 to July 1892 in collaboration with Wolcott Balestier.[1] The book is set in the fictional state of "Rahore", believed to be based on Rajputana.
- 100多年前，英國詩人吉蔔林在《東西方謠曲》中說，「東方與西方從不謀面，一直要到上帝的最後審判之前，這兩個巨人才會面對面，站立在世界的兩端。」在這首詩中，東方與西方如同白天與黑夜一般相互交替，甚至彼此不容。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/231106/2020/0415/437340.html
- http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_naulahka.htm
Occient
- abendland in deutsch - Als Abendland (auch das christliche Abendland) oder Okzident (auch der Westen) wurde ursprünglich der westliche Teil Europas bezeichnet, besonders Deutschland, England, Frankreich, Italien und die Iberische Halbinsel.
- strong catholic overtones, with france, spain, italy at heart; britain and netherlands marginal
North
- according to pliny's naturalis historia, scandinavia is interchangeable with northern europe and a more restricted sense, referring to (1) the samll province of skane (scania) in present day sweden; (2) large peninsula that make up present day norway and sweden; (3) denmark, norway and sweden (united by a common linguistic heritage)
- a remote periphery/unspoiled paradise in its natural state/barbarian counterpoint to roman civilisation
- during renaissance, swedish born catholic ecclesiastic olaus magnus (1490-1557) who exiled to rome after reformation, published the 1st detailed map of northern lands in latin in 1539, and historia de gentibus septentrionalibus in 1555.
- climatic conception of the north as the dwelling place of extremely courageous, clear-minded, and freedom loving people created by a hrash climate was promoted, among others, by montesquieu, rousseau and voltaire. The scandinavian north (pays nordiques) was incorporated into a larger european north-south polarity, in which the protestant north stood for progress and rationality, and catholic south for conservation, bigotry, and religious franticism.
- balance of power was shaken by the napoleonic wars: sweden lost pomerania to grand duchy of mecklenburg-schwerin in 1802 and finland to russia in 1809, whereas Denmark lost norway to sweden in 1814. The traditional bipolar order between the conglomerate states of denmark and sweden was broken, and russia and prussia rose as new superpowers in the baltic. As a result, a more restricted conceptualization of norden emerged, separating the northern region from both slavic eastern europe and germanic central europe. Russia, in particular, was gradually orientalised as a completely non-european, asiatic-barbarian empire, where was considered the major antithesis of western civilisation.
- the late 19th century saw the emergence of a more sinister kind of nordism, based on racial classficiation and typologies that were produced by academic disciplines such as physical anthropology, race biology, and comparative anatomy, combined with archeological and philogical findings. These were further mixed with old norse mythology and pan-germanic ideals --> led to idea of a common aryan/germanic/nordic blood, the "nordic race" and its racial superiority.
- [talking maps] North was celebrated by ancient mesopotamian societies as the source of light based on the pole star. Chinese cosmology also revered the north but for the reason that north is synonymous with "back", and this is the direction for ancient emperors faced during imperial audiences, looking southwards. His subjects therefore looked up or northwards, hence the orientation of most early chinese maps with north at the top. In southern england, the north can conjure up stereotypes of blunt, dour and poor people living in a bleak industrial wasteland, while in southern states of usa might be associated with uneducated, conservative and insular communities. In the context of global north-south divide, the developed global north is represented by usa, canada, europe, parts of asia, australia and new zealand; developing south is composed of africa, latin america and rest of asia.In 17thc, wright and selden maps created the cartographic conditions for an almost universally accepted world map that placed north at the top and prioritized a global axis of trade and empire running east to west.
- according to pliny's naturalis historia, scandinavia is interchangeable with northern europe and a more restricted sense, referring to (1) the samll province of skane (scania) in present day sweden; (2) large peninsula that make up present day norway and sweden; (3) denmark, norway and sweden (united by a common linguistic heritage)
- a remote periphery/unspoiled paradise in its natural state/barbarian counterpoint to roman civilisation
- during renaissance, swedish born catholic ecclesiastic olaus magnus (1490-1557) who exiled to rome after reformation, published the 1st detailed map of northern lands in latin in 1539, and historia de gentibus septentrionalibus in 1555.
- climatic conception of the north as the dwelling place of extremely courageous, clear-minded, and freedom loving people created by a hrash climate was promoted, among others, by montesquieu, rousseau and voltaire. The scandinavian north (pays nordiques) was incorporated into a larger european north-south polarity, in which the protestant north stood for progress and rationality, and catholic south for conservation, bigotry, and religious franticism.
- balance of power was shaken by the napoleonic wars: sweden lost pomerania to grand duchy of mecklenburg-schwerin in 1802 and finland to russia in 1809, whereas Denmark lost norway to sweden in 1814. The traditional bipolar order between the conglomerate states of denmark and sweden was broken, and russia and prussia rose as new superpowers in the baltic. As a result, a more restricted conceptualization of norden emerged, separating the northern region from both slavic eastern europe and germanic central europe. Russia, in particular, was gradually orientalised as a completely non-european, asiatic-barbarian empire, where was considered the major antithesis of western civilisation.
- the late 19th century saw the emergence of a more sinister kind of nordism, based on racial classficiation and typologies that were produced by academic disciplines such as physical anthropology, race biology, and comparative anatomy, combined with archeological and philogical findings. These were further mixed with old norse mythology and pan-germanic ideals --> led to idea of a common aryan/germanic/nordic blood, the "nordic race" and its racial superiority.
- in nazi germany, the pan-nordic idea was espoused by some powerful nazi figures
- [talking maps] North was celebrated by ancient mesopotamian societies as the source of light based on the pole star. Chinese cosmology also revered the north but for the reason that north is synonymous with "back", and this is the direction for ancient emperors faced during imperial audiences, looking southwards. His subjects therefore looked up or northwards, hence the orientation of most early chinese maps with north at the top. In southern england, the north can conjure up stereotypes of blunt, dour and poor people living in a bleak industrial wasteland, while in southern states of usa might be associated with uneducated, conservative and insular communities. In the context of global north-south divide, the developed global north is represented by usa, canada, europe, parts of asia, australia and new zealand; developing south is composed of africa, latin america and rest of asia.In 17thc, wright and selden maps created the cartographic conditions for an almost universally accepted world map that placed north at the top and prioritized a global axis of trade and empire running east to west.
south
- Amarapura (Burmese: အမရပူရ, pronounced [ʔəməɹa̰pùɹa̰]) is a former capital of Myanmar, and now a township of Mandalay city. It was the capital of Myanmar twice during the Konbaung period (1783–1821 and 1842–1859). It is historically referred to as Taungmyo (Southern City) in relation to Mandalay.
classification of russia
- "the idea of russia" by russian philosopher pyotr chaadayev in his philosophical letters (1826-31)
- Eurasianism (Russian: Евразийство, Yevraziystvo) is a political movement in Russia, formerly within the primarily Russian émigrécommunity,[citation needed] that posits that Russian civilisation does not belong in the "European" or "Asian" categories but instead to the geopolitical concept of Eurasia. Originally developing in the 1920s, the movement was supportive of the Bolshevik Revolution but not its stated goals of enacting communism, seeing the Soviet Union as a stepping stone on the path to creating a new national identity that would reflect the unique character of Russia's geopolitical position. The movement saw a minor resurgence after the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of the 20th century, and is mirrored by Turanism in Turkic and Uralic nations.
classification of russia
- "the idea of russia" by russian philosopher pyotr chaadayev in his philosophical letters (1826-31)
- Eurasianism (Russian: Евразийство, Yevraziystvo) is a political movement in Russia, formerly within the primarily Russian émigrécommunity,[citation needed] that posits that Russian civilisation does not belong in the "European" or "Asian" categories but instead to the geopolitical concept of Eurasia. Originally developing in the 1920s, the movement was supportive of the Bolshevik Revolution but not its stated goals of enacting communism, seeing the Soviet Union as a stepping stone on the path to creating a new national identity that would reflect the unique character of Russia's geopolitical position. The movement saw a minor resurgence after the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of the 20th century, and is mirrored by Turanism in Turkic and Uralic nations.
- Neo-Eurasianism (Russian: неоевразийство) is a Russian school of thought, popularized in Russia during the years leading up to and following the collapse of the Soviet Union, that considers Russia to be culturally closer to Asia than to Western Europe.
- hkej 3apr18 shum article
Ruritania is a fictional country in central Europe which forms the setting for three books by Anthony Hope: The Prisoner of Zenda (1894), The Heart of Princess Osra (1896), and Rupert of Hentzau (1898). The first and third are set in the recent past, between the 1850s and 1880s. The second is set in the 1730s, though it refers to subsequent events that happened between that time and the time of writing.The kingdom is also the setting for sequels and variations by other writers. It lent its name to a genre of adventure stories known as Ruritanian romances, and is used in academia to refer to a hypothetical country."Ruritania" is used as the placeholder name of a hypothetical country to make points in academic discussions, much as Alice and Bob are in logic and computing. As an example, see Anatomy of the State (1976) by economist Murray Rothbard. Jurists specialising in international law use it and other fictional countries when describing a hypothetical case illustrating some legal point. Australian foreign minister Alexander Downer cited Ruritania as a fictional enemy when illustrating a security treaty between Australia and Indonesia signed on 8 November 2006: "We do not need to have a security agreement with Indonesia so both of us will fight off the Ruritanians. That's not what the relationship is about," he said. "It is all about working together on the threats that we have to deal with, which are different types of threats". Walter Lippmann used the word to describe the stereotype that characterized the vision of international relations during and after the First World War. Ruritania has also been used to describe the stereotypical development of nationalism in 19th century Eastern Europe, by Ernest Gellner in Nations and Nationalism, in a pastiche of the historical narratives of nationalist movements among Poles, Czechs, Serbians, Romanians, etc. In this story, peasant Ruritanians living in the "Empire of Megalomania" developed national consciousness through the elaboration of a Ruritanian high culture by a small group of intellectuals responding to industrialization and labor migration.
- kiv use of term ruritanian law in legal context, particularly private international law
Ruritanian romance is a genre of literature, film and theatre comprising novels, stories, plays and films set in a fictional country, usually in Central or Eastern Europe, such as the "Ruritania" that gave the genre its name. Such stories are typically swashbucklingadventure novels, tales of high romance and intrigue, centered on the ruling classes, almost always aristocracy and royalty, although (for instance) Winston Churchill's novel Savrola, in every other way a typical example of the genre, concerns a revolution to restore rightful parliamentary government in the republican country of Laurania. The themes of honor, loyalty and love predominate, and the works frequently feature the restoration of legitimate government after a period of usurpation or dictatorship.Romantic stories about the royalty of a fictional kingdom were common, for instance Robert Louis Stevenson's Prince Otto (1885). But it was the great popularity of Anthony Hope's The Prisoner of Zenda (1894) which set the type, with its handsome political decoy restoring the rightful king to the throne.
The Pax Romana (Latin for "Roman Peace") was a long period of relative peace and stability experienced by the Roman Empire between the accession of Caesar Augustus, founder of the Roman principate, and the death of Marcus Aurelius, last of the "good emperors". Since it was inaugurated by Augustus with the end of the Final War of the Roman Republic, it is sometimes called the Pax Augusta. During this period of approximately 206 years (27 BC to AD 180), the Roman empire achieved its greatest territorial extent and its population reached a maximum of up to 70 million people – a third of the world’s population. According to Cassius Dio, the dictatorial reign of Commodus, later followed by the Year of the Five Emperors and the crisis of the third century, marked the descent "from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust".
Pax Sinica (Latin for "Chinese peace") is a historiographical term, modeled after the original phrase Pax Romana, applied to the period of peace in East Asia, maintained by Chinesehegemony. During this period, long-distance trade flourished, cities ballooned, standards of living rose, and the population surged.[1] It is usually the period of rule by the Western Zhou, Han, Tang, Ming, and Qing dynasties. During these periods, China maintained the dominant civilization in the region, due to its political, economic, military and cultural power. The Pax Sinica of the eastern world by Han China coincided with the Pax Romana of the western world by Rome. It stimulated the long-distance travel and trade in Eurasian history.[4]The Pax Sinica and Pax Romana both eroded at about 200 AD. Tang China (618–907) had established another Pax Sinica. This was considered one of the golden ages of China.[5] The economy, commerce, culture, and science was flourishing and reached new heights. During the early Tang-era, most notably during Emperor Taizong's reign, the Chinese brought their nomadic neighbors to submission. By securing the safety and peace at the many trade routes, this era of Pax Sinica saw a new age for exchange via the Silk Road. The Chinese civilization became open and cosmopolitan to all people from near and far away. Many people from different backgrounds and denominations traveled to the capital of Chang'an. These included clerics, merchants, and envoys from India, Persia, Arabia, Syria, Korea, and Japan.
- https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/united-states/article/2172778/how-singapore-can-play-crucial-role-emerging
The Great Chain of Being is a hierarchical structure of all matter and life, thought in medieval Christianity to have been decreed by God. The chain starts with God and progresses downward to angels, humans, animals, plants, and minerals.The Great Chain of Being (Latin: scala naturae, "Ladder of Being") is a concept derived from Plato, Aristotle (in his Historia Animalium), Plotinus and Proclus. Further developed during the Middle Ages, it reached full expression in early modern Neoplatonism.
An Essay on Man is a poem published by Alexander Popein 1733–1734.Pope's Essay on Man and Moral Epistles were designed to be the parts of a system of ethics which he wanted to express in poetry. Moral Epistles has been known under various other names including Ethic Epistles and Moral Essays.The four epistles which had already been published would have comprised the first book. The second book was to contain another set of epistles, which in contrast to the first book would focus on subjects such as human reason, the practical and impractical aspects of varied arts and sciences, human talent, the use of learning, the science of the world, and wit, together with "a satire against the misapplication" of those same disciplines. The third book would discuss politics and religion, while the fourth book was concerned with "private ethics" or "practical morality."
梵化，是指低種姓（首陀羅）的人與賤民通過模仿高種姓（婆羅門）的行為來提升種姓。也是指一些民族吸收了印度教生活习惯和聘請婆羅門為祭司後。成为印度教中的种姓。種姓原則上在人一生中不可改變，但如整個種姓不再從事受歧視的工作，素食與禁止寡婦再婚，則可以在四至五代提高種姓（泰米爾納德邦有一些種姓成功了）。尼泊尔的一些佛教民族如尼瓦尔人、卡斯人与馬嘉族也被印度教化。In sociology, Sanskritisation (Indian and British English) or Sanskritization (Oxford and American English), is the process by which caste or tribes placed lower in the caste hierarchy seek upward mobility by emulating the rituals and practices of the dominant or upper castes. It is a process similar to "passing" in sociological terms. This term was made popular by Indian sociologist M. N. Srinivas in the 1950s.In a broader sense, also called Brahmanization,[4] it is a historical process in which various local Indian religious traditions become aligned to and absorbed within the Brahmanical tradition, creating the pan-Indian tradition of Hinduism.
- hket 25 mar2021 fung article
Utilitarianism is a family of consequentialist ethical theories that promotes actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the affected individuals.[1] Although different varieties of utilitarianism admit different characterizations, the basic idea behind all of them is to in some sense maximize utility, which is often defined in terms of well-being or related concepts. For instance, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of utilitarianism, described utility as "that property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage, pleasure, good, or happiness...[or] to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil, or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered." Utilitarianism is a version of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. Unlike other forms of consequentialism, such as egoism and altruism, utilitarianism considers the interests of all humans equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have disagreed on a number of points, such as whether actions should be chosen based on their likely results (act utilitarianism) or whether agents should conform to rules that maximize utility (rule utilitarianism). There is also disagreement as to whether total (total utilitarianism), average (average utilitarianism) or minimum[2] utility should be maximized. Though the seeds of the theory can be found in the hedonists Aristippus and Epicurus, who viewed happiness as the only good, the tradition of utilitarianism properly began with Bentham, and has included John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R. M. Hare, David Braybrookeand Peter Singer. It has been applied to social welfare economics, the crisis of global poverty, the ethics of raising animals for food and the importance of avoiding existential risks to humanity.
Social Darwinism is any of various theories of society which emerged in the United Kingdom, North America, and Western Europe in the 1870s, claiming to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology, economics, and politics.[1][2] Social Darwinists argue that the strong should see their wealth and power increase while the weak should see their wealth and power decrease. Different social Darwinist groups have differing views about which groups of people are considered to be the strong and which groups of people are considered to be the weak, and they also hold different opinions about the precise mechanisms that should be used to reward strength and punish weakness. Many such views stress competition between individuals in laissez-faire capitalism, while others were used in support of authoritarianism, eugenics, racism, imperialism, fascism, Nazism, and struggle between national or racial groups.Social Darwinism broadly declined in popularity as a purportedly scientific concept following World War I and was largely discredited by the end of World War II, partially due to its association with Nazism and partially due to a growing scientific consensus that it was scientifically groundless. Later theories that were categorised as social Darwinism were generally described as such as a critique by their opponents; their proponents did not identify themselves by such a label. Creationists have often maintained that social Darwinism—leading to policies designed to reward the most competitive—is a logical consequence of "Darwinism" (the theory of natural selection in biology).The term Darwinism was coined by Thomas Henry Huxley in his March 1861 review of On the Origin of Species,[17] and by the 1870s it was used to describe a range of concepts of evolution or development, without any specific commitment to Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection.The first use of the phrase "social Darwinism" was in Joseph Fisher's 1877 article on The History of Landholding in Ireland which was published in the Transactions of the Royal Historical Society.[19] Fisher was commenting on how a system for borrowing livestock which had been called "tenure" had led to the false impression that the early Irish had already evolved or developed land tenure
- japan
- Social Darwinism was originally brought to Japan through the works of Francis Galton and Ernst Haeckel as well as United States, British and French Lamarckian eugenic written studies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[63]Eugenism as a science was hotly debated at the beginning of the 20th century, in Jinsei-Der Mensch, the first eugenics journal in the empire. As Japan sought to close ranks with the west, this practice was adopted wholesale along with colonialism and its justifications.
- china
- Social Darwinism was formally introduced to China through the translation by Yan Fu of Huxley's Evolution and Ethics, in the course of an extensive series of translations of influential Western thought.By the 1920s, social Darwinism found expression in the promotion of eugenics by the Chinese sociologist Pan Guangdan. When Chiang Kai-shek started the New Life movement in 1934, he. . . harked back to theories of Social Darwinism, writing that "only those who readapt themselves to new conditions, day by day, can live properly. When the life of a people is going through this process of readaptation, it has to remedy its own defects, and get rid of those elements which become useless. Then we call it new life."
- germany
- Social evolution theories in Germany gained large popularity in the 1860s and had a strong antiestablishment connotation first. Social Darwinism allowed people to counter the connection of Thron und Altar, the intertwined establishment of clergy and nobility, and provided as well the idea of progressive change and evolution of society as a whole.
- exonoist 12sep2020 "revolutionary conservatism"
Risorgimento (rēsôr´jēmĕn´tō) [Ital.,=resurgence], in 19th-century Italian history, period of cultural nationalism and of political activism, leading to unification of Italy.
- During the period of the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars (1796-1815), the French dominated Italy and introduced many new reforms to the Italian states. After the wars, the states were restored to their former rulers, the Austrians, and took on a conservative character. In response, a number of secret societies arose as part of an ideological and literary movement in support of a united Italy free of foreign domination. This movement was given the name "Risorgimento," which literally translates from Italian as rising again. Although most modern use of the term still refers to this movement, the word also has another broader meaning in English; it acquired its second sense ("revival") in the mid-20th century. This second sense is occasionally capitalized in a nod to the earlier use.https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/risorgimento
- The Risorgimento's roots lie in 18th-century Italian culture in the works of such people as Ludovico Antonio Muratori, Vittorio Alfieri, and Antonio Genovesi. Italy had not been a single political unit since the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th cent., and from the 16th through the 18th cent. foreign domination or influence was virtually complete. During the French Revolutionary Wars and the period dominated by Napoleon I, the temporary expulsion of Austrian and other repressive regimes and the formation of new states in Italy (see Cisalpine Republic) encouraged hopes for unification. Secret societies such as the Carbonari appeared and carried on revolutionary activity after the restoration of the old order by the Congress of Vienna (1814–15). The Carbonari engineered uprisings in the Two Sicilies (1820) and in the kingdom of Sardinia (1821). Despite severe reprisals inspired by the Holy Alliance, new uprisings occurred in 1831 in the Papal States, Modena, and Parma. Italian literatureof this period, especially the novels of Alessandro Manzoni and the marchese d'Azeglio and the poetry of Ugo Foscolo and Giacomo Leopardi, did much to stimulate Italian nationalism.
- The Napoleonic proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy only encompassed the northern part of what we now know as Italy, and it only lasted until his abdication of the thrones of both France and Italy on 11 April 1814. His Italian kingdom was what Christopher Duggan terms “an arena for constitutional experiments, with boundaries being rubbed out and redrawn with such frequency that many people must have been unsure at any given moment exactly whose subjects they were” (92). While “[t]hese changes were made without any reference to the Italian people” (Duggan 93), and Napoleonic rule led to discontent and unrest (being the monarch might mean saving Italy as an entity, but it also meant high taxes and unpopular centralization), foreign conquerors in Italy had a history of being welcomed and supported by Italians. As Denis Mack Smith notes, “the main obstruction in the way of the patriotic movement was not foreign governments,” but rather “the slowness of the great bulk of Italians to accept or even to comprehend the idea of Italy” (The Making of Italy 2). Napoleon’s stint as King of Italy, with its dependence on a revitalized concept of Italy, was an important precursor to the Risorgimento. Even the more negative aspects of French rule ultimately benefited a unified Italy, as Duggan argues, for the anger generated by his treatment of the Kingdom of Italy—divided up and gifted to his family, treated as secondary to the French empire—fed the movement for cultural nationalism, especially when Napoleon tried to impose French as the official language (96). It is important to underline the involvement other European nations had in Italian unification, both diplomatic and military. While some investments were more symbolic and diplomatic (especially that of Britain),
Germany, Austria and France engaged in military conflict over Italian territorial claims. Particularly notable are the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, after which Italy gained Venetia, and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, which finally unified Italy with the gain of the Papal States and Rome. This final war also brought about the downfall of Napoleon’s nephew, Louis Napoleon or Napoleon III, as well as the unification of Germany. Unlike Italy, the German struggle for unity did not attract the same intense identifications and passionate romanticised zeal as the Risorgimento, perhaps because Germany was taken more seriously as an economic, modernized nation with stronger military and diplomatic power.http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=alison-chapman-on-il-risorgimento
against a common enemy
- 雛鳥- radio factory workers celebrate that they can catch up with ireland
poverty
revolution
Risorgimento (rēsôr´jēmĕn´tō) [Ital.,=resurgence], in 19th-century Italian history, period of cultural nationalism and of political activism, leading to unification of Italy.
- During the period of the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars (1796-1815), the French dominated Italy and introduced many new reforms to the Italian states. After the wars, the states were restored to their former rulers, the Austrians, and took on a conservative character. In response, a number of secret societies arose as part of an ideological and literary movement in support of a united Italy free of foreign domination. This movement was given the name "Risorgimento," which literally translates from Italian as rising again. Although most modern use of the term still refers to this movement, the word also has another broader meaning in English; it acquired its second sense ("revival") in the mid-20th century. This second sense is occasionally capitalized in a nod to the earlier use.https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/risorgimento
- The Risorgimento's roots lie in 18th-century Italian culture in the works of such people as Ludovico Antonio Muratori, Vittorio Alfieri, and Antonio Genovesi. Italy had not been a single political unit since the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th cent., and from the 16th through the 18th cent. foreign domination or influence was virtually complete. During the French Revolutionary Wars and the period dominated by Napoleon I, the temporary expulsion of Austrian and other repressive regimes and the formation of new states in Italy (see Cisalpine Republic) encouraged hopes for unification. Secret societies such as the Carbonari appeared and carried on revolutionary activity after the restoration of the old order by the Congress of Vienna (1814–15). The Carbonari engineered uprisings in the Two Sicilies (1820) and in the kingdom of Sardinia (1821). Despite severe reprisals inspired by the Holy Alliance, new uprisings occurred in 1831 in the Papal States, Modena, and Parma. Italian literatureof this period, especially the novels of Alessandro Manzoni and the marchese d'Azeglio and the poetry of Ugo Foscolo and Giacomo Leopardi, did much to stimulate Italian nationalism.
- The Napoleonic proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy only encompassed the northern part of what we now know as Italy, and it only lasted until his abdication of the thrones of both France and Italy on 11 April 1814. His Italian kingdom was what Christopher Duggan terms “an arena for constitutional experiments, with boundaries being rubbed out and redrawn with such frequency that many people must have been unsure at any given moment exactly whose subjects they were” (92). While “[t]hese changes were made without any reference to the Italian people” (Duggan 93), and Napoleonic rule led to discontent and unrest (being the monarch might mean saving Italy as an entity, but it also meant high taxes and unpopular centralization), foreign conquerors in Italy had a history of being welcomed and supported by Italians. As Denis Mack Smith notes, “the main obstruction in the way of the patriotic movement was not foreign governments,” but rather “the slowness of the great bulk of Italians to accept or even to comprehend the idea of Italy” (The Making of Italy 2). Napoleon’s stint as King of Italy, with its dependence on a revitalized concept of Italy, was an important precursor to the Risorgimento. Even the more negative aspects of French rule ultimately benefited a unified Italy, as Duggan argues, for the anger generated by his treatment of the Kingdom of Italy—divided up and gifted to his family, treated as secondary to the French empire—fed the movement for cultural nationalism, especially when Napoleon tried to impose French as the official language (96). It is important to underline the involvement other European nations had in Italian unification, both diplomatic and military. While some investments were more symbolic and diplomatic (especially that of Britain),
Germany, Austria and France engaged in military conflict over Italian territorial claims. Particularly notable are the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, after which Italy gained Venetia, and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, which finally unified Italy with the gain of the Papal States and Rome. This final war also brought about the downfall of Napoleon’s nephew, Louis Napoleon or Napoleon III, as well as the unification of Germany. Unlike Italy, the German struggle for unity did not attract the same intense identifications and passionate romanticised zeal as the Risorgimento, perhaps because Germany was taken more seriously as an economic, modernized nation with stronger military and diplomatic power.http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=alison-chapman-on-il-risorgimento
against a common enemy
- 雛鳥- radio factory workers celebrate that they can catch up with ireland
poverty
- new poverty
- [situationist international]19thc social war of the poor; defining new poverty also entails defining new wealth; complicity with the world's false opposition goes hand in hand with complicity with its false wealth (and thus with a retreat from defining the new poverty); Sartre's disciple gorz - "total freedom of criticism in ussr", "the youth" of the only "revolutionary generations" those of yugoslavia, algeria, cuba, china and israel
youth
- [situationist int] youth is a publicity myth linked to the capitalist mode of production, as an expression of its dynamism. This illusory preminence of youth became possible with the economic recovery after world war ii, following mass entry into the market of a whole new category of more pliable consumers whose consumer role enabled them to identify with the society of the spectacle.
revolution
- [situationist international] movements in underdeveloped zone seem doomed to follow the model of chinese revolution, which began just as the classical workers movement was being destroyed and whose entire subsequent evolution has been dominated by the mutation it suffered due to that destruction. It remains true that the existence of these anticolonist movements, even if they are polarised around the bureaucratic chinese model, creates a disequilibrium in the external confrontation of the two great counterbalanced blocs, destabilising any division of the world by their rulers and owners.
- [gc pang and h toth] bolsheviks, who became the communists, helped the mongolian nationalists in their own struggle for independence.
The allegory of the cave, or Plato's Cave, was presented by the Greek philosopher Plato in his work Republic (514a–520a) to compare "the effect of education (παιδεία) and the lack of it on our nature". It is written as a dialogue between Plato's brother Glaucon and his mentor Socrates, narrated by the latter. The allegory is presented after the analogy of the sun (508b–509c) and the analogy of the divided line (509d–511e). All three are characterized in relation to dialectic at the end of Books VII and VIII (531d–534e). Plato has Socrates describe a group of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all of their lives, facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the wall from objects passing in front of a fire behind them, and give names to these shadows. The shadows are the prisoners' reality, or the lowest level of Plato's divided line. Three higher levels exist, that a rare philosopher will attempt to climb up to. The second level up is known today as the natural sciences. The third level up is mathematics, geometry, and deductive logic. see also https://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/320/cave.htm
american dream
- James Truslow Adams (October 18, 1878 – May 18, 1949) was an American writer and historian. He was a freelance author who helped to popularize the latest scholarship about American history and his three-volume history of New England is well regarded by scholars. He coined the phrase "American Dream" in his 1931 book The Epic of America.Adams was born in Brooklyn, New York, to a wealthy family, the son of Elizabeth Harper (née Truslow) and William Newton Adams Jr.His father had been born in Caracas, Venezuela. His paternal grandfather William Newton Adams Sr. was American of English descent with roots in Virginia and his paternal grandmother Carmen Michelena de Salias was a Venezuelan of Spanish descent back to Gipuzkoa and Seville in the eighteenth century. The earliest paternal ancestor was Francis Adams from England, an indentured servant who settled in the Province of Maryland in 1638.
- His American Dream is "that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position."However, Adams felt the American Dream was in peril during the 1920s and 30s. He complained that "money making and material improvements . . . mere extensions of the material basis of existence", had gained ascendancy, becoming "goods in themselves . . . [mimicking] the aspects of moral virtues." The original American Dream had always been about "quality and spiritual values": "The American dream that has lured tens of millions of all nations to our shores in the past century has not been a dream of merely material plenty, although that has doubtless counted heavily. It has been much more than that." He warned that "in our struggle to 'make a living'" we were neglecting "to live". The Epic of America was his attempt save a "priceless heritage", and sustain the distinctly American understanding of progress in humane and moral terms. The true American Dream was of "a genuine individual search and striving for the abiding values of life", and for the "common man to rise to full stature" in the free realms of "communal spiritual and intellectual life."
- Karneval gave the people a break from the tightly structured class system, as they were able to hide their social background behind imaginative masks and costumes. Poor people were able to mix with all other levels of society and share fun with them. In those days people would dress up as knights, damsels and even priests, as a way of making fun of them. In a similar way, people these days sometimes wear masks which make fun of well-known politicians or celebrities.
nondenominational-
- christianity
- muslim
- judaism
A cacerolazo (Spanish pronunciation: [kaseɾoˈlaso]), cacerolada ([kaseɾoˈlaða]) or casserole is a form of popular protest which consists of a group of people making noise by banging pots, pans, and other utensils in order to call for attention. It arose in South America (particularly, Chile and Argentina) and has been seen more recently in English- and French-speaking regions, most notably Québec, as well as in Turkey during the 2013 protests in Turkey.What is peculiar about this type of demonstration is that people can protest from their own homes, thus achieving a high level of support and participation.The word comes from Spanish cacerola, which means "stew pot". The derivative suffixes -azo and -ada denote a hitting (punching or striking) action,[1] and has been extended metaphorically to any sort of shock demonstration.[citation needed] This type of manifestation started in 1971 in Chile, against the shortages of food during the administration of Salvador Allende. When this manner of protest was practiced in Canada,[4] in English it was referred to by most media as "casseroles" rather than the Spanish term cacerolazo. In the Philippines, the unrelated term "noise barrage" is used for this and a wider set of protest-oriented noisemaking. During the Martial Law period, a noise barrage was held on the eve of the 1978 elections for the Interim Batasang Pambansa, to protest against the authoritarian government of President Ferdinand Marcos.敲锅打铁最早出现于1971年，当时生活在萨尔瓦多·阿连德执政时期的社会主义智利下的智利人想出了这种方法，以宣泄他们对一些普通的生活用品（包括食物）供给不足的不满。
- [situationist international] everyone is hypnotised by production and conveniences - sewage systems, elevators, bathrooms, washing machines. Function of religion as anesthetic, hypnotic and tranquilizer has been taken over at a lower level by ideology. What was originally an unconsciouis falsification (resulting from an ideology's having stopped at partial conclusions) becomes a systematic lie once certain of the interests it cloaked are in power and protected by a police force.
construction of situations
- [situationist international]
- Cour des miracles ("court of miracles") was a French term which referred to slum districts of Paris, France where the unemployed migrants from rural areas resided. They held "the usual refuge of all those wretches who came to conceal in this corner of Paris, sombre, dirty, muddy, and tortuous, their pretended infirmities and their criminal pollution."[1] The areas grew largely during the reign of Louis XIV (1643 – 1715) and in Paris were found around the Filles-Dieu convent, Rue du Temple, the Court of Jussienne, Reuilly Street, Rue St. Jean and Tournelles Beausire, Rue de l'Echelle and between the Rue du Caire and Rue Reaumur. The latter served as inspiration for Victor Hugo's Les Misérables and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame.
- The Tour de Nesle or Nesle's Tower was one of the four large guard towers on the old city wall of Paris, constructed at the beginning of the 13th century by Philip II of France and demolished in 1665.In the 19th century, Alexandre Dumas wrote the celebrated romance La Tour de Nesle, in which he portrayed the place as a theatre of orgy and the place of murder of the Queen of France at the beginning of the 14th century, (likely Margaret of Burgundy). His story is based on the fifteenth century legend known as the Tour de Nesle Affair (Affaire de la tour de Nesle), centering on actual events that took place in 1314 where the daughters-in-law of Philip IV were accused of adultery, and their alleged lovers tortured, flayed, and executed.
- edgar allan poe and his story of the man who devoted his wealth to the construction of landscapes.THE DOMAIN OF ARNHEIM (1850)
- paintings of claude lorrain - unaccustomed architectural space, palaces are situated right on the edge of the sea, and they have pointless hanging gardens, palace doors' proximity to ships
- Giorgio de Chirico (/ˈkɪrɪkoʊ/ KIRR-ik-oh, Italian: [ˈdʒordʒo deˈkiːriko]; 10 July 1888 – 20 November 1978) was an Italian[1][2] artist and writer born in Greece. In the years before World War I, he founded the scuola metafisica art movement, which profoundly influenced the surrealists. His most well-known works often feature Roman arcades, long shadows, mannequins, trains, and illogical perspective. His imagery reflects his affinity for the philosophy of Nietzsche and for the mythology of his birthplace.
- could have been given free reign over place de la concorde and its obelisk
- drifting - it is useful to recall that in every group certain characters (priests or heroes) are charged with representing various tendencies as specialists, in accordance with the dual mechanism of projection and identification. Experience demonstrates that a derive is a good replacement for a mass. The more a place is set apart for free play, the more it influences people's behaviour and the greater is its force of attraction. e.g monaco, las vegas, reno
- The Society of the Spectacle (French: La société du spectacle) is a 1967 work of philosophy and Marxist critical theory by Guy Debord, in which the author develops and presents the concept of the Spectacle. The book is considered a seminal text for the Situationist movement. Debord published a follow-up book Comments on the Society of the Spectacle in 1988.The work is a series of 221 short theses in the form of aphorisms. Each thesis contains one paragraph.Debord traces the development of a modern society in which authentic social life has been replaced with its representation: "All that once was directly lived has become mere representation."[2] Debord argues that the history of social life can be understood as "the decline of being into having, and having into merely appearing."[3] This condition, according to Debord, is the "historical moment at which the commodity completes its colonization of social life."The spectacle is the inverted image of society in which relations between commodities have supplanted relations between people, in which "passive identification with the spectacle supplants genuine activity". "The spectacle is not a collection of images," Debord writes, "rather, it is a social relation among people, mediated by images."In his analysis of the spectacular society, Debord notes that the quality of life is impoverished,[6] with such a lack of authenticity that human perceptions are affected, and an attendant degradation of knowledge, which in turn hinders critical thought. Debord analyzes the use of knowledge to assuage reality: the spectacle obfuscates the past, imploding it with the future into an undifferentiated mass, a type of never-ending present; in this way the spectacle prevents individuals from realizing that the society of spectacle is only a moment in history, one that can be overturned through revolution.Debord's aim and proposal is "to wake up the spectator who has been drugged by spectacular images...through radical action in the form of the construction of situations...situations that bring a revolutionary reordering of life, politics, and art". In the Situationist view, situations are actively created moments characterized by "a sense of self-consciousness of existence within a particular environment or ambience".Debord encouraged the use of détournement, "which involves using spectacular images and language to disrupt the flow of the spectacle."
- an intellectual or a professional revolutionary worker is liable at any moment to tumble irretrievably into cooption- into one niche or another in one clan or another in the camp of the ruling zombies (which is far from being harmonious or monolithic). Until real life is present for everyone, the salt of the earth is always susceptible to going bad.
- pierre drouin - a creator lies dormant in each person. The sleeping creator must awaken, and that waking state could be termed situationist.
detournement [situationist international]
- in french means deflection, diversion, rerouting, misuse, misappropriation, hijacking, or otherwise turning something aside from its normal course or purpose
- ultra-detournement - tendencies for detournement to operate in everyday social life. Gestures and words can be given other meanings, and have been thoughout history for various practical reasons. The secret societies of ancient china made use of quite subtle recognition signals encompassing the greater part of social behaviour (the manner of arranging cups; of drinking; quotations of poems interrupted at agreed-on points). The need for a secret language, for passing words, is inseparable from a tendency toward play. Ultimately, any sign or word is susceptible to being converted into something else, even into its opposite. The royalist insurgents of the vendee (region southwestern france, locale of a pro-monarchist revolt against the revolutionary government (1793-1796)), because they bore the disgusting image of the sacred heart of jesus, were called the red army. In the limited domain of political war vocabulary this expression was completely detourned within a century.
- detourned words glossary - neighbourhood = gangland; social organisation = protection; society = racket; culture = conditioning; leisure activity = protected crime; education = premeditation
bauhaus [situationist international]
- an answer to the question: what "education" do artists need in order to take their place in the machine age?". It was implemented with a "school" in germany, first at weimar, then at dessau. Founded by architect walter gropius in 1919, it was destroyed by nazis in 1933. The international movement for an imaginist bauhaus was founded in switzerland in 1953 as a tendency aimed at forming a united organisation capable of promoting an integral revolutionary cultural attitude. In 1954 the experience of the albissola gathering demonstrated that experimental artists must get hold of industrial means and subject them to their own nonutilitarian ends; complete inflationary devaluation of modern values of decoration (cf ceramics produced by children). In 1955 an imaginist laboratory was founded at alba. In 1956 alba congress dialectically defines unitary urbanism (the use of all arts and techniques as means contributing to the composition of a unified milieu; advanced theory of "states-of-mind" districts - according to which each district of a city would be designed to provoke a specific basic sentiment to which people would knowingly expose themselves). In 1957 the movement promulgates the watchword of psychogeographical action.
futurism [situationist international]
- influence spread from italy in the period preceding ww1, adopted an attitude of revolutionising literature and arts which introduced a great number of formal innovations, but which was only based on an extremely simplistic application of the notion of mechanical progress. Futurism's puerile technological optimism vanished with the period of bourgeois euphoria that had sustained it. Italian futurism collapsed, going from nationalism to fascism without ever attaining a more complete theoretical vision of its time.
[situationist international] dadaism, initiated in zurich and ny by refugees and deserters from ww1, expressed the rejection of all the values of a bourgeois society whose bankruptcy had just become so grossly evident. Its violent manifestations in postwar germany and france aimed mainly at the destruction of art and literature and to a lesser degree at certain forms of behaviour (deliberately imbecilic spectacles, speeches and excursions). The creators of surrealism, who had participated in the dadaist movement in france, endeavoured to define the terrain of a constructive action on the basis of the spirit of revolt and the extreme depreciation of traditional means of communication expressed by dadaism. Aware of the danger of surrealism, the bourgeoisie must above all prevent a new beginning of revolutionary thought. It has been able to coopt it into ordinary aesthetic commerce. Reacting against the alienation of christian society has led some people to admire the completely irrational alienation of primitive societies. The postwar period led to the rapid destruction of surrealism by two factors: lack of possibilities for theoretical renewal and the ebbing of revolution, developments which were reflected in the political and cultural reaction within the workers movement. The latter factor is directly determinant, e.g in the disappearance of surrealist group of rumania. Except in belgium, where a fraction issuing from surrealism has maintained a valid experimental position [the levres nues gruop], all the surrealist tendencies scattered around the world have joined the camp of mystical idealism. Some of the revolutionary surrealists were among those who formed the "experimental artists" international (1949-51) which published the journal cobra (copenhagen-brussels-amsterdam)
decomposition [situationist international]
- two main centers of modern culture - paris and moscow. Former style (majority of whose elaborators are not french) influence europe, america and other developed countries of capitalist zone such as japan. The latter imposed administratively by moscow influence all worker states and also have a slight effect on paris and its european zone of influence. It is directly political. Conservatism is overt is moscow while in paris it is hidden and disguised as anarchism, cynicism or humor. The delay in transition from decomposition to new constructions is linked to the delay in the revolutionary liquidation of capitalism
- we are presently witnessing a reshuffling of cards of class struggle - a struggle which has certainly not disappeared, but whose lines of battle have been somewhat altered from the old schema. Similarly, the nation-state has yet to be transcended; individual nationalisms have merely been incorporated into the framework of supernations, the framework of two global blocs which are themselves composed of concentrated or dispersed multinational zones (e.g. europe or the chinese sphere of influence) within which there may be various modifications and regroupings of individual nations or ethnic regions (korea, wallonia, etc)
- how are we going to bankrupt the dominant culture? two ways. Gradually at first, and then suddenly - adapted from a passage in hemingway's the sun also rises
cybernetized totalitarian society, doomsday system
- [situationist international] development of fallout shelters during 1961 is a decisive turning point in cold war, a qualitative leap that will one day be seen as of immense importance in formation of a cybernetized totalitarian society on a global scale. It began in united states, where kennedy in his state of the union address in january 1960 was already able to assure the congress: "The nation's first serious defense shelter program is under way, identifying, marking and stocking 50 million spaces; and I urge your approval of federal incentives for the construction of public fallout shelters in schools and hospitals and similar centers" This state controlled organisation of survival has rapidly spread, more or less secretly, to other major countries of the two camps. e.g west germany (seizure of munich magazine quick), sweden and switzerland (shelters under their mountains). US companies flourished e.g. peace o'mind shelter company (texas), american survival products corporation (maryland), fox hole shelter (california), bee safe manufacturing company (ohio).
- protection is only a pretext, the real purpose of shelters is to test and thereby reinforce people's submissiveness, and to manipulate this submissiveness to the advantage of ruling society. The network of shelters presents a bizarre caricatural picture of existence under a perfected bureaucratic capitalism. A neo-christianity has revived its ideal of renunciation with new humility compatible with a new boost of industry. The world of shelters acknowledges itself as an air-conditioned vale of tears. The coalition of all managers and their various types of priests will be able to agree on one unitary program: mass hypnosis plus super-consumption. The new habitat took shape with large housing developments e.g development in nice - basement of which designed to serve as an atomic shelter for its inhabitants; concentration camp organisation; population centers of USA and more backward countries of europe and in algeria of the neocolonialist period proclaimed since the constantine plan. The haussmanns of 20th c no longer stop at facilitating the deployment of their repressive forces by partitioning the old urban clusters into manageable city blocks divided by wide avenues. At the same time they disperse the population over a vast area in the new prefabricated cities which represent this partitioning in its purest sate (where the inferiority of the masses, disarmed and deprived of means of communication, is sharply increased compared with the continually more technically equipped police), they erect inaccessible capital cities where the ruling bureaucracy, for greater security, can constitute the whole of population. Different stages of development of government cities: military zone of tirana is a section cut off from the city and defended by the army, wherein are concentrated the homes of the rulers of albania, the central committee building, and the schools, hospitals, stores and diversions for this autarkic elite; administrative city of rocher noir (built in a single year) has exactly the same function as tirana; brasilia, classic expression of functionalist architecture, parachuted into the center of a vast desert when president quadros was dismissed by his military and there were premonitions of civil war in brazil.
- in the plans of seine architects union (le monde, 22dec1961) the prefabricated "bistro club" that will everywhere humanise their work is presented as a cubic "plastic cell" (28x18x4 meters) comprising a stable element: the bistro, which will sell tobacco and magazines, but not alcohol; the remainder will be reserved for various craft activities. It should become a seductive showcase.
- Fallout Shelter is a free-to-play simulation video game developed by Bethesda Game Studios, with assistance by Behaviour Interactive, and published by Bethesda Softworks. Part of the Fallout series, it was released worldwide for iOS devices in June 2015, for Android devices in August 2015, for Microsoft Windows in July 2016, Xbox One in February 2017, and PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch in June 2018. The game tasks the player with building and effectively managing their own Vault, a fallout shelter.In Fallout Shelter, players build and manage their own Vault as an Overseer – the leader and coordinator of their Vault. Players guide and direct the citizens of the Vault, known as dwellers, and need to keep them happy through meeting their needs such as power, food, and water.[1][2] They rescue dwellers from the wasteland and assign them to different resource-generating buildings in the Vault, using the SPECIAL statistics system from the other Fallout games. Each character's SPECIAL profile affects their ability to generate different resources,[3] and their statistics can be increased by training them in rooms devoted to each stat.[4] The dwellers can level up over time, increasing their health, and can be given new items and weapons to help with various tasks.[1] The number of dwellers can be increased by waiting for new dwellers from the wasteland to arrive or by pairing a male and a female dweller in living quarters to produce babies.
Technical and Machine Learning Analysis
- hkpc workshop on Tactics and Techniques - The primary aim of this workshop is to equip the participants with the necessary skillsets from both sides of the world: the RED Team and the BLUE Team. The RED Team focuses on penetration testing of different systems and the levels of security programs, to detect, prevent and eliminate vulnerabilities, while the BLUE Team finds ways to defend, change and re-group defense mechanisms making incident response much stronger em 4nov19
White terror may refer to a common expression to describe anonymous acts that create a climate of fear. Examples
- First White Terror (1794–1795), a movement against the French Revolution
- The White Terror was a period during the French Revolution in 1795, when a wave of violent attacks swept across much of France.[citation needed] The victims of this violence were people identified as being associated with the Reign of Terror – followers of Robespierre and Marat, and members of local Jacobin clubs. The violence was perpetrated primarily by those whose relatives or associates had been victims of the Great Terror, or whose lives and livelihoods had been threatened by the government and its supporters before the Thermidorean Reaction. Principally these were, in Paris, the Muscadins, and in the countryside, monarchists, supporters of the Girondins, those who opposed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and those otherwise hostile to the Jacobin political agenda.[1] The Great Terror had been largely an organised political programme, based on laws such as the Law of 22 Prairial, and enacted through official institutions such as the Revolutionary Tribunal, but the White Terror was essentially a series of uncoordinated attacks by local activists who shared common perspectives but no central organisation.[2] In particular locations, there were however more organised counter-revolutionary movements such as the Companions of Jehu in Lyon and the Companions of the Sun in Provence. The name 'White Terror' derives from the white cockades worn in the hats of royalists.
- Second White Terror (1815), a movement against the French Revolution
- White Terror (Russia), mass violence carried out by opponents of the Soviet government during the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War (1918–20)
- White Terror (Bulgaria), the brutal suppression of the Communist September insurgency in the Kingdom of Bulgaria (1923)
- White Terror (Hungary), a two-year period (1919–1921) of repressive violence by counter-revolutionary soldiers
- White Terror (Spain), atrocities committed by the Nationalist movement during the Spanish Civil War and Francisco Franco's dictatorship
- White Terror (mainland China), the period of political repression in China starting in 1927 by the Republic of China/Kuomintang government
- White Terror (Taiwan), the period of political repression in Taiwan starting in the 1940s by the Republic of China/Kuomintang government
- White Terror (Greece), persecution of the EAM-ELAS between the Treaty of Varkiza in February 1945 and the beginning of the Greek Civil War in March 1946
- White Terror (Finland), violence of the White troops during and after the Finnish Civil War in 1918
- [hong kong commercial daily 50th anniversary booklet foreword by 总裁，社长吴松营] hkcd was set up in 1952 when the international situation was tense and china as a nation was still weak; at the time the british govt used white terror to expel "patriots" from the territory. Wenwei, takung, xinwen newspapers fought back but was ordered by british government to stop printing. This led to the creation of Hong Kong commercial daily from 经济导报的標準行情
"Pink tide" (Spanish: marea rosa, Portuguese: onda rosa) and "turn to the left" (Spanish: giro a la izquierda, Portuguese: guinada à esquerda) are phrases used in contemporary 21st-century political analysis in the media and elsewhere to describe the revolutionary wave and perception of a turn towards left-winggovernments in Latin American democracies straying away from the neoliberal economic model. The shift represented a move toward more progressiveeconomic policies and coincides with a parallel trend of democratization of Latin America following decades of inequality. The Latin American countries viewed as part of this ideological trend have been referred to as "Pink Tide nations",[4] with the term post-neoliberalism being used to describe the movement as well.[5] Some pink tide governments, such as those of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Venezuela,[6] have been varyingly characterized as being anti-American,[7][8]populist[9][10][11][12][13] and authoritarian-leaning.[10][14]The pink tide was followed by the conservative wave, a political phenomenon that emerged in the mid-2010s in South America as a direct reaction to the pink tide but saw a resurgence in 2018-2019 after successive electoral victories of left-wing candidates in Mexico, Panama, Bolivia, Argentina and Uruguay.[1
dystopia
- hkej 15may19 shum article
群體共識
- 康奈爾大學的經濟學教授巴蘇（Kaushik Basu）指出，如果人們相信別人的行為會因為某部法典而改變，那他們也會對自己的行為做出相應的調整。當「大家都會遵守該法典」成為群體共識，那部法典才會更有效。怎麼才能改變群體共識？這不僅需要清晰的法律條文、具有威懾力的懲罰、強而有力的執法，更重要的是對法治精神的教育和尊重。就如巴蘇所說，法治需要人們信任法律，並相信他人也同樣信任法律。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200723/PDF/b4_screen.pdfThe term eunuch (/ˈjuːnək/) generally refers to a man, typically from antiquity, who had been castrated[2] to serve a specific social function. The earliest records for intentional castration to produce eunuchs are from the Sumerian city of Lagash in the 21st century BC.[3][4] Over the millennia since, they have performed a wide variety of functions in many different cultures: courtiers or equivalent domestics, treble singers, religious specialists, soldiers, royal guards, government officials, and guardians of women or harem servants. Eunuchs would usually be servants or slaves who had been castrated to make them reliable servants of a royal court where physical access to the ruler could wield great influence.[5] Seemingly lowly domestic functions—such as making the ruler's bed, bathing him, cutting his hair, carrying him in his litter, or even relaying messages—could in theory give a eunuch "the ruler's ear" and impart de facto power on the formally humble but trusted servant. Similar instances are reflected in the humble origins and etymology of many high offices. Eunuchs supposedly did not generally have loyalties to the military, the aristocracy, or to a family of their own (having neither offspring nor in-laws, at the very least), and were thus seen as more trustworthy and less interested in establishing a private 'dynasty'. Because their condition usually lowered their social status, they could also be easily replaced or killed without repercussion. In cultures that had both harems and eunuchs, eunuchs were sometimes used as harem servants (compare the female odalisque) or seraglio guards.
- In ancient times , eunuchs were used for jobs that catered to the personal needs of the King, much like his valet.They were trusted and reliable because although they had the great power of having the king's ear, they were not a threat of starting a rival dynasty as they had no children. They were superb managers of the King's harem, with no threat of royal adultery . And they were great singers for treble notes. Cultures who demanded celibacy of their priests found eunuchs reliable in that area and little boys safe from molestation. Usually they were the leading administration man in the palace, loyal to the current king or whoever killed him and took his place.https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-main-functions-of-eunuchs-to-the-king-in-the-ancient-times
Carioca (Portuguese pronunciation: [kaɾiˈɔkɐ] or [kɐɾiˈɔkɐ]) is a demonym used to refer to anything related to the City of Rio de Janeiro as well as its eponymous State of Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil. The original word, "kara'i oka", comes from the indigenous Tupi languagemeaning "house of carijó", which was a native tribe of Rio de Janeiro who lived in the vicinity of the Carioca River, between the neighborhoods of Glória and Flamengo. Like other Brazilians, cariocas speak Portuguese. The carioca accent and sociolect (also simply called "carioca", see below) are the most widely recognized in Brazil, in part because Rede Globo, the second-largest television network in the world, is headquartered in Rio de Janeiro. Thus, a lot of Brazilian TV programs, from news and documentary to entertainment (such as the novelas), feature carioca-acting and -speaking talent. An eponymous song from 1933, Carioca, has become a jazz standard. Carnaval Carioca is the Portuguese name for the largest Brazilian Carnival, the Rio Carnival. Samba Carioca is a localized style of Brazilian Samba.
"DINK" is an acronym that stands for "dual income, no kids". It describes a childless couple in which both partners work. The term was coined in the 1980s at the height of yuppie culture. The Great Recession has solidified this social trend, as more couples waited longer to have kids. In the Netherlands, one in five couples choose not to have them at all."DINK" also exists and is used for "dual income, no kids" in the United States, South Korea, and Japan. DINK is used in reference to childless couples. "DINKER" means "dual (or double) income & no kids, early retirement". Some marketers have proposed "yappie" as a term to describe similar couples who do have children. "DINKY" means "double income, no kids yet". A British radio sitcom "Double Income, No Kids Yet" bore that name. "GINK" means "green inclinations, no kids", referring those who choose not to have children for environmental reasons.
Yob is a slang word used in the United Kingdom. The term denotes a loutish, uncultured person, and is published in dictionaries in the United Kingdom.[2] In Australia and New Zealand, the word yobbo is more frequently used, with a similar although slightly less negative meaning. The American equivalent is "yahoo".
quantum level leaps in three major critical business areas:
- critical mass
- mass customization
- mass communication
"big platform""大平台"
- hkej 11jul19 shum article why singapore can and hk can't
The four occupations (士農工商) or "four categories of the people" (四民) was an occupation classification used in ancient China by either Confucian or Legalistscholars as far back as the late Zhou dynasty and is considered a central part of the fengjian social structure (c. 1046–256 BC).[3] These were the shi (gentry scholars), the nong (peasant farmers), the gong (artisans and craftsmen), and the shang (merchants and traders).[3] The four occupations were not always arranged in this order.[4][5] The four categories were not socioeconomic classes; wealth and standing did not correspond to these categories, nor were they hereditary. The system did not factor in all social groups present in premodern Chinese society, and its broad categories were more an idealization than a practical reality. The commercialization of Chinese society in the Song and Ming periods further blurred the lines between these four occupations. The definition of the identity of the shi class changed over time—from warriors, to aristocratic scholars, and finally to scholar-bureaucrats. There was also a gradual fusion of the wealthy merchant and landholding gentry classes, culminating in the late Ming Dynasty. In some manner this system of social order was adopted throughout the Chinese cultural sphere. In Japanese it is called mibunsei (身分制) and is sometimes stated as "Shi, nō, kō, shō" (士農工商, shinōkōshō), although in Japan it became a hereditary caste system.[7][8] In Korean as "Sa, nong, gong, sang" (사농공상), and in Vietnamese as "Sĩ, nông, công, thương (士農工商). The main difference in adaptation was the definition of the shi (士).
士農工商（しのうこうしょう）とは、儒教において社会の主要な構成要素（官吏・農民・職人・商人）を指す概念である。「四民」ともいう。日本では、近代になり江戸時代の身分制度を意味すると捉えられるようになったが、1990年代頃から実証的研究が進み、同時代的に現実に施行された制度ではないと理解されるようになった[1]。
- economist 31aug19 "the return of the merchant class" shopify is doing for sellers what amazon has done for buyers
"new" occupation
- 1 月 5 日，2020香港賽馬會助力運動處方師首期培訓班在 深圳開班。運動處方師培訓由國家體育總局體育科學 研究所與中國體育科學學會主辦，香港賽馬會贊助， 將分別於1月、3月、5月在深圳、上海、廈門三地舉 辦，完成 300餘名家庭醫生、全科醫生和社區醫生的 培訓任務，合格者將獲得中國體育科學學會頒發的運 動處方師證書。此次培訓班旨在培養一支能開具個性 化運動處方的醫生隊伍，助力全民健身和健康中國建 設。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/01/06/a07-0106.pdf
class system
- new york
- Upper Ten Thousand, or simply, The Upper Ten, is a 19th-century phrase referring to the wealthiest 10,000 residents of New York City. The phrase was coined in 1844 by American poet and author Nathaniel Parker Willis.[1] Soon, the term came to be used to describe the upper circles not only of New York, but also those of other major cities.
- uk
"The ton" was Britain's high society during the late Regency and the reign of George IV, and later. The word means, in this context, "manners" or "style" and is pronounced as in French ([tɔ̃]). The full phrase is le bon ton meaning etiquette, "good manners" or "good form" – characteristics held as ideal by the British beau monde.The term le beau monde (pronounced [bo mɔ̃d]), literally meaning "the beautiful world" (but here meaning "fashionable people," or "fashionable society"), was similar to le bon ton during the 19th century."The ton" has also been used to refer to the Upper Ten Thousand of later 19th-century New York society as well as most of the peerage, landed gentry, and wealthy merchants or bankers of the City of London.Fashion, etiquette, manners, social customs, and many other aspects of social life were all dictated by the ton. The ton's generally acknowledged leaders were the Lady Patronesses of Almack's. As London's most exclusive mixed-sex social club, Almack's represented the best and wealthiest among the ton. The conventions of ton life were highly structured and complex. Social acceptance was crucial and mostly based on birth and family. Acceptable social behaviours differed for men and women; they were based on a system validated primarily by the patronesses of Almack's, who determined who could be admitted to its functions. Some of these behaviours were flexible – they adapted slightly with the fashions of each season – but they always reflected the current modes of manners, fashion, and propriety.The privileged members of the ton could pursue an extravagant life of indulgence, but there were often double standards for its members. The flexibility of social rules was unofficially determined by an individual's status, wealth, or family connections. Royalty were forgiven almost any transgression. Scandalous activity such as having illegitimate children or conducting extramarital affairs might incite gossip, but were often overlooked for members of the aristocracy, while such conduct among the gentry could destroy an entire family's social aspirations.
- Bridgerton is an American streaming television period drama series created by Chris Van Dusen and produced by Shonda Rhimes. It is based on Julia Quinn's novels set in the competitive world of Regency era London's ton during the season, when debutantes are presented at court.
- spoon types http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/01/15/a17-0115.pdf
two cultures
- Charles Percy Snow, Baron Snow, Kt, CBE, FRSL (15 October 1905 – 1 July 1980) was an English novelist and physical chemist who also served in several important positions in the British Civil Service and briefly in the UK government.[1] He is best known for his series of novels known collectively as Strangers and Brothers, and for The Two Cultures, a 1959 lecture in which he laments the gulf between scientists and "literary intellectuals".Born in Leicester to William Snow, a church organist and choirmaster, and his wife Ada,[3] Charles Snow was the second of four boys, his brothers being Harold, Eric and Philip Snow,[4] and was educated at Alderman Newton's School.In 1923, he passed the intermediate British School Certificate, and in 1925 went on to take a University of London external degree in Physics at the University College, Leicester (now the University of Leicester).[6] Snow later gained a scholarship to Christ's College, Cambridge, and gained his PhD in physics (spectroscopy). In 1930 he became a Fellow of Christ's College.Snow served in several senior civil service positions: as technical director of the Ministry of Labour from 1940 to 1944, and as a civil service commissioner from 1945 to 1960. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1943 New Year Honours.[7] Snow's was among the 2,300 names of prominent persons listed on the Nazis' Special Search List, of those who were to be arrested on the invasion of Great Britain and turned over to the Gestapo. For the academic year 1961 to 1962, Snow and his wife both served as Fellows on the faculty in the Center for Advanced Studies at Wesleyan University.
- "The Two Cultures" is the first part of an influential 1959 Rede Lecture by British scientist and novelist C. P. Snow which were published in book form as The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution the same year. Its thesis was that science and the humanities which represented "the intellectual life of the whole of western society" had become split into "two cultures" and that this division was a major handicap to both in solving the world's problems.
- Contrasting scientific and humanistic knowledge is a repetition of the Methodenstreit of 1890 German universities. A quarrel in 1911 between Benedetto Croce and Giovanni Gentile on the one hand and Federigo Enriques on the other one is believed to have had enduring effects in the separation of the two cultures in Italy and to the predominance of the views of (objective) idealism over those of (logical) positivism. In the social sciences it is also commonly proposed as the quarrel of positivism versus interpretivism.
- Methodenstreit (German for "method dispute"), in intellectual history beyond German-language discourse, was an economics controversy commenced in the 1880s and persisting for more than a decade, between that field's Austrian School and the (German) Historical School. The debate concerned the place of general theory in social science and the use of history in explaining the dynamics of human action. It also touched on policy and political issues, including the roles of the individual and state. Nevertheless, methodological concerns were uppermost and some early members of the Austrian School also defended a form of welfare state, as prominently advocated by the Historical School.When the debate opened, Carl Menger developed the Austrian School's standpoint, and Gustav von Schmoller defended the approach of the Historical School.(In German-speaking countries, the original of this Germanism is not specific to the one controversy—which is likely to be specified as Methodenstreit der Nationalökonomie, i.e. "Methodenstreit of economics".)
- economist 19jun2021 "the two cultures, revisited"
wonder year
- the year 1565 represents something of a high point for the output of the Protestant printing presses in Emden, Germany.http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/mobile/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227397.001.0001/acprof-9780198227397-chapter-5
- Wonderjaar kan verwijzen naar:
derogatory/offensive terms for nations/groups of people
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-words-used-in-your-language-for-people-of-other-countries-like-in-English-Aussie-for-Australians-Kiwi-for-New-Zealanders
- The female counterpart is a quaintrelle, a woman who emphasizes a life of passion expressed through personal style, leisurely pastimes, charm, and cultivation of life's pleasures.In the 12th century, cointerrels (male) and cointrelles (female) emerged, based upon coint,[27] a word applied to things skillfully made, later indicating a person of beautiful dress and refined speech.[28] By the 18th century, coint became quaint,[29] indicating elegant speech and beauty. Middle English dictionaries note quaintrelle as a beautifully dressed woman (or overly dressed), but do not include the favorable personality elements of grace and charm. The notion of a quaintrelle sharing the major philosophical components of refinement with dandies is a modern development that returns quaintrelles to their historic roots.
yankee
- The origin of Yankee is Dutch. This should not be surprising if you kow that New York City was once a Dutch colony called Nieuwe Amsterdam. With that in mind, the most common Dutch man’s name at the time was Jan Kees, pronounced “Yan Kase” with a British accent. Jan Kees was Anglicized to Yankee. And the rest is history. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-origin-of-the-term-Yankee
- yanqui is a variant spelling of Yankee, typically used in Latin American contexts.
- the year 1565 represents something of a high point for the output of the Protestant printing presses in Emden, Germany.http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/mobile/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227397.001.0001/acprof-9780198227397-chapter-5
- Wonderjaar kan verwijzen naar:
- het Wonderjaar 1566 in de geschiedenis van de Nederlanden.
- Einsteins wonderjaar 1905, het jaar waarin Einstein vier artikels publiceerde die de natuurkunde definitief zouden veranderen.
- het wonderjaar van Leopold II, eveneens 1905.
derogatory/offensive terms for nations/groups of people
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-words-used-in-your-language-for-people-of-other-countries-like-in-English-Aussie-for-Australians-Kiwi-for-New-Zealanders
A macaroni (or formerly maccaroni) in mid-18th-century England was a fashionable fellow who dressed and even spoke in an outlandishly affected and epicene manner. The term pejoratively referred to a man who "exceeded the ordinary bounds of fashion" in terms of clothes, fastidious eating, and gambling. He mixed Continental affectations with his English nature, like a practitioner of macaronic verse (which mixed English and Latin to comic effect), laying himself open to satire:There is indeed a kind of animal, neither male nor female, a thing of the neuter gender, lately [1770] started up among us. It is called a macaroni. It talks without meaning, it smiles without pleasantry, it eats without appetite, it rides without exercise, it wenches without passion.The macaronis were precursor to the dandies, who came as a more masculine reaction to the excesses of the macaroni, far from their present connotation of effeminacy.The Italian term maccherone, figuratively meaning "blockhead, fool", was not related to this British usage.The song "Yankee Doodle" from the time of the American Revolutionary War mentions a man who "stuck a feather in his hat and called it macaroni." Dr. Richard Shuckburgh was a British surgeon and also the author of the song's lyrics; the joke which he was making was that the Yankees were naive enough to believe that a feather in the hat was a sufficient mark of a macaroni. Whether or not these were alternative lyrics sung in the British army, they were enthusiastically taken up by the Americans themselves.
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-English-in-documents-from-the-Founding-Fathers-like-the-US-Constitution-and-Declaration-of-Independence-so-easy-to-understand-for-modern-readers-Did-Washington-and-Hamilton-speak-just-like-we-do It puzzled me for many years as it is so obvious from the context that the word “macaroni” meant something different back then then it did today. This is similar to the words “well regulated” in the US Second Amendment, but in that case it is not obvious that the meaning had changed since the 1780s. Macaroni back in 1776 meant a fop, someone who was richly well dressed. Today it would be a man who was wearing an Armani suit, Gucci shoes and a Rolex. Well-regulated in 1776 meant properly functioning as in a well-regulated vehicle only needs gas and oil. Therefore, when you are reading documents written in 1776, you may find a lot of instances when you think you know what something means but it did not mean what you think it means in 1776.
A dandy, historically, is a man who places particular importance upon physical appearance, refined language, and leisurely hobbies, pursued with the appearance of nonchalance in a cult of self. A dandy could be a self-made man who strove to imitate an aristocratic lifestyle despite coming from a middle-class background, especially in late 18th- and early 19th-century Britain. Previous manifestations of the petit-maître (French for "small master") and the Muscadin have been noted by John C. Prevost,[4] but the modern practice of dandyism first appeared in the revolutionary 1790s, both in London and in Paris. The dandy cultivated cynical reserve, yet to such extremes that novelist George Meredith, himself no dandy, once defined cynicism as "intellectual dandyism". Some took a more benign view; Thomas Carlyle wrote in Sartor Resartus that a dandy was no more than "a clothes-wearing man". Honoré de Balzac introduced the perfectly worldly and unmoved Henri de Marsay in La fille aux yeux d'or (1835), a part of La Comédie Humaine, who fulfils at first the model of a perfect dandy, until an obsessive love-pursuit unravels him in passionate and murderous jealousy.
- the word dandy first appears in the late 18th century: In the years immediately preceding the American Revolution, the first verse and chorus of "Yankee Doodle" derided the alleged poverty and rough manners of American-citizen colonists, suggesting that whereas a fine horse and gold-braided clothing ("mac[c]aroni") were required to set a dandy apart from those around him, the average American citizen-colonist's means were so meager that ownership of a mere pony and a few feathers for personal ornamentation would qualify one of them as a "dandy" by comparison to and/or in the minds of his even less sophisticated Eurasian compatriots. A slightly later Scottish border ballad, circa 1780, also features the word, but probably without all the contextual aspects of its more recent meaning. The original, full form of 'dandy' may have been jack-a-dandy. It was a vogue word during the Napoleonic Wars. In that contemporary slang, a "dandy" was differentiated from a "fop" in that the dandy's dress was more refined and sober than the fop's.In the twenty-first century, the word dandy is a jocular, often sarcastic adjective meaning "fine" or "great"; when used in the form of a noun, it refers to a well-groomed and well-dressed man, but often to one who is also self-absorbed.
- The beginnings of dandyism in France were bound to the politics of the French revolution; the initial stage of dandyism, the gilded youth, was a political statement of dressing in an aristocratic style in order to distinguish its members from the sans-culottes.- The female counterpart is a quaintrelle, a woman who emphasizes a life of passion expressed through personal style, leisurely pastimes, charm, and cultivation of life's pleasures.In the 12th century, cointerrels (male) and cointrelles (female) emerged, based upon coint,[27] a word applied to things skillfully made, later indicating a person of beautiful dress and refined speech.[28] By the 18th century, coint became quaint,[29] indicating elegant speech and beauty. Middle English dictionaries note quaintrelle as a beautifully dressed woman (or overly dressed), but do not include the favorable personality elements of grace and charm. The notion of a quaintrelle sharing the major philosophical components of refinement with dandies is a modern development that returns quaintrelles to their historic roots.
The sans-culottes (French: [sɑ̃kylɔt], literally "without breeches") were the common people of the lower classes in late 18th century France, a great many of whom became radical and militant partisans of the French Revolution in response to their poor quality of life under the Ancien Régime.The word sans-culotte, which is opposed to that of the aristocrat, seems to have been used for the first time on 28 February 1791 by officer Gauthier in a derogatory sense, speaking about a "sans-culottes army".[2] The word came in vogue during the demonstration of 20 June 1792.The name sans-culottes refers to their clothing, and through that to their lower-class status: culottes were the fashionable silk knee-breeches of the 18th-century nobility and bourgeoisie, and the working class sans-culottes wore pantaloons, or trousers, instead. The sans-culottes, most of them urban labourers, served as the driving popular force behind the revolution. They were judged by the other revolutionaries as "radicals" because they advocated a direct democracy, that is to say, without intermediaries such as members of parliament.
The distinctive costume of typical sans-culottes featured:
- the pantalon (long trousers) – in place of the culottes (silk knee-breeches) worn by the upper classes[5]:2–3
- the carmagnole (short-skirted coat)
- the red Phrygian cap, also known as a "liberty cap"
- sabots (a type of wooden clog)
yankee
- The origin of Yankee is Dutch. This should not be surprising if you kow that New York City was once a Dutch colony called Nieuwe Amsterdam. With that in mind, the most common Dutch man’s name at the time was Jan Kees, pronounced “Yan Kase” with a British accent. Jan Kees was Anglicized to Yankee. And the rest is history. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-origin-of-the-term-Yankee
- yanqui is a variant spelling of Yankee, typically used in Latin American contexts.
- eg [sedgewick] anti americans (yanquis) protests in 1920s
cowboy
- larry mcmurtry, chronicler of wild west obit economist 10apr2021
Muselmann (pl. Muselmänner, the German version of Musulman, meaning Muslim) was a slang term used among captives of World War II Nazi concentration camps to refer to those suffering from a combination of starvation (known also as "hunger disease") and exhaustion and who were resigned to their impending death. The Muselmann prisoners exhibited severe emaciation and physical weakness, an apathetic listlessness regarding their own fate, and unresponsiveness to their surroundings owing to the barbaric treatment by the Nazis and prisoner functionaries. Some scholars argue that the term possibly comes from the Muselmann's inability to stand for any time due to the loss of leg muscle, thus spending much of the time in a prone position, recalling the position of the Musulman (Muslim) during prayers. Un Muselmann (pl. Muselmänner, du mot yiddish signifiant « musulman ») est, dans la Lagersprache des camps de concentration nazis, un déporté tellement affaibli que sa mort est imminente. Apathique, prostré, il ne réagit plus et se résigne à sa propre fin1. À l'instar d'autres survivants de la Shoah, Primo Levi cite l'expression dans son ouvrage autobiographique Si c'est un homme, consacré à sa déportation à Auschwitz, en indiquant que les « anciens » du camp désignaient les agonisants par ce terme sans qu'il puisse s'expliquer pourquoi2. L'hypothèse a été avancée que le Muselmann, épuisé, devient incapable de bouger, de se lever, ce qui peut évoquer la position d'un musulman prosterné au sol durant la prière3. Pour le philosophe Giorgio Agamben, le lien avec l'islam relève plutôt d'un sens littéral : le fatalisme que l'on attribue aux musulmans, la soumission inconditionnelle à la volonté de Dieu, trouveraient leur équivalent métaphorique dans la résignation totale du Muselmann4.
army
- fantassin
- Poilu (/ˈpwɑːluː/; French: [pwaly]) is an informal term for a French World War I infantryman, meaning, literally, hairy one. It is still widely used as a term of endearment for the French infantry of World War I. The word carries the sense of the infantryman's typically rustic, agricultural background. Beards and bushy moustaches were often worn. The poilu was particularly known for his love of pinard, his ration of cheap wine.The image of the dogged, bearded French soldier was widely used in propaganda and war memorials. The stereotype of the Poilu was of bravery and endurance, but not always of unquestioning obedience. At the disastrous Chemin des Dames offensive of 1917 under General Robert Nivelle, they were said to have gone into no man's landmaking baa'ing noises—a collective bit of gallows humor signaling the idea that they were being sent as lambs to the slaughter. Outstanding for its mixture of horror and heroism, this spectacle proved a sobering one. As the news of it spread, the French high command soon found itself coping with a widespread mutiny. A minor revolution was averted only with the promise of an end to the costly offensive. The last surviving poilu from World War I was Pierre Picault. However, French authorities recognised Lazare Ponticelli as the last poilu, as he was the last veteran whose service met the strict official criteria.[5] Lazare Ponticelli died in Le Kremlin-Bicêtre on 12 March 2008, aged 110.
- tommy / tommies - a British private soldier.
"private capital", capitalism
- economist 6jul19 "the new public" the rise and rise of private capital
- economist 26oct19 "warrensworld" elizabeth warren's plan to remake america capitalism
Muselmann (pl. Muselmänner, the German version of Musulman, meaning Muslim) was a slang term used among captives of World War II Nazi concentration camps to refer to those suffering from a combination of starvation (known also as "hunger disease") and exhaustion and who were resigned to their impending death. The Muselmann prisoners exhibited severe emaciation and physical weakness, an apathetic listlessness regarding their own fate, and unresponsiveness to their surroundings owing to the barbaric treatment by the Nazis and prisoner functionaries. Some scholars argue that the term possibly comes from the Muselmann's inability to stand for any time due to the loss of leg muscle, thus spending much of the time in a prone position, recalling the position of the Musulman (Muslim) during prayers. Un Muselmann (pl. Muselmänner, du mot yiddish signifiant « musulman ») est, dans la Lagersprache des camps de concentration nazis, un déporté tellement affaibli que sa mort est imminente. Apathique, prostré, il ne réagit plus et se résigne à sa propre fin1. À l'instar d'autres survivants de la Shoah, Primo Levi cite l'expression dans son ouvrage autobiographique Si c'est un homme, consacré à sa déportation à Auschwitz, en indiquant que les « anciens » du camp désignaient les agonisants par ce terme sans qu'il puisse s'expliquer pourquoi2. L'hypothèse a été avancée que le Muselmann, épuisé, devient incapable de bouger, de se lever, ce qui peut évoquer la position d'un musulman prosterné au sol durant la prière3. Pour le philosophe Giorgio Agamben, le lien avec l'islam relève plutôt d'un sens littéral : le fatalisme que l'on attribue aux musulmans, la soumission inconditionnelle à la volonté de Dieu, trouveraient leur équivalent métaphorique dans la résignation totale du Muselmann4.
army
- fantassin
- L'infanterie est l'ensemble des unités militaires qui combattent à pied, le soldat étant appelé fantassin. Le mot est emprunté de l'italien infanteria, dérivé de infante(« enfant ») qui prit au xive siècle le sens de « jeune soldat, fantassin ».
- Poilu (/ˈpwɑːluː/; French: [pwaly]) is an informal term for a French World War I infantryman, meaning, literally, hairy one. It is still widely used as a term of endearment for the French infantry of World War I. The word carries the sense of the infantryman's typically rustic, agricultural background. Beards and bushy moustaches were often worn. The poilu was particularly known for his love of pinard, his ration of cheap wine.The image of the dogged, bearded French soldier was widely used in propaganda and war memorials. The stereotype of the Poilu was of bravery and endurance, but not always of unquestioning obedience. At the disastrous Chemin des Dames offensive of 1917 under General Robert Nivelle, they were said to have gone into no man's landmaking baa'ing noises—a collective bit of gallows humor signaling the idea that they were being sent as lambs to the slaughter. Outstanding for its mixture of horror and heroism, this spectacle proved a sobering one. As the news of it spread, the French high command soon found itself coping with a widespread mutiny. A minor revolution was averted only with the promise of an end to the costly offensive. The last surviving poilu from World War I was Pierre Picault. However, French authorities recognised Lazare Ponticelli as the last poilu, as he was the last veteran whose service met the strict official criteria.[5] Lazare Ponticelli died in Le Kremlin-Bicêtre on 12 March 2008, aged 110.
- tommy / tommies - a British private soldier.
- Tommy Atkins (often just Tommy) is slang for a common soldier in the British Army. It was certainly well established during the nineteenth century, but is particularly associated with World War I. It can be used as a term of reference, or as a form of address. German soldiers would call out to "Tommy" across no man's land if they wished to speak to a British soldier. French and Commonwealth troops would also call British soldiers "Tommies". In more recent times, the term Tommy Atkins has been used less frequently, although the name "Tom" is occasionally still heard, especially with regard to paratroopers. Tommy Atkins or Thomas Atkins has been used as a generic name for a common British soldier for many years. The origin of the term is a subject of debate, but it is known to have been used as early as 1743. A letter sent from Jamaica about a mutiny amongst the troops says "except for those from N. America ye Marines and Tommy Atkins behaved splendidly". A common belief is that the name was chosen by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington after having been inspired by the bravery of a soldier at the Battle of Boxtel in 1794 during the Flanders Campaign. On 25 July 2009, the death of the last "Tommy" from World War I, Harry Patch (at 111 the oldest man in the United Kingdom and also in Europe), left Claude Choules as the last serviceman of the British forces in World War I.
- Doughboy was an informal term for a member of the United States Army or Marine Corps, especially used to refer to members of the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I, but initially used in the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848. A popular mass-produced sculpture of the 1920s designed by E. M. Viquesney – the Spirit of the American Doughboy – shows a U.S. soldier in World War I uniform. The American usage was adopted in the UK by c.1917. The term was still in use as of the early 1940s – for instance in the 1942 song "Johnny Doughboy Found a Rose in Ireland," recorded by Dennis Day, Kenny Baker and Kay Kyser, among others; as well as the 1942 musical film Johnny Doughboy and as a character "Johnny Doughboy" in Military Comics. It was gradually replaced during World War II by "G.I." Although it was best known from its usage for American troops in the First World War, the origins of the term are unclear. The word was in wide circulation a century earlier in both Britain and America, albeit with different meanings. Horatio Nelson's sailors and the Duke of Wellington's soldiers in Spain, for instance, were both familiar with fried flour dumplings called "doughboys", the precursor of the modern doughnut.
- Present-day military units with the title or historic role of "uhlans" include:
- Kazakhstan: "Жас Ұлан" (zhas ulan) regiments exist in the modern Kazakhstan Army[8] though not as mounted cavalry.
- Poland: Cavalry Squadron of Polish Armed Forces (Polish: Szwadron Kawalerii Wojska Polskiego)[9]
- Lithuania: Uhlan battalion of Grand Duchess Birutė (Lithuanian: Didžiosios kunigaikštienės Birutės ulonų batalionas) [10] this unit has the historic title, but not the cavalry role. It is a combat battalion.
"private capital", capitalism
- economist 6jul19 "the new public" the rise and rise of private capital
- economist 26oct19 "warrensworld" elizabeth warren's plan to remake america capitalism
socialism/sociology/human behaviour
- Henri-Raymond Casgrain (December 16, 1831 – February 11, 1904) was a French Canadian Roman Catholic priest, author, publisher, and professor of history.He wrote primarily on New France and its personalities, such as Samuel de Champlain, Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and his aide-de-camp Francis de Gaston, Chevalier de Levis. From 1889 to 1890, he was the president of the Royal Society of Canada.
- [situationist international]in his study of palinuro, he had shown how a revolutionary organsiation is a separate milieu, as conventional and ultimately as passive as those holiday camps that are specialised terrain of modern leisure.
- George Herbert Mead (February 27, 1863 – April 26, 1931) was an American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist, primarily affiliated with the University of Chicago, where he was one of several distinguished pragmatists. He is regarded as one of the founders of symbolic interactionism and of what has come to be referred to as the Chicago sociological tradition.Much of Mead's work focused on the development of the self and the objectivity of the world within the social realm: he insisted that "the individual mind can exist only in relation to other minds with shared meanings" (Mead 1982: 5).The two most important roots of Mead's work, and of symbolic interactionism in general, are the philosophy of pragmatism and social (as opposed to psychological) behaviorism (i.e.: Mead was concerned with the stimuli of gestures and social objects with rich meanings rather than bare physical objects which psychological behaviourists considered stimuli). Pragmatism is a wide-ranging philosophical position from which several aspects of Mead's influences can be identified.There are four main tenets of pragmatism : First, to pragmatists true reality does not exist "out there" in the real world, it "is actively created as we act in and toward the world." Second, people remember and base their knowledge of the world on what has been useful to them and are likely to alter what no longer "works." Third, people define the social and physical "objects" they encounter in the world according to their use for them. Lastly, if we want to understand actors, we must base that understanding on what people actually do.
- Erving Goffman (11 June 1922 – 19 November 1982) was a Canadian-born sociologist, social psychologist, and writer, considered by some "the most influential American sociologist of the twentieth century".[1] In 2007 he was listed by The Times Higher Education Guide as the sixth most-cited author in the humanities and social sciences, behind Anthony Giddens, Pierre Bourdieu and Michel Foucault, and ahead of Jürgen Habermas. Goffman was the 73rd president of the American Sociological Association. His best-known contribution to social theory is his study of symbolic interaction. This took the form of dramaturgical analysis, beginning with his 1956 book, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Goffman's other major works include Asylums (1961), Stigma (1963), Interaction Ritual (1967), Frame Analysis (1974), and Forms of Talk (1981). His major areas of study included the sociology of everyday life, social interaction, the social construction of self, social organization (framing) of experience, and particular elements of social life such as total institutions and stigmas.
- [situationist international]The goal of socialism is abundance-the greatest number of goods for the greatest number of people, which statistically implies reducing the unexpected to the level of the improbable. Increasing the number of goods reduces the value of each.
social experiment
- https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/lord-of-the-flies-was-fiction-in-the-real-world-things-turned-out-differently-1.4257353 pupils in June 1965 at a Catholic boarding school in the Tongan capital, Nuku‘alofa, the six – oldest age 16 and youngest 13 – set out on an adventure. They “borrowed” a boat with a plan to escape to Fiji, 800km away, or maybe even New Zealand – three times as far – but the boat drifted for eight days in the Pacific and end up at the remote, uninhabited island of ‘Ata. Bregman tracked down Peter Warner, the sea captain who first reached them 15 months after their disappearance, to describe the scene. The boys “had set up a small commune with food garden, hollowed-out tree trunks to store rainwater, a gymnasium with curious weights, a badminton court, chicken pens and a permanent fire, all from handiwork, an old knife blade and much determination”, Warner wrote in his memoirs.
social experiment
- https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/lord-of-the-flies-was-fiction-in-the-real-world-things-turned-out-differently-1.4257353 pupils in June 1965 at a Catholic boarding school in the Tongan capital, Nuku‘alofa, the six – oldest age 16 and youngest 13 – set out on an adventure. They “borrowed” a boat with a plan to escape to Fiji, 800km away, or maybe even New Zealand – three times as far – but the boat drifted for eight days in the Pacific and end up at the remote, uninhabited island of ‘Ata. Bregman tracked down Peter Warner, the sea captain who first reached them 15 months after their disappearance, to describe the scene. The boys “had set up a small commune with food garden, hollowed-out tree trunks to store rainwater, a gymnasium with curious weights, a badminton court, chicken pens and a permanent fire, all from handiwork, an old knife blade and much determination”, Warner wrote in his memoirs.
No comments:
Post a Comment