- During the classical antiquity there existed an Illyrian fortress and a Roman castrum. During the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justinian, several fortified towns were built in the area. Blagaj was mentioned in Constantine Porphyrogenitus’ work De Administrando Imperio as Bona, then part of Zahumlje (Hum).In the late 12th century, during the rule of Stefan Nemanja (Grand Principality of Serbia), prefect Jurko raised a church dedicated to saints Cosmas and Damian. In the 14th century, during the reign of Bosnian Ban Stjepan II Kotromanić, Hum became part of the Bosnian state. In the 15th century Sandalj Hranić Kosača and his nephew Stephen Vukčić Kosača ruled the Hum and Blagaj territory until the arrival of the Ottomans in 1466. Blagaj is also known as a residential area of Bosnian rulers and particularly of royal families Hranić and Kosača. In historical sources Blagaj was first mentioned in 1423. During the period of the Ottoman Empire, Blagaj was the seat of the Blagaj Vilayet, and was divided into several neighborhoods. The city had seven mosques, two inns, four musafirhana (guest houses), a madrasa (Bosnian: medresa), two maktab, seven mills and four stone bridges on the river Buna. Bosniaks were majority until 1835, during the Austro-Hungarian period Christians constituted twice as many. An Orthodox Church was built in 1893 and a Roman Catholic church in 1908.
- ********note this name of the mosque - Sultan-Sulejmanova džamija Sultan Sulejmanova džamija, ili Careva džamija, nalazi se na desnoj obali rijeke Bune, u naselju Blagaj, grad Mostar, Bosna i Hercegovina.Izgrađena je 1519/20. godine na ime sultana Sulejmana II Zakonodavca, što se vidi iz natpisa u stihovima uklesanog na kamenoj ploči iznad vrata Careve džamije. Džamija i njeni službenici su se izdržavali iz prihoda vakufaove džamije, koje je dotirala država. Ubraja se u jednu od najstarijih potkupolnih džamije u Bosni i Hercegovini. Nekada je bila potkupolna, a u XIX. stoljeću kada se kupola srušila izvršena je rekonstrukcija i napravljena je drvena kupola koja leži na osmougaonom tamburu. Rekonstrukcija je izvedena 1892 prema projektnoj dokumentaciji koju je izradio austrijski arhitekt Max David u Mostaru. Iznad vrata je u pet redova na kamenoj ploči veličine 60 x 70 cm uklesan natpis u stihovima na turskom jeziku o popravci džamije pisan nesh-talik pismom. Objekat je zadržao karakteristike jednoprostorne podkupolne džamije.
- 布拉加伊清真寺，實際是一座伊斯蘭教蘇菲派的驛站，建於鄂圖曼王朝時代的一四四六年至一五二○年之間，由伊斯蘭教蘇菲派神秘主義團體建造。蘇菲派是伊斯蘭教神秘主義派別的總稱，其賦予伊斯蘭教神秘奧義，主張苦行禁欲，虔誠禮拜，與世隔絕。伊斯蘭教蘇菲派注重宗教功修，在履行法定功課的基礎上，通過長期的內心沉思冥想，淨化靈魂，達到「無我」精神狀態，與真主合一。有的教團將音樂、舞蹈、詩歌引入宗教儀式，通過神秘宗教藝術對神性美的感知去認知求索。這座驛站，是蘇菲派信徒在修行中碰頭、歇息和冥想之處，位於被譽為歐洲最美麗泉水之一的布納泉邊，泉水冰冷清澈，可直接飲用。據說，當時這座驛站在此選址，是蘇菲派信徒認為這眼泉水能賦予自然的神秘力量。奇秘幽麗的水穀綠崖、瀑流靜林，如詩如畫如有樂飄的宗教神聖氛圍與藝術奇秘意境融一的環境，宜於靜念清心冥想沉思，是蘇菲派信徒理想的獲取宗教力量追求完美的修行之地，一直是伊斯蘭教聖地。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20190922/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
Mostar (Bosnian pronunciation: [mǒstaːr]) is a city and municipality in southern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Inhabited by 105,797 people, it is the most important city in the Herzegovina region, its cultural capital, and the center of the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation. Prior to the 1474 the names of two towns appear in medieval historical sources, along with their later medieval territories and properties – the towns of Nebojša and Cimski grad. In the early 15th century the county (župa) of Večenike covered the site of the present-day Mostar along the right bank of the Neretva, including the sites of Zahum, Cim, Ilići, Raštani and Vojno. It was at the center of this area, which in 1408 belonged to Radivojević, that Cim fort was built (prior to 1443). Mostar is indirectly referred to in a 1454 charter of King Alfonso V of Aragon as Pons ("bridge"), for a bridge had already been built there. Prior to 1444, the Nebojša fort was built on the left bank of the Neretva, which belonged to the late medieval county still known as Večenike or Večerić.[6] The earliest documentary reference to Mostar as a settlement dates from 3 April 1452, when Ragusans wrote to their fellow countrymen in the service of Serbian DespotĐorđe Branković to say that Vladislav Hercegović had turned against his father Stjepan and occupied the town of Blagaj and other places, including “Duo Castelli al ponte de Neretua.”. In 1468 the region came under Ottoman rule and the urbanization of the settlement began. It was named Köprühisar, meaning fortress at the bridge, at the centre of which was a cluster of 15 houses. Following the unwritten oriental rule, the town was organized into two distinct areas: čaršija, the crafts and commercial centre of the settlement, and mahala or a residential area. The town was fortified between the years 1520 and 1566, and the wooden bridge was rebuilt in stone. The stone bridge, the Old Bridge (Stari Most), was erected in 1566 on the orders of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. 28 metres (92 feet) long and 20 metres (66 feet) high, quickly became a wonder in its own time. Later becoming the city's symbol, the Old Bridge is one of the most important structures of the Ottoman era and perhaps Bosnia's most recognizable architectural piece, and was designed by Mimar Hayruddin,[3] a student and apprentice of the Ottoman architect Mimar Sinan. In the late 16th century, Köprühisar was one of the towns of the Sanjak of Herzegovina. The traveler Evliya Çelebi wrote in the 17th century that: the bridge is like a rainbow arch soaring up to the skies, extending from one cliff to the other. ...I, a poor and miserable slave of Allah, have passed through 16 countries, but I have never seen such a high bridge. It is thrown from rock to rock as high as the sky.
Trade and industry environment
- alcohol
- The authorities of the Sarajevo Canton announced in December that there would be no alcohol served during an open-air New Year party in the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina to usher in 2017.
Read more: https://sputniknews.com/europe/201701091049390519-bosnia-muslims--islamization/
- https://www.quora.com/Which-country-has-the-least-need-for-their-coastline-and-which-landlocked-country-has-the-most-need-for-a-coastline
language
- In the Republika Srpska entity pretty much everybody can read Serbian Cyrillic since it is the officail script there. In the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the other entity of BiH the picture is a bit different. more or less all Bosniaks (“muslims”) are able to read cyrillic. in the Croatian areas of Hercegovina and in towns of central Bosnia where they have this silly concept of “two schools under one roof” (one Bosniak and one Croatian). In these croatian schools they teach according to the curriculum of Croatia where Serbian Cyrillic is not a part of teaching.
History
- The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovinabetween 1992 and 1995. Following a number of violent incidents in early 1992, the war is commonly viewed as having started on 6 April 1992. The war ended on 14 December 1995. The main belligerents were the forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and those of the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat entities within Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and Herzeg-Bosnia, which were led and supplied by Serbia and Croatia, respectively.
- hkej 31aug17 shum article coalition of social activists - example for hk?
- The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, also known as the Dayton Agreement, Dayton Accords,Paris Protocol or Dayton-Paris Agreement, is the peace agreement reached at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio, United States, in November 1995, and formally signed in Paris on 14 December 1995. These accords put an end to the 3
1⁄2-year-long Bosnian War, one of the Yugoslav Wars.
EU
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/da402a66-b95e-11e5-b151-8e15c9a029fb.html Bosnia-Herzegovina is set to make a formal application for EU membership — potentially as early as this month, according to its foreign minister, two decades after the Dayton Agreement that ended the Balkan war that killed 100,000 people. The former Yugoslav republic’s presidency decided late last year that an application should be submitted by the end of January, Igor Crnadak, the Bosnian foreign minister, said in London.
- http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35577984 Bosnia-Herzegovina has formally applied to join the 28-nation European Union - a milestone in its efforts to overcome political and ethnic divisions.
turkey
- https://www.ft.com/content/2001707e-5c4a-11e8-9334-2218e7146b04 Thousands of members of the Turkish diaspora flocked to Sarajevo on Sunday for an election rally by President Recep Tayyip Erdogan ahead of next month’s parliamentary and presidential polls in Turkey. Mr Erdogan was banned from holding political events in several western European countries after the furious rows that erupted last year over his efforts to campaign on their soil for a contentious referendum to enhance his powers as president. This time, coaches bussed supporters from cities in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, France and the Balkans to the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina so that Mr Erdogan could court their votes. Some 10,000 people filled the city’s Zetra Olympic hall, where they waved Turkish and Bosnian flags and sang songs about Mr Erdogan. In response, he called on them to “show their strength to the whole world”.
china
- 中國能源建設(03996)正洽談於歐洲東南部、「一帶一路」沿線國家波斯尼亞，以約10億歐元（約93.43億港元）投資煤電項目，將會是波國所在巴爾幹半島最大的能源項目之一。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20170919/00202_023.html- visa
- 中国波黑两国外长在两国总理的见证下，签署了《中华人民共和国政府与波黑部长会议互免持普通护照者签证协定》。协定生效后，波黑将成为第二个对中国实行全面免签的欧洲国家。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20171129/PDF/a9_screen.pdf
Anti foreign investors
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20161029/00180_021.html 中歐國家波斯尼亞有一個豪華小鎮，四周有城牆圍住，如自成一國。該小鎮由科威特投資者所擁有，保安嚴密，當地人除非受鎮內富豪僱用為工人，否則不得內進。這做法引起當地人強烈不滿，批評限制他人進出屬違法。
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