Sunday, March 31, 2019

italy v2

etymology
- ************In Ancient Greek, Italy was known as Ἰταλία (Ītalíā). The name is said to be derived from the Oscan name 𐌅𐌝𐌕𐌄𐌋𐌉𐌞 (wíteliú), meaning “[land] of the calves.” The Oscans were a tribe that lived in southern Italy during antiquity. The wild calf seems to have been used as a national symbol by many of the tribes of southern Italy, including the Oscans. Thus, the Oscans apparently called their own land “land of the calves” and this name eventually became the Greek word for the entire Italian peninsula. The /w/ sound that was originally at the beginning of the word in the Oscan language dropped out due to the fact that the /w/ sound dropped out of most dialects of the Greek language early on.In Latin, Italy was known as Italia. The Latin name is derived from the earlier Greek name Ἰταλία. the Greeks inhabited much of southern Italy when the Romans came to power, so the Romans seem to have adopted the Greek name for the Italian peninsula. The fact that the Romans adopted the name from the Greeks rather than directly from the Oscans is shown by the fact that the Roman name does not have the letter ⟨v⟩ at the beginning, which made the /w/ sound in Classical Latin.https://www.quora.com/What-was-ancient-Italy-called

阿爾巴Alba (Langhe dialect: Arba; Latin: Alba Pompeia) is a town and comune of Piedmont, Italy, in the province of Cuneo. It is considered the capital of the UNESCO Human Heritage hilly area of Langhe, and is famous for its white truffle and wine production.Alba's origins date from before the Roman civilization, connected probably to the presence of Celtic and Ligurian tribes in the area.The modern town occupies the site of ancient Alba Pompeia, the name given after being officially recognized as a town by the Roman consul Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo while constructing a road from Aquae Statiellae (Acqui) to Augusta Taurinorum (Turin). Alba was the birthplace of Publius Helvius Pertinax, briefly Roman emperor in 193.The Treaty of Cherasco(1631) assigned Alba definitively to Savoy. During Napoleonic Wars, it was part of the Republic of Alba (1796) and of the Subalpine Republic, both French clients, before being annexed to the French Empirein 1802. It was an arrondissement center in firstly Tanaro department between 1802-1805, later in Stura one between 1805-1814 before liberation by Austrian troops. It was returned to Kingdom of Sardinia (Duchy of Savoy's name after gaining Sardinia in 1720) in 1814.Alba won a Gold Medal for Military Valour for the heroic activity of its citizens in the Italian resistance movement during the course of World War II. On 10 October 1944, the town was liberated by partisans who established a Republic of Alba which for a few weeks was able to maintain its independence from the Fascist Republic of Salò. The republic lasted to 2 November 1944, when Republic of Salo retook it. It was finally liberated by French troops on 2 May 1945.

安格里Angri is a town and comune in the province of Salerno, Campania, southern Italy. The Byzantine general Narses defeated Teias, the last king of the Goths, nearby in ad 553.In the 19th century, the city had a population of around 10,000 and its hinterland produced large quantities of grapes, tobacco, and cotton.Angri was the native town of Gabriele Capone and Teresina Raiola, who emigrated to the United States and gave birth to Al Capone, a prominent gangster. Angri was also the hometown of Capone's successor of the Chicago Outfit, Frank Nitti. Sights in the city include the Castle and Doria's palace, the town park (the garden of the palace).


阿爾皮諾   Arpino (Campanian: Arpinë) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Frosinone, in the Latin Valley, region of Lazio in central Italy, SE of Rome. Its Roman name was Arpinum. In Roman times, the town produced two consuls of the Roman Republic: Gaius Marius and Marcus Tullius Cicero. The ancient city of Arpinum dates back to at least the 7th century BC. Connected with the Pelasgi, the Volsci and Samnite people, it was captured by the Romans and granted civitas sine suffragio in 305 BC. The city gained Roman suffrage in 188 BC and the status of a municipium in 90 BC. The town produced both Gaius Marius and Marcus Tullius Cicero, who were novus homo (people from new families which were elected one of the consuls of the Roman Republic). The latter consul, in speeches before the courts in Rome, would later praise his hometown's contributions to the Republic when attacked as a "foreigner", for Arpinum had twice bourne men to save the Republic: Marius against the Cimbric invaders of 101 BC and Cicero himself against the Catilinarian conspiracy. Cicero in letters to his friend Atticus of the period has referred often to the peace and quiet of his beloved Arpino. There is an oral tradition that persists to this day that Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was also a native of Arpinum.
- gaius marius

  • https://www.quora.com/What-did-Sulla-see-in-Caesar-which-lead-him-to-believe-that-Caesar-will-be-a-danger-to-the-Republic-in-the-future
科肖迪亚罗夏Cosio di Arroscia (Ligurian: Coxe, locally Cuxe[4][5]) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Imperia in the Italian region Liguria. In 1957 the Avant-Garde Groupe Situationist International was founded in Cosio di Arroscia by former members of two other avant-garde groupes, the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus (Asger Jorn, Giuseppe Pinot-Gallizio a.o.) and the Lettrist International (Guy Debord a.o.).


Aulla 奧拉Traces of Roman and Etruscan civilizations found in the church of the Abbey of San Caprasio indicate that there were settlements in Aulla long before the 8th century CE, when margrave Adalbert I of Tuscany founded a village and built a castle to accommodate pilgrims traveling the via Francigena.[3] Here, at Aguilla Sigeric, Archbishop of Canterbury, sojourned on his return journey from Rome about 990.[4] The Malaspina family wrested feudal power of the city and its contada from the domination of the bishops and dukes of Luni. In 1543 the Centurione family purchased it. They built the Brunella Fortress [it], which was bought in the early 20th century by Aubrey and Lina Waterfield, and remains privately owned, functioning as a museum of natural history for the Lunigiana region. One of the most important buildings of the town is the Abbey of San Caprasio that was founded in the 9th century and named after Saint Caprasius of Lérins, whose body was transferred to Aulla in the 10th century.
- Die Festung Fortezza della Brunella wurde im 15. Jahrhundert erbaut. Sie steht auf einem Felsvorsprung, an dem die zwei Flüsse zusammenfließen. Sie beherbergt seit 1981 das Museo di storia naturale della Lunigiana, das Naturkundemuseum der Lunigiana.
- A huge bridge section has collapsed in Tuscany, the latest case of Italy's infrastructure crumbling after years of neglect.Police and fire crews roped off the access road to the bridge over the Magra River in Albiano Magra in the province of Massa Carrara, according to Carabinieri footage of the scene Wednesday.https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/news/120920779/bridge-collapses-in-italy-newest-crumbling-infrastructure


Lake Como has been a popular retreat for aristocrats and wealthy people since Roman times, and a very popular tourist attraction with many artistic and cultural gems. It has many villas and palaces such as Villa Olmo, Villa Serbelloni, and Villa Carlotta. Many famous people have had and have homes on the shores of Lake Como. One of its particularity is its characteristic "Y" shape, which forms the so-called "Larian Triangle", with the little town of Canzo as its capital.The lake's name in Latin is Larius, Italianised as Lario, but this name is rarely used; it is usually called Lago di Como (literally "lake of Como"). In guidebooks the lake may be variously referred to as Lake Como, Lake of Como, or Como Lake. Its name comes from the city of Como, known to the Romans as Comum.
- 东戈Dongo (Comasco: Dongh [ˈdũːk]) is a comune in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy.It was in Dongo, on 27 April 1945, that Benito Mussolini and other fascists, fleeing from Milan towards Valtellina, were captured by Urbano Lazzaro and other partisans.
  • piazzale Loreto was a key place in the history of Milano in WWII. This is where the Nazis had their headquarters at Hotel Regina. In August 1944 a bomb placed by a Partisan unit exploded near the hotel, as a retaliation the Nazis picked 15 antifascists. Their bodies had been left there for days, only a young priest was able to briefly go near them for a prayer before being chased away by the fascist guards. This also inflamed the reaction of the crowd: the bodies were taken from the truck and lynced posthumously: they were beaten, pissed on, a woman who had lost several sons in the war even use a gun to shoot Mussolini’s corpse. In the end, the corpses were hanged from the metal frame of a gas station’s shelter in order to avoid the crowd becoming too thick and risking a human stampede. Meanwhile the runner had returned from the headqurters with the order for the truck to continue to the destination. When he arrived, the bodies were already exposed. The partisan leaders ordered the runner to go back to the headquarters and explain the situation. Partisan commander Sandro Pertini, future Italian president, arrived with a substantial escort, made himself heard (he had an incredible charisma which he retained until his late years), ordered the bodies treturned to the truck and moved to the morgue.It wasn’t the partisans who exposed the bodies from the metal frame, the partisans had them removed and brought to a morgue. The exposition of the bodies was operated by a mob of civilians who had for the most part not taken part to the resistance movement.https://www.quora.com/Why-were-Benito-Mussolini-and-his-mistress-hanged-from-a-barbecue-skewer-rather-than-buried-after-being-executed-by-anti-fascist-partisans-Were-the-anti-fascist-partisans-worried-about-a-grave-for-Mussolini-becoming
- [asia spa sep/oct 2018] villas in the area were once playground of silk merchants and wealthy aristocrats
- hk

basilicata
- 意大利南部山城巴西 利卡塔（Basilicata）， 地處丘陵，平原僅佔百 分之八。其沿海省會城馬泰拉 （Matera），大部分民居屬於凝灰 岩洞穴。考古學家在洞穴挖掘出許 多史前遺蹟，相信人類在二百萬年 前已在此居住。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/10/12/a16-1012.pdf

bologna
- Traces of human habitation in the area of Bologna go back to the 3rd millennium BCE, with significant settlements from about the 9th century BCE (Villanova culture). The influence of Etruscan civilization reached the area in the 7th to 6th centuries, and the Etruscan city of Felsina was founded at the site of Bologna by the end of the 6th century. By the 4th century BCE, the site was occupied by the Gaulish Boii, and it became a Roman colony and municipium with the name of Bononia in 196 BCE.[15] After the fall of the Roman Empire, Bologna, then a frontier outpost of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna was repeatedly sacked by the Goths; it is in this period that legendary Bishop Petronius, according to ancient chronicles, rebuilt the ruined town and founded the basilica of Saint Stephen.[16] Petronius is still revered as patron saint of Bologna. In 727-28, the city was sacked and captured by the Lombard under King Liutprand, becoming part of that kingdom. These Germanic conquerors built an important new quarter, called "addizione longobarda" (Italian for "Longobard addition") near the complex of St. Stephen.[17] In the last quarter of the 8th century, Charlemagne, at the request of Pope Adrian I, invaded the Lombard Kingdom, causing its eventual demise. However Bologna, occupied by Frankish troops in 774 on behalf of the papacy, remained under imperial authority and prospered as a frontier mark of the Carolingian empire.

卡拉布里亚  Calabria (Italian: [kaˈlaːbrja]; Calabrian: Calàbbria; Calabrian Greek: Calavría; Greek: Καλαβρία; Arbëreshë Albanian: Kalavrì), known in antiquity as Bruttium  is a region in Southern Italy.
 In antiquity the name Calabria referred, not as in modern times to the toe, but to the heel tip of Italy, from Tarentum southwards,[8] a region nowadays known as Salento.


Capri (/kəˈpriː/ kə-PREE, also US: /ˈkɑːpri, ˈkæp-/ KA(H)P-ree, Italian: [ˈkaːpri] / Neapolitan: [ˈkɑːpri]) is an island located in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Sorrento Peninsula, on the south side of the Gulf of Naples in the Campania region of Italy. The main town Capri that is located on the island shares the name. It has been a resort since the time of the Roman Republic. Some of the main features of the island include the Marina Piccola (the little harbour), the Belvedere of Tragara (a high panoramic promenade lined with villas), the limestone crags called sea stacks that project above the sea (the faraglioni), the town of Anacapri, the Blue Grotto (Grotta Azzurra), the ruins of the Imperial Roman villas, and the various towns surrounding the Island of Capri including Positano, Amalfi, Ravello, Sorrento, Nerano, and Naples.The etymology of the name Capri is unclear; it might be traced back to the Ancient Greeks (Ancient Greek κάπρος kapros meaning "wild boar"), the first recorded colonists to populate the island. But it could also derive from Latin capreae (goats). Fossils of wild boars have been discovered, lending credence to the "kapros" etymology; on the other hand, the Romans called Capri "goat island". Finally, there is also the possibility that the name derives from an Etruscan word for "rocky", though any historical Etruscan rule of the island is disputed.
- Augustus' successor Tiberius built a series of villas at Capri, the most famous of which is the Villa Jovis, one of the best-preserved Roman villas in Italy. In 27 AD, Tiberius permanently moved to Capri, running the Empire from there until his death in 37 AD.
  • https://www.quora.com/Why-did-the-Roman-Emperor-Tiberius-rule-from-Capri 
- casa malaparte
  • ft 27jun2020 curzio malaparte, a maoist, was the first occupant 

Carmagnola (Italian: [karmaɲˈɲɔːla]; Piedmontese: Carmagnòla [karmaˈɲɔla]) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont. The municipality is mentioned for the first time during the 11th century. The land, originally owned by the Arduinic dynasty, passed to the Marquisate of Saluzzo, who had a castle built here. The Saluzzo dynasty soon underwent a rapid decadence ending with a French domination period which lasted 40 years. In 1588 Carmagnola became a possession of the House of Savoy, when Charles Emmanuel I besieged and conquered it. France took possession of Carmagnola a second time during the 17th century, during the civil war between Madamisti and Principisti (supporters of the French and the Savoy dynasty respectively).In 1690 the town was once again occupied by the French general Catinat, but just one year later Victor Amadeus II of Savoy brought it back among Piedmontese possessions. While its defence buildings were being demolished and its strategic role was progressively decreasing in importance, the town could finally develop agriculture and commerce, mainly of hemp and ropes, which were exported in great quantity to Liguria and southern France. The characteristic of both agricultural and commercial site remained important until after World War II, which caused a massive immigration and a rapid urbanistic expansion. The name of La Carmagnole, the title of a French song and dance made popular during the French Revolution, is considered to be indirectly derived from the Italian town - i.e., the costume of the Piedmontese peasants living near Carmagnola was named for the town; and when some of these peasants came to Paris, their dress influenced the short jacket worn by working-class militant sans-culottes, who sang the song.

**** 馬切拉塔 macerata [added by me - note the prefix "mace"]
- The historical city centre is on a hill between the Chienti and Potenza rivers. It first consisted of the Picenes city named Ricina (Helvia Recina), then, after its romanization, Recina and Helvia Recina. After the destruction of Helvia Recina by the barbarians, the inhabitants took shelter in the hills and eventually began to rebuild the city, first on the top of the hills, before descending again later and expanding. The newly rebuilt town was Macerata. It became a municipality (or comune in Italian) in August 1138.古時屬山區農村，馬切拉塔在古羅馬時代，就由羅馬人由建設成一個城市。中世紀後，於1138年獲得自治市的地位，1290年時在此建立馬切拉塔大學，是古老的中世紀大學之一。十五世紀後為教皇國一部分，直到19世紀義大利統一，才變成馬切拉塔省首府。
- matteo ricci is from this town

拉齊奧lazio
- The Italian word Lazio descends from the Latin word Latium. The name of the region also survives in the tribal designation of the ancient population of Latins, Latini in the Latin language spoken by them and passed on to the city-state of Ancient Rome. Although the demography of ancient Rome was multi-ethnic, including, for example, Etruscans and other Italics besides the Latini, the latter were the dominant constituent. In Roman mythology, the tribe of the Latini took their name from king Latinus. Apart from the mythical derivation of Lazio given by the ancients as the place where Saturn, ruler of the golden age in Latium, hid (latuisset)[4] from Jupiter there, a major modern etymology is that Lazio comes from the Latin word "latus", meaning "wide",[6] expressing the idea of "flat land" meaning the Roman Campagna. Much of Lazio is in fact flat or rolling. The lands originally inhabited by the Latini were extended into the territories of the Samnites, the Marsi, the Hernici, the Aequi, the Aurunci and the Volsci, all surrounding Italic tribes. This larger territory was still called Latium, but it was divided into Latium adiectum or Latium Novum, the added lands or New Latium, and Latium Vetus, or Old Latium, the older, smaller region.From the middle of the 16th century, the papacy politically unified Lazio with the Papal States,[7] so that these territories became provincial administrations of St. Peter's estate; governors in Viterbo, in Marittima and Campagna, and in Frosinone administered them for the papacy.Lazio comprised the short-lived Roman Republic, in which it became a puppet state of the First French Republic under the forces of Napoleon Bonaparte. The Republic existed from 15 February 1798 until Lazio was returned to the Papal States in October 1799. In 1809, Lazio was annexed to the French Empire under the name of Department of Tibre, but returned under the Pope in 1815.On 20 September 1870 the capture of Rome, during the reign of Pope Pius IX, and France's defeat at Sedan, completed Italian unification, and Lazio was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy.In 1927 the territory of the Province of Rieti, belonging to Umbria and Abruzzo, joined Lazio.
- Latina (Italian pronunciation: [laˈtiːna]) is the capital of the province of Latina in the Lazio region. It was founded in 1932 under the fascist administration, as Littoria, when the area surrounding it which had been a swamp since antiquity was drained.Although the area was first settled by the Latins, the modern city was founded by Benito Mussolini on 30 June 1932 as Littoria, named for the fascio littorio. The city was inaugurated on 18 December of the same year. Littoria was populated with settlers coming mainly from Friuli and Veneto, who formed the so-called Venetian-Pontine community (today surviving only in some peripheral boroughs). The edifices and the monuments, mainly in rationalist style, were designed by famous architects and artists such as Marcello Piacentini, Angiolo Mazzoni and Duilio Cambellotti. In 1934 it became a provincial capital and, after World War II, renamed Latina in 1946. With the arrival of other people mostly from Lazio itself, the original Venetian-like dialect was increasingly substituted by a form of Romanesco dialect.

lombardy
- 倫巴第名稱起源於羅馬帝國（西羅馬帝國）滅亡之後，大約公元570年，倫巴第人興起。據說倫巴第人的語言為倫巴第語的一種，近似於盎格魯-撒克遜語（Anglo-Saxon），語源上，此為日耳曼語（Proto-Germanic），究竟他們有否應用此種語言仍為未知之數；法蘭克人、巴伐利亞人及倫巴第人的貴族在多個世紀都有密切關係。整個意大利北部應用「倫巴第」此名稱，直至15世紀。在但丁（Dante Alighieri）所撰的《神曲》（Divina Commedia），嚮導維吉爾（Virgil）父母的祖籍即為此地。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/05/23/a35-0523.pdf
-萨龙诺Saronno (Italian: [saˈrɔnno]; Lombard: Saronn [saˈrɔn]) is a comune of Lombardy, Italy, in the province of Varese. It received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree in 1960. The place is well known for its apricot kernel biscuits (amaretti) and liqueur (amaretto), and is also a manufacturing town.The pilgrimage church of the Madonna dei Miracoli, begun on 8 May 1498 by Vincenzo Dell'Orto, has a dome with very fine architecture on the outside. It was built at three times: the Renaissance part from 1498 to 1516; it includes the apse, the chancel, the dome and the bell tower; in 1556 the sacristy was added; in the end from 1570 to the beginning of the XVII century two other spans were added to the aisles and the facade was erected. During the same period, "l'Hostaria dell'Angelo” was built to restore pilgrims.[3][citation needed]The bell tower is 47 metres (154 ft) high. Internally the dome is decorated with fine frescoes by Gaudenzio Ferrari, representing The Concert of Angels, while those in the choir are by Bernardino Luini and are among his finest works. These include the Adoration of the Magi, The Presentation, The Marriage of the Virgin and Jesus Discussing with the Doctors in the Temple. Most likely Luini started these frescoes in the spring of 1524. The dome is based on a very particular dodecagonal tambour that could be appreciated also from outside. It was completed in 1666. In January 1923 Pope Pius XI elevated the church to the status of Minor basilica.
  • people
    • Luca Attanasio (23 May 1977 – 22 February 2021) was an Italian diplomat, who served as the ambassador to the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 2017 until his death in February 2021.Attanasio was born on 23 May 1977 in Saronno, Lombardy, Italy. He grew up in Limbiate.[2] He was married and had three children.Attanasio graduated with honors at the Luigi Bocconi Commercial University in 2001. He started his diplomatic career in 2003, at the Farnesina, as Directorate for Economic Affairs, Business Support Office, and then to the secretariat of the Directorate General for Africa. A year later he became deputy head secretariat of the undersecretary of state with responsibility for Africa and International Cooperation. Attanasio started his diplomatic career outside Italy in 2006, serving as the Economic and Commercial Office at the Italian Embassy in Bern (2006–2010) and the Regent Consul General in Casablanca, Morocco (2010–2013).[4] In 2013 he returned to the Farnesina where he was appointed Head of the Secretariat of the Directorate General for Globalization and Global Affairs. He then returned to Africa as first counselor at the Italian embassy in Abuja, Nigeria, in 2015. From 5 September 2017 until his death he was head of mission in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. From 31 October 2019 he was confirmed on site as an Extraordinary Plenipotentiary Ambassador accredited in the DRC.[3][5] Attanasio was one of Italy's youngest ambassadors.


馬泰拉materaAs the capital of the province of Matera, its original settlement lies in two canyons carved by the Gravina River. This area, the Sassi di Matera, is a complex of cave dwellings carved into the ancient river canyon, often cited as "one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world."[4] Over the course of its history, Matera has been occupied by Greeks, Romans, Longobards, Byzantines, Saracens, Swabians, Angevins, Aragonese, and Bourbons.By the late 1800s, Matera's cave dwellings became noted for intractable poverty, poor sanitation, meager working conditions, and rampant disease. Evacuated in 1952, the population was relocated to modern housing, and the Sassi (Italian for "stones") lay abandoned until the 1980s. Renewed vision and investment led to the cave dwellings becoming a noted historic tourism destination, with hotels, small museums and restaurants — and a vibrant arts community.Known as la città sotterranea ("the underground city"), the Sassi and the park of the Rupestrian Churches were named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993.馬泰拉早在舊石器時代就已有人聚居。在公元前3世紀，古羅馬人創建此城。中世紀時代，馬泰拉被倫巴底人征服，成為貝內文托公國一部分。後來又成西西里王國一部分。
- 馬泰拉的華人社群同樣為抗疫起重大作用，當地的巴西利卡塔大區華人華僑聯誼總會會長翁武平曾自費購買口罩，贈予包括非華人在內的當地居民，近日更主動從外國進口1萬個外科口罩和約100套防護服，透過市政府捐到醫院。馬泰拉市長魯杰里表示感謝，形容物資是雪中送炭。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/04/03/a22-0403.pdf


莫利塞  Molise is split into two provinces, named after their respective capitals Campobasso and Isernia. Campobasso also serves as the regional capital.  大區內有兩個少數民族: 一個民族是莫利塞-克羅埃人（Molisan Croatians），當中有2,500人說克羅埃-達爾馬提亞語中的一種古代方言。另外一個少數民族是莫利塞-阿爾巴尼亞人（Molisan Albanians），他們則另說阿爾巴尼亞語中的一種古代方言，這種語言跟現時亞得里亞海對岸的民族所說的阿爾巴尼亞語有很大的分別。莫利塞-阿爾巴尼亞人一般相信正教（不是東正教）。大區內有很多社區於第二次世界大戰受到破壞。大批盟軍地面部隊以坎波巴索為基地，被加拿大士兵稱為"楓葉城"。
- MUSEC (Museo dei Costumi del Molise), the Museum of the Folk Costume of Molise, located in the Palazzo della Provincia in Isernia. The collection is composed of 35 folk costumes and 100 traditional pieces of clothing, all authentic and coming from many villages in the region of Molise, NIAF’s 2019 Region of Honor! The amazing clothes date back to the period between the Unification of Italy (1861) and World War I. In particular, the wedding dresses and the party dresses, together with those who were traditional for funerals, reveal cultural, social and economical features of the people of Molise. The majority of the jewels that compose the jewelry section, 1000 pieces, were produced in Agnone.https://www.facebook.com/niaf.org/photos/pcb.10157671582308856/10157671581588856/
- 意大利南部莫利塞大區近年面臨人口短缺問題，部分城鎮剩下不足二百名居民，有九個城鎮整年沒有嬰兒出生。為了吸引更多人前來居住，該區近日宣布，願意遷入二千人以下城鎮居住及經商最少五年的人士，可在三年間每月獲派七百歐元（約五千九百港元）的津貼。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190914/00180_036.html

Paestum (Latin: [ˈpae̯stũː]) was a major ancient Greek city on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea in Magna Graecia (southern Italy). The ruins of Paestum are famous for their three ancient Greek temples in the Doric order, dating from about 600 to 450 BC, which are in a very good state of preservation. The city walls and amphitheatre are largely intact, and the bottom of the walls of many other structures remain, as well as paved roads. The site is open to the public, and there is a modern national museum within it, which also contains the finds from the associated Greek site of Foce del Sele.
- 今年是中意建交50周年，早前四川博物院展出的「彩繪地中海：一座古城的文明與幻想」展覽，以意大利帕埃斯圖姆考古遺址公園的134件精美文物，呈現意大利「希臘化」時代歷史。同時，展覽首次展出了中方主辦機構四川博物院館藏的戰國虎斑紋銅戈等13件或套同時代展品，通過兩大古老文明的多彩「對話」有着無數城邦和小區域的古地中海，具有高度的社會流動性，十分有利於貿易往來、技術和知識交流、人員交往。公元前六世紀，來自錫巴里斯（今意大利的卡拉布里亞大區）的殖民者，建立了當時「大希臘」地區一座重要的城市。由於希臘神話傳說中的海神波塞冬曾住在這裡，因此希臘人稱其為波塞冬尼亞城。公元前273年，波塞冬尼亞被羅馬人佔領，成為羅馬殖民地，並更名為帕埃斯圖姆。雖然這座城市一度繁榮昌盛，後來卻遭遇瘟疫及劫掠，在公元八世紀至九世紀期間被棄置，直到1750年才被歐洲知識分子和藝術家「重新發現」。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/02/13/b05-0213.pdf








聖彼得羅島  San Pietro Island (Italian: Isola di San Pietro, Ligurian Tabarchino: Uiza de San Pé, Sardinian: Isula 'e Sàntu Pèdru) is an island approximately 7 kilometres (4 miles) off the South western Coast of Sardinia, Italy, facing the Sulcis peninsula. It is named after Saint Peter.The Phoenicians called it Enosim or Inosim, while for the Greek it was Hieracon Nesos and for the Romans Accipitrum Insula (Sparrowhawk Island). The latter is derived from the presence of the small Eleonora's falcon, which is still present on the island. San Pietro is home today to remains from the Phoenician, Roman and Sardinian civilizations. According to a legend, the island is so named because St. Peter visited the island in 46 AD. In 1739 century the then-uninhabited San Pietro was colonized by people of Ligurian language and ethnicity. They had fled the Republic of Genoa's colony on the small Tunisian island of Tabarka, established in 1542 for the purpose of coral fishing, after it had been taken over by the Bey of Tunisia. Today most of the population has retained a variant of the Genoese dialect, called Tabarchino, which is also spoken in Calasetta, in the northern part of the neighboring Sant'Antioco island, whose residents are of the same origin. The island is twinned with the Spanish island of Tabarca, which was likewise settled by former residents of the Tabarkan colony. The town of Carloforte (Fort Charles) on the Island of San Pietro was dedicated to Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, who had granted the island to the Tabarkan refugees.
- japan

  • https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/food-drink/article/3032467/tiny-italian-island-feeding-japanese-appetites-bluefin-tunaa major exporter of the premier bluefin tuna that is prized in Japan for its use in sushi and sashimi. It is called “red tuna” locally for the bright, bloody colour of its tasty meat.
***塞里亞泰（Seriate）
- Seriate received the honorary title of city with a presidential decree on October 2, 1989.
- Notturna della chiesa parrocchiale https://ja.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Seriate_chiesa_notturna.jpg
- because of the coronavirus outbreak, clusters of coffins arrive every day and are laid on the cold marble floor of St Joseph’s Church.https://www.chinadailyhk.com/article/125992#Italy-small-town-priest-deals-with-death-on-industrial-scale


Prato (/ˈprɑːtoʊ/ PRAH-toh, Italian: [ˈpraːto]) is a city and comune in Tuscany, Italy, the capital of the Province of Prato. The city lies 17 kilometres north-west of Florence, at the foot of Monte Retaia, elevation 768 metres (2,520 ft), the last peak in the Calvana chain. With more than 195,000 inhabitants, Prato is Tuscany's second largest city (after Florence) and the third largest in Central Italy (after Rome and Florence).Historically, Prato's economy has been based on the textile industry. The renowned Datini archives are a significant collection of late medieval documents concerning economic and trade history, produced between 1363 and 1410. The city boasts important historical and artistic attractions, with a cultural span that started with the Etruscans and then expanded in the Middle Ages and reached its peak with the Renaissance.
- In the early Middle Ages, the Byzantine and Lombard dominations prevailed in the region. The history of Prato itself begins from the 10th century, when two distinct villages, Borgo al Cornio and Castrum Prati (Prato's Castle), are known. In the following century the two settlements were united under the lords of the castle, the Alberti family, who received the imperial title of Counts of Prato. In the same period the plain was drained and a hydraulic system regulating and exploiting the waters of the Bisenzio River was created to feed the gualchierae (pre-industrial textile machines). After a siege in 1107 by the troops of Matilde of Canossa, the Alberti retreated to their family fortresses in the Bisenzio Valley: Prato could therefore develop as a free commune. Within two centuries it reached 15,000 inhabitants, spurred in by the flourishing textile industry and by the presence of the Holy Belt relic. Two new lines of walls had to be built in the mid-12th century, and in the early 14th century. In 1326, in order to counter the expansionism of the Republic of Florence, Prato submitted voluntarily under the seigniory of Robert of Anjou, King of Naples. However, on 23 February 1351 Joanna I of Naples sold the city to the Republic of Florence in exchange for 17,500 golden florins.
- chinese

  • 位於托斯卡納大區的普拉托，是米蘭時尚產業生產重鎮，約有五萬名華人在這裏居住。該區最高級衛生官員貝蒂說：「我們意大利人擔心普拉托的華人會成為問題。但他們反而比我們做得更好。」他表示，在普拉托的華人居民中，甚至沒有一例確診。華人約佔普拉托人口四分之一，全市感染率只有意大利平均數字約一半，貝蒂將此歸功於華人。意大利全國平均感染率是每十萬人有一百一十五人中招，普拉托是每十萬人只有六十二人中招。　當地華人早在一月底就開始自我隔離，比全國首例確診的出現足足早了三星期。當中有許多人是回中國度過農曆新年假後回到普拉托。他們知道山雨欲來，早就通傳要留在家中的訊息，意大利人卻如常滑雪玩樂、在咖啡店和酒吧聚集。街道上仍有中國新年裝飾，商店卻關上門。https://std.stheadline.com/daily/article/detail/2183517/日報-國際-意國華人抗疫成模範-五萬人居普拉托零染疫

sicily
-巴勒莫 Palermo (Italian: [paˈlɛrmo] ; Sicilian: Palermu, locally [paˈlɛmmʊ]; Latin: Panormus, from Greek: Πάνορμος, translit. Pánormos)was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz. Palermo then became a possession of Carthage. Two Greek colonies were established, known collectively as Panormos or "All-Port"; the Carthaginians used this name on their coins after the 5th century BC. As Panormus, the town became part of the Roman Republic and Empirefor over a thousand years. From 831 to 1072 the city was under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when the city first became a capital. The Arabs shifted the Greek name into Bal'harm (Arabic: بَلَرْم‎), the root for Palermo's present-day name. Following the Norman reconquest, Palermo became the capital of a new kingdom (from 1130 to 1816), the Kingdom of Sicily and the capital of the Holy Roman Empireunder Emperor Frederick II and King Conrad IV.
  • In 734 BC the Phoenicians, maritime traders from northern Canaan, built a small settlement on the natural harbor of Palermo, which became known as Ziz[36] (Punic: 𐤑‬𐤉𐤑, ṣyṣ).[37] It became one of the three main Phoenician colonies of Sicily, along with Motya and Soluntum. However, the remains of the Phoenician presence in the city are few and mostly preserved in the very populated center of the downtown area, making any excavation efforts costly and logistically difficult. The site chosen by the Phoenicians made it easy to connect the port to the mountains with a straight road that today has become Corso Calatifimi. This road helped the Phoenicians in trading with the populations that lived beyond the mountains that surround the gulf. The first settlement is known as Paleapolis (Greek: Παλεάπολις), meaning "Old City", in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis (Νεάπολις) or "New City". Neapolis was erected towards the east and along with it, monumental walls around the whole settlement were built to prevent attacks from foreign threats. Some part of this structure can still be seen in the Cassaro district. This district was named after the walls themselves; the word Cassaro deriving from the Arab al-qaṣr (castle, stronghold, see also alcázar). Along the walls there were few doors to access and exit the city, suggesting that trade even toward the inner part of the island occurred frequently. Moreover, according to some studies, it may be possible that there were some walls that divided the old city from the new one too. The colony developed around a central street (decumanus), cut perpendicularly by minor streets. This street today has become Corso Vittorio Emanuele. Carthage was Palermo’s major trading partner under the Phoenicians and the city enjoyed a prolonged peace during this period. Palermo came into contact with the Ancient Greeks between the 6th and the 5th centuries BC which preceded the Sicilian Wars, a conflict fought between the Greeks of Syracuse and the Phoenicians of Carthage for control over the island of Sicily. During this war the Greeks named the settlement Pánormos (Πάνορμος), meaning "all port" due to its large anchorage, from which the present name of the city developed. The Phoenicians began using the Greek name on the city's coinage from the 5th century BC.[38] It was from Palermo that Hamilcar I's fleet (which was defeated at the Battle of Himera) was launched.[39] In 409 BC the city was looted by Hermocrates of Syracuse. The Sicilian Wars ended in 265 BC when Carthage and Syracuse stopped warring and united in order to stop the Romans from gaining full control of the island during the First Punic War. In 276 BC,[40] during the Pyrrhic War, Panormos briefly became a Greek colony after being conquered by Pyrrhus of Epirus, but returned to Phoenician Carthage in 275 BC. In 254 BC Panormos was besieged and conquered by the Romans in the first battle of Panormus (the Latin name). Carthage attempted to reconquer Panormus in 251 BC but failed.
  • People
    • Pietro Alessandro Gaspare Scarlatti (2 May 1660 – 22 October 1725) was an Italian Baroquecomposer, known especially for his operas and chamber cantatas. He is considered the most important representative of the Neapolitan school of opera. He was the father of two other composers, Domenico Scarlatti and Pietro Filippo Scarlatti.Scarlatti was born in Palermo (or in Trapani[2][3]), then part of the Kingdom of Sicily. He is generally said to have been a pupil of Giacomo Carissimi in Rome, and some theorize that he had some connection with northern Italy because his early works seem to show the influence of Stradella and Legrenzi. The production at Rome of his opera Gli equivoci nel sembiante (1679) gained him the support of Queen Christina of Sweden (who at the time was living in Rome), and he became her maestro di cappella. In February 1684 he became maestro di cappella to the viceroy of Naples. Giuseppe Scarlatti, deutsch Josef Scarlatti (* 1718 oder 18. Juni 1723 in Neapel; † 17. August 1777 in Wien) war ein italienisch-österreichischer Komponist.Giuseppe, nach eigenen Angaben ein Enkel von Alessandro Scarlatti und Neffe von Domenico Scarlatti (doch ist dies nicht gesichert)[1], schrieb zunächst Opern für die Bühnen in Rom, Neapel und Venedig. 1757 ließ er sich in Wien als Komponist und Klavierlehrer dauerhaft nieder.
      • 鋼琴家傅聰演奏的史卡拉第（Giuseppe Scarlatti，一六八五至一七五七）奏鳴曲專輯。不少樂迷懷念傅聰先生時，總會講起他的蕭邦，講起他演奏的海頓和莫扎特奏鳴曲，而先生對於巴洛克時期意大利作曲家史卡拉第鋼琴作品的詮釋，同樣精彩，常聽常新。http://www.takungpao.com.hk/culture/237140/2021/0110/540379.html
  • china
  • 巴勒莫是個地形險要的天然良港。歌德曾經稱這裡是「世界上最優美的海岬」。商業繁榮，輸出柑橘、穀物、鮮魚等等。它可以成為北部非洲國家聯接意大利、法國、西班牙的中間物流港口。中國已經大力開發紅海的吉布堤、地中海的塞浦路斯、希臘雅典的外港比雷埃夫斯，如果再經營巴勒莫，中國和歐洲之間的海上「一帶一路」運輸線就更加完整了。這將有利於中國高質量的出口產品銷售歐洲和非洲，也有利於回程的時候，把歐洲和非洲的產品運輸到中國。在西方國家中，意大利對發展「一帶一路」的第三方合作最積極，因為可以把意大利的先進工業產品銷售到中東和東南亞。中國的統籌的力量很強，如果和中國加強合作，意大利的出口貿易和海外工程定單將會滔滔不絕。如果中國開闢了北京或者廣州到達巴勒莫的飛機航線，港人將來會乘搭飛機遊覽西西里島、突尼斯和埃及，這將是一條黃金路線。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/03/29/a28-0329.pdf
- Sambuca di Sicilia (Sicilian: Sammuca) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Agrigento in the Italian region Sicily,The origins of the name are uncertain. The main assumptions: Sambuca as a Greek musical instrument in the shape of a harp or the implantation of the old town. Sambuca from the elderberry plants, widespread in antiquity in the valley of Lake Orange. Leonardo Sciascia breaks down the current name Sambuca in as-Sabuqah and interprets it as a "remote place". Until 1928 the town was called Sambuca Zabut. In 1928, Benito Mussolini removed 'Zabut' and added "of Sicily". Sambuca, originally founded by ancient Greek colonists, rose to regional prominence as a trading hub after invading Arab Muslims took over around 830, just a few years after their landing in Sicily. It was called Zabuth, in remembrance of the emir Zabut ("The Splendid One") Al-Arab, who built a castle at that place, on the slopes of Mount Genuardo, between the rivers Belice and Sosius, 350 meters above sea level. Zabut Al-Maghrebi was a follower of the ascetic Ibn Mankud Conqueror 's "Burning Warrior of faith," Lord of the independent Kabyle of Trapani, Marsala, Sciacca. Zabut was inhabited by a Muslim population until the thirteenth century, when it was conquered by Frederick II. From the fifteenth to the nineteenth century Sambuca experienced alternating extremes of prosperity and plagues, splendor and earthquakes. But despite all, Sambuca progressed. The court passed the Roman family Barberini and new neighborhoods were built, the city wall was expanded, and palaces, baronial mansions, churches, monasteries and convents were built. The Land of Sambuca was promoted from Baronyto Marquessate with the privilege of Philip II of Spain (Madrid 15 November 1570). On 16 September 1666 the Marquessate of Sambuca passed to the Beccadelli family from Bologna, who had risen to the rank of princes of the Principality of Camporeale. Sambuca in the nineteenth century was rich with culture, and in those years an enlightened middle class emerged.

  • On Adranon mountain there is the archaeological complex of the 4th century BC and the old Arab house in the holiday area of Adragna.
  • scmp 27aug19 "a shot of good life" abandoned homes in sambuca on sicily have become the latest hot ticket item for wealthy chinese
- who are sicilians?
  • According to Denis Mark Smith’s History of Sicily, the island was repopulated with immigrants from Southern Italy after the Norman’s conquest and especially after the Muslims were evicted. What’s interesting is that Sicilian is quite different from the standard southern dialects, except that spoken in Salento, the southern tip of Apulia, which is from every point of view a Sicilian dialect. On the other end, in the very middle of Sicily the dialect is gallo-romance, since the area was settled after the Norman conquest by immigrants from Piedmont and Lombardy. Again in Salento there is a bunch of villages where they still speak Greek.https://www.quora.com/Did-Greek-speaking-Sicily-and-parts-of-South-Italy-shift-to-Latin-during-Antiquity-When-did-the-Sicilian-and-South-Italian-languages-start-to-develop-since-that-area-had-lots-of-Greek-speakers-and-was-under


通博洛  Tombolo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Padua in the Italian region Veneto. Tombolo borders the following municipalities: Cittadella, Galliera Veneta, San Giorgio in Bosco, San Martino di Lupari, Villa del Conte. Its frazione of Onara was the seat of the Ezzelini family of Italian medieval lords until 1199; it is also home to a marshy landscape now preserved by a regional park.
- The Ezzelini were a noble family in medieval Italy. The family was founded by Ecelo (Ezzelo), who received the fiefs of Romano d'Ezzelino and Onara. 

特雷維索Trevisois home to the headquarters of clothing retailer Benetton, Sisley, Stefanel, Geox, Diadora and Lotto Sport Italia, appliance maker De'Longhi, and bicycle maker Pinarello.[citation needed]Treviso is also known for being the original production area of Prosecco wine and radicchio,[5][6] and is thought to have been the origin of the popular Italian dessert Tiramisù.Some believe that Treviso derived its name from the Celtic word "tarvos" mixed with the Latin ending "isium" forming "Tarvisium", of the tarvos. Tarvos means bull in Celtic mythology, though the same word can relate to the lion, or Leo, in Eastern astrology. Others believe it comes from a word from the language of a tribe who first came to Treviso.[8]Tarvisium, then a city of the Veneti, became a municipium in 89 BC after the Romans added Cisalpine Gaul to their dominions. Citizens were ascribed to the Roman tribe of Claudia. The city lay in proximity of the Via Postumia, which connected Opitergium to Aquileia, two major cities of Roman Venetia during Ancient and early medieval times. Treviso is rarely mentioned by ancient writers, although Pliny writes of the Silis, that is the Sile River, as flowing ex montibus Tarvisanis.[Treviso went through a demographic and economic decline similar to the rest of Italy after the fall of the Western Empire; however, it was spared by Attila the Hun, and thus, remained an important center during the 6th century. According to tradition, Treviso was the birthplace of Totila, the leader of Ostrogoths during the Gothic Wars. Immediately after the Gothic Wars, Treviso fell under the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna until 568 AD when it was taken by the Lombards, who made it one of 36 ducal seats and established an important mint. The latter was especially important during the reign of the last Lombard king, Desiderius, and continued to churn out coins when northern Italy was annexed to the Frankish Empire. People from the city also played a role in the founding of Venice.Charlemagne made it the capital of a border march, i.e. the Marca Trevigiana, which lasted for several centuries.
-people:pierre cardin

tuscany
- siena
  • aiola fortress
  • owned by noble bellanti family over 650 years ago; politician giovanni malagodi (founder of fattoria della aiola) made chianti classico and other wines famous
south tyrol is granted a considerable level of self-government, consisting of a large range of exclusive legislative and executive powers and a fiscal regime that allows it to retain a 90% of revenue, while remaining a net contributor to the national budget.[5] As of 2016, South Tyrol is the wealthiest province in Italy and among the wealthiest in the European Union. In the wider context of the European Union, the province is one of the three members of the Euroregion of Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino, which corresponds almost exactly to the historical region of Tyrol.[6]The other members are Tyrol state in Austria, to the north and east, and the Italian Autonomous province of Trento to the South.South Tyrol (occasionally South Tirol) is the term most commonly used in English for the province, and its usage reflects that it was created from a portion of the southern part of the historic County of Tyrol, a former state of the Holy Roman Empire and crown land of the Austrian Empire of the Habsburgs. German and Ladin speakers usually refer to the area as Südtirol; the Italian equivalent Sudtirolo(sometimes parsed Sud Tirolo) is becoming increasingly common.Alto Adige (literally translated in English: "Upper Adige"), one of the Italian names for the province, is also used in English.The term had been the name of political subdivisions along the Adige River in the time of Napoleon Bonaparte, who created the Department of Alto Adige, part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. It was reused as the Italian name of the current province after its post-World War I creation, and was a symbol of the subsequent forced Italianization of South Tyrol.The official name of the province today in German is Autonome Provinz Bozen — Südtirol. German speakers usually refer to it not as a Provinz, but as a Land (like the Länder of Germany and Austria). Provincial institutions are referred to using the prefix Landes-, such as Landesregierung (state government) and Landeshauptmann (governor). The official name in Italian is Provincia autonoma di Bolzano — Alto Adige, in Ladin Provinzia autonoma de Balsan/Bulsan — Südtirol.
- coat of arms resembles national flag of republic of poland (fell in 1990)
- famous people

  • pope benedict (ratzinger)



瓦多利古雷  Vado Ligure (Ligurian: Voæ), in antiquity Vada Sabatia, is a town and comune in the province of Savona, Liguria, in northern Italy.Vado Ligure ist ein wichtiger Hafen- und Industriestandort an der ligurischen Küste.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201909/03/WS5d6dcd0ca310cf3e3556962a.html Not far from an abandoned industrial site where rusted metal reveals its manufacturing past, the port of Vado Ligure carries the promise of the Italian city's future. Neighboring an old reefer terminal that has so far handled mostly bananas and pineapples, the new Vado Gateway terminal, under a partnership between European and Chinese businesses, will be opened in December and become one of the most capable terminals in Europe. COSCO Shipping Ports, under the world's largest integrated shipping enterprise China Ocean Shipping Corp, or COSCO, bought a 40-percent stake in the terminal, second to the Netherlands-based APM Terminals, part of the Danish conglomerate Maersk.

venice
- ottoman empire

  • ******** relationship https://www.quora.com/Why-were-the-Turks-able-to-destroy-the-Byzantine-Empire-but-not-the-Venetian-Empire
association
- political party
  • hkej 3apr19 shum article
- cosmetics, beauty

  • https://www.cosmeticaitalia.it/home/



company
- Atlantia SpA (formerly Autostrade) is an Italian holding company active in the infrastructure sector, including motorways, airport infrastructure and transport services. The group manages 14,000 km (8,700 mi) of toll motorways, Fiumicino and Ciampino airports in Italy and the three airstrips of Nice, Cannes-Mandelieu and Saint Tropez in France with more than 60 million passengers a year.Founded in 1950 as Autostrade,[5] when the company Concessioni e Autostrade S.p.A. was created, it aimed to give a significant contribution, cooperating with other Groups, to the post-war reconstruction of Italy.
  • ft 1jun2020 controlled by benetton family
- Banks
  • 以米蘭為基地的FinecoBank卻「疫」市爆紅，上年股價漲逾25%，成為Stoxx 600銀行指數表現最佳的成分股之一，該指數去年累挫逾24%。1999年成立的FinecoBank，最初為網上交易平台，現時已擁有136萬名客戶，2020年上半年純利增長30%至1.81億歐元，期內資產升1.5%至826億歐元。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20210102/00202_019.html

- aviation

  • Air Italy (registered as AIR ITALY S.p.A.) was a privately owned Italian airline, headquartered in Olbia, Sardinia. The company was the second largest airline in Italy, following Italy's flag carrier Alitalia, and the 40th largest airline in Europe by number of passengers as of 2019. The airline was a subsidiary of AQA Holding, owned by Alisarda(51%) and Qatar Airways (49%). On 11 February 2020, Air Italy ceased all own operations and went into liquidation[4][5] with few routes to be served until 25 February 2020 by third-party carriers.Air Italy began in 1963 when Alisarda was created to provide a fast and reliable air service connecting Olbia, gateway from the newly-created resort of the Costa Smeralda to the major Italian and European destinations.[6] In 2 May 1991, Alisardia rebranded the airline to be known as Meridiana. The airline later rebranded as Meridana Fly after the acquisition and merger of defunct Italian airline eurofly, later returning to its original name Meridiana after the acquisition of the former charter airline Air Italy (which operated from 2005-2018, since 2013 operated under the Meridiana Brand).
- aviation suppliers
- shipbuilding
  • Fincantieri S.p.A. (Italian pronunciation: [finkanˈtjɛːri]) is an Italian shipbuilding company based in Trieste, Italy. Already the largest shipbuilder in Europe, after the acquisition of Vard in 2013 and 50% of STX France in 2018, Fincantieri group doubled in size to become the fourth largest in the world. The company builds both commercial and military vessels.Fincantieri designs and builds merchant vessels, passenger ships, offshore, and naval vessels, and is also active in the conversion and ship repair sectors. The company also owned Grandi Motori Trieste, which constructed marine diesel engines, but this was sold to Wärtsilä in 1999.Founded in 1959 as Società Finanziaria Cantieri Navali – Fincantieri S.p.A. as a State financial holding company, part of IRI, the company became a separate entity in 1984. 
- cruise

  • Costa Crociere S.p.A. (Italian pronunciation: [ˈkɔsta kroˈtʃɛːre]), operating as Costa Cruises(Italian: Costa Crociere), is an Italian cruise line founded in 1854 and organized as a wholly owned subsidiary of Carnival Corporation & plc since 2000. Based in Genoa, Italy, the cruise line primarily caters to the Italian cruise market, but the company's fourteen ships, which all sail under the Italian flag, provides itineraries sailing to countries globally.Founded in 1854 by Giacomo Costa as Giacomo Costa fu Andrea, the company originally operated cargo ships, carrying olive oils and textiles.[4] In 1924, the company was passed to the founder's sons (Federico, Eugenio and Enrico) and started commercial activities, buying the ship, Ravenna. In 1947, the name of the company was changed to Linea C.
- engineering

  • Permasteelisa S.p.A. is an Italian company in engineering, project management, manufacturing and installation of architectural envelopes and interior systems. In 2011, Permasteelisa was acquired by Japanese Lixil Group for €575 million.The company was founded in 1973 with the name of Industria Serramenti in Alluminio (ISA). Its headquarters are in Vittorio Veneto, Province of Treviso. After the acquisition of the Australian company Permasteel Industries Pty Ltd in 1986, which manufactured the curtain wall of the Sydney Opera House, the company's name was changed to Permasteelisa. This acquisition marks the start to international expansion, first into Singapore and Hong Kong, then to Japan, China, Thailand and Malaysia. In 1994, Permasteelisa acquired the Dutch company Scheldebouw B.V. and, in 2001, the German company Josef Gartner GmbH.At the end of the 1990s, the company entered the United States, first in interiors fit-out and later investing in the curtain wall market.In 2018, the United States blocked an attempted acquisition of Permasteelisa by Chinese interior design company Grandland from its Japanese owner on unspecified security grounds. It is unclear why the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) blocked the transaction.
  • apology ad by natural wood designs to its hk subsidiary http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/202008/0817/HA07817CZGG_HKCD.pdf

- fashion

  • The house of Fendi was launched in 1925 by Adele and Edoardo Fendi as a fur and leather shop in Via del Plebiscito, Rome.[2] Since 1946, the five second generation sisters (Paola, Anna, Franca, Carla and Alda) joined the company.[1] Karl Lagerfeld joined Fendi in 1965 and became the creative director for fur and women's ready-to-wear (launched in 1977).[3] Silvia Venturini Fendi, daughter of Anna, joined in 1994 and is the creative director for accessories and men's lines. Since 2001, Fendi became a multinational brand and a member of LVMH group.
  • foundazione alda fendi - esperimenti sotheby's mar2019
  • ft 26jun19 heir lorenzo bertelli
- confectionery

  • https://www.majani.it/en/



people
- Christopher Columbus (/kəˈlʌmbəs/;[3] before 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonist who completed four voyagesacross the Atlantic Ocean under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon. He led the first European expeditions to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America, initiating the permanent European colonization of the Americas. Columbus discovered a viable sailing route to the Americas, a continent that was then unknown to the Old World. While what he thought he had discovered was a route to the Far East, he is credited with the opening of the Americas for conquest and settlement by Europeans. Columbus's early life is somewhat obscure, but scholars generally agree that he was born in the Republic of Genoa and spoke a dialect of Ligurian as his first language. He went to sea at a young age and travelled widely, as far north as the British Isles (and possibly Iceland) and as far south as what is now Ghana. He married Portuguese noblewoman Filipa Moniz Perestrelo and was based in Lisbon for several years, but later took a Castilian mistress; he had one son with each woman. Though largely self-educated, Columbus was widely read in geography, astronomy, and history. He formulated a plan to seek a western sea passage to the East Indies, hoping to profit from the lucrative spice trade.The name Christopher Columbus is the Anglicisation of the Latin Christophorus Columbus. His name in Ligurian is Cristoffa Corombo, in Italian Cristoforo Colombo, in Spanish Cristóbal Colón, and in Portuguese, Cristóvão Colombo.[4] He was born before 31 October 1451 in the territory of the Republic of Genoa (now part of modern Italy), though the exact location remains disputed.[5][b] His father was Domenico Colombo,[4] a middle-class wool weaver who worked both in Genoa and Savona and who also owned a cheese stand at which young Christopher worked as a helper. His mother was Susanna Fontanarossa.[4] Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pellegrino, and Giacomo were his brothers. Bartolomeo worked in a cartography workshop in Lisbon for at least part of his adulthood.[6] He also had a sister named Bianchinetta.[7] Columbus never wrote in his native language, which is presumed to have been a Genoese variety of Ligurian: his name in the 16th-century Genoese language would have been Cristoffa Corombo

  • https://www.quora.com/Why-do-people-apply-modern-day-notions-of-ethics-to-Christopher-Columbus


- Matteo Salvini (Italian pronunciation: [matˈtɛːo salˈviːni]; born 9 March 1973) is an Italian politician serving as Deputy Prime Minister of Italy and Minister of the Interior since 1 June 2018. He has also been Federal Secretaryof the Northern League since December 2013. He has been a Senator in the Italian Senate since March 2018. He previously served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the constituency of North-West Italyfrom 2004 to 2018. He has been considered a hardline Eurosceptic politician, holding a starkly critical view of the European Union, especially of the euro. Salvini opposes illegal immigration into Italy and the EU as well as the EU's management of asylum seekers. He is also considered one of the main leaders of the populist wave which shook Europe during the 2010s and a member of the neo-nationalist movement, which has a rightist ideology that emphasizes de-globalization, nativist and protectionist stances. Salvini is nicknamed "The Captain" (Il Capitano) by his supporters.[6][7] Many political commentators and newspapers, such as The Guardian, The New York Times, the Financial Times, The Economist and The Huffington Post, have characterized him as a strongman and currently as the most powerful and prominent man in Italy.
- china related
  • From 2008 to 2018, Geraci lived in China. There he was Head of the research programme on Chinese Economy at the Global Policy Institute of London and in the Nottingham University of Ningbo, China and from 2010 taught at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China; From 2015, he taught at the New York University (NYU) of Shanghai, China
families
- 科隆納家族（Colonna）或譯科隆那、柯隆那The Colonna family, also known as Sciarrillo or Sciarra, is an Italian papal noble family. It was powerful in medieval and Renaissance Rome, supplying one Pope (Martin V) and many other church and political leaders. The family is notable for its bitter feud with the Orsini family over influence in Rome, until it was stopped by Papal Bull in 1511. In 1571, the heads of both families married nieces of Pope Sixtus V. Thereafter, historians recorded that "no peace had been concluded between the princes of Christendom, in which they had not been included by name".
- 奧爾西尼家族The Orsini family is an Italian noble family that was one of the most influential princely families in medieval Italy and Renaissance Rome. Members of the Orsini family include three popes: Celestine III (1191–1198), Nicholas III (1277–1280),[1] and Benedict XIII (1724–1730). In addition, the family membership includes 34 cardinals, numerous condottieri, and other significant political and religious figures.According to their family legend, the Orsini are descended from the Julio-Claudian dynasty of ancient Rome. The Orsini were related to the Bobone family existing in Rome in the 11th century. The first members used the surname of Bobone-Orsini.


politics
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/09/italys-matteo-salvini-calls-for-fresh-elections-as-coalition-fractures Matteo Salvini, Italy’s deputy prime minister and the leader of the far-right League party, has called for a snap election, urging the prime minister to reconvene parliament to confirm that the coalition government is no longer viable.The dramatic move on Thursday came after months of fighting between the League and its coalition partners, the anti-establishement Five Star Movement (M5S). The cavernous differences between the parties were clearly exposed on Wednesday when parliament rejected a motion by M5S to block a high-speed rail project linking Italy and France. M5S has built most of its popularity on vehemently opposing the long-stalled project but was outvoted by the League and opposition parties. In a statement, Salvini, who is also Italy’s interior minister, said it was pointless continuing the government with all the quarrelling.

national flag
- https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-colors-of-the-Italian-flag-green-red-and-white-instead-of-purple-from-the-ancient-Roman-Republic-and-Empire Because Italy has no affiliation with the Roman Empire. The Italian flag was born in 1797 in the short-lived Cispadana republic (inspired by the French Revolution) with capital in Reggio Emilia. The colors were inspired by the french tricolor (red, white, and blue) with the substitution of green for blue. Throughout the Napoleonic era both the italian forces in his armies and the often short-lived states that developed throughout italy adopted variations of this flag (see below).Because Italy has no affiliation with the Roman Empire. The Italian flag was born in 1797 in the short-lived Cispadana republic (inspired by the French Revolution) with capital in Reggio Emilia. The colors were inspired by the french tricolor (red, white, and blue) with the substitution of green for blue. Throughout the Napoleonic era both the italian forces in his armies and the often short-lived states that developed throughout italy adopted variations of this flag (see above).The tricolor flag was perceived as not connected with any of the myriad of dynastic states that cut Italy in an intricate puzzle, and was therefore adopted by the many currents that reclaimed the unification of Italy. When in 1848 King Carlo Alberto di Savoiadeclared the first Italian War of Indipendence he ordered a new flag for the troops, with the Savoia shield superposed to the tricolor flag. When, in 1861 the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed, this tricolor became its official flag.The Savoia shield and crown would then disappear in 1946 when the Constitutional referendum opted to make Italy a Republic.

demographic
- migrants
  • economist 12sep2020 "blamed for the virus" migrant numbers are rising, but the patterns are changing - note rise in tunisian migrants

culture
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-unspoken-rules-in-Italy

travel
- https://www.quora.com/Which-city-in-Italy-is-the-least-expensive-non-touristy-and-best-location-for-learning-Italian-and-exploring-the-culture

language
- minority

  • https://www.quora.com/How-much-do-Greeks-from-both-Greece-and-Cyprus-can-understand-Italian-Griko  there are two minority languages in South Italy that originate from Greek, the Greko (or Grecanico) and the Griko. What is the difference between those two dialects, I honestly have no idea, but experts say that despite their many similarities they are significantly different. Greko is spoken in area Grecanica in Calabria and Griko in Grecia Salentina in Southern Salento.


italians (people)
- https://www.quora.com/Are-modern-Italians-more-closely-related-to-ancient-Romans-or-are-modern-Greeks-more-closely-related-to-ancient-Greeks Modern Italians are diverse and genetically related to the Greeks (southern Italy), the Old Italic peoples (central Italy) and the Celts (northern Italy)
- https://www.quora.com/Are-Southern-Italians-mostly-Romanized-Greeks-or-is-it-just-a-myth Most of them certainly seem to have substantial Greek ancestry, because there are numerous archaeological, historical and linguistic evidences that Greek presence in Southern Italy dates back even to the Mycenaean period, and colonization by Hellenic cities was intense and involved real large-scale settlement. Indeed, it’s a reasonably well known fact that the Sicilians and some other South Italians are genetically closer to the Greeks from the Mycenaean era (at least those who few who had their DNA extracted and analyzed so far) than the majority of present-day mainland Greeks.

religion
- southern Italy was never conquered by the Church-backed Carolingian empire. Sicily remained under Muslim rule and much of the rest of the south was controlled by the Orthodox Church until the papal hierarchy finally assimilated them both in the 11th century. This is why, according to Henrich, cousin marriage in the boot of Italy and Sicily is 10 times higher than in the north,https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/10/joseph-henrich-weird-people/615496/?utm_campaign=the-atlantic&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook&fbclid=IwAR0FIiP4fde0epllrW6Fpw75gGEke2Jw356H7cxWI3LcYriViU9eQVKcRGE

chinese
- 意大利一間華人幼稚園被揭有學童被虐，兩名涉嫌施虐的華人女教師被捕時竟辯稱：「這種教育方法在中國很正常。」涉事幼稚園位於普拉托市，案件被揭原因是一名員工向朋友投訴校園內發生暴力事件，其後將消息供予警方。 http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190221/00178_020.html
- 意大利傳媒周一（8日）報道，警方、衞生管理局等執法部門近日在全國多地，針對華人餐館、百貨商店及工廠等，展開大規模搜查行動，驅逐十五名涉嫌非法逗留的華裔黑工出境。執法人員亦發現多家華人工廠工作環境惡劣，勒令廠方停業，並拘捕東主及處罰。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190409/00178_001.html
- 意大利西西里島卡坦尼亞省警方，近日在一間華人店舖查扣八百隻皮蛋及鹹鴨蛋，更形容其是「不適合人類食用」。警方表示，雖然這些蛋是中國的特色食品，但在意大利則被禁止。加上該批蛋來源不明，最終將兩名華人經營者通報給衞生機構處理。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190416/00178_010.html

china
- 中國國家主席習近平上周六（23日）在意大利羅馬與該國總理孔特舉行會談，並出席兩國一帶一路合作諒解備忘錄的簽署儀式，協議總額達廿五億歐元（約二百二十二億港元）。意大利副總理迪馬約透露，協議價值可增長至二百億歐元（約一千七百七十四億港元）。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190324/00178_004.html, also takung, wenweipo reports of the same date
- policing

  • 中國與意大利警方近年來頻頻展開「警務聯合巡邏」，來自重慶市、上海及江蘇等單位的十名警員，將代表中方第四次前往意大利，於羅馬、米蘭、都靈、帕多瓦四地與意方開展為期三周的合作，送行儀式於昨日舉行。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191105/00178_019.html

- financial
  • Italian Minister of Economy and Finance Giovanni Tria and Chinese Finance Minister Liu Kun reiterated here on Wednesday that the two countries will join hands to defend free trade and multilateralism. The first Italy-China Finance Dialogue, presided by Liu and Tria, takes place here months after the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between Italy and China on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) earlier this year in Rome.http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/11/c_138216040.htm
- machinery

  • china daily creg exports tunnel boring machine to italy
- 黑手黨

  • 意大利西西里島警方經過四年深入調查，周四搗破一個出售受污染中國製鞋履的黑手黨組織。有關組織涉嫌回收有毒塑料運到中國，製成鞋履後再運回意大利出售圖利，涉案十五人被捕，被控勒索、擁有非法武器、嚴重傷人及偷運廢棄物等罪名。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191026/00180_005.html


hk
- cg in hk

  • interview
  • hkcd 6may19 a1 wife is currently cg in guangzhou
  • hket 10jun19 a18 
- investors

  • scmp 25oct19 CCA international ad seeking JV partner re tuscan estate and residential/hotel opportunity
- football
  • 萬方家 族辦公室將與意大利知名 球隊祖雲達斯合作，展開 一系列品牌和營銷活動，包括為萬方家 族辦公室的超高淨值客戶、業務合作夥 伴和員工提供專享的獨特禮遇。球會亦 打算將在未來攜一線陣容到訪亞洲。 雙方合作將會於2020至2021年球 季展開，為期三年。合作涵蓋亞洲五個 地區，包括大中華地區及新加坡。是祖 雲達斯首次與香港公司簽約合作。萬方 家族辦公室的創始人兼首席執行官關志 敏表示，客戶將可與祖雲達斯首發陣容 在歐洲共同出遊，此外，祖雲達斯即將 來到香港進行其第一場在港球賽，萬方 的客戶及公司團隊亦將會與球隊正選陣 容有獨家互動。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200915/PDF/a18_screen.pdf
- Hk people in italy
  • 已在西西里生活10年的港人Catherinehttps://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20201228/00269_001.html
- news supp

  • scmp 3jun19, 2jun2020 national day 
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