Magic or sorcery is the use of rituals, symbols, actions, gestures and language with the aim of exploiting supernatural forces. Belief in and practice of magic has been present since the earliest human cultures and continues to have an important spiritual, religious, and medicinal role in many cultures today. Magic is sometimes practiced in isolation and secrecy and often viewed with suspicion by the wider community.[4] In non-scientific societies, perceived magical attack is sometimes employed to explain personal or societal misfortune.[7] The concept of magic, as distinct from religion was first widely recognized in Judaism, which defined the practices of pagan worship designed to appease and receive benefits from gods other than Yahweh as magic.[2] Wouter Hanegraaff argues that magic is in fact "a largely polemical concept that has been used by various religious interest groups either to describe their own religious beliefs and practices or – more frequently – to discredit those of others."[3] The foremost perspectives on magic in anthropology are functionalism, symbolism, andintellectualism. The term "magical thinking" in anthropology, psychology, and cognitive science refers to causal reasoning often involving associative thinking, such as the perceived ability of the mind to affect the physical world (see the philosophical problem of mental causation) orcorrelation mistaken for materialist causation. Psychological theories consider magic a personal phenomenon intended to meet individual needs as opposed to a social phenomenon serving a collective purpose. The belief that one can influence supernatural powers, by prayer, sacrifice or invocation dates back toprehistoric religions and it can be found in early records such as the Egyptian pyramid textsand the Indian Vedas.[8] Magic and religion are categories of beliefs and systems of knowledge used within societies. Some forms of shamanic contact with the spirit world seem to be nearly universal in the early development of human communities. They appear in various tribal peoples from Aboriginal Australia and Māori people of New Zealand to the Amazon, African savannah, and pagan Europe. In general, the 20th century saw a sharp rise in public interest in various forms of magical practice and the foundation of traditions and organizations that can be regarded as religious or philosophies. Modern Western magicians generally state magic's primary purpose to be personal spiritual growth.
Shamanism
- Shamanism (/ˈʃɑːmən/ shah-mən or /ˈʃeɪmən/ shay-mən) is a practice that involves a practitioner reaching altered states of consciousness in order to perceive and interact with a spirit world and channel these transcendental energies into this world. A shaman is a person regarded as having access to, and influence in, the world of benevolent and malevolent spirits, who typically enters into a trance state during a ritual, and practicesdivination and healing.[2] The word "shaman" probably originates from the Tungusic Evenki language of North Asia. According to ethnolinguist Juha Janhunen, "the word is attested in all of the Tungusic idioms" such as Negidal, Lamut, Udehe/Orochi, Nanai, Ilcha, Orok, Manchu and Ulcha, and "nothing seems to contradict the assumption that the meaning 'shaman' also derives from Proto-Tungusic" and may have roots that extend back in time at least two millennia.[3] The term was introduced to the west after Russian forces conquered the shamanistic Khanate of Kazan in 1552. The term "shamanism" was first applied by western anthropologists as outside observers of the ancient religion of the Turks and Mongols, as well as those of the neighboring Tungusicand Samoyedic-speaking peoples. Upon observing more religious traditions across the world, some caucasian anthropologists began to also use the term in a very broad sense, to describe unrelated magico-religious practices found within the ethnic religions of other parts of Asia, Africa, Australasia and even completely unrelated parts of the Americas, as they believed these practices to be similar to one another.
- herbal
- http://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/2057271/hallucinogenic-plant-ayahuasca-gains-foothold-us
- Shamanic music is music played either by actual shamans as part of their rituals, or by people who, whilst not themselves shamans, wish to evoke the cultural background of shamanism in some way. So Shamanic music includes both music used as part of shamans' rituals and music that refers to, or draws on, this. In shamanism the shaman has a more active musical role than the medium in spirit-possession. But a shaman's ritual is a ritual performance and not a musical performance, and this shapes its musical dimension. A shaman uses various ways of making sounds to which different ritual purposes are ascribed. Of particular importance are the shaman's song and shaman's drumming. Recently in Siberia, music groups drawing on a knowledge of shamanic culture have emerged. In the West shamanism has served as an imagined background to musics meant to alter a listener's state of mind. Korea and Tibet are two cultures where the music of shamanic ritual has interacted closely with other traditions.
- Korean shamanism, also known as Muism (Korean: 무교 Mugyo "mu[shaman] religion")[1] or Sinism (신교)} Shingyo "religion of the shin(hanja: 神 ) [gods]",[2] is the ethnic religion of Korea and theKoreans.[3] Although used synonymously, the two terms are not identical:[3] Jung Young Lee describes Muism as a form of Sinism - the shamanic tradition within the religion.[4] Other names for the religion are Shindo (traditional Chinese: 神道; ; Korean: 신도 "Way of the Gods"), Shindoism (traditional Chinese: 神道敎; ; Korean: 신도교Shindogyo "religion of the Way of the Gods"),[5][note 1] Gosindo(traditional Chinese: 古神道; ; Korean: 고신도 "Way of the Ancestral Gods"),[6][note 2] and Pungwoldo (hanja: 風月道 "Way of Brightness").[7][note 3] It has approximately 5-15 million followers.
- heilongjiang
- 滿族大型「柳母節」祭祀活動昨日在黑龍江雙城區幸福久援滿族村隆重舉行。此次滿族「柳母節」祭祀活動在全國尚屬首列，原生態薩滿祭祀祈福、滿族原始殺豬祭祀場景再現，全面展示滿族傳統文化。此次祭祀活動由哈爾濱市雙城滿族文化聯誼會主辦，歷史上，雙城人口的主體為京旗滿族。雙城幸福久援滿族村（正白旗頭屯），自1815年京旗移居建屯，至今已有202年。目前，該村已發展成為遠近文明的滿族特色村寨示範村。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/07/24/a21-0724.pdf
「巫文化」
- 先秦古籍 《山海經 》記載着一個由巫師 管理的古國 「巫咸國」，雖然其所處年代 眾說紛紜 ， 但是經當代一些歷史文化專 家考證，「巫咸國 」舊址在重慶巫溪縣 寧廠古鎮 。因為天然鹽泉的存在 ，此地 曾如 《山海經 》描述般 ， 民眾不耕作不 紡織卻衣食有餘 ，巫溪也被認為是中國巫 文化的發源地 。以巫咸 （商代巫師 ）為首 的十大靈巫 ，在這裡創建了包含巫醫 、 巫 藥 、巫歌 、巫舞 、占星術 、占卜術等在內 的巫文化 。
- thailand
- thailand
- 泰國傳統的山野巫醫術士傳說擁有超越人類的神力，信奉泰國與印度傳統神教。泰國與亞洲數百名修行者周日齊集東北部瑪哈沙拉堪府，參與文化與學術交流活動，並展示全球最大的靈符布。該等巫醫術士稱為「呂習」，本年度聚會由瑪哈沙拉堪府政府首長親自主持。整個會場神秘氣氛十足，來自台灣、香港、馬來西亞等地的術士參加。現場放有九個神聖佛骨，讓善信供奉膜拜，祈福納吉。這場難得的巫師盛會被視為傳統智慧與文化交流弘揚活動之一，而且展示了一幅長闊各十六米，號稱世界最大的靈符布。本次活動主辦方之一、瑪哈沙拉堪府文化局官員巴帕指，泰國設有「泰國呂習基金會」，而相關的傳統信仰及文化可以列為一種學術知識，供後人研究、繼承和發揚。自稱「世界呂習協會主席」的術士貼力則表示，不論是來自哪個國家和地區的呂習，他們都以維護傳統美德與文化為原則，並奉行佛教中的五戒。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190821/00180_033.html
The ouija (/ˈwiːdʒə/ WEE-jə), also known as a spirit board or talking board, is a flat board marked with the letters of the alphabet, the numbers 0–9, the words "yes", "no", "hello" (occasionally), and "goodbye", along with various symbols and graphics. It uses a small heart-shaped piece of wood or plastic called a planchette. Participants place their fingers on the planchette, and it is moved about the board to spell out words. "Ouija" was formerly a trademark belonging to Parker Brothers, and has subsequently become a trademark of Hasbro, Inc. in the United States,[1][2] but is often used generically to refer to any talking board. According to Hasbro, players take turns asking questions and then "wait to see what the planchette spells out" for them. It is recommended for players over the age of 8.
Following its commercial introduction by businessman Elijah Bond on July 1, 1890,[1] the ouija board was regarded as a parlor game unrelated to the occult until American spiritualist Pearl Curran popularized its use as a divining tool during World War I.[4] Spiritualists claimed that the dead were able to contact the living and reportedly used a talking board very similar to a modern ouija board at their camps in Ohio in 1886 to ostensibly enable faster communication with spirits. The Catholic Church and other Christian denominations have "warned against using ouija boards", holding that they can lead to demonic possession.[6][7] Occultists, on the other hand, are divided on the issue, with some saying that it can be a positive transformation; others reiterate the warnings of many Christians and caution "inexperienced users" against it. Paranormal and supernatural beliefs associated with Ouija have been harshly criticized by the scientific community, since they are characterized as pseudoscience. The action of the board can be parsimoniously explained by unconscious movements of those controlling the pointer, a psychophysiological phenomenon known as the ideomotor effect.
Witchcraft or witchery broadly means the practice of and belief in magical skills and abilities exercised by solitary practitioners and groups. Witchcraftis a broad term that varies culturally and societally, and thus can be difficult to define with precision,[1] and cross-cultural assumptions about the meaning or significance of the term should be applied with caution. Witchcraft often occupies a religious divinatory or medicinal role,[2] and is often present within societies and groups whose cultural framework includes a magical world view.
- uk
- In England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland there has historically been a succession of Witchcraft Acts governing witchcraft and providing penalties for its practice, or -- in later years -- rather for pretending to practise it.Religious tensions in England during the 16th and 17th centuries resulted in the introduction of serious penalties for witchcraft. Henry VIII's Act of 1542 (33 Hen. VIII c. 8) was the first to define witchcraft as a felony, a crime punishable by death and the forfeiture of the convicted felon's goods and chattels. The Witchcraft Act of 1735 (9 Geo. 2 c. 5) marked a complete reversal in attitudes. Penalties for the practice of witchcraft as traditionally constituted, which by that time was considered by many influential figures to be an impossible crime, were replaced by penalties for the pretence of witchcraft. A person who claimed to have the power to call up spirits, or foretell the future, or cast spells, or discover the whereabouts of stolen goods, was to be punished as a vagrant and a con artist, subject to fines and imprisonment. The Act applied to the whole of Great Britain, repealing both the 1563 Scottish Act and the 1604 English Act. The Witchcraft Act of 1735 remained in force in Britain well into the 20th century, until its eventual repeal with the enactment of the Fraudulent Mediums Act of 1951. The Fraudulent Mediums Act 1951 was repealed on 26 May 2008[11] by new Consumer Protection Regulations following an EU directive targeting unfair sales and marketing practices.
No comments:
Post a Comment