- 正式名称はアラビア語で、المملكة المغربية（ラテン文字転写は、Al-Mamlaka al-Maghribiya：アル＝マムラカ・アル＝マグリビーヤ）。通称、المغرِب（al-Maghrib：アル・マグリブ）。「マグリブの王国」を意味する。公式のフランス語表記は、Royaume du Maroc（ロワイヨーム・デュ・マロック）。通称、Maroc。公式の英語表記は、Kingdom of Morocco（キングダム・オヴ・モラコウ）。通称、Morocco。日本語の表記は、モロッコ王国。通称、モロッコ。漢字の当て字は、摩洛哥・馬羅哥・莫羅哥・茂禄子など。アラビア語の国名にある「マグリブ」は、「日の没する地」「西方」を意味する。「マグリブ」は地域名としては北アフリカ西部を指すが、モロッコはマグリブの中でも最も西の果てにある国と位置付けられる。中世には他のマグリブ地域と区別するために「アル＝マグリブ・ル＝アクサー」（極西）とも呼ばれていた。アラビア語以外の多くの言語での国名である「モロッコ」は、以前の首都マラケシュに由来する。トルコ語(turkce)での国名は「Fas」で、1925年までの首都フェズに由来する。
Government
- ministry of culture
- Chinese author Liu Zhenyun is awarded Morocco's highest cultural honor by the country's Ministry of Culture in Casablanca, on February 11, 2017. http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2017-02/13/content_28179283.htm
- The first phase of the Moroccan Solar Plan NOOR, the NOOR Ouarzazate I, a 160 MW concentrated solar power plant, came online early this year. When complete, it will be one of the biggest facilities of its kind in the world. It will reduce the country’s fossil fuel dependence by about 2.5 million tons of oil a year, and could eventually export renewable energy to neighbouring countries.Masen was created in 2010 to coordinate the solar development strategy of the country’s renewable energy plan, alongside the National Office of Electricity and Potable Water.The Kingdom of Morocco has traditionally been the largest importer of fossil fuels in the region - depending on foreign sources for over 97 per cent of its energy - and Masen is instrumental in helping to turn that around.http://web.unep.org/championsofearth/laureates/2016/moroccan-agency-sustainable-energy-masen
Chefchaouen (Arabic: شفشاون Shafshāwan (pronounced IPA: ʃəfˈʃɑˑwən); Berber languages: ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵡⵏAshawen), also known as Chaouen, is a city in northwest Morocco. It is the chief town of the province of the same name, and is noted for its buildings in shades of blue. The city was founded in 1471[1] as a small kasbah (fortress) by Moulay Ali ibn Rashid al-Alami, a descendant of Abd as-Salam al-Alami and Idris I, and through them, of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Al-Alami founded the city to fight the Portuguese invasions of northern Morocco.[2] Along with the Ghomara tribes of the region, many Moriscos and Jews settled here after the Spanish Reconquista in medieval times.[3] In 1920, the Spanish seized Chefchaouen to form part of Spanish Morocco. Spanish troops imprisoned Abd el-Krim in the kasbah from 1916 to 1917, after he talked with the German consul Dr. Walter Zechlin (1879–1962). After defeating him with the help of the French, Abd el-Krim was deported to Réunion in 1926. Spain returned the city after the independence of Morocco in 1956.シャウエンは、 リーフ地方の山中にあり、タンジェとテトゥアンから内陸に入ったところに位置する。1471年に[1] 、ムーレイ アリ ベン ムーサ ベン ラチェッド エル Alamiが、モロッコ北部のポルトガルの侵略と戦うための小さな要塞として設立した[2]。この地域のGhomara部族とともに、多くのモリスコとユダヤ人が、スペインによるレコンキスタの後、ここに定住した[3]。建物が青く塗られたのは、ユダヤ教で青が天や神を示す神聖な色であることに由来するとの説もある[4][5]。街の多くの建物が青く染められている例としては、他にインドのジョードプルがある[6]。
- nickname - the blue pearl
達克拉 Dakhla (Arabic: الداخلة, Berber: Eddaxla, Spanish: Villa Cisneros) is a city in Western Sahara, a disputed territory currently administered by Morocco. It is the capital of the Moroccan administrative region Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab.
- The area has been inhabited by Berbers since ancient times. Oulad Dlim is an Arab tribe of Himyari from Yemen that settled in the Sahara in the twelfth century. Dakhla was expanded by Spanish settlers during the expansion of their empire.[citation needed] The Spanish interest in the desert coast of Western Africa's Sahara arose as the result of fishing carried out from the nearby Canary Islands by Spanish fishers and as a result of the Barbary pirates menace. Spanish fishers were seal fur traders and hunters, fishers and whalers along the Saharan coast from Dakhla to Cabo Blanco from 1500 to the present, engaging in whaling for Humpback whales and their calves, mostly around Cape Verde, and the Guinea gulf in Annobon, São Tomé and Príncipe islands through 1940. These fishing activities had a negative impact on wildlife, causing the disappearance or endangering of many species, particularly marine mammals and birds. The Spaniards established whaling stations with some cod fishing and trading. In 1881, a dock was anchored off the coast of the Río de Oro Peninsula to support the work of the Canarian fishing fleet.However, it was not until 1884 that Spain formally founded the watering place as Villa Cisneros, in the settlement dated in 1502 by Papal bull. It was included in the enclaves conceded to the Spanish to the east of the Azores islands. In 1884, the settlement was promoted by the Spanish Society of Africanists[4] and funded by the government of Canovas del Castillo. The Spanish military, along with the Spanish Arabist Emilio Bonelli, claimed the coast between Cape Bojador and Cabo Blanco for Spain, founding three settlements on the Saharan coast: one in Villa Cisneros, named in honour of Francisco Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros (1436-1517), the Spanish prelate who was the Grand Inquisitor during the Spanish Inquisition; and another in Cabo Blanco for seal hunting, which was given the name of Medina Gatell; and another in Angra de Cintra with the name of Puerto Badia, in honour of the Arabist and adventurer Domingo Badia. Bonelli got the native inhabitants of the peninsula de Río de Oro to sign an agreement which placed them under the 'protection' of the Kingdom of Spain. Due to the presence of the three new settlements, in December that year the Spanish Government officially informed the main colonial powers assembled at the Berlin Conference that the Spanish Crown was in possession of the territory lying between Cape Bojador and Cape Blanco. During the colonial period, Spanish authorities made Dakhla the capital of the province of Río de Oro, one of the two regions of what was known as Spanish Sahara. They built a military fortress and a modern Catholic church. A prison camp also existed at the fort during the Spanish Civil War, at which writers such as Pedro García Cabrera were imprisoned. During the 1960s, the Francoist State also built Dakhla Airport, one of the three paved airports in Western Sahara. It was from Dakhla, then known as Villa Cisneros, that on January 12, 1976, General Gomez de Salazar became the last Spanish soldier to depart what until that moment had been the colony of the Spanish Sahara; faced with Moroccan and Mauritanian pressure, Spanish authorities decided to peacefully give up the territory instead of undertaking a fight they believed they could win, but which would have cost many lives on all sides. Between 1975 and 1979, Dakhla was the provincial capital of the Mauritanian province of Tiris al-Gharbiyya, as Mauritania annexed the southern portion of Western Sahara. Dakhla Airport is used as a civilian airport and by Royal Air Maroc. The 3 km. long runway can accommodate a Boeing 737 or smaller aircraft.[citation needed] The passenger terminal covers 670 m2 and is capable of handling up to 55,000 passenger/year.[citation needed] Dakhla was occupied by Spain from the late 19th century until 1975, when power was then relinquished to a joint administration between Morocco and Mauritania.[5] There was a United Nations-sponsored ceasefire in 1991, but as recently as 2006, the majority of UN member states have refused to recognise Moroccan sovereignty in the area.
Essaouira (Arabic: الصويرة; Berber: Mugadur), formerly known as Mogador, is a city in the western Moroccan economic region of Marrakesh-Safi, on the Atlantic coast. The modern name means "the little rampart", a reference to the fortress walls that still enclose part of the city. The name of the city is usually spelled Essaouira in Latin script, and الصويرة in Arabic script. Both spellings represent its name in Moroccan Arabic, ṣ-Ṣwiṛa. This is the diminutive (with definite article) of the noun ṣuṛ which means "wall (as round a yard, city), rampart". The pronunciation with pharyngealized /ṣ/ and /ṛ/ is a typically Moroccan development. In Classical Arabic, the noun is sūr (with plain /s/ and /r/), diminutive suwayrah. Hence the spelling of the name in Arabic script according to the classical pronunciation is السويرة al-Suwayrah (with sīn not ṣād). In the Berber language which is spoken by a sizeable proportion of the city's inhabitants, it is called "Taṣṣort", meaning 'the small fortress'.
In Moroccan Arabic, a single male inhabitant is called ṣwiṛi, plural ṣwiṛiyin, a single female inhabitant is ṣwiṛiya, plural ṣwiṛiyat. In the Berber language, a single male inhabitant is U-Taṣṣort, plural: Ayt Taṣṣuṛt, a single female inhabitant is Ult Taṣṣort, plural 'Ist Taṣṣort.
Until the 1960s, Essaouira was generally known by its Portuguese name, Mogador. This name is probably a corruption of the older Berber name Amaqdūl that is mentioned by the 11th-century geographer al-Bakrī.
- according to a sky tv series on big cats, this is the first city to domesticate cats
Oujda (Arabic: وجدة, translit. ūʒda; Berber languages: ⵡⴻⵊⴷⴰ, translit. wəʒda) is the capital city of the Oriental region of eastern Morocco.There is some evidence of a settlement during the Roman occupation, which seems to have been under the control of Berbers rather than Romans. The city was founded in 994 by Ziri ibn Atiyya, Berber chief of the Zenata Maghrawa tribe. Ziri was, with his tribe, authorised to occupy the region of Fas, but feeling insecure in that region and that town, and wishing to be nearer to the central Maghrib homeland of his tribe, he moved to Wajda, installed there a garrison and his possessions, appointing one of his relatives as governor. In the mid-11th century, a new quarter with a wall was allegedly added to the primitive core. Yusuf ibn Tashfin occupied the city in 1079, and in the next century, it came under Almohad control, with its fortifications repaired and strengthened under the Almohad caliph Muhammad al-Nasir. In the mid-11th century, Oujda acquired prominence through its strategic position on the road east from Sijilmasa. Throughout the history of the dynasties of the Muslim West, Oujda played an important strategic role among the Merinids, settled in Fes, in this case as a rear base in their conflict with the Abdalwadids of the Kingdom of Tlemcen. The city was rebuilt in the 13th century by sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub. The city experienced great difficulty in making peace with its neighbours to the east, and sometimes to the west, because of its position in respect to the clashes between the Saadi dynasty and the Ottomans of Algiers. It was torn between the rulers of Fes and the disputed Tlemcen, and from the 16th century, it was contested by the Alaouite dynasty and the rulers of Algiers. In 1692, Sultan Ismail[who?] led in the Turks, who established their hegemony on Algeria. Oujda fell again under Turkish rule in the following century for few weeks. The French occupied it in 1844 and again in 1859.
Rabat (Arabic: الرِّبَاط, al-ribāṭ; Berber languages: ⴰⵕⴱⴰⵟ Aṛṛbaṭ)
- Rabat has a relatively modern history compared to the nearby ancient city of Salé. In 1146, the Almohad ruler Abd al-Mu'min[5] turned Rabat's ribat into a full-scale fortress to use as a launching point for attacks on Iberia. In 1170, due to its military importance, Rabat acquired the title Ribatu l-Fath, meaning "stronghold of victory," from which it derives its current name. Yaqub al-Mansur (known as Moulay Yacoub in Morocco), another Almohad Caliph, moved the capital of his empire to Rabat. He built Rabat's city walls, the Kasbah of the Udayas and began construction on what would have been the world's largest mosque. However, Yaqub died and construction stopped. The ruins of the unfinished mosque, along with the Hassan Tower, still stand today. Yaqub's death initiated a period of decline. The Almohad empire lost control of its possessions in Spain and much of its African territory, eventually leading to its total collapse. In the 13th century, much of Rabat's economic power shifted to Fez. In 1515 a Moorishexplorer, El Wassan, reported that Rabat had declined so much that only 100 inhabited houses remained. An influx of Moriscos, who had been expelled from Spain, in the early 17th century helped boost Rabat's growth.
- Rabat and neighboring Salé united to form the Republic of Bou Regreg in 1627[8]. The republic was run by Barbary pirates who used the two cities as base ports for launching attacks on shipping. The pirates did not have to contend with any central authority until the Alaouite Dynasty united Morocco in 1666. The latter attempted to establish control over the pirates, but failed. European and Muslim authorities continued to attempt to control the pirates over many years, but the Republic of Bou Regreg did not collapse until 1818. Even after the republic's collapse, pirates continued to use the port of Rabat, which led to the shelling of the city by Austria in 1829 after an Austrian ship had been lost to a pirate attack.
- The French invaded Morocco in 1912[9] and established a protectorate. The French administrator of Morocco, General Hubert Lyautey,[10]decided to relocate the country's capital from Fez to Rabat.
- no french wikipedia version
Association
- UMA - Arab Maghreb Union http://www.maghrebarabe.org/en/
- UMA was founded Feb. 17, 1989, when the Constitutive Treaty of the Union of the Arab Maghreb, was signed by the five Heads of State in Marrakech. The treaty entered force on 1 July 1989. At the signing of the Treaty, the Member States agreed to coordinate, harmonize and rationalize their policies and strategies for sustainable development in all sectors of human activities. Current member States of UMA are: Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia.
- http://www.cgem.ma Depuis sa création en 1947, la Confédération Générale des Entreprises du Maroc (CGEM) assure la représentation et la promotion des entreprises membres agissant dans différents secteurs et de différentes tailles. Les actions de la CGEM sont fondées sur la crédibilité, l’efficacité et la solidarité envers ses membres.
company
- BMCE Bank (Acronym in French: Banque Marocaine du Commerce Extérieur) is a large commercial bank in Morocco. According to the company's website, it operates over 697 branches in Morocco alone. and 560 branches in Africa . BMCE has offices in France, Spain, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Germany, UAE, Belgium, Canada and Netherlands.
- La BMCE est fondée en 1959 en tant que banque publique. En 1965, une agence est ouverte dans la zone franche de Tanger. Elle est la première banque marocaine à s’installer à l’étranger, en ouvrant une agence à Paris en 1972[1]. Deux ans plus tard, elle s'introduit en bourse de Casablanca. En 1988, Maroc Factoring, société d’affacturage, est créée. En 1994, MIT et MARFIN sont créées, ces filiales sont dédiées aux marchés du capitaux. En 1995, la banque est privatisée[2] et devient filiale du groupe Finance Com ; une année plus tard, elle devient la première banque marocaine à être cotée à la bourse de Londres. En 1997, Salafin, une filiale de crédit à la consommation, est créée. En 1998, la banque crée BMCE Capital, une banque d’affaires et d’investissement. En 1999, BMCE prend une participation dans le capital de Al Wataniya, donnant naissance à un pôle leader dans l’assurance. La même année, BMCE prend une participation de 20 % du capital du premier opérateur privé de télécoms marocain, Meditelecom. En 2000, la Holding Finance.Com est créée.
- rep office in beijing, branch in shanghai
- Office Chérifien des Phosphates (OCP, Arabic: المكتب الشريف للفوسفاط) is the world’s leading producer of phosphate rock and phosphoric acid as well as one of the leading global fertilizer players, with more than 90 years of history serving agriculture. OCP Group has access to Morocco's phosphate rock reserves – the largest global reserve base according to USGS. Fully integrated throughout the value chain, the Group’s activities range from mining mineral resources to producing high value-added products. With a global footprint and revenues of more than US$5.5 billion in 2013, the Group has 23,000 employees and serves every key agricultural market in the world. 3.7 Milliard dollars$ is a investment of the group in Ethiopia during The visite of king Mohhammed 6 at this contry.
- Royal Air Maroc (Al-Khuṭũṭ al-Malikiyyah al-Maghribiyyah, literally Royal Moroccan Lines or Royal Moroccan Airlines; Berber: Amuddu Ugenna Ageldan Umerruk, MGGM), more commonly known as simply RAM, is the Moroccan national carrier, as well as the country's largest airline.[3] RAM is fully owned by the government of Morocco, and has its headquarters on the grounds of Casablanca-Anfa Airport.
Industry
- solar energy
- Ouarzazate Solar Power Station (OSPS), also called Noor Power Station (نور, Arabic for light) is a solar power complex located in the Drâa-Tafilalet region in Morocco, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Ouarzazate town, in Ghessat rural council area. The entire Solar Project is planned to produce 580 MW at peak when finished and is being built in three phases and in four parts. Total project expected to cost $9 billion. The plant will be able to store solar energy in the form of heated molten salt, allowing for production of electricity into the night. Phase 1 comes with a full-load molten salt storage capacity of 3 hours. The planned Phase 2 (Noor 2 and 3 plants), due to open in 2017 and 2018 will store energy for up to eight hours.[3] It will cover an area of 2,500 hectares (6,178 acres). The project is developed with help of the Spanish consortium TSK-Acciona-Sener and is the first in a series of several planned developments at the Ouarzazate Solar Complex by the Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN). As of December 2015, the plant was expected to begin commercial operation in June 2017. Ouarzazate was originally the location chosen in 2011 by the Desertec consortium for a solar plant which would be part of a €400bn project that would supply much of Europe with solar electricity through power lines under the Strait of Gibraltar.[5] However, in late 2012 many of the investors, including Spain, Bosch and Siemens pulled out, and Morocco found alternative support from the Africa Development Bank.
- According to tbs cultural heritage show of fez, dyes are made from natural ingredients, red from poppy and yellow from 藏紅花
- ft supplement 23mar16
People
- Ibn Baṭūṭah (/ˌɪbənbætˈtuːtɑː/ Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة,ʾAbū ʿAbd al-Lāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Lāh l-Lawātī ṭ-Ṭanǧī ibn Baṭūṭah), or simplyMuhammad Ibn Battuta (محمد ابن بطوطة) (February 25, 1304 – 1368 or 1369), was a Medieval Moroccan Muslim traveler and scholar, who is widely recognised as one of the greatest travelers of all time. He is known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in theRihla (lit. "Journey"). Over a period of thirty years, Ibn Battuta visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands. His journeys included trips to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa, Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asiaand China.
- Mohammed VI (Arabic: محمد السادس,Amazigh: ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ; born 21 August 1963) is the current king of Morocco. He ascended to the throne on 23 July 1999 upon the death of his father, King Hassan II.
- Mohamed Alami Nafakh-Lazrak est un homme d'affaires marocain, il est le président directeur général d'Alliances Développement Immobilier (ADI) et dont il est actionnaire à 58,2%. Le patron, architecte de formation qui a fait ses armes dans l'Administration publique, notamment le ministère des Habous et l'ERAC de Tensift, a su, en un laps de temps relativement court, transformer la petite société qu'il avait créée en 1994 en une véritable toile d'araignée, brassant un chiffre d'affaires agrégé de plus de 885 millions de DH. En 2015, son groupe Alliance connait des difficultés importantes avec plus de 968 696 000 DHS de pertes. La cotation de la société est suspendu le 7 avril 2015.
- Alami Lazraq runs real estate development company Groupe Alliances, the largest builder of hotels in Morocco. Recently, the company has focused its efforts on developing middle income and low income housing, competing with Moroccan billionaires Miloud Chaabi and Anas Sefrioui. Groupe Alliances reported a 12% increase in net earnings in 2012 on revenues of $480 million. Alliances is expanding outside of Morocco and is planning to develop low income housing in the Ivory Coast and Senegal. An architect by training, Lazraq first went to work for the government, then for ONA, Morocco's biggest conglomerate, controlled by the royal family. He founded Groupe Alliances in 1994.
Effect of falling oil prices
- http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/b57011ba-b095-11e4-92b6-00144feab7de.html Morocco shows way to cut fuel and other subsidies, as nations come under pressure to make savings
- An online boycott campaign protesting rising food prices in Morocco has prompted the local unit of French dairy giant Danone to cut raw milk purchases and plan layoffs, underscoring the political and economic cost of simmering unrest in the North African monarchy. The campaign, which began last month on Facebook, initially singled out Centrale Danone, mineral water company Oulmes and the country’s leading fuel distributor, Afriquia SMDC. It later expanded to include the country’s fish markets, as anger simmered over the uptick in consumer prices that hit 2.7 percent in April, its highest level since 2013. The boycott added a new element to mounting frustration in the country. Morocco enjoys one of the lowest inflation rates in the Middle East and North Africa has been spared much of the post Arab Spring-spawned violence gripping other nations in the region, but officials are increasingly wary of the protests that have repeatedly erupted. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-29/danone-cuts-milk-purchases-in-morocco-as-boycott-gathers-pace
- https://www.ft.com/content/1ed8370a-6979-11e8-b6eb-4acfcfb08c11 Angry messages on social media accuse businesses in Morocco of being “thieves” and “blood suckers” as an unprecedented boycott targeting some of the kingdom’s biggest companies rattles the government and begins to bite.
architecture
- A riad is a type of traditional Moroccan house or palace with an interior garden or courtyard.The word riad originates from the Arabian term for garden, Arabic: رياض, ryad.[1] The ancient Roman city of Volubilis provided a reference for the beginnings of riad architecture during the Idrisid Dynasty.When the Almoravids conquered Spain in the 11th century they sent Muslim, Christian and Jewish artisans from Spain to Morocco to work on monuments.The Riad is the Moroccan traditional house, normally with two or more storeys around an Andalusian-style courtyard that contained a fountain. Riads were the stately city homes of the wealthiest citizens such as merchants and courtiers. The riads were inward focused, which allowed for family privacy and protection from the weather in Morocco. This inward focus was expressed with a centrally placed interior garden or courtyard, and the lack of large windows on the exterior walls of clay or mud brick. This design principle found support in Islamic notions of privacy, and hijab for women. Entrance to these houses encourages reflection because all of the rooms open into the central atrium space. In the central garden of traditional riads there are often four orange or lemon trees and often a fountain. The walls of the riads are adorned with tadelakt plaster and zellige tiles, usually with Arabic calligraphy of quotes from the Quran.
- Riad是阿拉伯語 「中式花 園」的意思，和中國的四合院也有諸多相似。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20181014/PDF/a19_screen.pdf
Marocain, derived from the French word for Moroccan, is a ribbed crepe dress fabric. Its warp threads, which give a fabric its strength, are made of silk, wool or rayon (or a combination of those). The fabric is often used to make dresses and women’s suits.
language
- Arabic was introduced to Morocco in the 8th century and while we have the same classical Arabic base as the other Arabic dialects, a lot has changed since 700 CE. This has seen Moroccans adopt a lot of foreign words from French (that do exist in Algerian and Tunisian too) as well as Berber and Spanish (that do not exist in Algerian and Tunisian).Algerians use “Port” the French word for door. While in Darija, we use the Arabic word “Bab”.
islam
- https://www.ft.com/content/23cfc9c0-af3a-11e7-aab9-abaa44b1e130 Morocco is offering to train imams who preach in mosques across Europe in an effort to encourage the spread of its moderate Malki doctrine and pre-empt the radicalisation of Muslim minorities living on the continent. Young Moroccans who grew up in Europe have been at the centre of some of the most high-profile atrocities claimed by Isis, including the Paris attacks in November 2015 and the Brussels airport bombings four months later. Moroccan youths believed to have been radicalised by Abdelbaki al Satti, a hard line Moroccan imam in Spain, were behind the killing in August of 16 people in Barcelona’s Las Ramblas boulevard when one of them drove a van into a crowd of pedestrians.
ethnic group
- The Ghomara are an ethnic group of northern Morocco, living between the rivers Oued Laou and Ouringa, east of Chefchaouen and south of Tetouan, in the Western Rif. The river Tiguisas runs through their territory. Originally, Ghomaras are a Berber tribal group belonging to the Masmouda confederacy. While most have shifted to speaking Arabic, a minority continue to speak the Berber Ghomara language. Dans l'Antiquité, les Ghomaras étaient une tribu particulièrement rebelle, comme un nombre non négligeable de tribus berbères : "La paix contre la paix,… la moindre ingérence dans leurs affaires internes, et c'est la révolte totale". Les Ghomaras, comme le reste des berbères, étaient entiers, "Ils aiment ou ils n'aiment pas".Selon Ibn Khaldoun, les Ghomara seraient d’ascendance masmoudienne et compteraient parmi les plus anciens peuples du Maroc. Leur ancêtre éponyme, Ghomer, était fils de Masmouda. Selon Halima Ferhat, les pluriels “ighmaren” et “masmuden” auraient valeur d’adjectifs et renverraient à des genres de vie ; ainsi les Ghomâra seraient des chasseurs et des bûcherons qui vivent de la forêt. Chez les Espagnols et les Portugais, l’appellation “Gomera” est la seule en usage depuis le xve siècle ; elle s’est maintenue pour désigner l’un des derniers presidios de la côte rifaine : le Peñon de Velez de la Gomera (Bades). Certains auteurs, en particulier Georges Marcy, ont cru pouvoir rattacher au groupe Ghomara, supposé d’origine méridionale, le nom de l’île canarienne de Gomera. Aujourd’hui ce rattachement de l’île de Gomera au monde masmouda n’est plus accepté. Il s’agirait d’une simple ressemblance toponymique, l’île devant son nom à la présence du lentisque (Pistacia lentiscus) qui donne une gomme appréciée. Cette résine du lentisque entre dans la fabrication du mastic et d’une pâte à mâcher très estimée des femmes de la Gomera.
History
- 阿拉維王朝The Alaouite dynasty, or Alawite dynasty (Arabic: سلالة العلويين الفيلاليين, Sulālat al-ʿAlawiyyīn al-Fīlālīyn), is the current Moroccan royal family. The name Alaouite comes from the ‘Alī of ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib, Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin, whose descendant Sharif ibn Ali became Prince of Tafilalt in 1631. His son Mulay Al-Rashid (1664–1672) was able to unite and pacify the country. The Alaouite family claim descent from the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, through his daughter Fāṭimah az-Zahrah and her husband ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib.The organisation of the sultanate developed under Ismail Ibn Sharif (1672–1727), who, against the opposition of local tribes, began to create a unified state. Because the Alaouites had difficult relations with many of the country's Berber and Bedouin-Arab tribes, Isma'īl formed a new army of black slaves, the Black Guard. However, the unity of Morocco did not survive his death—in the ensuing power struggles the tribes became a political and military force once again. During Muhammad III's reign (1757–1790) the kingdom was once again united and the administration reorganised. A renewed attempt at centralisation was abandoned, and the tribes were allowed to preserve their autonomy. Under Abderrahmane (1822–1859) Morocco fell under the influence of the European powers. After Morocco supported the Algerian independence movement of Emir Abd al-Qadir, it was attacked and defeated by the French in 1844 at the Battle of Isly and made to abandon its support.
- Moulay Ismail ibn Sharif (Arabic: مولاي إسماعيل بن الشريف ابن النصر), born around 1645 in Sijilmassa and died on 22 March 1727 at Meknes, was the Sultan of Morocco from 1672–1727, as the second ruler of the Alaouite dynasty.[3] He was the seventh son of Moulay Sharif and was governor of the Kingdom of Fez and the north of Morocco from 1667 until the death of his half-brother, Sultan Moulay Rashid in 1672. He was proclaimed sultan at Fez, but spent several years in conflict with his nephew Moulay Ahmed ben Mehrez, who also claimed the throne, until the latter's death in 1687. Moulay Ismail's 55 year reign is the longest of any sultan of Morocco. The reign of Moulay Ismail marked a high watermark for Moroccan power. His military successes are explained by the creation of a strong army, originally relying on the 'Guichs' (especially the Udaya) and on the Black Guard (or Abid al-Bukhari), black slaves who were totally devoted to him. As a result, the central power could be less reliant on tribes which often rebelled. Moulay Ismail successfully campaigned against the Ottomans in Algiers and their vassals and expelled the Europeans from the ports which they had occupied: Larache, Asilah, Mehdya, and Tangiers. He took thousands of Christians prisoner and nearly took Ceuta. Ismail controlled a fleet of corsairs based at Salé-le-Vieux and Salé-le-Neuf (now Rabat), which supplied him with Christian slaves and weapons through their raids in the Mediterranean and all the way to the Black Sea. He established significant diplomatic relations with foreign powers, especially the Kingdom of France, Great Britain, and Spain. Often compared to his contemporary, Louis XIV, due to his charisma and authority, Moulay Ismail was nicknamed the 'bloody king' by the Europeans due to his cruelty and exaction of summary justice. He is also known in his native country as the "Warrior King". He also undertook the construction of a grand palace at Meknes, gardens, monumental gates, more than forty kilometres of walls and numerous mosques. He died following a sickness. After his death, his supporters became so powerful that they controlled the country, enthroning and dethroning the sultans at will.
- The Algeciras Conference of 1906 took place in Algeciras, Spain, and lasted from 16 January to 7 April. The purpose of the conference was to find a solution to theFirst Moroccan Crisis of 1905 betweenFrance and the German Empire, which arose as Germany attempted to prevent France from establishing a protectorateover Morocco in what was known as theTangier Crisis.
- The Dar el-Makhzen or Sultanate Palace[a] is a historical building and museum in Tangier, Morocco. It was the seat of residence for the Sultans of Moroccowhen staying in the city.The edifice was built during the reign of sultan Moulay Ismail in the 17th century over the ruins of the English "Upper Castle".[1] It was constructed by Pasha Ahmad ben Ali al-Rifi,[1] general of the Jaysh al-Rifi and semi-autonomous governor of Tangiers.[2] The building is situated in the eastern part of the Kasbah[1] on one of the highest points of the city overlooking the Medina and the Strait of Gibraltar. Currently it is used by two museums, the Museum of Moroccan Arts and the archaeological Museum of Antiquities. The Dar el-Makhzen was the palace to which the last Sultan of independent Morocco, Moulay Hafid, was exiled when the French Protectorate of Morocco forced him to abdicate. He moved in with his entire harem, slaves and personnel, altogether consisting of 168 people, and stayed in the Palace when his brother Moulay Yusef took over power after the Treaty of Fez. The building is centered within two courtyards, which are decorated with wooden ceilings, marble fountains and arabesques. Some of the columns used are of Roman origin.
- Usa also took part
- The Treaty between France and Spain regarding Morocco was signed on 27 November 1912 by French and Spanish head of states, establishing de jure a Spanish Zone of influence in northern and southern Morocco, both zones being de facto under Spanish control, whileFrance was still regarded as the protecting power as it was the sole occupying power to sign the Treaty of Fez. The northern part has to become the zone of Spanish protectorate in Morocco with its capital in Tetuan, while the southern part was ruled from El Aiun as a buffer zone between the Spanish Colony of Rio de Oro and Morocco.
- Grand Socco (meaning "Big Square", officially known as Place du Grand 9 Avril 1947 but that name is rarely used) is a square in the medina area of centralTangier, Morocco and the larger of thePetit Socco which make up the medina of the city. The Grand Socco divides the medina from the Ville Nouvelle area of Tangier. The square was named Place du Grand 9 Avril 1947 after the speech ofMohammed V in support of Moroccan independence on April 9, 1947. Mendoubia Gardens forms part of the area where there is a large marble fountain and park benches.
- In December 1952, a riot broke out in Casablanca over the murder of a Tunisian labor leader; this event marked a watershed in relations between Moroccan political parties and French authorities. In the aftermath of the rioting, the residency outlawed the new Moroccan Communist Party and the Istiqlal. France's exile of the highly respected Sultan Mohammed V to Madagascar in 1953 and his replacement by the unpopular Mohammed Ben Aarafa, sparked active opposition to the French protectorate both from nationalists and those who saw the sultan as a religious leader. Two years later, faced with a united Moroccan demand for the sultan's return and rising violence in Morocco, as well as a deteriorating situation in Algeria, the French government brought Mohammed V back to Morocco, and the following year began the negotiations that led to Moroccan independence.
EU
- The EU-Moroccan Fisheries Partnership Agreement (FPA) is a fisheries agreement between the European Community (EC) and Morocco that allows European fishing vessels to fish off the shores of Morocco. The FPA allows community vessels from 11 Member States to fish in Moroccan waters and can be considered as one of the major fisheries agreement for the EC. It was signed on 28 July 2005, concluded on 22 May 2006 and entered into force on 28 February 2007. The agreement is set to expire on 27 February 2011. The agreement provides for the granting of 119 fishing licenses for Community vessels (mostly Spanish, but also from other EU countries) and for a total of 6000 tonnes of pelagic fish for industrial fishing by vessels from France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and Spain. In exchange, the EU is to pay Morocco a financial contribution of 144 million €, plus around 13.6 million € to be paid as fees by the shipowners. The geographic scope of application of the FPA is controversial; its extension to Western Saharan waters is considered by many to entail a violation of international law.[2] Morocco has occupied the larger part of Western Sahara since 1975,[3] and controls the waters offshore the territory. Since Moroccan stocks are largely depleted, the bulk of the fisheries nowadays takes place offshore Western Sahara.
- background
- Large-scale fishing from mainland Spain in Moroccan waters began in the 1960s, with the expansion of the Spanish fishing industry, especially from Galicia. The 1975 Tripartite Agreement between Spain, Morocco and Mauritania (Madrid Agreement) included a commitment by Morocco not to impair the access of Spanish fishermen to the waters of Western Sahara. A first fisheries treaty signed in 1977 between Morocco and Spain never entered into force; a second was signed in 1983 and foresaw two different areas of application, north and south of Cape Noun, thus designating the latter as Western Saharan waters, in order not to imply a recognition of Moroccan sovereignty. The accession of Spain and Portugal in the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1986 led to an exclusive EC competence on fisheries, also in its external relations. The first fisheries agreement between the EC and Morocco was signed in 1988. The 4-year agreement provided 800 annual licenses for Spanish and Portuguese trawlers, and contained no restrictions on quantities or species. In return Morocco received 282 million Euro. The 1992 EC-Moroccan Fisheries Agreement provided better conditions for Morocco in terms of financial compensation (310 million Euro) and longer biological rest periods. Yet disagreements over license use led an early termination of the agreement in April 1995. The 1992–95 agreement, in its Annex I, mentioned the port of Dakhla, thus indicating the inclusion of Western Sahara in its geographical scope. A modified agreement was signed in November 1995. Financial compensation now amounted to 355 million Euros, of which a substantial part was earmarked for the development of the industrial fisheries sector, marine research and the training of Moroccan fishermen. When the agreement expired in November 1999, Morocco opposed renewal because it wanted to prevent total exhaustion of fish stocks. This created problems for the Spanish and Portuguese fishing fleets, who had always been the main beneficiaries of fishing licenses under the European Community's fisheries agreements with Morocco. Both had to undergo a process of restructuring and downscaling. There was no agreement into force until this new fisheries partnership agreement initialled in July 2005.
- https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/02/241543/ecjs-verdict-eu-morocco-fisheries-agreement-biased-analyst/
France
- historical ties
- built railway to stabilise its territorial gain in 1912
- http://www.economist.com/news/business/21699959-european-firms-bring-carmaking-and-aerospace-industry-north-africa-factories-sun
spain
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-coherence-of-Spain-claiming-Gibraltar-but-not-willing-to-yield-Ceuta-and-Melilla Ceuta and Melilla have unquestionably been in Portuguese or Spanish hands since the 1400s. That’s never been broken. They’re older than the oldest Iberian colonies in the Americas. The Spanish and Portuguese were in North Africa before the first stone was ever laid in Havana, Cartagena, or Rio. The Spanish were there before they ever built anything in Mexico City.
Also, Ceuta wasn’t an innocent little town invaded by bloodthirsty Europeans. It was conquered by the Portuguese partly because it was a pirate lair. Most people today don’t realize that Muslim pirates took tens of thousands of Europeans into captivity over several centuries, then either sold them into slavery in North Africa or married them to North African and Arab men. Others were put to work rowing galleys — a terrible fate. Miguel de Cervantes, author of Don Quixote, spent some time as a slave in Africa. There’s no special reason why Ceuta and Melilla should be part of an African country simply because they’re located in Africa. (And after all, they’re easilyvisible from Tarifa, Spain, on the other side of the Gibraltar Strait.) These enclaves are no more “Africa” than Istanbul (conquered in 1456, after the Portuguese came to Ceuta) is “European.” History and geography don’t really align here. Spain doesn’t have to stop at the strait any more than Turkey should stop on the south side of the Bosphorus, or Egypt should stop just west of the Suez Canal before it spills into Asia. Spain also has other African possessions — the Canary Islands are in Africa — but they’re firmly Spanish. Handing Ceuta and Melilla back to Morocco would be even weirder than handing Cape Town (founded 1652) back to “native Africans.” White South Africans whose families have been there for 400 years have every right to call themselves Africans, just like Africans who have been in the Americas for a long time have every right to call themselves Americans.
Sweden
- Investor from sweden
- http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20150930/00180_018.html瑞典傢俬零售商宜家家居（IKEA）原計劃今年底，在北非國家摩洛哥城市澤納塔開設首間分店。惟摩洛哥內政部周一發聲明，指IKEA未得到合適許可，禁止開店。IKEA暫未回應。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/09/30/a33-0930.pdf瑞典大型連鎖傢俬店宜家家居在北非國家摩洛哥的首間分店原定昨日開幕，但摩洛哥內政部在店舖開幕前夕，突然以「沒獲得許可」為由禁止開店。接近摩洛哥王室的消息指，由於瑞典計劃承認當地的「波利薩里奧陣線」組織尋求在西撒哈拉地區立國，當局因此封殺宜家新店。新店原定位於穆罕默迪耶附近的摩洛哥最大商場內，佔地2.6萬平方米。摩洛哥政府未有詳細解釋許可問題，但宜家摩洛哥分公司已宣佈新店取消開業。摩洛哥由1975年開始控制西撒哈拉沙漠大部分地區，並宣稱擁有該片蘊藏豐富資源沙漠的主權，但獲阿爾及利亞支持的「波利薩里奧陣線」一直爭取西撒哈拉獨立，並打算成立共和國，而瑞典及其他北歐國家長期支持西撒哈拉自決。
iran
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-morocco-iran/morocco-severs-ties-with-iran-accusing-it-of-backing-polisario-front-idUSKBN1I23VF Morocco will sever diplomatic ties with Iran over Tehran’s support for the Polisario Front, a Western Sahara independence movement, the Moroccan foreign minister said on Tuesday. Morocco claimed Western Sahara after colonial Spain left, but Polisario fought a guerrilla war for independence for the Sahrawi people until a U.N.-backed ceasefire. Morocco will close its embassy in Tehran and will expel the Iranian ambassador in Rabat, Foreign Minister Nasser Bourita told reporters. He said that Iran and its Lebanese Shi’ite ally, Hezbollah, were supporting Polisario by training and arming its fighters, via the Iranian embassy in Algeria.
chinese
- taiwanese woman married a member of tribe in morocco, engaging in tourism business appledaily 15apr18
China
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2016-05/12/content_25229985.htm China and Morocco launched a strategic partnership on Wednesday aimed at stepping up trade ties and capacity building. President Xi Jinping and visiting Moroccan King Mohammed VI agreed the establishment of the strategic partnership will give new impetus to the ties, which have a long history of friendship. After an hour's talk, the two heads of state also witnessed the signing of a dozen deals covering a wide range of areas, including infrastructure construction, energy and culture. Xi said China will encourage Chinese enterprises to participate in Morocco's major infrastructure construction projects and will continue to deepen cooperation in fisheries, communications and clean energy.
- In the year 1345 Ibn Battuta arrived at Quanzhou in China'sFujian province, then under the rule of the Mongols. One of the first things he noted was that Muslims referred to the city as "Zaitun" (meaning olive), but Ibn Battuta could not find any olives anywhere. He mentioned local artists and their mastery in making portraits of newly arrived foreigners; these were for security purposes. Ibn Battuta praised the craftsmen and their silk and porcelain; as well as fruits such as plums and watermelons and the advantages of paper money.[78] He described the manufacturing process of large ships in the city of Quanzhou.[79] He also mentioned Chinese cuisine and its usage of animals such as frogs, pigs and even dogs which were sold in the markets, and noted that the chickens in China were larger in comparison.[clarification needed] In Quanzhou, Ibn Battuta was welcomed by the local Muslim Qadi "Fanzhang" (Judge), Sheikh al-Islam (Imam) and the leader of the local Muslim merchants. who all came to meet him with flags, drums, trumpets and musicians. Ibn Battuta noted that the Muslim populace lived within a separate portion in the city where they had their own mosques, bazaars and hospitals. In Quanzhou, he met two prominent Persians, Burhan al-Din of Kazerun and Sharif al-Din from Tabriz[81] (both of whom were influential figures noted in the Yuan History as "A-mi-li-ding" and "Sai-fu-ding", respectively).[82] While in Quanzhou he ascended the "Mount of the Hermit" and briefly visited a well-known Taoist monk in a cave. He then traveled south along the Chinese coast to Guangzhou, where he lodged for two weeks with one of the city's wealthy merchants.[83] From Guangzhou he went north to Quanzhou and then proceeded to the city of Fuzhou, where he took up residence with Zahir al-Din and was proud to meet Kawam al-Din and a fellow countryman named Al-Bushri of Ceuta, who had become a wealthy merchant in China. Al-Bushri accompanied Ibn Battuta northwards to Hangzhou and paid for the gifts that Ibn Battuta would present to the Mongolian Emperor Togon-temür of the Yuan Dynasty. Ibn Battuta said that Hangzhou was one of the largest cities he had ever seen, and he noted its charm, describing that the city sat on a beautiful lake surrounded by gentle green hills. He mentions the city's Muslim quarter and resided as a guest with a family of Egyptian origin. During his stay at Hangzhou he was particularly impressed by the large number of well-crafted and well-painted Chinese wooden ships, with colored sails and silk awnings, assembling in the canals. Later he attended a banquet of the Yuan Mongol administrator of the city named Qurtai, who according to Ibn Battuta, was very fond of the skills of local Chinese conjurers. Ibn Battuta also mentions locals who worship the Solar deity.
- solar power
- shandong electric power construction's solar plant in quarazate, morocco scmp 10sep18, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201901/28/WS5c4e7411a3106c65c34e6d38.html
- ict
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/16/c_137184083.htm China's leading wire and cable enterprise ZTT Group will open a new plant in Morroco's northern city of Tangier, local media reported on Wednesday. According to Morocco's leading financial daily l'Economiste, the Chinese group has launched construction works to build its 40,000-square meters plant. The plant will produce electric cables and optical fiber, which will require an investment of 23.5 million U.S. dollars and offers some 200 jobs, the source said.
- automobile
- Morocco's recent signing of an agreement with China's BYD, a leading electric vehicle maker, is set to boost its ambitious automobile manufacturing industry. Under the agreement signed on Saturday, BYD will build a factory in Morocco to produce battery-powered vehicles in the northern city of Tangier, which is expected to employ 2,500 people. The factory is planned in an area of 0.5 square kilometer in the new Mohamed VI Tangier Tech City, as part of a project between China and Morocco to set up a large scale industrial hub in northern Morocco. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2017-12/12/content_35279224.htm
- Morocco Steel industry reached a $150 million deal with the Chinese manufacturer Shandong Shangang Group to install modern manufacturing plant for the production of steel pipelines. “This contract reflects the determination of the strategy implemented in Morocco to bring in a number of Chinese manufacturers looking for competitive alternatives,” said Morocco minister of trade, Industry, Investment and Digital Economy, Moulay Hafid Elalamy. The plant will be located in Morocco’s free trade zone of TangierAutomotive city. http://www.metalworkingworldmagazine.com/morocco-signs-a-150-million-a-deal-with-chinese-shandong-shangang-group/
- wine
- 中非發展基金在香港成立的公司，五年前與民企山東山口鋼管集團（下稱「山鋼集團」）合作，在香港成立合資公司，投資非洲油氣輸送用的鋼管項目。但中非發展基金一筆一千八百萬美元（約一億四千萬港元）的過渡性貸款，卻於一五年被山鋼集團擅自挪用，用以清還山鋼集團本身的貸款。涉盜款的山鋼集團高層錢勇（四十一歲）經審訊後，上周於高院被裁定兩項盜竊罪成，昨日被判監八年半。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20180123/00176_084.html
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201903/09/WS5c833a62a3106c65c34edada.html The participation of the Morocco's agricultural company Red Farm at the first China International Import Expo (CIIE) is beginning to bear fruit.As Chinese people know relatively little about Moroccan wine, the huge Chinese market is also unknown to the Moroccan wineries. Sayah acknowledged that the CIIE had helped him know the diverse tastes of Chinese consumers.
- tourism
- china daily 21aug18 "china tourists flock to morocco"
- real estate
- 5月17日，摩洛哥FinanceCom集團正式對外宣布，中國鐵建國際集團牽頭與當地最大建築承包商TGCC組成的聯合體，成功中標摩洛哥拉巴特塔建造項目，這座位於摩洛哥首都拉巴特的現代紀念建築，總高度250米，建成後將成為非洲第一高樓。據悉，拉巴特塔項目總建築面積8.6萬平方米，合同金額約合3.8億美元（約合29.6億港元）。據介紹，該項目將採用綠色環保的先進設計理念，集辦公、酒店和高檔公寓三大使用功能於一體，建成後以後將成為摩洛哥乃至整個非洲大陸的標誌性建築，同時也將成為摩洛哥國家經濟繁榮和發展的象徵。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20170519/PDF/a8_screen.pdf
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2016-06/23/content_25814541.htm Power Construction Corporation of China, one of the country's largest hydro and thermal powerproject providers in terms of both revenue and overseas market share, will complete the world'slargest solar plant by energy output－the Noor complex solar plant－in Morocco by 2018, anexecutive said on Wednesday.
The State-owned enterprise signed an EPC contract for the phase II and phase III projects withthe Moroccan government in 2015, as the country is rich in sunlight and is keen to become amajor solar power user in the world. EPC, or engineering, procurement and construction projects, is a common form of contractingarrangement in the construction industry.
- trivia
- The Speed of Light, by Gwyneth Cravens told the story of a moroccan women in china https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/No-mistakes-only-lessons/articleshow/7252102.cms
hk
- hket 3apr19 c2 post70 hk woman emigrating to morocco to run hostel
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