Wallacea /wɒˈleɪsiə/ is a biogeographical designation for a group of mainly Indonesian islands separated by deep-water straits from the Asian and Australian continental shelves. Wallacea includes Sulawesi, the largest island in the group, as well as Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Timor, Halmahera, Buru, Seram, and many smaller islands. The islands of Wallacea lie between Sundaland (the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and Bali) to the west, and Near Oceania including Australia and New Guinea to the south and east.The boundary between Sundaland and Wallacea follows the Wallace Line, named after the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace who recorded the differences between mammal and bird fauna between the islands on either side of the line. The islands of Sundaland to the west of the line, including Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo, share a mammal fauna similar to that of East Asia, which includes tigers, rhinoceros, and apes; whereas the mammal fauna of Lombok and areas extending eastwards are mostly populated by marsupials and birds similar to those in Australasia. Sulawesi shows signs of both.
association
- 太平洋国际学会（英文：Institute of the Pacific Relations，lPR） 是美国一些资本家和资产阶级学者组成的一个活跃于20世纪20年代中叶至50年代后期，以亚太地区政治、经济、社会、外交、文化、民族等问题为关注内容的国际性民间学术团体，举办了13次以亚太地区政治、经济、外交、文化、民族等问题为内容的国际会议，出版了千余种相关书籍，并在14个国家设立了分会，可谓当时太平洋地区一个较活跃的国际组织。1925年，为增进太平洋沿岸各民族的相互了解，推动民族关系的改善，由檀香山的基督教青年会及一些学者、实业家发起，来自美国、澳大利亚、加拿大、中国、夏威夷王国、日本、朝鲜（日占）、新西兰、菲律宾的代表在当地集会讨论移民、外交、经济、宗教、种族、文化等问题。太平洋国际学会自此成立。总部最初设在檀香山，后于1934年迁至纽约。秘书长爱德华·卡特（印度YMCA前主事）是发起人之一。该组织的英文名称为“Institute of the Pacific Relations”，日文名称为“太平洋问题调查会”，均未曾做过改动，但中文名称则繁多。在20世纪20年代主要称之为“太平洋国交讨论会”。30年代以后则有多种称呼，如“太平洋国际学会”、“太平洋学会”、“太平洋关系学会”、“太平洋国际协会”、“泛太平洋学会”、“太平洋会议”、“太平洋关系研究所”等。其中“太平洋国际学会”是1931年以后中国分会对这一机构的正式称呼。学会的领导机构为太平洋理事会，理事长杰罗姆·格林 （洛克菲勒财团董事）；常务机构为国际秘书处(总部)，秘书长爱德华·卡特（印度基督教青年会前主事）。学会设有研究委员会，制定研究计划，与各分会开展合作，研究资金主要来自美国洛克菲勒基金会、卡内基钢铁公司及卡内基基金会的赞助。美国分会是其最庞大、最活跃的分支，理事有曾任蒋介石顾问的欧文·拉铁摩尔、学者费正清、加中友好协会成员赫伯特·诺曼、记者斯诺和爱泼斯坦，以及社会活动家、卡特秘书长的秘书弗里德里克·范德比尔特·菲尔德和文森特、约翰·S·谢伟思等美国国务院官员。 [3] 中国分会1931年有会员105人，执行委员15人，胡适为执委会委员长，会员包括蔡元培、王云五、朱经农、黄炎培、黄郛、唐绍仪、张伯苓、林语堂、蒋梦麟、宋美龄、宋子文、孔祥熙、吴经熊、丁文江、潘光旦、陈光甫、陶孟和、刘鸿生、陈衡哲、冀朝鼎（1941年代之以徐永煐）、陈翰笙等，多为全国一流的名儒时俊。
- 1947年以后，太平洋国际学会不断受到麦卡锡主义“亲共”的指控和长期调查，1952年又被美国参议院司法委员会指控为应对“丢失中国”负责。学会也因此失去了合作者和财政援助，连出身豪门，人称“红色百万富翁”的太平洋国际学会理事弗里德里克·范德比尔特·菲尔德也被麦卡锡指控为“苏联间谍”，投入大牢，只得于1960年宣布解散。甚至连《大不列颠百科全书》也未收“太平洋国际学会”词条。享寿35年。
- people
- 太平洋学会（たいへいようがっかい）は、1978年9月12日に設立。 設立趣旨は、 太平洋地域の文化の研究と保存に努め、その知識の交流を促進し、太平洋地域の友好と発展に寄与すること[1]。本部を東京都港区三田4-1-32クレール三田403に、関西支部事務局を大阪府吹田市岸部南2-36-1大阪学院大学島岡宏教授研究室に置いている。初代会長は五島昇、二代目は赤沢章一、三代目は大島襄二（関西学院大学名誉教授）、現在の会長は新井喜美夫（元(株)東急エージェンシー社長）。 会員は国内外のおり、太平洋学会誌を英和文で刊行。
- 鄺富灼（英语：Dr. Fong Foo Sec，1869年－1931年），字耀西、曜西，广东新宁（今台山市）人。中国翻译家、英语专家。鄺富灼出生在一个农民家庭，家里有包括他在内的8个子女。8岁入老家村里的私塾念书。1882年，鄺富灼到美国打工。为了补习英语，他上了一所夜校。一位华裔基督教牧师陈绣石（Chin Toy）帮助了他，且使他皈依了基督教。他很快就成为救世军的热心成员。不久他离开薩克拉門托到了旧金山，接受六个月的培训课程。他为救世军在太平洋沿岸奔走，后来在旧金山的救世军总部任职。他接受了速记和打字训练，之后成了太平洋沿岸救世军主任（Chief Officer of the Salvation Army on the Pacific Coast）的速记员。1885年到1893年，他一直任职于救世军。1897年，他到庞蒙纳学校（Pomona College）学习，并在校园内工作以维持生计，这样一直过了五年，他读完了高中课程和大学预科。1902年他考进加利福尼亚大学，1905年他获得了文学士学位（Bachelor of Letters）。此后他又进入哥伦比亚大学师范学院，获文学硕士（M.A.）及教育学硕士（M.E.）学位。毕业后，他被中国驻美国公使梁诚举荐给两广总督岑春煊。回到中国后，1906年夏，他任广州方言学堂、两广高等学堂英文教师。1907年，他到北京获授进士。此后他在学部任职。1908年4月，他应张元济的邀请，到上海商务印书馆编辑所任英文部主任。1920年太平洋学会成立，他任首届董事。1922年，他被庞蒙纳学校授予法学博士学位，此前该校仅两次授予其他人该学位。1929年前后，他因为和编译所所长王云五产生矛盾而退休。
- 中国太平洋学会（Pacific Society of china，PSC），成立于1984年1月，是致力于太平洋区域研究的专家、社会活动家和有关单位结成的社团组织，是推进我国面向太平洋地区发展战略的重要的学术团体。 1983年经我国著名专家、学者、社会活动家周谷城、于光远、陈翰生、张序三、罗钰如、贾兰坡、宦乡、李慎之、陈鲁直、谭文瑞、张海峰等人经过认真研究，认为世界经济发展总趋势将由大西洋转向以太平洋为中心，为此，决定发起成立中国太平洋学会。 1984 年 1 月 3 日，经国务院体改委批准在人民大会堂正式成立“中国太平洋历史学会”。通过了学会章程，选举了学会领导，确定了学会的宗旨：研究太平洋区域及其周边国家和地区经济、社会、科技、文化、安全和招商引资等方面的历史和现状，推动本地区经济、科技、文化、教育等方面的学术理论研究、给国家和相关部门提供咨询服务、促进太平洋区域相互了解，为增强和促进人类的和平与发展做出贡献。
- Pacific Cultural Foundation (PCF)
- founded in 1974, taiwan
- 中華太平洋島國經濟文化協會於2012年7月註冊登記成立。協會是由有志於發展中國（包括兩岸四地）與太平洋島國經濟、文化及人民之間聯繫交流的個人或團體自願組成的非牟利社會團體。協會以香港為總部http://paper.wenweipo.com/2012/12/18/zt1212180023.htm
trade
- Kula, also known as the Kula exchange or Kularing, is a ceremonial exchange system conducted in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea. The Kula ring was made famous by the father of modern anthropology, Bronisław Malinowski, who used this test case to argue for the universality of rational decision making (even among 'natives'), and for the cultural nature of the object of their effort. Malinowski's path-breaking work, Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922),[1] directly confronted the question, "why would men risk life and limb to travel across huge expanses of dangerous ocean to give away what appear to be worthless trinkets?" Malinowski carefully traced the network of exchanges of bracelets and necklaces across the Trobriand Islands, and established that they were part of a system of exchange (the Kula ring), and that this exchange system was clearly linked to political authority. Malinowski's study became the subject of debate with the French anthropologist, Marcel Mauss, author of The Gift ("Essai sur le don," 1925).[2] Since then, the Kula ring has been central to the continuing anthropological debate on the nature of gift giving, and the existence of gift economies.The Kula ring spans 18 island communities of the Massim archipelago, including the Trobriand Islands, and involves thousands of individuals.[3] Participants travel at times hundreds of miles by canoe in order to exchange Kula valuables which consist of red shell-disc necklaces (veigun or soulava) that are traded to the north (circling the ring in clockwise direction) and white shell armbands (mwali) that are traded in the southern direction (circling counterclockwise). If the opening gift was an armband, then the closing gift must be a necklace and vice versa. The exchange of Kula valuables is also accompanied by the trade in other items known as gimwali (barter). The terms of participation vary from region to region. Whereas on the Trobriand Islands the exchange is monopolised by the chiefs, in Dobuall men can participate.
- similar practices in other indigenous tribes
Potlatch, a similar practice among some Native American and First Nations peoples of west coast North America
Koha, a similar practice among the Māori
Moka, a similar practice in the Mt. Hagen area of Papua New Guinea
food and drink
Sepik Coast exchange, a similar practice in the Sepik Coast of Papua New Guinea
- 卡瓦醉椒（英語：kava 或 kava-kava；學名：Piper methysticum），亦譯為卡瓦胡椒、毒椒等，卡瓦的其他名稱包括' awa（夏威夷），' waava（薩摩亞），yaqona（斐濟），sakau（波納佩）和 malok 或 malogu（萬那杜的部分地區）。 Kava or kava kava or Piper methysticum (Latin "pepper" and Latinized Greek "intoxicating") is a crop of the Pacific Islands.[1] The name kava(-kava) is from Tongan and Marquesan, meaning "bitter";[1] other names for kava include ʻawa (Hawaiʻi),[2] ʻava (Samoa), yaqona (Fiji), sakau (Pohnpei), and malok or malogu (parts of Vanuatu).[6] Kava is consumed throughout the Pacific Ocean cultures of Polynesia, including Hawaii and Vanuatu, and Melanesia and some parts of Micronesia for its sedating effects. The root of the plant is used to produce an entheogenic drink with sedative, anesthetic, and euphoriant properties. Its active ingredients are called kavalactones.[7] A Cochrane systematic review concluded it was likely to be more effective than placebo at treating short-term anxiety.
- note that there is a spanish wine called cava (chinese translation also 卡瓦)
textile and clothing
- Tapa cloth (or simply tapa) is a barkcloth made in the islands of the Pacific Ocean, primarily in Tonga, Samoa and Fiji, but as far afield as Niue, Cook Islands, Futuna, Solomon Islands, Java, New Zealand, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea and Hawaii (where it is called kapa). In French Polynesia it has nearly disappeared, except for some villages in the Marquesas. The cloth is known by a number of local names although the term tapa is international and understood throughout the islands that use the cloth. The word tapa is from Tahiti and the Cook Islands, where Captain Cook was the first European to collect it and introduce it to the rest of the world.[1][2] In Tonga, tapa is known as ngatu, and here it is of great social importance to the islanders, often being given as gifts. In Samoa, the same cloth is called siapo, and in Niue it is hiapo. In Hawaiʻi, it is known as kapa. In Rotuma, a Polynesian island in the Fiji group, it is called ‘uha and in other Fiji islands it is called masi. In the Pitcairn islands it was called ahu. It is also known as tapia. All these words give some clue to the origin. Masi could mean the (bark of the) dye-fig (Ficus tinctoria), endemic to Oceania, and probably the one originally used to make tapa. Somewhere in history, during the voyages of migration the hiapo or siapo was introduced from Southeast Asia, the paper mulberry tree (Broussonetia papyrifera). The bark of this tree is much better to use, and put the use of the dye-fig into oblivion. Only its name remained in Fiji. Tapa finally has the meaning of border or strip. It seems likely that before the glueing process became common to make large sheets (see below) only narrow strips were produced. Tapa can be decorated by rubbing, stamping, stencilling, smoking (Fiji: "masi Kuvui") or dyeing. The patterns of Tongan, Samoan, and Fijian tapa usually form a grid of squares, each of which contains geometric patterns with repeated motifs such as fish and plants, for example four stylised leaves forming a diagonal cross. Traditional dyes are usually black and rust-brown, although other colours are known. In former times the cloth was primarily used for clothing, but now cotton and other textiles have replaced it. The major problem with tapa clothing is that the tissue loses its strength when wet and falls apart. However, it was better than grass-skirts, which usually are either heavier and harder or easily blown apart, but on the low coral atollswhere the mulberry does not grow, people had no choice. It is also labour-intensive to manufacture. Tapa cloth was made by both the men and women in ancient times. An example is the Hawaiian men, who also made their own weapons. Nowadays tapa is often worn on formal occasions such as weddings. Another use is as a blanket at night or for room dividers. It is highly prized for its decorative value and is often found hung on walls as decoration. In Tonga a family is considered poor, no matter how much money they have, if they do not have any tapa in stock at home to donate at life events like marriages, funerals and so forth. If the tapa was donated to them by a chief or even the royal family, it is more valuable. It has been used in ceremonial masks in Papua New Guinea and the Cook Islands (Mangian masks). It was used to wrap sacred objects, e.g., "God staffs" in the Cook Islands
mythology
- 瑪那 Mana, in Austronesian languages, means "power", "effectiveness", and "prestige". In most cases, this power and its source are understood to be supernatural and inexplicable.[1] Its semantics are language-dependent. The concept is significant in Polynesian culture and is part of contemporary Pacific Islander culture; it came to the attention of Western anthropologists through reports from island missionaries. Its study was included in cultural anthropology—specifically, the anthropology of religion. Links were seen between mana and earlier phases of Western religion: animism at first, followed by pre-animism.Mana is a foundation of the Polynesian worldview, a spiritual quality with a supernatural origin and a sacred, impersonal force. To have mana implies influence, authority, and efficacy—the ability to perform in a given situation. The quality of mana is not limited to individuals; peoples, governments, places and inanimate objects may also possess mana, and its possessors are accorded respect.
Male circumcision
- ritual performed at 成丁礼 (vis-a-vis period of girls (which boys do not have))
tribes
- 斑拉甫人
- mentioned in 太平洋島嶼的智慧 for 跳陸 (like bungee jump)
new zealand
- The Tripartite 2019 meeting among Auckland, New Zealand, Guangzhou, China and Los Angeles, the United States, was launched on Monday to promote trade and innovation cooperation among the three Pacific cites. Auckland Mayor Phil Goff delivered his opening speech by first acknowledging the importance of the Tripartite Economic Alliance and the sister city relations with Guangzhou and Los Angeles. "The Tripartite meetings are an important platform for exchanging information and opportunities. The Tripartite Economic Alliance has strengthened Auckland's relationships with China and the U.S. It has delivered multi-million dollar business deals for Auckland and New Zealand businesses, created jobs and economic growth for our city," said Goff.http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-05/20/c_138073869.htm
china
- construction and engineering
- 中土集團公司自 2003年進入 湯加市場以來，至今已在南太地區經營 14年。2012年 6月，經整合湯加和庫克 兩個既有市場資源，註冊成立了中土集 團南太平洋有限公司（簡稱「中土南 太」），為中土集團全資控股子公司， 總部位於瓦努阿圖。近年來，中土南太在當地的多個項目 均取得重大進展。據該公司有關負責人 介紹，公司在瓦努阿圖聘用的當地員工 （包括管理人員）約 350人，相比於瓦 努阿圖國家總人口約 28萬，這是一個不 可忽視的比例。以 2015年承攬的瓦努阿圖維拉市政道 路升級改造項目為例，該項目合同額為 60萬美元，由澳大利亞政府及亞開行聯 合出資。據公司負責人回憶，項目前 期，澳新諮詢公司對中土南太的綜合施 工能力持不信任態度，並試圖把因諮詢 本身所引起的工程延誤責任歸咎於公 司，導致項目施工困難重重。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/03/19/b03-0319.pdf
event
- pacific islands forum
- https://www.malaymail.com/s/1669454/nauru-blasts-insolent-china-envoy-at-stormy-pacific-summit
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