Leon Festinger (8 May 1919 – 11 February 1989) was an American social psychologist, perhaps best known for cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory. His theories and research are credited with renouncing the previously dominant behaviorist view of social psychology by demonstrating the inadequacy of stimulus-response conditioning accounts of human behavior.[1] Festinger is also credited with advancing the use of laboratory experimentation in social psychology, although he simultaneously stressed the importance of studying real-life situations,[3] a principle he perhaps most famously practiced when personally infiltrating a doomsday cult. He is also known in social network theory for the proximity effect (or propinquity).
- Festinger was born in Brooklyn New York on May 8, 1919 to Russian-Jewish immigrants Alex Festinger and Sara Solomon Festinger. His father, an embroidery manufacturer, had "left Russia a radical and atheist and remained faithful to these views throughout his life." Festinger attended Boys’ High School in Brooklyn, and received his BS degree in psychology from the City College of New York in 1939.
- Festinger was born in Brooklyn New York on May 8, 1919 to Russian-Jewish immigrants Alex Festinger and Sara Solomon Festinger. His father, an embroidery manufacturer, had "left Russia a radical and atheist and remained faithful to these views throughout his life." Festinger attended Boys’ High School in Brooklyn, and received his BS degree in psychology from the City College of New York in 1939.
- patterning
- instanteous
- mind's owner unconscious of it
- types
- stereotyping - perceiving a similarty between two events or things because of superficial features and then, based on that perceived similarity, unconsiously ascribing to one of the events additional attributes of the other
- mind-set
- look for cause and effect relationships
- the mother of all biases is the "mind-set", which refers to the distillation of our accumulated knowledge about a subject into a single, coherent framework or lens through which we view it. A mind-set is therefore the summation or consolidation of all of our biases about a particular subject.
- enable us to interpret events around us quickly and to function effectively in the world
- immensely powerful mechanisms and should be regarded with awe for the wonderful ease with which they facilitate our functioning effectively as humans and with wariness for their extraordinary potential to distort our perception of reality
- cases
- o j simpson case
- mysterious explosion on battleship uss iowa (personal belongings in the bedroom of seaman clayton hartwig, whom the navy suspected of intentionally causing the explosion)
- focusing
- advocacy
- when an advocator is also the decision maker, advocacy can be destructive of sound, effective and profitable solutions because advocacy feeds and perpetuates our mind-sets, biases, beliefs, and prejudices.
analysis
- convergence
- take a narrower view of a problem, focusing on a single aspect of the puzzle or eliminating alternative solutions
- divergence
- take a broader view of a problem, whether by examining evidence more thoroughly, gathering new evidence, or entertaining alternative solutions
- problem types
- simplistic - factual, there is only one answer
- deterministic - there is only one answer but the correct formula must be used
- random - different answers are possible, and all can be identified
- indeterminate - different answers are possible but are conjectural, so not all can be identified
- role of facts v role of judgment
- sanity testing
- big five model of personality
- Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (Russian: Ива́н Петро́вич Па́влов; IPA: [ɪˈvan pʲɪˈtrovʲɪtɕ ˈpavləf] ; 26 September [O.S. 14 September] 1849 – 27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning.
Mind control
- https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/twt/lessons-mind-control-1950s
Emotions and facial expressions
- Paul Ekman (born February 15, 1934) is anAmerican psychologist who is a pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation tofacial expressions. He has created an "atlas of emotions" with more than ten thousand facial expressions, and has gained a reputation as "the best human lie detector in the world".[1] He was ranked 59th out of the 100 most cited psychologists of the twentieth century.[2] Ekman conducted seminal research on the specific biological correlations of specific emotions, demonstrating the universality and discreteness of emotions in a Darwinian approach.[3][4] Paul Ekman was born to Jewish parents in 1934 in Washington, D.C., and grew up inNew Jersey, Washington, Oregon, andCalifornia. His father was a pediatrician and his mother was an attorney. His sister, Joyce Steingart, is a psychoanalytic psychologist who before her retirement practiced in New York.
emotional blackmail
- hkej 8apr19 shum article on 孟良崮战役
- sanity testing
- does this make sense?
- big five model of personality
- five factor model that includes extroversion; agreeableness; conscientiousness; emotional stability; openness to experience
- Óscar Ichazo (born July 24, 1931) is the Bolivian-born founder of the Arica School, which he established in 1968. Ichazo's Enneagram of Personality theories are part of a larger body of teaching that he terms Protoanalysis. In Ichazo's teachings the enneagram figure was initially called an enneagon.
- Claudio Benjamín Naranjo Cohen (born November 24, 1932) is a Chilean-born psychiatrist of Arabic/Moorish, Spanish and Jewish descent who is considered a pioneer in integrating psychotherapy and the spiritual traditions. He is one of the three successors named by Fritz Perls (founder of Gestalt Therapy),[citation needed] a principal developer of Enneagram of Personality theories and a founder of the Seekers After Truth Institute. He is also an elder statesman of the US[citation needed] and global human potential movement and the spiritual renaissance of the late 20th century.
- Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (Russian: Ива́н Петро́вич Па́влов; IPA: [ɪˈvan pʲɪˈtrovʲɪtɕ ˈpavləf] ; 26 September [O.S. 14 September] 1849 – 27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning.
Mind control
- https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/twt/lessons-mind-control-1950s
Emotions and facial expressions
- Paul Ekman (born February 15, 1934) is anAmerican psychologist who is a pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation tofacial expressions. He has created an "atlas of emotions" with more than ten thousand facial expressions, and has gained a reputation as "the best human lie detector in the world".[1] He was ranked 59th out of the 100 most cited psychologists of the twentieth century.[2] Ekman conducted seminal research on the specific biological correlations of specific emotions, demonstrating the universality and discreteness of emotions in a Darwinian approach.[3][4] Paul Ekman was born to Jewish parents in 1934 in Washington, D.C., and grew up inNew Jersey, Washington, Oregon, andCalifornia. His father was a pediatrician and his mother was an attorney. His sister, Joyce Steingart, is a psychoanalytic psychologist who before her retirement practiced in New York.
emotional blackmail
- hkej 8apr19 shum article on 孟良崮战役
生活的儀式感，向來有褒有貶。袁世凱的二兒子袁克文，家道破落後，每天早餐只能吃饅頭片，他依然盛裝上桌，圍上潔白的餐巾，用餐刀慢條斯理地切了吃。康有為的女兒康同璧最落魄的時候，去買豆腐乳，也要精心梳妝打扮，穿着旗袍，昂首挺胸，還用六個裝外國巧克力的鐵盒子分裝不同口味的豆腐乳，盒蓋上面貼有標籤，這盒是王致和豆腐乳，那盒是桂林白豆腐乳......川端康成說：時間以同樣的方式流經每個人，但每個人卻能以不同的方式度過時間。生活中總是免不了荒誕，但儀式感可以決定是暫時的荒誕，還是永久的荒誕。心理學家認為儀式感能助人與身邊環境建立聯繫，就像國外有些球員進場時，是哪一隻腳先踏入，都有固定儀式，這並非單純的迷信，而是讓人獲得掌控感。清末，徽商張傳聲花錢捐了一個河南候補道，因無實缺可補，他每日清晨漱洗完畢，就身穿官袍頂戴從內室出來。值守在中門的僕役敲響雲板，吆喝大人到官署辦公了。外堂的僕人端上茶水，門衛手持十幾張拜帖稟告某某某謁見，其實一個人也沒有。張傳聲喝完一盞茶，門衛又高喊僕役伺候，大人要從公堂下來了。每天重複完相同的儀式，張傳聲才出門做生意。人追求意義的願望越強烈，就越容易用儀式的投射來填補空白。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/05/30/a20-0530.pdf
Group Dynamics
- disciplines
In the Abilene paradox, a group of people collectively decide on a course of action that is counter to the preferences of many or all of the individuals in the group.[1][2] It involves a common breakdown of group communication in which each member mistakenly believes that their own preferences are counter to the group's and, therefore, does not raise objections. A common phrase relating to the Abilene paradox is a desire not to "rock the boat". This differs from groupthink in that the Abilene paradox is characterized by an inability to manage agreement.
jante
- The Law of Jante – a fictional set of laws created by Danish-Norwegian author Aksel Sandemose in the 1930s – and its ten rules emphasize conformity over individualism, prizing modesty and teamwork, and are often debated in terms of networking and business in the Nordic countries. Swedish interactive presentation platform Mentimeter has created a quiz to help people can find out how much their personality fits with the Law of Jante. https://www.thelocal.se/20180918/quiz-how-jante-are-you
Matthew Feinburg (http://stanford.academia.edu/MatthewFeinberg)
- virtue of gossip http://www.academia.edu/2922876/The_virtues_of_gossip_Reputational_information_sharing_as_prosocial_behavior
self fulfilling prophecy
- belief->self perception->expectation->behavior->result->confirmation of belief->belief
- disciplines
- Fritz Redl
- BF Skinner
- William Glasser
- Jacob Kounin
- Haim Ginott
- Rudolf Dreikurs
- Lee Canter and Marlene Canter
- Fred Jones
- Pipe dream or wish fulfilment
- Bogey or anxiety
- Anticipatory
- Aggressive
In the Abilene paradox, a group of people collectively decide on a course of action that is counter to the preferences of many or all of the individuals in the group.[1][2] It involves a common breakdown of group communication in which each member mistakenly believes that their own preferences are counter to the group's and, therefore, does not raise objections. A common phrase relating to the Abilene paradox is a desire not to "rock the boat". This differs from groupthink in that the Abilene paradox is characterized by an inability to manage agreement.
jante
- The Law of Jante – a fictional set of laws created by Danish-Norwegian author Aksel Sandemose in the 1930s – and its ten rules emphasize conformity over individualism, prizing modesty and teamwork, and are often debated in terms of networking and business in the Nordic countries. Swedish interactive presentation platform Mentimeter has created a quiz to help people can find out how much their personality fits with the Law of Jante. https://www.thelocal.se/20180918/quiz-how-jante-are-you
Matthew Feinburg (http://stanford.academia.edu/MatthewFeinberg)
- virtue of gossip http://www.academia.edu/2922876/The_virtues_of_gossip_Reputational_information_sharing_as_prosocial_behavior
self fulfilling prophecy
- belief->self perception->expectation->behavior->result->confirmation of belief->belief
mental illness
- Philippe Pinel (French: [pinɛl]; 20 April 1745 – 25 October 1826) was a French physician who was instrumental in the development of a more humane psychological approach to the custody and care of psychiatric patients, referred to today as moral therapy. He also made notable contributions to the classification of mental disorders and has been described by some as "the father of modern psychiatry". An 1809 description of a case that Pinel recorded in the second edition of his textbook on insanity is regarded by some as the earliest evidence for the existence of the form of mental disorder later known as dementia praecox or schizophrenia, although Emil Kraepelin is generally accredited with its first conceptualisation.
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