- people
- Jean-Charles Naouri (born March 8, 1949 in Bône (now Annaba), Algeria) is a French businessman. He is Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and controlling shareholder of Groupe Casino. In addition to his business activities, Jean-Charles Naouri is also the founder of the Euris Foundation, which he created in 2000. Each year, the Foundation grants 40 scholarships to promising high school graduates from impoverished neighbourhoods in France. He is also Vice Chairman of the Groupe Casino corporate foundation, which he founded in 2009 to improve access to culture and knowledge for children who are disadvantaged or suffering from illness. In addition, he is Honorary Chairman and Trustee of Ecole Normale Supérieure's Institut d’Expertise et de Prospective,[11] which is responsible for developing ties between the school and the corporate world. In June 2013, Jean-Charles Naouri was appointed by France's Ministry of Foreign Affairs to be a special representative for Economic relations with Brazil.
君士坦丁 Constantine (Arabic: قسنطينة Qusanṭīnah, Berber languages: ⵇⵙⴻⵏⵟⵉⵏⴰ), also spelled Qacentina[3] or Kasantina, is the capital of Constantine Province in northeastern Algeria. During Roman times it was called Cirta and was renamed "Constantina" in honor of emperor Constantine the Great. It was the capital of the French department of Constantine until 1962. Constantine is often referred to as the "City of Bridges" due to the numerous picturesque bridges connecting the various hills, valleys, and ravines that the city is built on and around.Constantine was named the Arab Capital of Culture in 2015.The city was originally created by the Phoenicians, who called it Sewa (royal city). Later it was renamed Cirta, by the Numidian king Syphax, who turned it into his capital. The city was taken over by Numidia, the country of the Berber people, after the Phoenicians were defeated by Rome in the Third Punic War. In 112 B.C., the city was occupied by Jugurtha, who defeated his half-brother Adherbal. The city later served as the base for Roman generals Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus and Gaius Marius in their war against Jugurtha. Later, with the removal of King Juba I and the remaining supporters of Pompey in Africa (c. 46), Julius Caesar gave special rights to the citizens of Cirta, now known as Colonia Sittlanorum.In 311 AD, during the civil war between emperor Maxentius and usurper Domitius Alexander (a former governor of Africa), the city was destroyed. Rebuilt in 313 AD, it was subsequently named after emperor Constantine the Great, who had defeated Maxentius. Captured by the Vandals in 432, Constantine returned to the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa (i.e. North Africa) from 534 to 697. It was conquered by the Arabs in the 8th century, receiving the name of Qacentina.
Oran (Arabic: وَهران, Wahrān; Berber languages: ⵡⴻⵂⵔⴰⵏ) is a coastal city that is located in the north-west of Algeria. It is considered the second most important city of Algeria after the capital Algiers, due to its commercial, industrial, and cultural importance. The word derives from the Berber root hr, meaning lion (see also Tahert and Souk Ahras). The name is attested in multiple Berber languages, for instance as uharu and ahra. A locally popular legend tells that in the period around 900 AD, there were sightings of lions in the area. The two last lions were killed on a mountain near Oran, and it became known as La montagne des lions ("The Mountain of Lions"). Two giant lion statues stand in front of Oran's city hall, symbolizing the city.
- During the Roman empire, a small settlement called Unica Colonia existed in the area of current Oran, but this settlement disappeared after the Arab conquest of the Maghreb. Present-day Oran was founded in 903 by Moorish Andalusi traders.[6] It was captured by the Castilians under Cardinal Cisneros in 1509, and Spanish sovereignty lasted until 1708, when the city was conquered by the Ottomans. Spain recaptured the city in 1732. However, its value as a trading post had decreased greatly, so King Charles IV sold the city to the Turks in 1792. Ottoman rule lasted until 1831, when it fell to the French.
- The folk music Raï ("opinion" in Arabic), had its beginnings in Oran. This genre of music was formulated by shepherds in the 1930s through Arab and European influences. This music was surrounded by controversy due to women's key role in public performances of the music, as well as the hedonistic lyrics about love and alcohol. This led to strict governmental control in the area which led to arrests, injuries, and assassinations.[19] Many notable Raï musicians (including Cheb Hasni, Cheb Khaled, and Rachid Taha) hail from Oran. The violinist Akim el Sikameya was also born in Oran. One of Oran’s most famous emigrants is Yves Saint Laurent.
- The Plague (French: La Peste) is a novel by Albert Camus, published in 1947, that tells the story of a plague sweeping the French Algerian city of Oran. It asks a number of questions relating to the nature of destiny and the human condition. The characters in the book, ranging from doctors to vacationers to fugitives, all help to show the effects the plague has on a populace. The novel is believed to be based on the cholera epidemic that killed a large percentage of Oran's population in 1849 following French colonization, but the novel is placed in the 1940s.[1] Oran and its environs were struck by disease multiple times before Camus published this novel. According to a research report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oran was decimated by the plague in 1556 and 1678, but all later outbreaks, in 1921 (185 cases), 1931 (76 cases), and 1944 (95 cases), were very far from the scale of the epidemic described in the novel.
Tighennif is a town and commune in Mascara Province, Algeria.
- Ternifine or Tighennif is the site of what is thought to be the earliest/oldest fossilised bones of humans in North Africa, called the man of Ternifine.
company
- Sonatrach (Arabic:سوناطراك) (Société Nationale pour la Recherche, la Production, le Transport, la Transformation, et la Commercialisation des Hydrocarbures) is an Algeriangovernment-owned company formed to explore the hydrocarbon resources of the country. It has some concessions in Libya, Mauritania, Peru, Yemen and Venezuela.[2] Its diversified activities cover all aspects of production: exploration, extraction, transport, and refining. It has diversified into petrochemistry and the desalination of seawater. Sonatrach is the largest Algerian and African company and the 11th largest oil consortium in the world. Its gross sales (as of 2002) was 1,530 billion Algerian dinars for a net income of 175 billion. The company, which employs approximately 120,000 workers, produces 30% of the GNP of Algeria. Annually it produces 206 million Tonne of Oil equivalent (ToE), including 24 million ToE, or 11.7% of total, for the Algerian domestic market. Sonatrach operates the largest oil field in Algeria, Hassi Messaoud, which produced around 440,000 bbl/d (70,000 m3/d) of crude in 2006. Sonatrach also operates the Hassi R'Mel field (north of Hassi Messaoud, south of Algiers), which produces around 180,000 bbl/d (29,000 m3/d) of crude. Other major fields operated by Sonatrach include Tin Fouye Tabankort Ordo, Zarzaitine, Haoud Berkaoui/Ben Kahla, and Ait Kheir.
people
- Abdelkader ibn Muhieddine (6 September 1808 – 26 May 1883; Arabic: عبد القادر ابن محيي الدين ʿAbd al-Qādir ibn Muḥyiddīn), known as the Emir Abdelkaderor Abdelkader El Djezairi, was an Algerian religious and military leader who led a struggle against the French colonial invasion in the mid-19th century. An Islamic scholar and Sufi who unexpectedly found himself leading a military campaign, he built up a collection of Algerian tribesmen that for many years successfully held out against one of the most advanced armies in Europe. His consistent regard for what would now be called human rights, especially as regards his Christian opponents, drew widespread admiration, and a crucial intervention to save the Christian community of Damascus from a massacre in 1860 brought honours and awards from around the world. Within Algeria, his efforts to unite the country against foreign invaders saw him hailed as the "modern Jugurtha"[2] and his ability to combine religious and political authority has led to his being acclaimed as the "Saint among the Princes, the Prince among the Saints".The name "Abdelkader" is sometimes transliterated as "ʿAbd al-Qādir", "Abd al-Kader", "Abdul Kader" or other variants, and he is often referred to as simply the Emir Abdelkader (since El Djezairi just means "the Algerian"). "Ibn Muhieddine" is a patronymic meaning "son of Muhieddine", and "al-Hasani" is an honorary patronymic indicating his descent from Hasan ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad. He is also often given the titles emir "prince", and shaykh "sheik".
- Ahmed Ouyahia (Arabic: أحمد أويحيى) (born 2 July 1952) is an Algerian politician who was Prime Minister of Algeria four times (1995–98, 2003–2006, 2008–2012, 2017–2019). A career diplomat, he also served as Minister of Justice, and he was one of the founders of the Democratic National Rally (RND) as well as the party's secretary-general. He is considered by Western observers to be close to the military of Algeria and a member of the "eradicator" faction in the 1990s civil war against Islamist militants.Ouyahia was born in the village of Bouadnane in Tizi Ouzou Province 蒂齐乌祖省 in the Kabylie region of Algeria on 2 July 1952.[1] Following a primary education starting in Algiers, he followed a secondary education at the Lycee El Idrissi (El Idrissi High School) in Algiers. Ouyahia obtained his diploma of Baccalauréat ès-lettres in 1972.
- from morocco
- https://www.quora.com/How-is-Algeria-despite-being-an-African-country-predominantly-white
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Algerians-overall-tend-to-be-lighter-skinned-than-Moroccans
culture
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-it-like-to-live-in-Algeria
language
- https://www.quora.com/Is-Algeria-an-Arab-Country Algeria is one of the most ethnicity diverse country in Africa. And what I noticed, that even most Algerian people are not aware about this richness. There's more then 13 Tamazight dialects in Algeria. There is a lot of towns in the south where people are Tamazight-speaking but look much more like Sub-Saharan Africans. There is towns where people are originally Andalusians, those Spanish people converted to Islam and were expelled from Spain during the Reconquista. There is towns where there are people of Ottoman decent. There are a lot of towns where Romans lived and admixed with locals. Algeria was a land on the roads of commercial exchange for thousands of years between Phoenicians and locals, between Romans and Africans for ivory towards the desert and Gadames, the caravanserai between Cairo and Khartoum from the east and Timbuktu from the west. A Tuareg tribe in South Algeria still celebrates the anniversary of the wedding between the King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba annually, meaning that we have some influence/migration from East Africa. This is just to speak about the old past. The nearest one we had a lot of invaders, Romans, Vandals, Vikings, Arabs, Phoenicians, Turks and more recently French and Spanish. We have even had American troops based in the west during the Second World War. We also participated in a lot of invasions and wars outside our land. We took in a lot of people during Andalusian period, we were the naval force during the Ottoman period, we had a lot of migrants to Malta during its Islamic period, we participated in the American Revolution, and a lot of Algerian sailors were on Spanish ships during the discovery of the Americas. It even seems that almost all Amerindians have something like 3 to 5% of their genes from North Africa and we participated during the first and second World War to liberate France against Germany.
History
- The Jugurthine War took place in 112–106 BC, between Rome and Jugurtha ofNumidia, a kingdom on the north African coast approximating to modern Algeria. The Romans defeated Jugurtha. The war takes its name from the Ancient Libyanking Jugurtha, nephew and later adopted son of Micipsa, King of Numidia. The war constituted an important phase in the Roman subjugation of Northern Africa, but Numidia did not become a Roman province until 46 BC. Following Jugurtha's usurpation of the throne of Numidia, a loyal ally of Rome since the Punic Wars, Rome felt compelled to intervene.
- The Algerian War, also known as the Algerian War of Independence or the Algerian Revolution (Berber: Tagrawla Tadzayrit;Arabic: الثورة الجزائرية, Al-thawra Al-Jazaa'iriyya; French: Guerre d'Algérie or Révolution algérienne) was a war between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria gaining its independence from France. An importantdecolonization war, it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare, maquis fighting, and the use of torture by both sides. The conflict was also a civil war between loyalist Algerians supporting a French Algeria and their Algerian nationalist counterparts
- The May 1958 crisis (or Algiers putsch or the coup of 13 May) was a political crisis in France during the turmoil of the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) which led to the return of Charles de Gaulle to political responsibilities after a twelve-year absence. It started as a coup attempt led at Algiers on 13 May 1958 by a coalition headed by Algiers deputy and reserve airborne officer Pierre Lagaillarde, French Generals Raoul Salan, Edmond Jouhaud, Jean Gracieux, and Jacques Massu, and by Admiral Philippe Auboyneau, commander of the Mediterranean fleet. The putsch was supported by former Algerian Governor General Jacques Soustelle and his activist allies. Carried out in the context of the Algerian War (1954–62), the putsch had as its aim to oppose the formation of Pierre Pflimlin's new government and to impose a change of policies in favor of the right-wing partisans of French Algeria. The crisis marked the return of Charles de Gaulle to political affairs after a decade of absence, and set in motion the events which would lead to the establishment of the Fifth Republic.
- The Algerian Civil War was an armed conflict between the Algerian Governmentand various Islamic rebel groups which began in 1991 following a coup negating an Islamist electoral victory. The war began slowly as it first appeared the government had successfully crushed the Islamist movement, but armed groups emerged to fight jihad and by 1994-5 violence reached such a level that it appeared the government might not be able to withstand it. By 1996-7 however it became clear that the violence and predation of the Islamists had lost its popular support, although fighting continued for several years after. The war has been referred to as 'The dirty war’ (la sale guerre),[8] and saw extreme violence and brutality used against civilians.[9][10] Islamists targeted journalists, over 70 of whom were killed, and foreigners, over 100 of whom were killed,[11] although it is thought by many that security forces as well as Islamists were involved, as the government infiltrated the insurgents. Total fatalities have been estimated to be a range of different values from 44,000[13] to between 100,000 and 200,000.[14] The conflict began in December 1991, when the new and enormously popularIslamic Salvation Front (FIS) party appeared poised to defeat the rulingNational Liberation Front (FLN) party in the national parliamentary elections. The elections were canceled after the first round and the military effectively took control of the government, forcing pro-reform president Chadli Bendjedid from office. After the FIS was banned and thousands of its members arrested, Islamist guerrillas rapidly emerged and began an armed campaign against the government and its supporters.
canada
- during the algerian civil war, many algerians fled to other countries including montreal, canada.
UK
- The Home Office was wrong to deny the Algerian husband of a dual British-Spanish citizen the right to live with her in the UK, according to the initial opinion of the European court of justice’s advocate general in a test case. In the AG’s official “opinion”, Toufik Lounes does have the right to remain in the UK even though his wife, Perla Nerea García Ormazábal, became a British citizen in 2010 – a change in status that it had been claimed meant she lost the right she had previously enjoyed to bring her family to the UK. The panel of 15 judges will hand down its final ruling on the matter this summer. The judgment will then be considered by a high court judge who referred the case to Europe last year. The Home Office argued that the woman’s freedom of movement rights, which enable EU citizens to live with their family in any other state within the EU, fell away once she took citizenship. The advocate general, Yves Bot, agreed that this appeared to be the case under the European directive 2004/38 on freedom of movement, but found that García Ormazábal had legacy rights as an EU national. The rights she used to reside in the UK continued to apply even though she had become a British national subsequently, under article 21 of the superior and overarching treaty on the functioning of the European Union (TFEU), he found. “Under article 21(1) TFEU, member states must permit EU citizens who are not their nationals to move and reside within their territory with their spouse and, possibly, certain members of their family who are not EU citizens,” said Bot. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/30/uk-wrong-to-deny-residency-rights-in-test-case-eu-judge-says
France
- history
- Pied-Noir (French pronunciation: [pjenwaʁ], "Black-Foot"), plural Pieds-Noirs, is a term primarily referring to people of European, mostly French, origin who were born in Algeriaduring the period of French rule from 1830 to 1962. The term, translated from Arabic to French, originated among the Arab community in reference to the French soldiers who wore black boots and who were instrumental in conquering and colonizing the region. The term was later applied to all French citizens and eventually to Europeans in general. More broadly, it can refer to other Christian or Jewish people from all parts of the Mediterranean whose families had migrated in the 19th and 20th centuries to French Algeria, the French protectorate in Morocco or the French protectorate of Tunisia, where many had lived for several generations and who fled or were expelled at the end of French rule in North Africa between 1956 and 1962. The term sometimes includes the North African Jews, who had been living there for many centuries but were awarded French citizenship by the 1870 Crémieux Decree whilst the rest of the native population was maintained in a second class status with the "Code de l'Indigénat" (ref Indigénat). More specifically, the term Pied-Noir is used for those of European ancestry who "returned" to mainland France as soon as Algeria gained independence, or in the months following.
Macron refused to back down, and in a video statement sent to Reuters, he said: "We must find the courage to call things by their name," he said. "Are we condemned to forever live in the shadows of this traumatic experience for our two countries?"
- automotive
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-06/12/c_138134887.htm On May 16, Sonatrach signed an agreement with Italy's energy giant ENI to extend Algerian gas exports to Italy for 10 years.
portugal
- Algerian energy giant Sonatrach and Portugal's energy company Galp on Tuesday signed an agreement to extend Algerian gas exports to Portugal for 10 additional years, Sonatrach said in a statement. In accordance with this agreement, the North African nation would supply the Portuguese market with 2.5 billion cubic meters of natural gas annually for 10 more years.
Algeria and Portugal signed a partnership agreement in 1994, which has been extended every 10 years, confirming Sonatrach's position as a major gas supplier to Portugal, according to the statement.http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-06/12/c_138134887.htm
China
- aerospace
- investors from china
- china
- La ville a été fondée le sous le nom de Palikao par les Français autour du douar de Ternif (ou Tighennif). Elle a été baptisée ainsi en l'honneur du général Cousin-Montauban nommé comte de Palikao après sa victoire sur les Chinois à la bataille de Palikao (1860). A l'indépendance en 1962 la ville prend son nom de Tighennif.
company
- Sonatrach (Arabic:سوناطراك) (Société Nationale pour la Recherche, la Production, le Transport, la Transformation, et la Commercialisation des Hydrocarbures) is an Algeriangovernment-owned company formed to explore the hydrocarbon resources of the country. It has some concessions in Libya, Mauritania, Peru, Yemen and Venezuela.[2] Its diversified activities cover all aspects of production: exploration, extraction, transport, and refining. It has diversified into petrochemistry and the desalination of seawater. Sonatrach is the largest Algerian and African company and the 11th largest oil consortium in the world. Its gross sales (as of 2002) was 1,530 billion Algerian dinars for a net income of 175 billion. The company, which employs approximately 120,000 workers, produces 30% of the GNP of Algeria. Annually it produces 206 million Tonne of Oil equivalent (ToE), including 24 million ToE, or 11.7% of total, for the Algerian domestic market. Sonatrach operates the largest oil field in Algeria, Hassi Messaoud, which produced around 440,000 bbl/d (70,000 m3/d) of crude in 2006. Sonatrach also operates the Hassi R'Mel field (north of Hassi Messaoud, south of Algiers), which produces around 180,000 bbl/d (29,000 m3/d) of crude. Other major fields operated by Sonatrach include Tin Fouye Tabankort Ordo, Zarzaitine, Haoud Berkaoui/Ben Kahla, and Ait Kheir.
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-algeria-protests-sonatrach/algerian-state-energy-company-sonatrachs-ceo-sacked-state-tv-idUSKCN1RZ27B Algeria’s interim president has sacked Abdelmoumene Ould Kaddour as the chief executive of state energy company Sonatrach, state TV said on Tuesday, creating uncertainty for investors who had started to return to the oil and gas producer. The interim president, Abdelkader Bensalah, appointed Sonatrach’s head of production and exploration, Rachid Hachichi, to replace Kaddour, state TV reported. The move casts doubts on whether deals Sonatrach had been working on will go ahead, such as plans to set up a trading joint venture with foreign firms. Only last week, Kaddour, a U.S.-trained engineer, had said the company would hold talks this week with U.S company Chevron Corp, which last week agreed to buy Anadarko, to discuss a shale gas and oil production partnership. Kaddour had been close to former President Abdelaziz Bouteflika, who had put him in charge of overhauling Sonatrach in March 2017 after years of management upheaval, fraud scandals and red tape had deterred foreign investors.
people
- Abdelkader ibn Muhieddine (6 September 1808 – 26 May 1883; Arabic: عبد القادر ابن محيي الدين ʿAbd al-Qādir ibn Muḥyiddīn), known as the Emir Abdelkaderor Abdelkader El Djezairi, was an Algerian religious and military leader who led a struggle against the French colonial invasion in the mid-19th century. An Islamic scholar and Sufi who unexpectedly found himself leading a military campaign, he built up a collection of Algerian tribesmen that for many years successfully held out against one of the most advanced armies in Europe. His consistent regard for what would now be called human rights, especially as regards his Christian opponents, drew widespread admiration, and a crucial intervention to save the Christian community of Damascus from a massacre in 1860 brought honours and awards from around the world. Within Algeria, his efforts to unite the country against foreign invaders saw him hailed as the "modern Jugurtha"[2] and his ability to combine religious and political authority has led to his being acclaimed as the "Saint among the Princes, the Prince among the Saints".The name "Abdelkader" is sometimes transliterated as "ʿAbd al-Qādir", "Abd al-Kader", "Abdul Kader" or other variants, and he is often referred to as simply the Emir Abdelkader (since El Djezairi just means "the Algerian"). "Ibn Muhieddine" is a patronymic meaning "son of Muhieddine", and "al-Hasani" is an honorary patronymic indicating his descent from Hasan ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad. He is also often given the titles emir "prince", and shaykh "sheik".
- Ahmed Ouyahia (Arabic: أحمد أويحيى) (born 2 July 1952) is an Algerian politician who was Prime Minister of Algeria four times (1995–98, 2003–2006, 2008–2012, 2017–2019). A career diplomat, he also served as Minister of Justice, and he was one of the founders of the Democratic National Rally (RND) as well as the party's secretary-general. He is considered by Western observers to be close to the military of Algeria and a member of the "eradicator" faction in the 1990s civil war against Islamist militants.Ouyahia was born in the village of Bouadnane in Tizi Ouzou Province 蒂齐乌祖省 in the Kabylie region of Algeria on 2 July 1952.[1] Following a primary education starting in Algiers, he followed a secondary education at the Lycee El Idrissi (El Idrissi High School) in Algiers. Ouyahia obtained his diploma of Baccalauréat ès-lettres in 1972.
- from morocco
- Abdelaziz Bouteflika, GColIH; Arabic: عبد العزيز بوتفليقة ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Būtaflīqa [ʕaːbd lʕziz butfliqa]; born 2 March 1937) is an Algerian politician who has been the fifth President of Algeria since 1999. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1963 to 1979. As President, he presided over the end of the bloody Algerian Civil War in 2002, and he ended emergency rule in February 2011 amidst regional unrest. In November 2012, he surpassed Houari Boumédiène as the longest-serving president of Algeria. Abdelaziz Bouteflika was born on 2 March 1937 in Oujda, French protectorate in Morocco. He was the first child of his mother and the second child of his father (Fatima, his half-sister, preceded him). His father (Ahmed Bouteflika) and mother (Mansouria Ghezlaoui) originated from Tlemcen, Algeria. Bouteflika has three half-sisters (Fatima, Yamina, and Aïcha), as well as four brothers (Abdelghani, Mustapha, Abderahim and Saïd) and one sister (Latifa).
- https://www.quora.com/How-is-Algeria-despite-being-an-African-country-predominantly-white
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Algerians-overall-tend-to-be-lighter-skinned-than-Moroccans
culture
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-it-like-to-live-in-Algeria
language
- https://www.quora.com/Is-Algeria-an-Arab-Country Algeria is one of the most ethnicity diverse country in Africa. And what I noticed, that even most Algerian people are not aware about this richness. There's more then 13 Tamazight dialects in Algeria. There is a lot of towns in the south where people are Tamazight-speaking but look much more like Sub-Saharan Africans. There is towns where people are originally Andalusians, those Spanish people converted to Islam and were expelled from Spain during the Reconquista. There is towns where there are people of Ottoman decent. There are a lot of towns where Romans lived and admixed with locals. Algeria was a land on the roads of commercial exchange for thousands of years between Phoenicians and locals, between Romans and Africans for ivory towards the desert and Gadames, the caravanserai between Cairo and Khartoum from the east and Timbuktu from the west. A Tuareg tribe in South Algeria still celebrates the anniversary of the wedding between the King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba annually, meaning that we have some influence/migration from East Africa. This is just to speak about the old past. The nearest one we had a lot of invaders, Romans, Vandals, Vikings, Arabs, Phoenicians, Turks and more recently French and Spanish. We have even had American troops based in the west during the Second World War. We also participated in a lot of invasions and wars outside our land. We took in a lot of people during Andalusian period, we were the naval force during the Ottoman period, we had a lot of migrants to Malta during its Islamic period, we participated in the American Revolution, and a lot of Algerian sailors were on Spanish ships during the discovery of the Americas. It even seems that almost all Amerindians have something like 3 to 5% of their genes from North Africa and we participated during the first and second World War to liberate France against Germany.
History
- The Jugurthine War took place in 112–106 BC, between Rome and Jugurtha ofNumidia, a kingdom on the north African coast approximating to modern Algeria. The Romans defeated Jugurtha. The war takes its name from the Ancient Libyanking Jugurtha, nephew and later adopted son of Micipsa, King of Numidia. The war constituted an important phase in the Roman subjugation of Northern Africa, but Numidia did not become a Roman province until 46 BC. Following Jugurtha's usurpation of the throne of Numidia, a loyal ally of Rome since the Punic Wars, Rome felt compelled to intervene.
- The Algerian War, also known as the Algerian War of Independence or the Algerian Revolution (Berber: Tagrawla Tadzayrit;Arabic: الثورة الجزائرية, Al-thawra Al-Jazaa'iriyya; French: Guerre d'Algérie or Révolution algérienne) was a war between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria gaining its independence from France. An importantdecolonization war, it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare, maquis fighting, and the use of torture by both sides. The conflict was also a civil war between loyalist Algerians supporting a French Algeria and their Algerian nationalist counterparts
- The May 1958 crisis (or Algiers putsch or the coup of 13 May) was a political crisis in France during the turmoil of the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) which led to the return of Charles de Gaulle to political responsibilities after a twelve-year absence. It started as a coup attempt led at Algiers on 13 May 1958 by a coalition headed by Algiers deputy and reserve airborne officer Pierre Lagaillarde, French Generals Raoul Salan, Edmond Jouhaud, Jean Gracieux, and Jacques Massu, and by Admiral Philippe Auboyneau, commander of the Mediterranean fleet. The putsch was supported by former Algerian Governor General Jacques Soustelle and his activist allies. Carried out in the context of the Algerian War (1954–62), the putsch had as its aim to oppose the formation of Pierre Pflimlin's new government and to impose a change of policies in favor of the right-wing partisans of French Algeria. The crisis marked the return of Charles de Gaulle to political affairs after a decade of absence, and set in motion the events which would lead to the establishment of the Fifth Republic.
- The Algerian Civil War was an armed conflict between the Algerian Governmentand various Islamic rebel groups which began in 1991 following a coup negating an Islamist electoral victory. The war began slowly as it first appeared the government had successfully crushed the Islamist movement, but armed groups emerged to fight jihad and by 1994-5 violence reached such a level that it appeared the government might not be able to withstand it. By 1996-7 however it became clear that the violence and predation of the Islamists had lost its popular support, although fighting continued for several years after. The war has been referred to as 'The dirty war’ (la sale guerre),[8] and saw extreme violence and brutality used against civilians.[9][10] Islamists targeted journalists, over 70 of whom were killed, and foreigners, over 100 of whom were killed,[11] although it is thought by many that security forces as well as Islamists were involved, as the government infiltrated the insurgents. Total fatalities have been estimated to be a range of different values from 44,000[13] to between 100,000 and 200,000.[14] The conflict began in December 1991, when the new and enormously popularIslamic Salvation Front (FIS) party appeared poised to defeat the rulingNational Liberation Front (FLN) party in the national parliamentary elections. The elections were canceled after the first round and the military effectively took control of the government, forcing pro-reform president Chadli Bendjedid from office. After the FIS was banned and thousands of its members arrested, Islamist guerrillas rapidly emerged and began an armed campaign against the government and its supporters.
- according to Bachir Bensaddek, that is a black decade for algeria
canada
- during the algerian civil war, many algerians fled to other countries including montreal, canada.
UK
- The Home Office was wrong to deny the Algerian husband of a dual British-Spanish citizen the right to live with her in the UK, according to the initial opinion of the European court of justice’s advocate general in a test case. In the AG’s official “opinion”, Toufik Lounes does have the right to remain in the UK even though his wife, Perla Nerea García Ormazábal, became a British citizen in 2010 – a change in status that it had been claimed meant she lost the right she had previously enjoyed to bring her family to the UK. The panel of 15 judges will hand down its final ruling on the matter this summer. The judgment will then be considered by a high court judge who referred the case to Europe last year. The Home Office argued that the woman’s freedom of movement rights, which enable EU citizens to live with their family in any other state within the EU, fell away once she took citizenship. The advocate general, Yves Bot, agreed that this appeared to be the case under the European directive 2004/38 on freedom of movement, but found that García Ormazábal had legacy rights as an EU national. The rights she used to reside in the UK continued to apply even though she had become a British national subsequently, under article 21 of the superior and overarching treaty on the functioning of the European Union (TFEU), he found. “Under article 21(1) TFEU, member states must permit EU citizens who are not their nationals to move and reside within their territory with their spouse and, possibly, certain members of their family who are not EU citizens,” said Bot. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/may/30/uk-wrong-to-deny-residency-rights-in-test-case-eu-judge-says
France
- history
- https://www.quora.com/Was-a-French-equivalent-of-Northern-Ireland-in-French-Algeria-ever-envisaged-I-e-a-small-part-of-Algeria-that-would-remain-French-as-the-rest-of-Algeria-became-independent-Would-it-have-been-feasible
- Pied-Noir (French pronunciation: [pjenwaʁ], "Black-Foot"), plural Pieds-Noirs, is a term primarily referring to people of European, mostly French, origin who were born in Algeriaduring the period of French rule from 1830 to 1962. The term, translated from Arabic to French, originated among the Arab community in reference to the French soldiers who wore black boots and who were instrumental in conquering and colonizing the region. The term was later applied to all French citizens and eventually to Europeans in general. More broadly, it can refer to other Christian or Jewish people from all parts of the Mediterranean whose families had migrated in the 19th and 20th centuries to French Algeria, the French protectorate in Morocco or the French protectorate of Tunisia, where many had lived for several generations and who fled or were expelled at the end of French rule in North Africa between 1956 and 1962. The term sometimes includes the North African Jews, who had been living there for many centuries but were awarded French citizenship by the 1870 Crémieux Decree whilst the rest of the native population was maintained in a second class status with the "Code de l'Indigénat" (ref Indigénat). More specifically, the term Pied-Noir is used for those of European ancestry who "returned" to mainland France as soon as Algeria gained independence, or in the months following.
- There are competing theories about the origin of the term "pied-noir". According to the Oxford English Dictionary, it refers to "a person of European origin living in Algeria during the period of French rule, especially a French person expatriated after Algeria was granted independence in 1962."[2] The Le Robertdictionary states that in 1901 the word indicated a sailor working barefoot in the coal room of a ship, who would find his feet dirtied by the soot and dust. Since, in the Mediterranean, this was often an Algerian native, the term was used pejoratively for Algerians until 1955 when it first began referring to "French born in Algeria" according to some sources.[7][8] The Oxford English Dictionary claims this usage originated from mainland French as a negative nickname. There is also a theory that the term comes from the black boots of French soldiers compared to the barefoot Algerians.[9] Other theories focus on new settlers dirtying their clothing by working in swampy areas, wearing black boots when on horseback, or trampling grapes to make wine.
- following the independence of algeria, the number of Pieds-Noirs who fled Algeria totalled more than 800,000 between 1962 and 1964.[30] Many Pieds-Noirs left only with what they could carry in a suitcase.[5][30] Adding to the confusion, the de Gaulle government ordered the French Navy not to help with transportation of French citizens.[19] By September 1962, cities such as Oran, Bône, and Sidi Bel Abbès were half-empty. All administration-, police-, school-, justice-, and commercial activities stopped within three months after many Pieds-Noirs were told to choose either "la valise ou le cercueil" (the suitcase or the coffin).[26] 200,000 Pieds-Noirs chose to remain, but they gradually left through the following decade; by the 1980s only a few thousand Pieds-Noirs remained in Algeria. The French government claimed that it had not anticipated that such a massive number would leave; it believed that perhaps 300,000 might choose to depart temporarily and that a large portion would return to Algeria.[7] The administration had set aside funds for absorption of those it called repatriates to partly reimburse them for property losses.[19] The administration avoided acknowledging the true numbers of refugees in order to avoid upsetting its Algeria policies.[19] Consequently, few plans were made for their return, and, psychologically at least, many of the Pieds-Noirs were alienated from both Algeria and France.Many Pieds-Noirs settled in continental France, while others migrated to New Caledonia,[34] Australia,[34]Spain,[35] Israel,[36] Italy, the United States, Canada and Argentina.[citation needed] In France, many relocated to the south, which offered a climate similar to North Africa. The influx of new citizens bolstered the local economies; however, the newcomers also competed for jobs, which caused resentment.[5][19] In some ways, the Pieds-Noirs were able to integrate well into the French community, relative to their harki Muslim counterparts. The repatriated Pieds-Noirs frequently felt "disaffected" from French society. They also suffered from a sense of alienation stemming from the French government's changed position towards Algeria. Until independence, Algeria was legally a part of France; after independence many felt that they had been betrayed and were now portrayed as an "embarrassment" to their country or to blame for the war.
- The Pied-Noir community has adopted, as both an unofficial anthem and as a symbol of its identity, Captain Félix Boyer's 1943 version of "Le Chant des Africains" (lit. "The Song of the Africans"). This was a 1915 Infanterie de Marine marching song, originally titled "C'est nous les Marocains"
Macron refused to back down, and in a video statement sent to Reuters, he said: "We must find the courage to call things by their name," he said. "Are we condemned to forever live in the shadows of this traumatic experience for our two countries?"
- automotive
- http://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/psa-peugeot-citroen-plant-in-algeria-this-year-pm/58060921 Algeria is expected to sign a deal with French carmaker PSA to open a plant in the North African country "this year", Algeria's prime minister said Thursday. Abdelmalek Sellal said the project with PSA, which owns the Peugeot, Citroen and DS brands, would "come into being this year" at a press conference with France's Prime Minister Bernard Cazeneuve, who is visiting Algeria.
- Women of Algiers in their Apartment(French: Femmes d'Alger dans leur appartement) is the title of two oil on canvas paintings by the French Romantic painter Eugène Delacroix. Women of Algiers, along with Delacroix's other Orientalist paintings, has inspired many artists of later generations. In 1888 both Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin travelled to Montpellier to view Delacroix's 1849 version of Women of Algiers. The painting served as a source of inspiration to the later impressionists, and a series of 15 paintings and numerous drawings by Pablo Picasso in 1954.
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-06/12/c_138134887.htm On May 16, Sonatrach signed an agreement with Italy's energy giant ENI to extend Algerian gas exports to Italy for 10 years.
portugal
- Algerian energy giant Sonatrach and Portugal's energy company Galp on Tuesday signed an agreement to extend Algerian gas exports to Portugal for 10 additional years, Sonatrach said in a statement. In accordance with this agreement, the North African nation would supply the Portuguese market with 2.5 billion cubic meters of natural gas annually for 10 more years.
Algeria and Portugal signed a partnership agreement in 1994, which has been extended every 10 years, confirming Sonatrach's position as a major gas supplier to Portugal, according to the statement.http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-06/12/c_138134887.htm
China
- aerospace
- 綜合新華社及中新社報道，載着阿爾及利亞一號通信衛星的長征三號乙運載火箭，昨日凌晨12時40分從西昌衛星發射中心發射升空並圓滿成功。這是阿爾及利亞的第一顆通信衛星，也是中阿兩國在航天領域的首個合作項目。中國國家主席習近平當日同阿爾及利亞總統布特弗利卡互致賀電。此次發射依據中國航天科技集團公司所屬中國長城工業集團有限公司，與阿爾及利亞航天局在2013年12月簽署的阿爾及利亞一號通信衛星項目合同實施。中方為阿爾及利亞設計、製造、集成、測試、發射並在軌交付一顆通信衛星，衛星亦配套了必要操作、控制和應用系統。阿方將負責衛星的在軌操作、管理和應用。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2017/12/12/a15-1212.pdf
- 據新華社報道，中國相關單位代表1日在阿爾及利亞航天局與阿方舉行了阿爾及利亞一號通信衛星在軌交付儀式。中方負責人表示，中國期待與阿爾及利亞進一步加深在航天領域的合作。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/04/04/a06-0404.pdf
- Algeria is going to have one of the largest mosques in the world, as China State Construction Engineering Corporation is doubling efforts to finish this mega project in 2018. The 265-meter-high minaret of the Great Mosque of Algiers, or Djamaa El Djazair, can be seen from all places in Algiers. It is the highest minaret in the world, and stands as a symbol of Muslim Algeria. Present in Algeria for 30 years, CSCEC has already been taken part in the construction of mega projects, including housing, roads, highways, bridges, schools and hospitals.http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201802/13/WS5a825388a3106e7dcc13c7be.html
- http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1136599.shtml China Harbor Engineering Company (CHEC) signed on Monday in Algiers a contract worth 445 million US dollars with state-owned corporation Sonatrach for port installations in eastern Algeria, APS news agency reported. According to the contract, CHEC will provide studies of and set up a terminal for liquefied gas, and build marine and harbor infrastructure for a fuel terminal in the province of Skikda, 400 km east of the capital Algiers.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201809/25/WS5ba9c830a310c4cc775e7f2a.html Guangzhou Shipyard International Co Ltd signed a contract with Algeria's state-owned shipping company Algerie Ferries at the weekend to build a luxury roll-on/roll-off passenger ship in Guangdong's provincial capital. The ship will have a capacity of 1,800 passengers and 600 vehicles. Construction will officially start by the end of November and is expected to wrap up in August 2020, said Chen Ji, president of GSI, a Shanghai Stock Exchange-listed company. "It is the first ro-ro passenger ship GSI will build for an African company, and has great significance," Chen said.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201905/23/WS5ce5fbdaa3104842260bd4c1.html As a member of a Chinese medical team in Algeria, gynecologist Li Li completed 10,750 outpatient clinic services and 1,608 cesarean sections.
- china daily 16aug19
- investors from china
- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2015/01/06/b06-0106.pdf 新疆生產建設兵團建工師所屬兵團一建日前一舉簽下阿爾及利亞國家住房項目大單，合同總額達 86 億元人民幣。近年來，兵團一建大力實施「走出去」發展戰略，不斷拓展市場空間，在阿爾及利亞首都阿爾及爾註冊成立分公司，在北京設立辦事處，加強了國內國際聯繫，暢通了物資採購管道，先後承建了阿拉伯聯合酋長國棕櫚島花園別墅項目和阿爾及利亞斯基格達 600套住房項目、泰貝薩 4,400 套住房項目、埃利贊 1,450套住房項目，實現了由「借船出海」到「駕船出海」的戰略跨越。
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/motoring/2016-02/04/content_23391518.htm Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Co, one of China's top 10 automakers, will soon have its first light-load truck assembly plant in Africa.To be based in Ain Temouchent province of Algeria, the plant will have a capacity to assemble 10,000 light trucks each year, after the completion of the first phase. The automaker, which is more widely known as JAC, declined to reveal when the plant will be finished and put into use, but said "it will not be long". The plant involved a total investment of $128 million and will be JAC's 19th vehicle assembly plant in the world and its first light truck plant in Africa. The company said it will be built through cooperation with Emin Auto, an auto dealer in Algeria.
- 阿爾及利亞瓦爾格拉市一輛私家車周二在十字路口，與一輛貨櫃車相撞，車上四名中國公民死亡。中國駐阿爾及利亞大使館提醒當地中國公民，駕駛時需遵守交通規則，也要注意行車安全並繫好安全帶。據報，死者均來自一間中資公司，是負責當地施工項目的工人。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200508/00180_029.html
- chinese people in algeria
- 一名中資公司員工周日在阿爾及利亞首都達爾貝達區，遭歹徒持刀搶劫致死。中國駐阿爾及利亞大使館周二發布消息，指當地多個省份最近接連多次發生針對中資企業以及人員的持械搶劫及入室盜竊案，造成不同程度的人身威脅和財產損失。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180613/00180_003.html
- 中國駐北非阿爾及利亞大使館於當地時間上周六證實，來自中國北方新標誌公司的四名工人於上周三遇劫，期間二人遭劫匪持水泥板重擊，造成一死一傷，而今次是該公司八天內第五次遭搶劫。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20181203/00178_005.html
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