Greek (language)

The Proto-Greek language (also known as Proto-Hellenic) is an Indo-European language. It is assumed to be the last common ancestor of all known varieties of Greek, including Mycenaean Greek, the subsequent ancient Greek dialects (i.e., Attic, Ionic, Aeolic, Doric, Ancient Macedonian and Arcadocypriot) and, ultimately, Koine, Byzantine and Modern Greek. The unity of Proto-Greek would have ended as Hellenic migrants, who spoke the predecessor of the Mycenaean language, entered the Greek peninsula sometime in the Neolithic or the Bronze Age.

- https://www.quora.com/What-was-the-Aeolian-reflex-of-the-Proto-Greek-word-initial-hw

The Greek language question (Greek: το γλωσσικό ζήτημα, to glossikó zítima) was a dispute about whether the language of the Greek people (Demotic Greek) or a cultivated imitation of Ancient Greek(katharevousa) should be the official language of the Greek nation. It was a highly controversial topic in the 19th and 20th centuries, and was finally resolved in 1976 when Demotic was made the official language. The language phenomenon in question, which also occurs elsewhere in the world, is called diglossia.While Demotic was the vernacular of the Greeks, Katharevousa was an archaic and formal variant that was pronounced like Modern Greek, but it adopted both lexical and morphological features of Ancient Greek that the spoken language had lost over time. These differences meant that katharevousa was only partly intelligible to a Greek without higher education. There was no single Katharevousa. Instead, proponents of the formal language put forward ever-changing variants that were never standardized. These variants approached Attic Greek in extreme cases, but they could also be closer to spoken Greek and could be understood by the majority of the people.

- On 21 April 1967 a group of right-wing military officers seized power in a coup d'état and established the regime of the Colonels. Under the Colonels, the language question entered its final stage. The link between katharevousa and authoritarian government became stronger than ever, and diglossia was enforced as rigorously as possible. In 1968 katharevousa was made the official language of the state, including education; demotic was banned from schools except for the first three years of primary classes, and even there the demotic used was altered to make it as much like katharevousa as possible.^[2]:316Many^[quantify] academics were dismissed from their posts, including professors^[who?] at the University of Thessaloniki who were open supporters of demotic. In 1972, the Armed Forces General Staff published a widely available free booklet under the title National Language which extolled the virtues of katharevousa and condemned demotic as a jargon or slang that did not even possess a grammar. The existing demotic grammar textbooks were dismissed as inconsistent and unteachable, while the demoticists themselves were accused of communism and working to undermine the state. This booklet essentially tried to revive the old argument that—even with an expanded vocabulary largely derived from katharevousa—demotic lacked the sophisticated grammatical structures necessary to express complex meaning; but after a century of demotic prose literature, and indeed sixty years of school textbooks written in demotic, it was hard to make this seem convincing. The booklet itself came to represent what some identified as a "katharevousa mentality", characterized by "cliches, empty rhetoric, and the pretentious display of lexical and grammatical virtuosity".^[2]:20The Greek language question was finally laid to rest on 30 April 1976, when Article 2 of Law 309—still written in katharevousa—stipulated that Modern Greek should be the sole language of education at all levels, starting with the school year 1977–78.^[2]:319 This Law defined Modern Greek as: ... the Demotic that has been developed into a Panhellenic instrument of expression by the Greek People and the acknowledged writers of the Nation, properly constructed, without regional and extreme forms. However this demotic was far from the "vulgar grocers' language" of two centuries before. It had absorbed elements of katharevousa and evolved into what is now generally called Standard Modern Greek or SMG (to distinguish it from plain Modern Greek, which covers everything since the fall of Constantinople in 1453).^[10]:362 The folksy neologisms popularized by Psycharis had been largely trimmed away again (these were the "extreme forms" deprecated in Law 309), and henceforward in SMG new words would usually be coined the katharevousa way, using ancient models. Katharevousa had by now become so closely identified with the Colonels that when their unpopular regime collapsed in July 1974, support for katharevousa and enforced diglossia crumbled with it, never to recover. The new democratic government of Konstantinos Karamanlis then set about language reform for one last time.Finally in 1982 the newly elected socialist government of Andreas Papandreou signed a presidential decree imposing the monotonic written accent system on education.^[2]:323 This simplified scheme uses only two diacritical marks: the tonos ( ΄ ) to mark the stressed vowel, and the diaeresis ( ¨ ) which serves (as in English and French) to indicate separated vowel sounds. However this final change was not universally popular, and some (non-educational) writers and publishers still continue to use the traditional polytonic system, employing up to nine different diacritical marks, often with several in each word and sometimes up to three on the same vowel (for example ᾧ). The end of mandatory katharevousa (and the consequent diglossia) was, however, welcomed by almost all. "When the reign of katharevousa came to an end in 1976, many Greeks felt, in their everyday lives, a kind of linguistic liberation and a greater sense of personal and national self-respect at the realization that the language they had imbibed with their mothers' milk was not only something to be cherished but something to be proud of ..." (Mackridge 2009, p20)

- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Greek-words-sometimes-have-two-ways-to-spell

dialect

- Koine Greek (UK English /ˈkɔɪniː/, US English /kɔɪˈneɪ/, /ˈkɔɪneɪ/ or /kiːˈniː/; from Koine Greek ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος, "the common dialect"), also known as Alexandrian dialect, common Attic, Hellenistic or Biblical Greek (Greek: Ελληνιστική Κοινή, "Hellenistic Koiné", in the sense of "Hellenistic supraregional language"), was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during Hellenistic and Roman antiquity and the early Byzantine era, or Late Antiquity. It evolved from the spread of Greek following the conquests of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC, and served as the lingua franca of much of the Mediterranean region and the Middle East during the following centuries. It was based mainly on Attic and related Ionic speech forms, with various admixtures brought about through dialect levelling with other varieties. Koine Greek included styles ranging from more conservative literary forms to the spoken vernaculars of the time. As the dominant language of the Byzantine Empire, it developed further into Medieval Greek, which then turned into Modern Greek. Koine remained the court language of the Byzantine Empire until its ending in 1453, while Medieval and eventually Modern Greek were everyday languages. Literary Koine was the medium of much of post-classical Greek literary and scholarly writing, such as the works of Plutarch and Polybius. Koine is also the language of the Christian New Testament, of the Septuagint (the 3rd-century BC Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible), and of most early Christian theological writing by the Church Fathers. In this context, Koine Greek is also known as "Biblical", "New Testament", "ecclesiastical" or "patristic" Greek. It continues to be used as the liturgical language of services in the Greek Orthodox Church.

• https://www.quora.com/Are-there-big-differences-between-Koine-and-Byzantine-Greek-especially-about-the-reading-rules-pitch-and-pronunciation-and-vocabulary

- Mycenaean Greek is a distinct dialect from any classical form of Greek (Attic, Ionian, Aeolic or Dorian).https://www.quora.com/Did-the-Mycenaean-Greeks-speak-the-same-spoken-language-as-the-Greeks-from-the-classical-period-And-what-was-the-spoken-language-of-the-Dorians-prior-to-their-migration
- https://www.quora.com/Are-Cappadocian-and-Pontic-Greek-considered-Hellenic-dialects-or-languages
- arcado-cypriot

• mentioned in https://www.quora.com/Im-aware-that-Greek-is-the-only-language-in-the-hellenic-branch-however-were-there-any-other-languages-in-the-branch-What-were-they

- https://www.quora.com/Is-there-really-a-sole-modern-Greek-language-or-is-that-mostly-a-political-decision-and-in-fact-the-several-Greek-dialects-could-well-be-considered-different-languages-just-like-a-group-of-Romance-languages


ch
- https://www.quora.com/Which-Greek-letters-should-I-use-to-represent-ch-sound-like-in-the-word-church

h
- https://www.quora.com/What-does-the-Greek-word-aplotis-mean Note that the Latin H and the Greek Η denote very different sounds. In ancient Greek it was [ē], while in Modern Greek it’s [i].

b/v
- https://www.quora.com/Why-don-t-people-use-letters-that-correspond-to-the-right-pronunciation-of-Greek-words-like-v-instead-of-b-th-instead-of-d-etc


p, ancient Greek π and φ
- https://www.quora.com/In-Attic-Greek-to-what-extent-was-the-phonemic-contrast-between-aspirated-and-non-aspirated-plosives-i-e-%CF%84-%CE%B8-%CF%80-%CF%86-%CE%BA-%CF%87-greater-than-the-allophonic-contrast-between-their-respective

******w sound
- https://www.quora.com/What-letter-in-the-Greek-alphabet-gives-the-W-sound-Is-it-gamma None. “w” does not exist in Greek. That’s why “w” is usually transliterated as vita (v) or omikron-ypsilon an ‘ou’ sound. “Sweden” in Greek is “Souidia” Σουηδίαfor example.

v
- The /v/ sound did not exist in Classical Attic Greek, but it does very much exist in Modern Greek. There are two different ways it can appear: The letter ⟨β⟩ originally made the /b/ sound in Classical Attic Greek, but, eventually, it came to represent the sound /v/. It is unclear exactly when this happened, but, in inscriptions from the Jewish catacombs in the city of Rome dating to the second and third centuries AD, ⟨β⟩ is used as a transliteration of the Latin letter ⟨v⟩, which, by that time, had come to represent the /v/ sound. In Classical Attic Greek, the digraphs ⟨αυ⟩ and ⟨ευ⟩ represented the /au̯/ and /eu̯/ diphthongs respectively, but, in Modern Greek, they have come to represent the sounds /av/ and /ev/. In some cases, especially before consonants, ⟨αυ⟩ and ⟨ευ⟩ can become /af/ and /ef/.https://www.quora.com/The-letter-V-doesnt-seem-to-have-an-equivalent-in-the-Greek-alphabet-but-isnt-the-sonority-v-used-in-that-language-How-is-it-written-then

χ
- https://www.quora.com/Why-was-the-Greek-letter-%CF%87-not-transliterated-into-Latin-as-the-letter-x


ajax
- https://www.quora.com/How-did-ancient-Greeks-pronounce-names-like-Ajax-without-the-soft-g-sound

ἀνάστασις (anástasis) literally means “standing up,” but, figuratively, it means “resurrection.” It comes from the verb ἀνίστημι (anístēmi), which means “to stand up.” ἀνίστημι, in turn, comes from the preposition ἀνά (aná), meaning “up,” and the verb ἵστημι (hístēmi), meaning “to make stand.” ἀνάστασις is the Greek word that is used in the writings included in the new Testament to describe Jesus’s resurrection.https://www.quora.com/Im-interested-in-Greek-and-ancient-languages-What-does-the-Greek-word-anastasis-mean-What-are-examples-of-it-being-used-in-ancient-literature-writings

χρήσιμος chrísimos - useful
Diet - way of living/lifestyle

alphabetic numerals
- https://www.quora.com/Do-modern-Greeks-use-alphabetic-numerals-in-special-situations-for-example-%CE%A6-500-If-so-when 

democracy - https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-word-for-republic-and-democracy-translated-as-dimokratiyah-%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1-in-Greek-Why-do-they-not-have-separate-words-for-both-republic-and-democracy

english
- Αγγλικά stems from the word ‘Anglia’, the medieval Latin name for England. Εγγλέζικα is the phonetic adaption of the word ‘English’ in Greek. Today the official and most commonly used word is Αγγλικά, while Εγγλέζικα denotes low education level. Fifty years ago the latter was the most common, while the former was in use only by few highly educated people and scholars.https://www.quora.com/Why-does-Greek-have-two-different-words-for-English-There-s-%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC-and-%CE%95%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1-which-both-mean-the-same-thing
- *******https://www.quora.com/Why-does-Greek-use-MP-to-write-a-B case of barack obama


Ελλάς
- two possible etymology explainations for Ελλάς.

The first is that it was originally the name of the land that was inhabited by the Greek tribe of Σελλοί. In time it became the name of the land of all the Hellenic tribes. The second is mythological. The patriarch of the Hellenes was Έλλην son of Δευκαλίων and father of Δωριεύς, Ίων & Αίολος.There is also a popular theory that Ελ is an alternative for Ηλ like in ήλιος =sun. Λας means rock. So Ελλάς means sunny rock. Or rock of light. Or land of light.https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-etymology-of-%E1%BC%99%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%82

greek (ethnicity) and greece
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-there-no-word-for-Greek-in-the-Greek-vocabulary-If-a-Greek-is-asked-today-to-identify-his-or-her-ethnicity-they-will-say-they-are-Greek-If-you-ask-them-what-that-is-in-Greek-they-will-say-Ellinas-or-Ellinida

greek (language)
- https://www.quora.com/Does-the-Greek-language-have-an-equivalent-to-Its-all-Greek-to-me

hieros kipos means sacred garden

ΙΔΙΩΤΗΣ=Idiot. Exact translation Private. Someone who lives a Private Life and doesn’t want to participate in Democracy. That was considered a Totally Stupid Attitude by Ancient Greeks, and as a result it ended up meaning Very Stupid. We don’t use it anymore in a bad sense -while Anglophones Use it in that sense a lot. Instead we still use it in its Original Meaning, when we are referring to a Person whose job got nothing to do with the Public Sector and is not a Government’s Employee and or a Politician. https://www.quora.com/How-did-ancient-Greeks-and-Romans-swear

truth
- Ἀλήθεια, alētheia Plato used the etymology to argue that ἀλήθεια is actually the recalling of the memories our soul had acquired before it entered our body.https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-Greek-word-for-truth

malaka
- https://www.quora.com/What-does-the-Greek-word-malaka-mean

ΜΑΛΑΚΑΣ=Malakas. AT LEAST 2.500 years old, and still in full use. We use it all the time even today. -Everybody who has visited Greece knows it-. Exact meaning is Soft but in a very bad way -not a tough man at all. A man who as a result of his Softness became Slow in Brains, as he doesn’t and can’t take Strong Initiatives, and due to his Stupid Slow Soft Lifestyle/Demeanor he can’t get girls to like him, and he ends up being a Pathetic Masturbator. Consequently in Ancient Greek ΜΑΛΑΚΑΣ ended up meaning an Idiotic Jerk, an Idiotic Wanker, an Idiotic Masturbator. And WE still use it!!! ALL the TIME!!!https://www.quora.com/How-did-ancient-Greeks-and-Romans-swear

menura - greek for moon tail, also name of genus (include lyrebird)

mesa ΜΕΣΑ - inside

mesos - ‘middle’
--> "meso-" in english

μπόγιας
- https://www.quora.com/How-can-the-Greek-%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82-ever-come-to-mean-the-person-who-collects-street-dogs-in-Greek

yes /no
-  The Greek ναί (nai), which was part of the Homeric vocabulary, is a variant of the Attic νή (nē), a particle of strong affirmation that was also used in invocations of gods (νὴ Δία, nē Dia “by Zeus”). They come from the Proto-Indo-European *h₁enos, which has also given the Latin nam and enim.https://www.quora.com/Why-does-Greek-yes-start-with-n-%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9-pronounced-like-neh-when-so-many-related-languages-have-no-that-starts-with-n-nein-nyet-no-nay-etc

repent in greek - (ετανοέω) or  metanoeō https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-Greek-word-for-repent

palaio - old

Philotimo (also spelled filotimo; Greek: φιλότιμο) is a Greek noun translating to "love of honor". However, philotimo is almost impossible to translate sufficiently as it describes a complex array of virtues.The word is used in early writings, sometimes in a bad sense; Plato's Republic uses philotimon (φιλότιμον) ironically: "covetous of honor"; other writers use philotimeomai (φιλοτιμέομαι) in the sense of "lavish upon". However, later uses develop the word in its more noble senses. By the beginning of the Christian era, the word was firmly a positive and its use in the Bible probably cemented its use in modern Greek culture. The word philotimon is used extensively in Hellenistic period literature.

ψάρι psári - fish

utopia
- Utopia in Greek is Ουτοπία. Ου- is a prefix signifying non-existence, or negation. (Actually, the prefix ou- is used very rarely in Greek. Oύτις: no-one, and ουπώποπτε: never-yet are the only other words with that prefix that come to my mind. The usual prefix in Greek to signify negation is a-/ an-) Topía derives from tópos, which means a place, a location. Therefore, Ουτοπία (Utopia) etymologically means a place that doesn’t (really) exist, that isn’t there. (By the way, the word “atopia,” a-topia, has also been used in a similar but more negative way, a few centuries after the word “utopia” was conceived.https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-literal-translation-of-the-Greek-word-Utopia

• https://www.quora.com/Most-people-understand-Utopia-to-mean-an-impossibly-ideal-place-or-state-of-affairs-What-does-this-word-derived-from-the-Greek-literally-mean

water
- https://www.quora.com/How-do-you-say-water-in-Greek
- Water in ancient Greek is ὕδωρ (hudōr) https://www.quora.com/Is-aqua-Greek-or-Latin

zaρa - zara - meaning 黎明，照耀

ζάω záo - 生命，活着，精力充沛

places names
- https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-proper-translation-in-English-of-the-ancient-Greek-%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%BD-%CE%BA%CE%B1%E1%BD%B6-%CE%B5%E1%BC%B0%CF%82-%CF%84%E1%BD%B4%CE%BD Μακεδονίαν καὶ εἰς τὴν ἄλλην Ἑλλάδα

A literal translation would be “Macedonia and the other Greece”. Now you are probably thinking why did Arrian (a Roman contemporary but let’s not concentrate on this) put the word other (εἰς τὴν ἄλλην ) before Greece if Macedonia was Greek?The simple answer is that he did it exactly because he meant that Alexander considered Macedonia to be one part of Greece. With the other parts being south of Macedonia.

- During the Classical Period, The country known as France was ruled by a people known as the Gauls, the Goths and the Celts also existed during this time. The Romans decided to name it Gallia, and the Ancient Greeks copied them. Modern Greek is the evolution of Ancient Greek, from Ionic Greek, and thus takes the name from the Gaulic country. All languages in Greek end in ‘ικά’, every single one, so, it’s a combination of the old name and the grammatical rule really. Like how England was Anglia and Ireland, Hibernia, Ιρλανδικά/Ιβερνικά is Irish, and Αγγλικά is English. https://www.quora.com/Why-does-the-Greek-language-reffered-to-the-French-as-Gallik%C3%AD-%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE-rather-than-something-close-to-Fran%C3%A7ais-like-in-all-languages-in-the-world

- taiwan 

• ΤΑΪΒΑΝ https://www.mfa.gr/theoriseis-eisodou-visas/theoriseis-gia-ellines-pou-taxidevoun-sto-exoteriko/pinakas-edafikon-ontotiton-arhon-pou-den-anagnorizontai-os-kyriarha-krati.html

- macao

• ΜΑΚΑΟ https://www.mfa.gr/theoriseis-eisodou-visas/theoriseis-gia-ellines-pou-taxidevoun-sto-exoteriko/pinakas-eidikon-dioikitikon-periohon-tis-kinas.html

- hong kong

• ΧΟΝΓΚ ΚΟΝΓΚ https://www.mfa.gr/theoriseis-eisodou-visas/theoriseis-gia-ellines-pou-taxidevoun-sto-exoteriko/pinakas-eidikon-dioikitikon-periohon-tis-kinas.html

people's names
- petros

• https://www.quora.com/Why-do-other-languages-change-the-name-of-Peter-to-be-Pierre-or-Piotr-or-Pedro-etc-Why-not-just-keep-it-as-it-is Peter isn’t the “original” name either, by any measure, it comes from the Greek name Petros, meaning stone or rock, which derived to Peter, Pierre, Piotr, Pedro, Pieter, Pietro and so on.

- https://www.quora.com/Is-Zena-still-an-Arabic-name-if-it-s-not-spelled-like-Zeina-Everyone-says-it-s-Greek Greeks name babies after their parents. It is a huge thing and has often ended in family rows.
- https://www.quora.com/Is-Thanos-a-Greek-name
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Papadopoulos-such-a-common-surname-in-Greece Papadopoulos is a common last name in Greece indeed. It indicates that the person carrying this name is most probably from Peloponnese, an area in mainland Greece. But what this surname means in particular? Translating it means the son of the priest. In more details the suffix -poulos means the son of (be careful if used as it is, as a simple word, has a different meaning, more specific the male genital organ is one possible translation) and the start Papa- means priest. Thinking that every village in Greece used to have at least one priest it is logical that it is a common name. An equivalent of Papadopoulos in slavic areas like Bulgaria or FYROM is Popov or Popovic. In Muslim countries it is Hoxha (if I remember well is the equivalent of a Christian priest).
- https://www.quora.com/Are-names-in-modern-Greece-similar-to-that-of-ancient-Greece
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-Ancient-Greek-names-not-sound-like-theyre-Greek
- hellenization

• https://www.quora.com/When-and-why-did-the-hellenization-of-foreign-names-fall-out-of-fashion-in-Greece
• hellenized names from turkey/albania

• https://www.quora.com/What-does-the-Greek-word-%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%86%CE%B1-Baroufa-mean-Is-the-surname-Varoufakis-derived-from-this-word

colours
- blue

• https://www.quora.com/Is-it-true-that-the-ancient-Greeks-did-not-have-name-for-color-blue Ancient Greek had two words for “blue” which are still used (formally) to this day. Kyanos from which the English “cyan” developed, was a darker blue, while glaukos which was a lighter blue.

• https://www.quora.com/Why-couldn-t-Ancient-Greeks-describe-the-colour-blue-with-its-own-definite-name There are actually two words for blue in ancient Greek which are still used in modern Greek too: Κυανος and Γαλαζιος: Cyanos (the word Cyan and its derivative cyanide come from it) and Galazios. Galazios is the light blue while the Cyanos is the sea blue or clear sky blue.
•  https://www.quora.com/Does-the-epithet-of-Poseidon-%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-refute-the-theory-that-the-Ancient-Greeks-had-no-word-for-blue

loan words in english
- https://www.quora.com/What-words-do-we-have-that-come-from-Greek

slavic loan words
- https://www.quora.com/Does-Greek-have-any-slavic-words Most of the Slavic loanwords are vernacular and a lot of them are part of the rural vocabulary. The most common are ασβός ‘badger’, βάλτος ‘swamp’, βίτσα ‘stick’, βλάχος ‘Vlach’, βρικόλακας ‘vampire’, καρβέλι ‘loaf of bread’, κλούβιος ‘addle’, κόρα ‘bread crust’, κοτέτσι ‘hencoop’, κοτσάνι ‘stalk’, κουνάβι ‘ferret, badger’, κουτάβι ‘puppy’, λακκούβα ‘puddle’, λόγγος ‘forest’, ντόμπρος ‘straightforward’, πέστροφα ‘trout’, ρούχο ‘cloth’, σανός ‘hay’, τσέλιγκας ‘shepherd’ and τσίπα ‘crust’. For a lot of them there are synonyms of Greek origin that are used in more formal environments.

writing style
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-Greek-alphabet-left-to-right

script
- https://www.quora.com/Why-are-Cyrillic-alphabets-considered-distinct-from-Greek

cursive writing
- https://www.quora.com/Do-Greeks-write-in-cursive-Is-there-a-cursive-way-to-write-Greek

development
- !!!!!I should also indicate that people who have lived my town speak old Greek language which is called Romaic. https://www.quora.com/What-do-Turkish-people-think-of-the-Greek-language
- https://www.quora.com/Where-did-the-Ancient-Greek-language-come-from Mycenaean Greek is the oldest attested form of the Greek language from the Late Bronze Age (16th to 12th centuries BC). It is preserved in inscriptions in Linear B, a script which was first attested on the island of Crete as a modification of the Linear A script (the latter being a script for a local Cretan, probably non-Greek language). Mycenaean Greek and its hypothesised undocumented ancestor, Proto-Greek, seem to have arisen from the southern wing of an “intrusion” of Indo-European speakers who used to inhabit the Caucasus area and the Eurasian steppes. But if you think that some massive migration introduced Ancient Greek to the ancient Greeks, you need to reconsider what an ancient Greek was. The area of Greece knew two advanced civilisations in the Bronze Age: the already mentioned militaristic, Greek-speaking Mycenaeans from mainland Greece and the maritime Minoans from the island of Crete, who most probably spoke a non-Greek language. Both the Mycenaeans and the Minoans arose from a Neolithic-related substratum from Anatolia (possibly the supposedly indigenous Pelasgians) mixed with some additional ‘eastern’ ancestry, accounting for ~9–18% of the gene pool of both the Mycenaeans and the Minoans [1]. That eastern ancestry is hypothesised to have stemmed from Chalcolithic-to-Bronze Age populations from Armenia, or similar unsampled populations of western Asia in the Caucasus region, who probably arrived both in mainland Greece and in Crete.

- https://www.quora.com/If-ancient-Greek-was-written-only-with-the-majuscule-capital-letters-and-without-diacritics-until-the-9th-to-10th-centuries-why-are-students-of-ancient-Greek-instructed-with-polytonic-and-minuscule-script
- https://www.quora.com/Is-the-Greek-language-a-direct-continuation-of-ancient-Greek
- https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-examples-of-obsolete-letters-from-the-Greek-alphabet
- https://www.quora.com/Did-a-state-of-diglossia-exist-in-the-Greek-language-during-the-Byzantine-period
- Less now than it used to be. In the 19th and early 20th century, when hellenisation was a big deal, Shakespeare was Σαίξπηρ <Saixpēr>, and Ibsen was Ίψεν <I(ps)en>: Ερρίκος Ίψεν - Βικιπαίδεια. The Habsburgs were hellenised as Αψβούργοι <A(ps)bourgoi> (pronounced /apsvurɣi/). The House of Glücksburg, which was the Greek royal house, was Οίκος του Γκλύξμπουργκ - Βικιπαίδεια <Glyxmpourgk>. Absinthe was borrowed from French as αψέντι <a(ps)enti>; garden from Turkish bahçe as μπαξές <mpaxes>.But as transliteration moved towards becoming more phonetic (so none of the tricks like eta for long i’s and ai for long e’s. like you’ll see in Shakespeare), transliteration also stopped using xi and psi. Michael Jackson has only ever been Μάικλ Τζάκσον - Βικιπαίδεια <Maikl Tzakson>, Mel Brooks is Μελ Μπρουκς - Βικιπαίδεια <Mel Mprouks>; Julius Epstein is Τζούλιους Έπσταϊν - Βικιπαίδεια <Tzoulious Epstaïn>. An expert remains an εξπέρ <exper> (French), because it was spelled with an x in the source language; but chips are τσιπς <tsips>, not τσιψ.https://www.quora.com/How-common-in-Greek-does-a-PS-letter-get-used-for-loanwords-or-translating-P-S-in-words
- https://www.quora.com/How-different-is-the-Ancient-Greek-language-from-the-modern-Greek-language-Can-any-Greek-speaking-people-testify-if-they-understand-classical-Greek-of-Homer-et-al
- https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-modern-or-ancient-Greek-word-for-any-large-massive-creature-or-monster-like-the-English-word-behemoth

learning portal
- www.smg.web.auth.gr

people
- Constantine Lascaris (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος Λάσκαρις - Kōnstantĩnos Láskaris; 1434 – 15 August 1501) was a Greek scholar and grammarian, one of the promoters of the revival of Greek learning in Italy during the Renaissance, born in Constantinople. Constantine Lascaris was born in Byzantium, where was educated by the scholar John Argyropoulos, Gemistus Pletho's friend and pupil. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, he took refuge in Rhodes and then in Italy, where Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, appointed him Greek tutor to his daughter Hippolyta. Here was published his Grammatica Graeca, sive compendium octo orationis partium, remarkable as being probably the first book entirely in Greek issued from the printing press, in 1476. After leaving Milan in 1465, Lascaris taught in Rome and in Naples, to which he had been summoned by Ferdinand I to deliver a course of lectures on Greece. In the following year, on the invitation of the inhabitants, and especially of Ludovico Saccano, he settled in Messina, Sicily. On the recommendation of Cardinal Bessarion, he was appointed to succeed Andronikos Galaziotes to teach Greek to the Basilian monks of the island. He continued to work in Messina until his death, teaching to many pupils who came especially in Sicily from all over Italy. Among his numerous pupils in Milan was Giorgio Valla and, in Messina, Pietro Bembo, Angelo Gabrieli, Urbano Valeriani, Cola Bruno, Bernardino Rizzo, Francesco Faraone, Antonio Maurolico (the father of Francesco Maurolico), Francesco Giannelli and Cristóbal Escobar. Lascaris bequeathed his library of valuable manuscripts of philosophy, science and magic to the Senate of Messina; the collection, after the Messina revolt (1674-1678), was confiscated and carried to Spain and is now in the Spanish National Library in Madrid.^[1] In the second half of the sixteenth century his tomb in Messina was totally destroyed during the repression of the Counter-Reformation.

• note that there is a Constantine Laskaris  - (Greek Κωνσταντίνος Λάσκαρης) Byzantine Emperor for a few months from 1204 to early 1205. He is sometimes called "Constantine XI", a numeral now usually reserved for Constantine Palaiologos.

roman empire
- there are a few elite Roman writers who did write in Greek. For instance, the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius (lived 121 – 180 AD) famously wrote his Meditations in Greek. Similarly, the surviving writings of the Roman orator Claudius Aelianus (lived c. 175 – c. 235 AD) are all in Greek. These writers, however, represent exceptions and not the rule.Secondly, Greek really was the everyday spoken language of most people, especially the educated elites, in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. Indeed, nearly every major writer from the eastern part of the Roman Empire whose writings have survived wrote in Greek. These people, though, were not of Roman descent and their cultures significantly differed from the culture of Roman Italy.For instance, the surviving writings of the biographer and Middle Platonist philosopher Ploutarchos (lived c. 46 – c. 120 AD), who lived in the Roman Empire and was a Roman citizen, are all in Greek. That is because Ploutarchos was Greek who was born in the Greek city of Chaironeia in Boiotia and lived nearly his entire life in Greece. The fact that native Greek-speakers in the east normally spoke Greek does not prove that elite Romans in the west, who were native speakers of Latin, would have normally spoken Greek also.Thirdly, many Roman aristocrats did know Greek and did occasionally use it. I have already mentioned how the Roman orator Cicero sometimes uses words or phrases from Greek in his writings. Similarly, Ploutarchos records in his Life of Julius Caesar that, when Caesar crossed the Rubicon on 10 January 49 BC, he shouted out a line from the Greek comic playwright Menandros: “Ἀνερρίφθω κύβος” (anerríphthō kýbos; literally: “Let the die be cast!”) Ploutarchos specifically records that Caesar quoted the line in the original Greek. Despite this, the Latin translation of the line has become more famous: “Alea iacta est.”https://www.quora.com/Did-the-Roman-upper-classes-speak-Greek-among-themselves

???? https://www.quora.com/Why-was-Katharevousa-abandoned-in-favor-of-Demotic-Greek

turks
- https://www.quora.com/How-many-Turks-speak-Greek

legacy
-  For historical reasons, all western alphabets including the Roman which is used now from English and Spanish to German, Turkish, Swahili and Vietnamese and the Cyrilic which is used from Russian to Mongolian and used by several Eadtern European languages plus many in Central Asia are derived directly from it. Armenian and Georgian are also derived and they are loosely based on it. If you know Greek you can probably sound out most of the letters found in epigraphical evidence in museums, road signs or tombstones in almost most any country from Patagonia to Greenland and from Dublin to Vladivostok. The scientific importance of the Greek alphabet due to its use in math and physics is invaluable. Finally, some of the greatest works of human literature and philosophy have been writren in it.https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-Greek-alphabet-important
- https://www.quora.com/Why-do-frat-houses-have-Greek-names
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-ancient-Greek-so-important-that-we-have-to-study-them-at-school Because ancient Greek civilization achieved a Cultural Victory. In many computer games , developers in order to make the experience more varied and less linear will implement mechanics that exclude war as a means to accomplish a task( defeat an enemy, conquer new land). In several games you can accomplish that by dominating culturally. Back to reality. Ancient Greece failed to dominate the world militarily for centuries. The Romans were better at warfare and they succeeded in conquering ancient Greek city States. However, they assimilated the culture greatly. Ancient Greek and especially Koine Greek was both the language of the intellectuals, academics, trade and arts. Since we can trace the majority of the Western civilization to Ancient Greece and Rome it is conductive that ancient Greek as a language is the “original language”The first steps in science were made or later translated to Ancient Greek. Everybody studying those texts had to understand Greek so it was normal to use Greek for further steps of the scientific progress. But also Greek can very well explain new things. Using compound words or prefixes and suffixes you can prescribe a standard meaning to something. For example, the suffix - ics always means “things about/concerning”. So politics are things about the polis (city), economics are things about the nomos(law/order) of the ecos(home) etc. 
- https://www.quora.com/If-you-were-to-draw-a-spectrum-of-European-languages-most-to-least-affected-by-Greek-what-would-this-diagram-look-like
- https://www.quora.com/Has-modern-Greek-gone-through-a-process-of-linguistic-re-convergence-of-dialects-to-remain-so-homogeneous-even-though-a-long-time-elapsed-since-the-spread-of-Koin%C3%A9-Greek-Did-Greek-dialects-differ-much-more-a
- https://www.quora.com/Why-didnt-Greek-spread-like-Latin-displacing-native-languages-and-creating-a-Greco-Indo-European-language-branch


*****https://www.quora.com/Why-dont-Greeks-bring-ancient-Greek-language-back-and-start-to-use-it  some Greek people actually did try to bring back Ancient Greek back in the late 1700s and early 1800s during the same wave of Greek nationalistic feeling that resulted in the Greek War of Independence (1821 – 1829) and the creation of modern, independent state of Greece. The effort was a failure, but it did result in a compromise: the creation of katharevousa (“the purified thing”), a form of Greek which combined aspects of modern, Demotic Greek and Classical Attic Greek, by the Greek scholar Admantios Korais (lived 1748–1833).Katharevousa became increasingly used for government and official purposes in the middle of the twentieth century. The problem, of course, is that most Greek people could not really understand it. In 1976, the Greek minister of education Georgios Rallis declared Demotic the official language of Greece and, in 1982, the Greek prime minister Andreas Papandreou formally abolished the confusing polytonic accent system that had been used for writing the Greek language since late antiquity. Since then, katharevousa has fallen out of popularity and, although it is still used by a few stuffy, conservative Greek newspapers, it seems to be mostly dying out.