trees flowers native to asia

香坡壘樹Hopea odorata, or Ta-khian (Thai: ตะเคียน), is a species of plant in the Dipterocarpaceae family. It is found in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. It is a large tree reaching up to 45 m in height with the base of the trunk reaching a diameter of 4.5 m. It grows in forests, preferably near rivers, at altitudes between 0 and 600m. In places such as West Bengal and the Andaman Islands it is often planted as a shade tree. Valued for its wood, it is a threatened species in its natural habitat.In Thailand this tree is believed to be inhabited by a certain tree spirit known as Lady Ta-khian (Thai: นางตะเคียน), belonging to a type of ghosts related to trees known generically as Nang Mai (นางไม้).^[6] In Cambodia it is known as the koki and the legend of the founding of Wat Phnom in Cambodia refers to the finding of Buddha statues in a koki tree floating in the river.
- Nang Ta-khian (Thai: นางตะเคียน; "Lady of Ta-khian") is a female spirit of the folklore of Thailand. It manifests itself as a woman that haunts Hopea odorata trees. These are very large trees known as Ta-khian (ตะเคียน) in Thai, hence her name.The Nang Ta-khian belong to a type of spirits or fairies related to trees and known generically in Thai folklore as Nang Mai (นางไม้; "Lady of the Tree"). Legends in the Thai oral tradition say the spirit inhabits a Ta-khian tree and sometimes appears as a beautiful young woman wearing traditional Thai attire, usually in reddish or brownish colours, contrasting with Nang Tani who is mostly represented in a green dress. Nang Ta-khian is generally a sylvan spirit, for the Ta-khian is a tall, massive tree that can live for centuries, naturally found in the forest and not near inhabited areas. As it has a large trunk and a wide-spreading root system, it is normally not planted close to homesteads. Like all Nang Mai, Nang Ta-khian haunts the immediate environment of her tree and she may also haunt a house having beams, stilts or pillars made from Ta-khian wood. She may hurt wicked or immoral people that come close to her abode, but righteous persons have nothing to fear from her. The tree is almost never felled for lumber, since the spirit will be furious and follow the wood. About the only place Ta-khian is used as lumber is in a Buddhist monastery, where the merit of the monks is considered sufficient to render the spirit harmless. Traditionally trees where Ta-khian resides have lengths of colored satin cloth wrapped around their trunk. In order to protect venerable old trees from logging, Buddhist monks use to wrap lengths of satin around them and in case of having to cut the tree a special ceremony had to be performed to ask for permission. However, in present times some of these very ancient trees are felled anyway for their wood, even though it is said to be dangerous for a person to cut such a tree without the previous consent of the spirit inhabiting it.

• scmp 27nov18

Toxicodendron vernicifluum (formerly Rhus verniciflua), also known by the common name Chinese lacquer tree, is an Asian tree species of genus Toxicodendron (formerly Rhus) native to China and the Indian subcontinent, and cultivated in regions of China, Korea and Japan.^[4] Other common names include Japanese lacquer tree,^[5] Japanese sumac,^[4] and varnish tree.^[5] The trees are cultivated and tapped for their toxic sap, which is used as a highly durable lacquer to make Chinese, Japanese, and Korean lacquerware.The trees grow up to 20 metres tall with large leaves, each containing from 7 to 19 leaflets (most often 11–13). The sap contains the allergenic compound urushiol, which gets its name from this species' Japanese name urushi (urushi (漆)); "urushi" is also used in English as a collective term for all kinds of Asian lacquerware made from the sap of this and related Asian tree species, as opposed to European "lacquer" or Japanning made from other materials. Urushiol is the oil found in poison ivy that causes a rash. ウルシ（漆、学名: Toxicodendron vernicifluum、英: Lacquer tree) は、ウルシ科ウルシ属の落葉高木。

- no chinese wiki version

- Japanning is a type of finish that originated as a Europeanimitation of Asian lacquerwork. It was first used on furniture, but was later much used on small items in metal. The word originated in the 17th century. Although often referred to as lacquer, it is distinct from true East Asian lacquer, which is made by coating objects with a preparation based on the dried sap of the Toxicodendron vernicifluum tree, which was not available in Europe.

• Wolverhampton and Bilston were important centres for the manufacture of japanned ware. Trade directories for 1818 list 20 firms of japanners in Wolverhampton and 15 in Bilston.^[1] According to Samuel Timmins' book Birmingham and the Midland Hardware District, published in 1866, there were 2000 people employed in the japanning and tin-plate industries in Wolverhampton and Bilston at the time. Japanning firms ranged in size from small family workshops, which often adjoined the proprietor's home, to a few large factories employing over 250 people. In the larger workshops, the production of tin plate and papier-mâché articles and the japanning process all took place under one roof, while small workshops tended to carry out only one or two of the trades, usually tin-plate working and japanning.  At the height of its popularity, richly decorated japanned ware was to be seen in every middle-class home, but from the mid-19th century, this began to change. By the 1880s, the japanning and tin-plate industries were in decline. This was due partly to changes in fashion and taste and partly due to the development of electroplating. In response, makers of japanned ware began to focus on more utilitarian items, including japanned cash boxes. Many turned to other trades, including enamelling, electroplating and the manufacture of copper and brass coal scuttles, fire screens and kettles. By the 1920s, the West Midlands' decorative japanned ware industry had largely died out. Many firms began to supply japanned metal to the newly established bicycle and motor vehicle industries, and some even made their own bicycles. The most successful of these was John Marston, whose japanning factory began making bicycles in 1887. The bicycle manufacturing part of the business quickly became more successful than the production of decorative japanned ware. Marston's wife thought the gilt on the black japanned bicycles looked like sunbeams and the bicycles were branded Sunbeam and their factory was named Sunbeamland.

柚木（學名Verbenaceae Tectona grandis L.f）又名胭脂樹，是闊葉喬木，屬於唇形科（或是馬鞭草科）柚木屬的植物。一般生長在南亞或東南亞，以緬甸(Burma Teak)出產的最為著名，原產地為緬甸 (Kyun)、印尼(Teak)、泰國(Teak)、婆羅洲、爪哇、台灣等，是珍貴的木材，有「萬木之王」的美譽。  Teak (Tectona grandis) is a tropical hardwood tree species placed in the flowering plant family Lamiaceae. Tectona grandis is a large, deciduous tree that occurs in mixed hardwood forests. It has small, fragrant white flowers and large papery leaves that are often hairy on the lower surface. It is sometimes known as the "Burmese teak". Teak wood has a leather-like smell when it is freshly milled. It is particularly valued for its durability and water resistance, and is used for boat building, exterior construction, veneer, furniture, carving, turnings, and other small wood projects.^[2] Tectona grandis is native to south and southeast Asia, mainly India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar and Bangladesh but is naturalised and cultivated in many countries in Africa and the Caribbean. Myanmar's teak forests account for nearly half of the world's naturally occurring teak.^[3] Molecular studies show that there are two centres of genetic origin of teak; one in India and the other in Myanmar and Laos.^[4][5] "CP teak" ("Central Province" teak) is a description of teak from the central states of India.^[6] "Nagpur teak" is another regional Indian teak. It produces small, white flowers arranged in dense clusters (panicles) at the end of the branches. Flowers contain both types of reproductive organs (perfect flowers). The word teak comes from Tamil tekku (தேக்கு), Malayalam thekku (തേക്ക്), Kannada tega (ತೇಗ) via the Portuguese teca.^[7] The plant is known in Sinhala as Thekka (තේක්ක) among the Sri Lankan people and Segun (সেগুন) in Bangladesh and West Bengal. 

- mentioned in michael portillo's continental railway journey (india episode re anglo indian colony whitefield) - the wood was used to build british style bungalows.

Jasminum sambac (Arabian jasmine or Sambac jasmine^[1][3]) is a species of jasmine native to a small region in the eastern Himalayas in Bhutan and neighbouring Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. It is cultivated in many places, especially across much of South and Southeast Asia. It is naturalised in many scattered locales: Mauritius, Madagascar, the Maldives, Cambodia, Indonesia, Christmas Island, Chiapas, Central America, southern Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the Lesser Antilles. Jasminum sambac is a small shrub or vine growing up to 0.5 to 3 m (1.6 to 9.8 ft) in height. It is widely cultivated for its attractive and sweetly fragrant flowers. The flowers may be used as a fragrant ingredient in perfumes and jasmine tea. It is the national flower of the Philippines, where it is known as sampaguita,^[7] as well as being one of the three national flowers of Indonesia, where it is known as melati putih. Despite the English common name of "Arabian jasmine", Jasminum sambac is not originally native to Arabia. The habits of Jasminum sambac support a native habitat of humid tropical climates and not the arid climates of the Middle East. Early Chinese records of the plant points to the origin of Jasminum sambac as eastern South Asia and Southeast Asia. Jasminum sambac (and nine other species of the genus) were spread into Arabia and Persia by man, where they were cultivated in gardens. From there, they were introduced to Europe where they were grown as ornamentals and were known under the common name "sambac" in the 18th century.^[10][11]

Medieval Arabic "zanbaq" meant jasmine flower-oil from the flowers of any species of jasmine. This word entered late medieval Latin as "sambacus" and "zambacca" with the same meaning as the Arabic, and then in post-medieval Latin plant taxonomy the word was adopted as a label for the J. sambac species.^[12] The J. sambac species is a good source for jasmine flower-oil in terms of the quality of the fragrance and it continues to be cultivated for this purpose for the perfume industry today. The Jasminum officinale species is also cultivated for the same purpose, and probably to a greater extent.      双瓣茉莉的学名 sambac 从梵语 champaka 而来，原指木兰科含笑属的黄玉兰（Michelia champaca）。中文中广义的茉莉花一词，常指木樨科素馨属（Jasminum）常绿灌木或藤本植物的统称。但人们平常俗称的茉莉花即指双瓣茉莉。

-  Jasminum sambac (Filipino: sampaguita from Indian Sanskrit word Champaka) was adopted by the Philippines as the national flower on 1 February 1934 via Proclamation No. 652 issued by American Governor-General Frank Murphy.^[23][24][25] Filipinos string the flowers into leis, corsages, and sometimes crowns.^[26][27] These garlands are available as loose strings of blossoms or as tight clusters of buds, and are commonly sold by poor children outside churches and near intersections.^[28]

Sampaguita garlands are used as a form of bestowing honour, veneration, or accolade. These are primarily used to adorn religious images and photographs of the dead on altars. These are placed around the necks of living persons such as dignitaries, visitors, and occasionally to graduating students. Buds strung into ropes several metres long are often used to decorate formal events such state occasions at Malacañang Palace, weddings, and are sometimes used as the ribbon in ribbon cutting ceremonies. Though edible, the flower is rarely used in cuisine, with an unusual example being flavouring for ice cream.Jasminum sambac was the subject of the danza song La Flor de Manila, composed by Dolores Paterno in 1879 at the age of 25. The song was popular during the Commonwealth and is now regarded as a romantic classic.^[29] The flower is also the namesake of the song Collar de Sampaguita.The fragrance of Lady Gaga's perfume, Fame, was thought to be inspired by Sampaguita when she bought one from the street children in Manila the time she had her concert in the Philippines.

-  Jasminum sambac (Indonesian: melati putih) is one of the three national flowers in Indonesia, the other two being the moon orchid and the giant padma.

-  In Hawaii, the flower is known as pikake, and are used to make fragrant leis.^[16] The name 'pikake' is derived from the Hawaiian word for "Peacock", because the Hawaiian Princess Kaʻiulani was fond of both the flowers and the bird.

-  In Sri Lanka it is widely known as pichcha or gaeta pichcha. The name sithapushpa and katarolu are also used in older texts. The flowers are used in Buddhist temples and in ceremonial garlands.

Nandina domestica (/nænˈdiːnə/ nan-DEE-nə) commonly known as nandina, heavenly bamboo or sacred bamboo, is a species of flowering plant in the family Berberidaceae, native to eastern Asia from the Himalayas to Japan. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Nandina.Despite the common name, it is not a bamboo but an erect evergreen shrub up to 2 m (7 ft) tall by 1.5 m (5 ft) wide, with numerous, usually unbranched stems growing from ground level. All parts of the plant are poisonous, containing compounds that decompose to produce hydrogen cyanide, and could be fatal if ingested. The plant is placed in Toxicity Category 4^{[clarification needed]}, the category "generally considered non-toxic to humans", but the berries are considered toxic to cats and grazing animals.Nandina is derived from the Japanese vernacular name, ナンテン, pronounced ‘nanten’. Domestica means ‘domesticated’, or ‘of the household’.

- seen one chinese translation as 仙芝

Ramie (/ˈreɪmi/, ray-mee) is a flowering plant in the nettle family Urticaceae, native to eastern Asia. It is a herbaceousperennial growing to 1–2.5 m tall;^[1] the leaves are heart-shaped, 7–15 cm long and 6–12 cm broad, and white on the underside with dense small hairs—this gives it a silvery appearance; unlike stinging nettles, the hairs do not sting. The true ramie or China grass, is also called Chinese plant or white ramie. A second type, known as green ramie or rhea, is believed to have originated in the Malay Peninsula^{[citation needed]}. It has smaller leaves which are green on the underside, and it appears to be better suited to tropical conditions.^[1] The word ramie is derived from the Malay word rami. 苎(拼音：zhù，注音：ㄓㄨˋ)麻属（Boehmeria）属荨麻科植物。其中苎麻（Boehmeria nivea）分成白葉種(white ramie)及綠葉種(green ramie)。La ramie (également appelée « ortie de Chine ») Die Ramie (Boehmeria nivea), auch Chinagras  El ramio u ortiga blanca (Boehmeria nivea) Ramie (/ˈreɪmi/, RAY-mee) is a flowering plant in the nettle family Urticaceae, native to eastern Asia. It is a herbaceous perennial growing to 1.0–2.5 m (3 ft 3 in–8 ft 2 in) tall;^[1] the leaves are heart-shaped, 7–15 cm (2.8–5.9 in) long and 6–12 cm (2.4–4.7 in) broad, and white on the underside with dense, small hairs—this gives it a silvery appearance; unlike stinging nettles, the hairs do not sting. The true ramie or China grass, is also called Chinese plant or white ramie. A second type, known as green ramie or rhea, is believed to have originated in the Malay Peninsula^{[citation needed]}. It has smaller leaves which are green on the underside, and it appears to be better suited to tropical conditions.^[1] The word "ramie" is derived from the Malay word rami.カラムシ（苧、枲、Boehmeria nivea var. nipononivea）は、イラクサ目イラクサ科の多年生植物。南アジアから日本を含む東アジア地域まで広く分布し、古くから植物繊維をとるために栽培されたため、文献上の別名が多く、紵（お）、苧麻（ちょま）、青苧（あおそ）、山紵（やまお）、真麻（まお）、苧麻（まお）。など。

- 苎麻（Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich.）荨麻科苎麻属亚灌木或灌木植物。别称：（名医别录） 野麻（广东、贵州、湖南、湖北、安徽），野苎麻（贵州、浙江、江苏、湖北、河南、陕西、甘肃），家麻（江西），苎仔（台湾），青麻（广西、湖北），白麻（广西）。 苎麻中国古代重要的纤维作物之一。原产于中国西南地区。新石器时代长江中下游一些地方就已有种植。考古出土年代最早的是浙江钱山漾新石器时代遗址出土的苎麻布和细麻绳，距今已有4700余年。中国是苎麻品种变异类型和苎麻属野生种较多的国家，中国苎麻栽培历史最悠久，距今已4700年以上。苎麻较适应温带和亚热带气候。苎麻叶是蛋白质含量较高、营养丰富的饲料。麻根含有“苎麻酸”的药用成份，有补阴、安胎、治产前产后心烦，以及治疔疮等作用。麻骨可作造纸原料，或制造可做家具和板壁等多种用途的纤维板。麻骨还可酿酒、制糖。麻壳可脱胶提取纤维，供纺织、造纸或修船填料之用。鲜麻皮上刮下的麻壳，可提取糠醛，而糠醛是化学工业的精炼溶液剂，又是树脂塑料。Ramie has been grown in China for many centuries and farmers in ancient China are known to have used the fiber to weave clothing. It may have been used in cloths for wrapping mummies in Egypt. Though ramie and flax are difficult to distinguish in ancient cloth, ramie's resistance to bacteria and mildew would make it appropriate for mummy wrapping. Ramie was used to produce an open weave fabric called mechera, used for shirts and dressing gowns suitable for warm climates. The French painter Raoul Dufy designed in the early 20th century patterns for prints on mechera used by the French shirtmaker Charvet. Brazil began production in the late 1930s with production peaking in 1971. Since then, production has steadily declined as a result of competition with alternative crops, such as soybeans and the important synthetic fibers.

- 今でこそしつこい雑草として嫌われる場合もあるが、茎の皮からは採れる靭皮繊維は麻などと同じく非常に丈夫である。績（う）ん取り出した繊維を、紡いで糸とするほかに、糾綯（あざな）って紐や縄にし、また荒く組んで網や漁網に用い、経（たていと）と緯（よこいと）を機（お）って布にすれば衣類や紙としても幅広く利用できる。分布域では自生種のほかに、6000年前からヒトの手により栽培されてきた。日本において現在自生しているカラムシは、有史以前から繊維用に栽培されてきたものが野生化した史前帰化植物であった可能性が指摘されている。古代日本では朝廷や豪族が部民（専門の職業集団）として糸を作るための麻績部（おみべ）、布を織るための機織部（はとりべ、はとり、服部）を置いていたことが見え、『日本書紀』持統天皇7年（693年）条によれば、天皇が詔を発して役人が民に栽培を奨励すべき草木の一つとして「紵（カラムシ）」が挙げられている。中世の越後国は日本一のカラムシの産地だったため、戦国大名として有名な上杉謙信は衣類の原料として青苧座を通じて京都などに積極的に売り出し、莫大な利益を上げた。新潟県の魚沼地方で江戸時代から織られていた伝統的な織物、越後縮はこれで織られていた。また上杉氏の転封先であった出羽国米沢藩では藩の収入源のひとつであった。このため、カラムシの専売化をめぐり、宝暦10年（1760年）の『青苧騒動』や文化4年（1807年）の『青苧一件』が起こる。なお、置賜地方産のカラムシを「米沢苧」という。この他、江戸時代の有名な産地に陸奥国会津や出羽国最上地方があった。

- 忠清南道 舒川郡 韩山 苎麻布馆

- china

• Liuyang xiabu cloth, an intangible cultural heritage item that originated in Liuyang, Hunan province. The cloth, made of ramie, a type of vegetable fiber known as "Chinese grass", was exported to Japan and other countries as a highly prized commodity as early as the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). In the 1980s and 1990s, more than 100,000 bolts of the cloth were sold overseas every year. However, the cloth's production has declined due to its complex processing and other drawbacks. "More than 60 manufacturing processes are needed to make high-quality xiabu cloth," Tan said. A lot of craftspeople who once made the cloth, including Tan's wife, chose to find other jobs with higher pay.

Adenophora is a genus of flowering plants in the family Campanulaceae, the bellflowers. Plants of this genus are known commonly as ladybells.^[2] Most are native to eastern Asia, with a few in Europe. Many are endemic to either China or Siberia. 沙參屬（Adenophora）是桔梗科下的一個屬. 該屬學名Adenophora，其中「adeno-」來自古希臘語：ἀδήν（adḗn），意為「腺體」。而「-phora」意為「帶來」，即「帶有腺體」的意思，指該屬花柱的基部具杯狀花盤或腺體。

阿魏（Ferula assafoetida）是一种印度香料，又名阿虞、兴渠、薰渠、哈昔尼、芸台等。这种香草在西域有出产，但中国不常见，是一种叶子近似芫荽的植物。 Asafoetida (/æsəˈfɛtɪdə/; also spelled asafœtida) is the dried latex (gum oleoresin) exuded from the rhizome or tap root of several species of Ferula, a perennial herb that grows 1 to 1.5 m (3.3 to 4.9 ft) tall. It is part of the celery family Apiaceae. Asafoetida is thought to be in the same genus as silphium, a plant now believed to be extinct, and was used as a cheaper substitute for that historically important herb. The species is native to the deserts of Iran and mountains of Afghanistan, but is mainly cultivated in nearby India. Asafoetida has a pungent smell, thus its trivial name stinking gum, but in cooked dishes it delivers a smooth flavour reminiscent of leeks. It is also known as food of the gods, devil's dung, jowani badian, hing, hengu, inguva, kayam, and ting.

-  This spice is used as a digestive aid, in food as a condiment, and in pickling. It plays a critical flavoring role in Indian vegetarian cuisine by acting as an umami enhancer. Used along with turmeric, it is a standard component of lentil curries such as dal and sambar, as well as in numerous vegetable dishes, especially those based on potato and cauliflower. Kashmiri cuisine also uses it in lamb/mutton dishes such as Rogan Josh.^[5] It is sometimes used to harmonize sweet, sour, salty, and spicy components in food. The spice is added to the food at the time of tempering. Sometimes dried and ground asafoetida (in very small quantities) can be mixed with salt and eaten with raw salad.

-  The English name is derived from asa, a Latinized form of Persian azā, meaning "resin", and Latin foetidus meaning "smelling, fetid", which refers to its strong sulfurous odour. In the U.S., the folk spelling and pronunciation is "asafedity". It is called हिंग (hinga) in Marathi, हींग "(hīng)" in Hindi, ହେଙ୍ଗୁ "(hengu)" in Odiya, হিং "(hiṅ)" in Bengali, ಇಂಗು (ingu) in Kannada, കായം (kāyaṃ) in Malayalam, ఇంగువ (inguva) in Telugu and பெருங்காயம் (perunkayam) in Tamil. In Pashto it is called, هنجاڼه "(hënjâṇa)".^[19] In 14th century Malayalam it is called 'Raamadom" and are sold by special Traders called "Raamador.' Its pungent odour has resulted in its being known by many unpleasant names. In French it is known (among other names) as merde du Diable, meaning "Devil's shit".^[20] in English it is sometimes called Devil's dung, and equivalent names can be found in most Germanic languages (e.g., German Teufelsdreck,^[21] Swedish dyvelsträck, Dutch duivelsdrek^[20] and Afrikaans duiwelsdrek). Also, in Finnish it is called pirunpaska or pirunpihka, in Turkish it is known as Şeytan tersi, Şeytan boku or Şeytan otu and in Kashubian it is called czarcé łajno.

- Silphium (also known as silphion, laserwort, or laser) was a plant that was used in classical antiquity as a seasoning, perfume, as an aphrodisiac, or as a medicine.^[1][2] It was the essential item of trade from the ancient North African city of Cyrene, and was so critical to the Cyrenian economy that most of their coins bore a picture of the plant. The valuable product was the plant's resin (laser, laserpicium, or lasarpicium). Silphium was an important species in prehistory, as evidenced by the Egyptians and Knossos Minoans developing a specific glyph to represent the silphium plant.^[3] It was used widely by most ancient Mediterranean cultures; the Romans who mentioned the plant in poems or songs, considered it "worth its weight in denarii" (silver coins), or even gold.^[2] Legend said that it was a gift from the god Apollo.The exact identity of silphium is unclear. It is commonly believed to be a now-extinct plant of the genus Ferula,^[1] perhaps a variety of "giant fennel". The still-extant plants Margotia gummifera [pt]^[4] and Ferula tingitana^[5] have been suggested as other possibilities. Another plant, asafoetida, was used as a cheaper substitute for silphium, and had similar enough qualities that Romans, including the geographer Strabo, used the same word to describe both.

• https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-effective-and-ineffective-birth-control-methods-practiced-in-Ancient-Rome

********Prosopis cineraria, known as Jammi, Shami, Khejri Tree, or Ghaf, is a species of floweringtree in the pea family, Fabaceae. It is native to arid portions of Western Asia and the Indian Subcontinent, including Afghanistan, Bahrain, Iran, India, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen. It is an established introduced species in parts of Southeast Asia, including Indonesia.   It is the national tree of the United Arab Emirates, where it is known as Ghaf. Through the Give a Ghaf campaign its citizens are urged to plant it in their gardens to combat desertification and to preserve their country's heritage.^[3] The desert village of Nazwa in the UAE is home to the Al Ghaf Conservation Reserve. It is also the state tree of Rajasthan (where it is known as Khejri) and Telangana (where it is known as Jammi ) in India. A large and well-known example of the species is the Tree of Life in Bahrain – approximately 400 years old and growing in a desert devoid of any obvious sources of water.

 Le nono ou pomme-chien  Der Nonibaum  Morinda citrifolia is a fruit-bearing tree in the coffee family, Rubiaceae. Its native range extends across Southeast Asia and Australasia, and the species is now cultivated throughout the tropics and widely naturalized.^[1] Among some 100 names for the fruit across different regions are the more common English names of great morinda, Indian mulberry, noni, beach mulberry, and cheese fruit. The strong-smelling fruit has been eaten as a famine food or staple food among some cultures, and has been used in traditional medicine. In the consumer market, it has been introduced as a supplement in various formats, such as capsules, skin products, and juices.檄樹（Morinda citrifolia，又名海濱木巴戟、海巴戟^{[註 2]}）

- Au début des années 1990, un grand nombre d'agriculteurs de Polynésie française se lancent dans la culture du nono6. L'arbuste est déjà présent sur ce territoire, où il pousse naturellement. Parfaitement adapté au climat polynésien, sa culture est rapide et peu contraignante. Le gouvernement de Polynésie Française accorde des aides à la société américaine Tahitian Noni International et sa filière locale Morinda, afin de construire une usine de production de jus et de purée de nono dans la commune de Papara, sur l'île de Tahiti6. Le marché de consommation se développe fortement, et des exploitations sont créées dans de nombreux pays au climat tropical, en particulier au Mexique et au Costa Rica6. D'autres pays suivent, comme les îles Fidji ou la République dominicaine. 

- Among Austronesian peoples, noni was traditionally used primarily for the production of dyes. It was carried into the Pacific Islands as canoe plants by Austronesian voyagers. Morinda bark produces a brownish-purplish dye that may be used for making batik. In Hawaii, yellowish dye is extracted from its roots to dye cloth.

- 成熟的果實具有強烈的臭味，因此澳洲又稱為「乳酪果」或是「嘔吐果」^[16]，果實雖然味道難聞又有苦味，不過在作物欠收食物缺乏的荒年，仍然可以做為救荒的食物。新鮮或煮過的果實在某些太平洋島嶼也被當地人拿來當做主食食用。東南亞與澳洲原住民會以鮮果沾鹽生食或是將果實加入咖哩內一起煮食。種子也可以食用，在食用前要先用火烤過。波希米亞人使用檄樹治療月經問題，中醫用檄樹根莖製備成為巴戟天，治療夢遺、腰背痛、月經紊亂等^[18]。

- any relation?

• 檄文是古代用于征召，晓谕的政府公告或声讨、揭发罪行等的文书。现在也指战斗性强的批判，声讨文章。“操作檄文以达诸郡。”——《三国演义》。檄文 xí wén古代写在木简上的官方文书，用于晓谕、征召、声讨等的文书，特指声讨敌人或叛逆的文书。古代文书、文告的一种。《汉书·朱博传》：“合下书佐入，博口占檄文。”《北史·孙搴传》：“会神武西征，登风陵，命中外府司马李义深、相府城局李士略共作檄文，皆辞，请以搴代。”《东周列国志》第一百三回：“使者去后，樊於期草就檄文，略曰：长安君成峤布告中外臣民知悉：……” 清孔尚任《桃花扇·草檄》：“清君侧，走檄文，雄兵义旗遮路尘。” 毛泽东 《反对党八股》：“上面这八条，就是我们申讨党八股的檄文。”参见“檄”。古代用于征召，晓谕的政府公告或声讨、揭发罪行等的文书。现在也指战斗性强的批判，声讨文章。

Toxicodendron vernicifluum (formerly Rhus verniciflua^[1]), also known by the common name Chinese lacquer tree,^[1][2][3] is an Asian tree species of genus Toxicodendron(formerly Rhus) native to China and the Indian subcontinent, and cultivated in regions of China, Korea and Japan.^[4] Other common names include Japanese lacquer tree,^[5]Japanese sumac,^[4] and varnish tree.^[5] The trees are cultivated and tapped for their toxic sap, which is used as a highly durable lacquer to make Chinese, Japanese, and Korean lacquerware. The sap contains the allergenic compound urushiol, which gets its name from this species' Japanese name urushi (urushi (漆)); "urushi" is also used in English as a collective term for all kinds of Asian lacquerware made from the sap of this and related Asian tree species, as opposed to European "lacquer" or Japanning made from other materials. Urushiol is the oil found in poison ivy that causes a rash.漆樹（Toxicodendron vernicifluum，原為Rhus verniciflua^[1]）是漆樹屬（原屬鹽膚木屬）下的一種落葉喬木，原產於中國和印度次大陸，以生產生漆著名^[1][2][3]。為了提取其樹幹中的生漆，日本和韓國也將其引種到了自己國家。在日本，這種植物本身就叫做「漆」（ウルシ）^[4]。其樹幹割開樹幹流出的生漆（即其樹脂）可以用來製造家具、樂器（如古琴）等。生漆中含有高濃度的漆酚，有毒，直接接觸會引起皮膚起泡及過敏性皮炎，陶弘景就曾評價生漆為「毒烈」，中醫入藥可用來驅除體內寄生蟲^[5]。

Juniperus chinensis (Chinese juniper, 圆柏, 桧) is a juniper that grows as a shrub or tree with a very variable shape, reaching 1–20 m tall. This native of northeast Asia grows in China, Mongolia, Japan, Korea and the southeast of Russia.This popular ornamental tree or shrub in gardens, parks, and in tough coastal conditions of hot sun and sandy fast draining soils, has more than 100 named cultivars selected for various characters, such as yellow foliage (e.g. cvs. 'Aurea', 'Tremonia'), permanently juvenile foliage (e.g. cv. 'Shoosmith'), columnar crown shape (cv. 'Columnaris'), abundant cones (e.g. cv. 'Kaizuka'), etc. First popular in the United States in the Los Angeles gardens in Mediterranean style homes, and now commonly found along both the West and East Coast in beach and coastal areas. The cultivar 'Shimpaku' is a very important bonsai subject. The Chinese juniper is widely used in bonsai, both as individual plants, such as the 250-year-old "Omiya tree" in the Birmingham Botanical Gardens in the UK, and in groups, such as the well-known Goshin on display at the National Bonsai and Penjing Museum at the US National Arboretum.桧柏（“檜”漢語拼音 guì，古外切），又称真柏、圆柏
- 桧柏木材耐腐蚀，有芳香，细致，可制作工艺品；其枝叶可以提取挥发油；也适合作为绿化树。在四川剑阁张飞庙附近有大片几百年树龄的桧柏，当地人认为其似松又似柏，称为“张飞柏”。也被称为「蜀柏木」。抗憂鬱、解毒、利尿劑、清腸劑。幫助身體去除毒素和寄生蟲。

- hk

• cv kaizuca - besides the stairs to hkcl (does not look very healthy)

木棉（Bombax ceiba），又名攀枝花、紅棉樹、加薄棉、英雄樹、吉貝、斑枝及瓊枝  Bombax ceiba, like other trees of the genus Bombax, is commonly known as cotton tree. More specifically, it is sometimes known as red silk-cotton; red cotton tree; or ambiguously as silk-cotton or kapok,^[2] both of which may also refer to Ceiba pentandra.The tree is widely planted in southeastern Asian countries (such as in Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, southern China and Taiwan, etc.) According to Chinese historical record, the king of Nam Yuet (located in the southern China and northern Vietnam nowadays), Zhao Tuo, gave a tree to the emperor of the Han dynasty in the 2nd century BC. This tree is commonly known as semal (Hindi: सेमल), shimul (Bengali: শিমুল) or ximolu (Assamese: শিমলু) in India. It is widely planted in parks and on roadsides there because of its beautiful red flowers which bloom in March/April. This tree is quite common in New Delhi although it doesn't reach its full size of 60m there because of the semi arid climate. The cotton fibers of this tree can be seen floating in the wind around the time of early May. This tree shows two marked growth sprints in India: in spring and during the monsoon months. Perhaps due to subtropical climate and heavy rainfalls, it's found in dense population throughout the Northeast India. This tree is also found in the eastern parts of Pakistan, especially in the eastern city of Lahore. The local Urdu and Punjabi names for the tree is sumbal, semal, sainbhal. The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that the tree was at that time known as Bombax malabaricum, and its common names included 'Simool Tree;or 'Malabar Silk-cotton Tree of India' and that the calyx of the flower-bud is eaten as a vegetable in India."

- 木棉樹是中國大陸廣州市、潮州市、攀枝花市、崇左市及台灣高雄市的市花。由於它的樹身高大粗壯，在華南有把它與英雄相比，又名英雄樹。香港的已故流行樂壇泰斗羅文就有一曲《紅棉》，以木棉樹來比喻華人的傲骨。此外，亦為金門縣的縣樹。另外，香港島的金鐘亦有一條紅棉路，位於香港公園的紅棉路婚姻註冊處亦是香港人結婚的熱門地點。歌曲《木棉道》是與木棉花相關一首民歌，由台灣歌手馬兆駿作曲，歌詞第一句為「紅紅的花開滿木棉道，長長的街好像在燃燒。」，則描述木棉花道開花的景象。中国南方航空公司的标志由一朵抽象化的大红色木棉花衬托在宝石蓝色的飞机垂直尾翼图案上组成。^[1] 木棉花從1982年開始一直是廣州市的市花。木棉樹亦是澳門粵華中學的校樹。

- http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/03/28/b07-0328.pdf 異木棉，秋冬之交，最絢爛的樹種之一。我曾多次在文章中提到它，彼此早由新友成故交。其花純粉色，巴掌大，滿樹的花朵能把藍天染粉。忽一日，花朵陸續落下，奇崛的枝頭，掛了五六個酷似芒果的東西，長圓形，新綠色。此處竟有果實！竟有果實！無數個問號和歎號在腦子裡盤旋。後問方家，方知確實。此果成熟後，厚厚外皮會自然脫落，露出裡面的一團團白色絮狀物，柔軟而保暖，可做枕頭的填充物。

- hk

• victoria park 

 栀子（Gardenia jasminoides，注音符號：ㄓ，台語台羅：ki-á ㄍㄧ），又名木丹、鲜支、卮子、越桃、水横枝、支子花、枝子花、山栀花、黄鸡子、黄荑子、黄栀子、黄栀、黄栀花、山黄栀、玉荷花、白嬋花、玉堂春，属茜草科栀子属植物。  Gardenia jasminoides, the gardenia,^[2] cape jasmine,^[3] cape jessamine,^[2] danh-danh,^[2] or jasmin,^[2] is an evergreen flowering plant of the coffee family Rubiaceae. It originated in Asia and is most commonly found growing wild in Vietnam, Southern China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Myanmar, India and Bangladesh. 

- *****Gardenia jasminoides was described by English botanist John Ellis in 1761, after it had been conveyed to England in the 1750s.^[4] It gained its association with the name jasmine as the botanist and artist Georg Dionysius Ehret had depicted it and queried whether it was a jasmine as the flowers resembled the latter plant. The name stuck and lived on as common name and scientific epithet.^[4] The name G. augusta of Linnaeus has been ruled invalid. The common names cape jasmine and cape jessamine derive from the earlier belief that the flower originated in Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.

- Evidence of G. jasminoides in cultivation in China dates to the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD), where both wild and double-flowered forms have been depicted in paintings, such as those of the Song Emperor Huizong,^[6] and the Tenth century artist Xu Xi.^[7] The Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) saw it on lacquerware, and the Ming Dynasty on porcelain (1368–1644).^[8] Gardenias were seen in nurseries in Guangzhou in 1794 by English statesman Sir John Barrow. Meanwhile, it was first propagated in England in August 1757 by a James Gordon of Mile End, and sold well thereafter. It was first grown in the United States in 1762, in the Charleston garden of Alexander Garden, who had moved there 10 years previously.

- The fruit has crocin which is used as a yellow dye,^[8] which is used for clothes and food. Polynesian people in the Pacific islands use these fragrant blooms in their flower necklaces, which are called Ei in the Cook Islands, Hei in French Polynesia and Lei in Hawaii. Gardenia jasminoides fructus (fruit) is used within traditional Chinese medicine to "drain fire" and thereby treat certain febrile conditions.中医上以果实入药，稱之為山梔子，或稱為梔子、焦山梔、生梔子、支子、木丹、越桃、㮁桃. 黃梔子色素（Gardenia Yellow）食品黄色著色劑，如醃黃蘿蔔（沢庵漬け）現代製法採用薑黃和梔子為著色劑。梔子藍色素（Gardenia Blue）為黃梔子色素經酵素處理後所得。

Hydrangea (/haɪˈdreɪndʒiə/; common names hydrangea or hortensia) is a genus of 70–75 species of flowering plants native to Asia and the Americas. By far the greatest species diversity is in eastern Asia, notably China, Japan, and Korea. Most are shrubs 1 to 3 meters tall, but some are small trees, and others lianas reaching up to 30 m (98 ft) by climbing up trees. They can be either deciduous or evergreen, though the widely cultivated temperate species are all deciduous. Having been introduced to the Azores, H. macrophylla is now very common, particularly on Faial, which is known as the "blue island" due to the vast number of hydrangeas present on the island.^{[citation needed]} ‘Hydrangea’ is derived from Greek and means ‘water vessel’, which is in reference to the shape of its seed capsules.^[3] The earlier name, Hortensia, is a Latinised version of the French given name Hortense, referring to the wife of Jean-André Lepaute.

- In Japan, ama-cha,甘茶 meaning sweet tea, is another herbal tea made from Hydrangea serrata, whose leaves contain a substance that develops a sweet taste (phyllodulcin). For the fullest taste, fresh leaves are crumpled, steamed, and dried, yielding dark brown tea leaves. Ama-cha is mainly used for kan-butsu-e (the Buddha bathing ceremony) on April 8 every year—the day thought to be Buddha's birthday in Japan. During the ceremony, Ama-cha is poured over a statue of Buddha and served to people in attendance. A legend has it that on the day Buddha was born, nine dragons poured Amrita over him; ama-cha is substituted for Amrita in Japan. In Korean tea, Hydrangea serrata (hangul:산수국 hanja:山水菊) is used for an herbal tea called sugukcha (수국차) or ilsulcha (이슬차). The pink hydrangea has risen in popularity all over the world, but especially in Asia. Pink hydrangeas have many different meanings, but generally mean, "You are the beat of my heart," as described by the celebrated Asian florist Tan Jun Yong, where he was quoted saying, "The light delicate blush of the petals reminds me of a beating heart, while the size could only match the heart of the sender!" Hydrangea quercifolia was declared the official state wildflower of Alabama in 1999. 繡球屬（学名：Hydrangea）是绣球花科的一個屬，均為落叶灌木，花几乎全为无性花，所谓的“花”只是萼片而已。早期“花”为白色，后变为蓝色或粉红色。其性喜阴湿，且对二氧化硫等有害气体抗性强。不可接受过强之直射阳光，否则叶片易灼伤。绣球花的花色可随土壤的pH值而改变。若在酸性土壤種植（pH值比7小），花色是藍色；若在中性土壤種植（pH值大約等於7），花色是乳白色；若在鹼性土壤種植（pH值比7大），花色是紅或紫。因此可通过调节土壤的pH值来改变花色。可用扦插法繁殖。其全株有毒，误食会导致疝痛、腹痛、腹泻、呼吸急促、呕吐、便血等中毒症状。

- 每年的六月是日本繡球花（又名紫陽花）盛開時期。神奈川縣鎌倉市的賞花名所之一，佛教寺院明月院近日也依慣例開放，供遊人入內觀賞寺內種植的二千五百株繡球花，其中絕大多數更是以該寺命名的姬繡球花「明月院藍」。呈深藍色的「明月院藍」是該寺僧侶，以控制土壤酸鹼度的方式培育出來，以它獨特的色彩而得名，也令明月院獲得「繡球花寺院」外號。該寺負責人指，適逢現時正值盛開期，花的藍色會顯得更為濃厚，且會一直保持至月底。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190615/00180_029.html

 Myrica rubra, also called yangmei (Chinese: 杨梅; pinyin: yángméi; Cantonese: yeung4 mui4; Shanghainese: [jɑ̃.mɛ]^[tones?]), yamamomo (Japanese: ヤマモモ, "mountain peach"), Chinese bayberry, Japanese bayberry, red bayberry, yumberry, waxberry, or Chinese strawberry (and often mistranslated from Chinese as arbutus) is a subtropical tree grown for its sweet, crimson to dark purple-red, fruit.Archaeological and written evidence suggest that yangmei cultivation first took place in China over 2,000 years ago during the Han Dynasty.^[4] Yangmei is mentioned throughout Chinese literature, including several appearances in Li Bai's poems. In Japan, it is the prefectural flower of Kōchi and the prefectural tree of Tokushima. The plant's name appears in many old Japanese poems. 和名の由来は、山に生えモモ^[2]のような果実をつけることから。漢名は楊梅（ようばい、ヤンメイ、（拼音: yángméi）、別名として山桜桃、火実などがあり、古代から和歌などにも詠まれる。ベトナムでも漢名をそのまま用いて「dương mai」ズオンマイと呼ぶ。

Bog oak is oak that has been submerged under water for several thousand years. The absence of light and oxygen has made the wood turn very dark in this process. Bog oak is famous for its natural unique and wide colour palete. Bog oak flooring fits perfectly both in classical and modern interiors due to its characteristics and extravagant structure.https://materialdistrict.com/material/bog-oak-flooring/A banyan, also spelled "banian", is a fig that begins its life as an epiphyte, i. e. a plant that grows on another plant, when its seed germinates in a crack or crevice of a host tree or human edifice. "Banyan" often specifically denominates Ficus benghalensis (the "Indian banyan"), which is the national tree of the Republic of India,^[3] though the name has also been generalized to denominate all figs that share a common life cycle and used systematically in taxonomy to denominate the subgenus Urostigma. 榕屬（學名：Ficus），又名無花果屬，是桑科內的其中一屬也是無花果族（學名：Ficeae）的惟一屬，內裡包含近八百種的樹木、灌木及藤本植物等。它們原為熱帶雨林的原生品種，但也有部份延伸至暖溫帶，常被統稱為榕樹。其中一種最廣為人知的品種就是無花果（F. carica）。

- The name was originally given to F. benghalensis and comes from India, where early travellers observed that the shade of the tree was frequented by Banyans (a corruption of Baniyas, a community of Indian traders). In the Gujarati language, banya means "grocer or merchant", not "tree". The Portuguese picked up the word to refer specifically to Hindu merchants, and passed it along to the English as early as 1599 with the same meaning. By 1634, English writers began to tell of the banyan tree, a tree under which Hindu merchants conducted their business. The tree provided a shaded place for a village meeting or for merchants to sell their goods. Eventually, "banyan" became the name of the tree itself.

- The banyan is part of the coat of arms of Indonesia. It is meant to symbolize the unity of Indonesia - one country with many far-flung roots. As a giant tree, it also symbolizes power. Soeharto used it as a logo for his party, the Golongan Karya (Golkar), taking advantage of the deeply rooted belief of his fellow-countrymen and women in the sacred (sakti) nature of the banyan.

- 本屬植物於宗教傳統有深深的文化影響。其中最著名的即是菩提樹（Ficus religiosa）和孟加拉榕（Ficus benghalensis）。目前已知存活最老的樹為斯里蘭卡阿努拉德普勒市的聖菩提樹，由帝沙王（Tissa）在西元前288年種植。無花果是伊斯蘭教兩種聖樹之一，在古蘭經其中一篇蘇拉即命名為"At-Tin"（سوره تین，無花果之意），在東亞，榕屬植物在佛教、印度教和耆那教皆有一定地位。佛祖一向被認為是在菩提樹（F. religiosa）下悟道。菩提樹同樣被印度教認為是Ashvastha，即世界樹。Plaksa Pra-sravana 是指菩提樹佈滿於傳說中的莎拉斯瓦緹河上游，雖然被聲稱是菩提樹但更有可能是波葉榕 （Ficus infectoria）。無花果樹被記載於聖經創世紀 3:7，亞當和夏娃以無花果樹葉覆蓋身體。無花果也是被列為樂土（迦南）上的食物之一，根據摩西律法 （申命記 8 章）. 耶穌斥責不生果實的無花果樹。（Mark 11:12-14）無花果也在古老的賽普勒斯被認為是豐收的象徵。Fig trees have profoundly influenced culture through several religious traditions. Among the more famous species are the sacred fig tree (Pipal, bodhi, bo, or po, Ficus religiosa) and the banyan fig (Ficus benghalensis). The oldest living plant of known planting date is a Ficus religiosa tree known as the Sri Maha Bodhi planted in the temple at Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka by King Tissa in 288 BCE. The common fig is one of two significant trees in Islam, and there is a sura in Quran named "The Fig" or At-Tin (سوره تین). In East Asia, figs are important in Buddhism and Hinduism. In Jainism, the consumption of any fruit belonging to this genus is prohibited. The Buddha is traditionally held to have found bodhi (enlightenment) while meditating under a sacred fig (F. religiosa). The same species was Ashvattha, the "world tree" of Hinduism. The plaksaPra-sravana was said to be a fig tree between the roots of which the Sarasvati River sprang forth; it is usually held to be a sacred fig but more probably seems to be a wavy-leaved fig (F. infectoria). According to theKikuyu people, sacrifices to Ngai were performed under a sycomore tree (Mũkũyũ) and if one was not available, a fig tree (Mũgumo) would be used. The common fig tree is cited in the Bible, where in Genesis 3:7, Adam and Eve cover their nakedness with fig leaves. The fig fruit is also included in the list of food found in the Promised Land, according to the Torah (Deut. 8). Jesus cursed a fig tree for bearing no fruit (Mark 11:12–14). The fig tree was sacred in ancient Cyprus where it was a symbol of fertility.

- shortname for fuzhou 北宋时期，太守张伯玉倡导“编户植榕”，令“榕荫满城，暑不张盖”，使福州又有了“榕城”的美誉。

印度榕（学名：Ficus elastica），又名橡胶榕，印度橡胶榕，印度橡膠樹或印度橡樹Ficus elastica, the rubber fig, rubber bush, rubber tree, rubber plant, or Indian rubber bush, Indian rubber tree, is a species of plant in the fig genus, native to east India, Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, China (Yunnan), Malaysia, and Indonesia. It has become naturalized in Sri Lanka, the West Indies, and the US State of Florida.In parts of India, people guide the roots of the tree over chasms to eventually form living bridges.Ficus elastica yields a milky white latex, a chemical compound separate from its sap and carried and stored in different cells. This latex was formerly used to make rubber,^[2] but it should not be confused with the Pará rubber tree, the main commercial source of latex for rubber making. Just as with Hevea brasiliensis, the latex of Ficus elastica is an irritant to the eyes and skin and is toxic if taken internally.

- accident in aug18 killing a domestic maid 

Ficus virens is a plant of the genus Ficus found in India, southeast Asia, through Malaysia and into Northern Australia. Its common name is white fig; it is locally known as pilkhan and in the Kunwinjku language it is called manbornde . Like many figs, its fruits are edible. One of the most famous specimens of this tree is the Curtain Fig Tree of the Atherton Tableland, near Cairns, a popular tourist attraction.Ficus virens var. sublanceolata occurs the subtropical rainforest of northeastern New South Wales, and south eastern Queensland in Australia.黃葛樹（學名：Ficus virens），又名馬尾榕、大葉榕，也被誤作為黃桷樹^[1]，但在南方漢語音里，「桷」「葛」同音，因此有「黃桷」之誤。黃桷樹並非出產黃桷蘭(黃葛蘭)的植物，但仍有很多人將兩者混為一談。黃桷蘭為木蘭科，而黃葛樹為桑科，榕屬，落葉喬木，得名於樹根和「葛藤」相似。黃葛樹原產於中國華南和西南地區，以重慶、四川、湖北等地最多。原變種為綠黃葛樹（F. v. var. virens），大葉榕也為其變種。北魏《水經注》載：「江水又東經黃葛峽^[2]。」宋《圖經》云：「塗山之足，有黃葛樹，其下有黃葛渡。」重慶至今仍有黃桷埡、黃葛坪等地名。1986年，黃葛樹正式成為重慶市市樹。

chinese hackberry 朴樹（學名：Celtis sinensis），別名有沙朴、朴子樹、朴仔樹、桑仔、青朴、粕仔等，屬大麻科朴屬，為喬本落葉樹，一般10-25米高，部份可達40米。朴樹多長在平原耐蔭之地，原產地為中國，其學名「Celtis sinensis」便包含了種與詞意，即來自中國。朴樹枝幹強韌，可作阻擋強風的樹種。此外，朴樹也是抗有毒氣體如二氧化碳及氯氣的樹種，可作行道樹以減少汽車所排出的癈氣，同時枝幹多曲，樹冠具擴展性，且葉蔟茂盛，朴樹常版用作遮蔭用途。朴樹外型古樸多姿，亦可做成盆景。作為用材方便，樹身堅硬的朴樹，可充當工業用木材，如造船、薪炭等；莖皮部份纖維強韌，適合製作繩索和人造纖維，也是製造紙和人造棉的原料之一；果實可食用，有清熱作用，若經搾油可作潤滑油；根、皮、嫩葉、果實皆可製成中藥，有消腫止痛、解毒清熱、治療腰痛、漆瘡等療效，外敷則可水火燙傷；葉可製成韓國的甘露茶，亦可製土農藥，是紅蜘蛛的剋星。朴樹的果實亦常被昔日的孩童作戰爭遊戲裏的玩具子彈，因其未成熟的果實堅硬卻沒有殺傷力，一般會將核果放入細竹管內，然後以竹筷子為唧發射，稱為「霹啪豆」。

It is a naturalized non-invasive species in North America. It is a declared noxious weed in many parts of eastern Australia. エノキの古名は「エ」であり、漢字の「榎」は夏に日陰を作る樹を意味する和製漢字である^[2]。日本語「エノキ」の名の由来について、鍬などの農機具の柄に使われたからという説があるが、奈良時代～平安時代初期には、「エノキ」の「エ」はア行のエ（/e/）、「柄（え）」やそれと同源の語とされる「枝（え）」の「エ」はヤ行のエ（/ye/）で表記されており、両者はもともと発音が異なっていたことが明らかなので、同源説は成り立たない。東京競馬場の第3コーナー内側に、俗に「大欅」と呼ばれる大木がある。数々の逸話があり、「欅ステークス」という名の特別競走まで開催されているが、実際は榎（エノキ）であって欅（ケヤキ）ではない。建築用材、家具材、道具材、薪炭などに使われる。木材の質はやや堅いが、強度はそれほど強くない。また、狂いが生じやすい。辺材と心材の境が明瞭でない。風合いが似ていることから、ケヤキの代用とされる。江戸時代には街道の一里塚として植えられた。野生の木も各地にたくさん見られ、地名や苗字（榎本など）となっている例も多い。

- hk

• can be found in central library

 苦楝（學名：Melia azedarach，英文名稱：Beadtree、 Bead Tree、Cape Lilac、Chinaberry、China-berry、China Berry、Chinaberry-tree、China-berry Tree、Melia、Persian Lilac、Pride-of-India, Melia）^[3]，別稱苦苓、楝、楝樹、楝子 、森樹、翠樹、旃檀、楝棗樹、紫花樹、紫花木、花心樹、雙白皮、金鈴子及洋花森等^[4][5]，（排灣語： Bagasu、Vangas ）^[6][7]，（阿美語：Vangas ）^[4][6]，（卑南語：Gamut）^[4][6]，（泰雅語：Baaaran）^[7]，為楝科楝屬植物。模式標本採自於喜馬拉雅山區^[8]。本種的種加詞譯義為苦楝的阿拉伯語植物名稱^[9][10]。本種是星天牛的寄主植物，星天牛喜愛咬食苦楝的樹皮、嫩枝及葉片，並會將卵產於樹皮之內，待幼蟲孵化之後會侵蝕樹幹^[7]。  Melia azedarach, commonly known by many names, including chinaberry tree,^[3] Pride of India, bead-tree, Cape lilac,^[3] syringa berrytree,^[3] Persian lilac,^[3] and Indian lilac, is a species of deciduous tree in the mahogany family, Meliaceae, that is native to Indomalaya and Australasia.The flowers are small and fragrant, with five pale purple or lilac petals, growing in clusters. The fruit is a drupe, marble-sized, light yellow at maturity, hanging on the tree all winter, and gradually becoming wrinkled and almost white. The genus name Melia is derived from μελία (melía), the Greek word used by Theophrastus (c. 371 – c. 287 BC) for Fraxinus ornus,^[7][8] which has similar leaves.^[9] The species azedarach is from the French 'azédarac' which in turn is from the Persian 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت ) meaning 'free- or noble tree'.The main utility of chinaberry is its timber. 嫩葉及新芽可作食用^[4]。從樹皮中提煉出的活性成份苦楝素或稱川楝素（Toosendanin）^[17]，可製作成安全高效可防治100多種昆蟲、數種葉蚤和線蟲的殺蟲劑^[4][6]。新鮮葉片可作為農藥、染料^[11]，亦可取代乙烯作為香蕉的後熟處理之用^[13]，而枯葉則能減低土壤中鋁的含量及提高土壤的酸鹼值增加礦化氮的濃度^[1]。花可蒸制芳香油^[27]，據《本草綱目》中記載花及葉鋪於床席之下，可殺滅虱、蚤^[28]。台灣卑南族祭師會手持花朵劃過鼻頭，替喪家除穢時祈求新一年好運^[13][19]。台灣阿美族人以花開作為春天到來的指標，結果時就是可以開始使用魚藤毒魚之時^[13][19]。葉及果實置於廚櫃之內可起防蟲效果^[7]。果實的皮和肉，可供制作白酒及工業用酒精^[18]；核仁油可供製作油漆、肥皂及潤滑油^[8]；核硬殼可製成糖醝及活性炭^[18]。

- hk

• can be found in victoria park

 泡桐屬 Paulownia /pɔːˈloʊniːə/ is a genus of six to 17 species (depending on taxonomic authority) of flowering plants in the family Paulowniaceae, related to and sometimes included in the Scrophulariaceae. They are present in much of China, south to northern Laos and Vietnam and are long cultivated elsewhere in eastern Asia, notably in Japan and Korea. They are deciduous trees 12–15 m (39–49 ft) tall, with large, heart-shaped leaves 15–40 cm across, arranged in opposite pairs on the stem. The flowers are produced in early spring on panicles 10–30 cm long, with a tubular purple corollaresembling a foxglove flower. The fruit is a dry capsule, containing thousands of minute seeds.The genus, originally Pavlovnia but now usually spelled Paulownia, was named in honour of Anna Paulowna, queen consort of The Netherlands (1795–1865), daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia. It is also called "princess tree" for the same reason.

- In China, it is popular for roadside planting and as an ornamental tree. Paulownia needs much light and does not like high water tables. Paulownia grown on plantations generally has widely spaced growth rings, meaning that it is soft and of little value; wood with close growth rings is harder and of higher value.^{[citation needed]} It is important in China, Korea, and Japan for making the soundboards of stringed musical instruments such as the guqin, guzheng, pipa, koto, and gayageum.^{[7][citation needed]} It is also becoming more popular in the building of electric guitars, due to its affordability, availability, tone and looks. Paulownia was recently used in the making of a Brad Paisley Fender Telecaster guitar. Paulownia is also used in Chinese agroforestry systems because it grows fast, its wood is light but strong, its flowers are rich in nectar, its leaves make good fodder for farm animals, it is deep-rooting, and it is late-leafing and its canopy is quite sparse so that crops below it get both light enough to grow and shelter.

- Paulownia is known in Japanese as kiri (桐), specifically referring to P. tomentosa; it is also known as the "princess tree". It was once customary to plant a Paulownia tree when a baby girl was born, and then to make it into a dresser as a wedding present when she married.^{[citation needed]}Paulownia is the mon of the office of prime minister and also serves as the emblem of the cabinet and the government (vis-à-vis the chrysanthemumbeing the Imperial Seal of Japan).^{[citation needed]} It is one of the suits in hanafuda, associated with the month of December.

- 「全國的古樂器，除了二胡，用的都是蘭考的泡桐。」河南蘭考縣民族樂器協會會長湯二法說。堌陽鎮樂器產業的興起源於上世紀80年代。當時上海牡丹樂器廠的一位原料收購商來蘭考堌陽，看到當地村民灶頭用的風箱，他敲了敲，聽了聽用當地最常見的泡桐木做成的風箱的音質。後來，這個收購商決定大量採購本地的泡桐。這些泡桐是當年蘭考縣委書記焦裕祿為了防風固沙而培育種植的，所以又稱「焦桐」。1985年，堌陽鎮的第一家民族樂器廠大河樂器誕生，主要為古樂器的生產提供初級的原料加工。徐場村的不少村民成了廠裡的工人，掌握了初步的古樂器製作技術。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/07/26/a17-0726.pdf

紅厚殼（Calophyllum inophyllum），又名瓊崖海棠 胡桐（中国高等植物图鉴误用），琼崖海棠树（中国树木分类学），海棠木、海棠果（广东），君子树（海南），呀拉菩（台湾）  Calophyllum inophyllum is a large evergreen plant, commonly called tamanu, mastwood, beach calophyllum, beautyleaf or Sinhala: දොඹ.^[2] It is native to tropical Asia and Wallacea. Due to its importance as a source of timber for the traditional shipbuilding of large outrigger ships, it has been spread in prehistoric times by the migrations of the Austronesian peoples to the islands of Oceania and Madagascar, along with other members of the genus Calophyllum. It has since been naturalized in regions in the East African coast.^[3] It is also a source of the culturally important tamanu oil. Calophyllum inophyllum is also known as Alexandrian laurel^[2][4] balltree,^[2] beach touriga,^[2] Borneo-mahogany,^[2] Indian doomba oiltree,^[2] Indian-laurel,^[2] laurelwood,^[2] red poon,^[5] satin touriga,^[2] and tacamahac-tree.^[2] In Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, they are also commonly known as bintangur, bitaog, tamanu, or kamani.Aside from shipbuilding, tamanu oil extracted from the fruit kernels were important in Polynesian culture. The oils, as well as poultices made from leaves and flowers, are also commonly used for traditional medicine.^[9][10] The leaves contain compounds that are poisonous to fish and can be used as fish poison.^[9] The sap of the tree is poisonous and is used to make poison arrows in Samoa.^{[citation needed]} The mature fruit is poisonous enough to use as rat bait. The seeds yield a thick, dark green tamanu oil for medicinal use or hair grease.^[14] The nuts are dried before cracking, after which the oil-laden kernel is removed and further dried. The first neoflavone isolated from natural sources (1951) was calophyllolide from C. inophyllum seeds.

千层树  Melaleuca (/ˌmɛləˈljuːkə/) is a genus of nearly 300 species of plants in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, commonly known as paperbarks, honey-myrtles or tea-trees (although the last name is also applied to species of Leptospermum). Second only to members of the family Proteaceae^{[citation needed]}, melaleucas are an important food source for nectarivorous insects, birds, and mammals. Many are popular garden plants, either for their attractive flowers or as dense screens; and a few have economic value for producing fencing and oils such as “tea tree” oil. Most melaleucas are endemic to Australia, with a few also occurring in Malesia. Seven are endemic to New Caledonia, and one is found only on (Australia's) Lord Howe Island. Melaleucas are found in a wide variety of habitats. Many are adapted for life in swamps and boggy places, while others thrive in the poorest of sandy soils or on the edge of saltpans. Aboriginal Australians used several species of Melaleuca to make rafts, as roofing for shelter, bandages, and food preparation.^[26] "Bee bread" and honey were collected from the hives of native stingless bees in melaleuca forests in the Northern Territory.^[27] The Bundjalung people traditionally lived in the area of north-eastern New South Wales where Melaleuca alternifolia is endemic, and they treated skin infections by crushing the leaves of that species over skin infections then covering the area with a warm mudpack.Melaleuca alternifolia is notable for its essential oil which is both antifungal and antibiotic,^[29] while safely usable for topical applications.^[30] This is produced on a commercial scale and marketed as tea tree oil. Melaleuca cajuputi is used to produce a similar oil, known as cajuput oil, which is used in Southeast Asia to treat a variety of infections and to add fragrance to food and soaps.

- hk

• 元朗西菁徑多棵白千層被人撕下大量樹皮，部分更因慘被剝皮致樹身呈現凹陷，受損位置約三米。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20190820/00176_025.html
• besides hk museum of history (side facing polyu)

Intsia palembanica is a species of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. The plant common name is Borneo teak, Malacca teak, Merbau and Moluccan ironwood where it is native to tropical rainforests in Southeast Asia and the islands of the southwest Pacific.印茄树（学名：Intsia palembanica）又名巨港印茄木^[2]、南洋木宝，属豆科印茄属，是一种生长于东南亚的大型乔木。本种有许多译名和俗称，如：巨港波罗格、帕利印茄、加拉母树、马六甲柚木、摩鹿加铁木、波罗格树、波罗树等等。本种的种小名”palembanica“取自其模式标本产地——巨港。

- 馬來西亞總理馬哈蒂爾上周五出席首都吉隆坡舉行的「我們的森林」展覽，他於開幕致詞時宣布把印茄樹列為馬來西亞國樹，盼望全體國民以印茄樹強韌的適應力，作為國家自豪的象徵。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190825/00180_032.html

********Cercis chinensis, the Chinese redbud, (simplified Chinese: 紫荆; traditional Chinese: 紫荊; pinyin: Zĭjīng) is a plant of the family Fabaceae^[1] native to China and Japan^[2] that grows between 150 to 1,400 metres (490 to 4,590 ft) above sea level.ハナズオウ（花蘇芳、Cercis chinensis）は中国原産のマメ科ジャケツイバラ亜科^[1]の落葉低木で、春に咲く花が美しいためよく栽培される。蘇芳花（スオウバナ）とも呼ぶ。紫荊（學名：Cercis chinensis），又名裸枝樹（中國主要植物圖說）、紫珠（本草拾遺）

- 北京的清華大學校花是紫荊花和丁香花，但通常也僅指紫荊花，這是由於紫荊花與校旗、校色的顏色一致，也是由於紫荊花在4月校慶日前後盛開。洋紫荊是香港法定代表花卉。在《香港基本法》中，市花洋紫荊的「洋」字被略去而誤稱為「紫荊花」^[3]，中國大陸媒體也依照「紫荊花」來宣傳^[4]，故中國大陸民眾多稱香港市花為「紫荊花」，與一般意義上的「紫荊花」相混淆。

- 位於西麗湖畔的紫荊山莊，在外人眼裡有些神秘，我卻覺得親切。說起來，自己與山莊是有些緣分的。紫荊山莊從破土動工到剪綵啟用，正是我擔任辦公廳主任不久的事，由於工作關係，整個過程都有所參與。對山莊的地形佈局，亭台樓閣，一草一木，都是熟悉的。我一直以為，紫荊山莊就是一個開會的地方。無論作為辦公廳主任辦會，還是作為部門負責人參會，來山莊開會是常事。這些會，大多與香港有關，出席會議的人則來自四面八方。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/02/11/a24-0211.pdf

- 陽春三月，徜徉在柳州大街小巷，花在城中，城在花中，人在花中，花在心中，近30萬株紫荊花怒放http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200320/PDF/b8_screen.pdf
- http://hk.hkcd.com/pdf/202004/0402/HA07402CZB1_HKCD.pdf 廣西柳州

Bauhinia variegata is a species of flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae. It is native to an area from China through Southeast Asia to the Indian subcontinent.^[2] Common names include orchid tree (though not belonging to the family Orchidaceae) and mountain ebony.This is a very popular ornamental tree in subtropical and tropical climates, grown for its scented flowers and also used as a food item in Indian cuisine. In the Neotropics, it can be used to attract hummingbirds—such as sapphire-spangled emerald (Amazilia lactea), glittering-bellied emerald (Chlorostilbon lucidus), or white-throated hummingbird(Leucochloris albicollis)—into gardens and parks.^[3] On the other hand, in some areas it has become naturalised and invasive.Kachnar is a local name in India for the edible buds collected from the tree; it is widely used as an ingredient in many Indian recipes. Traditional kachnar curry is prepared using kachnar buds, yogurt, onions and native Indian spices. Kachnar buds are also eaten as a stir-fried vegetable and used to make achaar, a pickle in many parts of the Indian sub-continent. In some regions it is cooked with minced beef.

- 宮粉羊蹄甲（Bauhinia variegata）是一種豆科蘇木亞科羊蹄甲屬的有花植物，為一種落葉小喬木，俗稱蘭花木、印度櫻花、南洋櫻花、馬蹄豆、白花羊紫荊；洋紫荆，港澳称为宮粉羊蹄甲，台湾称为羊蹄甲。原產於中國南部、印度及馬來半島。宮粉羊蹄甲於每年3月至5月落葉後開花，花有5枚粉紅色的花瓣，其中1枚有深紅色條紋。而不少人將此花與同屬屬的洋紫荊混淆，主要分別在於後者開花期不同，洋紫荊的開花期為秋天（11月前後）並且在開花時葉茂盛。花、花芽、嫩葉及幼果可供食用入藥，根皮煎劑可治療消化不良。

吊鐘（Enkianthus quinqueflorus），別稱鈴兒花^[1]、倒掛金鐘及燈籠花等，為杜鵑花科吊鐘屬植物，原生於香港、華南、湖南及福建等地，亦可見於越南^[2]，生於海拔600－2400米山地灌叢或次生林中，花期1－3月，果期9－11月。^[3]野生吊鐘於香港受香港林務條例所保護。^[4]因花倒懸於纖細伸長的花柄上，形如倒掛金鐘，故而得名吊鐘花。吊鐘花蜜為太陽鳥的主要食糧之一。因吊鐘的花朵通常在農曆新年前後開花，故英文又名為Chinese New Year Flower，意即中國新年花。在清代中葉開始已有吊鐘作為年花的習俗，取其「金鐘一響，黃金萬兩」的吉兆，同時吊鐘花的花朵都是生長在枝頂上，亦有高中科舉之寓意，古時百姓因希望子弟能高中科舉，就砍伐吊鐘花帶回家作為年花。不過近年因人們覺“吊鐘”和“吊終”諧音，不吉利，所以較少人以吊鐘作為年花。

- no english wiki version

- 日本兵庫縣豐岡市的安國禪寺，每年適逢十一月都會開滿一片艷紅的吊鐘花，而吊鐘花點燈活動將於下周三結束。顏色漸漸嫣紅的紅葉美如畫，吸引不少攝影愛好者朝聖，開放兩周已超過三萬人造訪。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20191115/00180_032.html
- lin ma hang  village is situated in the basin of the Robin's Nest (Chinese: 紅花嶺) which is famous for its abundance in "Hanging Bell Flowers" (吊鐘花).

Lilium pumilum is an Asian species of bulbous plants native to Mongolia, Siberia, the Russian Far East (Amur Krai, Primorye, Khabarovsk), Korea and northern China.山丹（Lilium pumilum）又名山丹百合、细叶百合、山丹丹、珊瑚百合、野百合、萨日朗花、卷莲花、灯伞花、散莲伞、松叶百合、线叶百合、細葉小鬼百合、紅百合、糸葉百合、糸百合，是百合科百合属多年生草本植物，分布於中国大陆的陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、山西、山东、河北、河南、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、内蒙古以及朝鲜、蒙古、西伯利亚中部和东部等地^[1]，多生於山坡草地、林缘，生长在海拔400米至2,600米的地区，由於其花朵美丽娇艳，花色火红，是极好的园艺观赏花卉和切花材料，适於布置花坛和花境。陕北地区的山丹丹狭义上指的是渥丹一种，花期为6月上旬到9月中旬，通常将渥丹与山丹统称为山丹丹^[2]，其中山丹是百合属中分布最广、纬度最高的花卉，耐寒性很强，由於其生命力顽强，花色火红，是陕北地区的代表性花卉，在陕北地区常被视为中国红色革命的象征，陕北民歌《山丹丹开花红艳艳》就是以此为主题而创作的^[3]。

- 《火红的萨日朗》出自乌兰托娅的第四张专辑《新套马杆》

紫薇屬Lagerstroemia /ˌleɪɡərˈstriːmiə/,^[1] commonly known as crape myrtle^[2][3] (also spelled crepe myrtle or crêpe myrtle, and often referred to in technical literature as crapemyrtle^[4]), is a genus of around 50 species of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs native to the Indian subcontinent, southeast Asia, northern Australia, and parts of Oceania, cultivated in warmer climates around the world. It is a member of the family Lythraceae, which are also known as the loosestrife family. The genus is named after the Swedish merchant Magnus von Lagerström, a director of the Swedish East India Company who supplied Carl Linnaeus with plants he collected.The Japanese name for this tree is saru suberi (猿滑、百日紅, literally "monkey slip", latter spelling ateji) which refers to the smooth, slippery bark. Flowers are as large as those of L. indica, but are white with only the slightest pink flush appearing in some individuals. 

•  廣東紫薇https://www.herbarium.gov.hk/PublicationsPreface.aspx?BookNameId=1&ContentId=56&SectionId=3

Forsythia suspensa (連翹; pinyin: liánqiáo, weeping forsythia or golden-bell^[3]) is a species of flowering plant in the family native to Asia. It is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine.^[4] It contains the lignans Pinoresinol^[5] and phillyrin.

香港俗稱一串金

- 陽春三月，長壽村溝下密佈的連翹花肆意開放，遊人如織。百畝連翹揮舞着條條黃龍，競相吐芳。連翹茶是長壽村的土特產，祛火消毒，要是有個感冒什麼的，喝上兩缸子茶，今兒喝明兒就能好。中醫認為，連翹果味苦，微寒、歸肺、心、小腸經，具清熱解毒，消腫散結的功效。臨床上用連翹可治療多種感染性疾病，如肺炎、傷寒、痢疾、扁桃體炎、瘰嵗B瘡瘍等，對流感病毒和新冠病毒有一定抑制作用。在中國，連翹分佈於河北、山西、甘肅、寧夏、山東、江蘇、河南、江西、湖北、四川及雲南等省區，同時它也是韓國首都首爾市花。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/03/23/a22-0323.pdf

芡（Euryale ferox），又名䓈，民間俗稱「雞頭蓮」，是屬於睡蓮科芡屬的水生植物，芡屬是個單型屬，只有這一物種。芡的種子稱為「芡實」或「芡米」、「雞頭米」。是「勾芡」用的「芡粉」的最初來源^{[來源請求]}。產於廣東省肇慶的芡實可被標記為「肇實」，如同山藥中「淮山」。本種在不同地方有不同的名稱，例如：假蓮藕、湖南根、刺蓮藕（廣西）、肇實（廣東）、雞頭米（東北、河北、山東、江蘇）、雞頭蓮（山東、江蘇、河南、江西、四川、廣西）、雞頭荷（江西）^[3]、鬼蓮（日本；オニバス）等。在《本草綱目》中，則記做芡實^[3]。芡的種子可以食用、釀酒及製作副食品，全株可以做堆肥，也可成為豬飼料^[3]。芡的成熟種仁也叫芡實，又名雞頭米、肇實。主要成分含有澱粉、蛋白質、脂肪、鈣、磷、鐵等。中式烹飪中常說的「勾芡」所用到的「芡粉」，原本就是指芡實的粉末，後來也指其他主要成分為澱粉的替代品，比如綠豆澱粉，馬鈴薯澱粉，菱粉、藕粉、玉米澱粉等等。芡實還可以用來製作芡實粥和芡實糕，或者夏季做雞頭米湯，像綠豆湯一樣有防暑降溫的功效。同時，芡實也是一種中藥成分，《本草綱目》等都有記載。Euryale ferox (common names prickly waterlily, fox nut, foxnut, gorgon nut or makhana)The name Euryale comes from the mythical Greek Gorgon by the same name. Makhana or Euryale is a perennial plantnative to eastern Asia and southern Asia , and is found from India - Bihar in nine districts viz, Madhubani, Darbhanga, Katihar, Sitamarhi, Purnea, Kishanganj, Araria, Saharsa and Supaul (local name Makhana) and valley and some hilly areas of Manipur (local name Thangzing) - to Korea and Japan, as well as parts of eastern Russia. Bihar produces 90% of the world production of fox nut.The plant produces starchy white seeds that are edible. The plant is cultivated for its seeds^[4] in lowland ponds in India, China, and Japan. The Chinese have cultivated the plant for centuries.^[5] More than 96,000 hectares of Bihar, India, were set aside for cultivation of Euryale in 1990-1991.^[3] The plant grows best in locations with hot, dry summers and cold winters. Seeds are collected in the late summer and early autumn, and may be eaten raw or cooked. In India, in the northern (Punjab) and western parts of the country, Euryale ferox seeds are often roasted or fried, which causes them to pop like popcorn. These are then eaten, often with a sprinkling of oil and spices. It is used in cooking, especially to make a porridge or pudding called kheer.Evidence from archaeobotany indicates that Euryale ferox was a frequently collected wild food source during the Neolithic period in the Yangtze region, with large numbers of finds coming from the sites of Kuahuqiao, Hemudu, and Tianluoshan.^[6] The earliest recorded use of E. ferox was found in Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel, among artifacts of the Acheulean culture 790-750,000 years ago.

Phyllanthus emblica, also known as emblic,^[1][3] emblic myrobalan, myrobalan,^[3] Indian gooseberry, Malacca tree,^[3] or amla^[3] from Sanskrit amalaki is a deciduous tree of the family Phyllanthaceae. It has edible fruit, referred to by the same name.In the Buddhist tradition, half an amalaka fruit was the final gift to the Buddhist sangha by the great Indian emperor Ashoka. This is illustrated in the Ashokavadana in the following verses: "A great donor, the lord of men, the eminent Maurya Ashoka, has gone from being lord of Jambudvipa [the continent] to being lord of half a myrobalan" (Strong, 1983, p. 99).^[4] In Theravada Buddhism, this plant is said to have been used as the tree for achieving enlightenment, or Bodhi, by the twenty first Buddha, named Phussa Buddha.餘甘子（学名：Phyllanthus emblica），葉下珠科葉下珠屬，分布於印度、斯里蘭卡、印度尼西亞、馬來西亞、菲律賓、南美、臺灣、香港、江西、福建、廣東、海南、廣西、四川、貴州、雲南以及中南半島等地. 庵摩罗果、米含（广西隆安）、望果（云南文山）、木波（云南傣语）、七察哀喜（云南哈尼）、噜公膘（云南瑶族）、滇橄榄、油甘子（华南）^[2]油甘（潮汕话）、油柑子（香港）、油柑（日语：油柑）。餘甘子还曾以梵文譯名“庵摩勒”或“庵摩羅迦”（梵語：āmalaka）記載於晉代嵇含的《南方草木狀》及明代姚可城的《食物本草》之中。梵语名也被马来语所借用，即马六甲树（馬來語：Pokok Melaka），后来成为马六甲名字的起源。产于广东汕头市潮阳区谷饶镇的谷饶狮头油甘为其中的一个名优品种，可鲜食，又可作加工后制成佐餐小菜，还可加工成高级蜜饯。香港荃灣油柑頭一帶盛產油柑子，因而得名，亦有油柑頭村。在中國大陸，余甘子一般在秋分前后收获并上市，是中秋拜月佳果。可用盐或甘草、白糖等腌制成“咸油甘”和“甘草油甘”。南印度一带也有将其制为腌制品的风俗。
- Pratapgarh is one of the largest producers and suppliers of Indian gooseberries.
- note also reference in hinduism

白桑 Morus alba, known as white mulberry, is a fast-growing, small to medium-sized mulberry tree which grows to 10–20 m (33–66 ft) tall. It is generally a short-lived tree with a lifespan comparable to that of humans, although there are some specimens known to be over 250 years old.^[2] The species is native to northern China and India^[3], and is widely cultivated and naturalized elsewhere (United States, Mexico, Australia, Kyrgyzstan, Argentina, Turkey, Iran, etc.).The white mulberry is widely cultivated to feed the silkworms employed in the commercial production of silk. Cultivation of white mulberry for silkworms began over four thousand years ago in China. In 2002, 6,260 km² of land were devoted to the species in China.The species is now extensively planted and widely naturalized throughout the warm temperate world. It has been grown widely from the Indian subcontinent^[5] west through Afghanistan and Iran to southern Europe for over a thousand years for leaves to feed silkworms.More recently, it has become widely naturalized in disturbed areas such as roadsides and the edges of tree lots, along with urban areas in much of North America, where it hybridizes readily with the locally native red mulberry (Morus rubra).

- 果实称为桑椹，初生白色，成熟后成为紫黑色。根皮（桑白皮）、桑椹、桑叶都可以作为中药使用。此外桑椹可以酿酒，树皮可以造纸，造出的纸称为“桑皮纸”The leaves are prepared as tea in Korea. The fruit are also eaten, often dried or made into wine.

east asia
- Castanea mollissima (Chinese: 板栗; pinyin: bǎnlì), also known as the Chinese chestnut, is a member of the family Fagaceae, and a species of chestnut native to China, Taiwan, and Korea.The nuts are edible, and the tree is widely cultivated in eastern Asia; over 300 cultivars have been selected for nut production, subdivided into five major regional groups: Northern, Yangtze River Valley, Sichuan and Guizhou, Southern, and Southwestern. Besides that, the Dandong chestnut (belonging to the Japanese chestnut – Castanea crenata) is a major cultivar in Liaoning Province.^[6] Some cultivars, such as 'Kuling', 'Meiling', and 'Nanking', have large nuts up to 4 cm diameter. The nuts are sweet, and considered by some to have the best taste of any chestnut,^[7] though others state they are not as good as the American chestnut.^[8] The nuts also provide a significant food source for wildlife.朝鮮半島産のシナグリは平壌栗と称され、日本では朝鮮栗、朝鮮甘栗とも呼ばれている。日本でも高知県や岐阜県にて品種改良されたものが栽培されているため、中国大陸のものとは種を異にする。岡山県新見市哲西町でも、昭和9年に神戸から天津栗を手に入れて日本栗に接木などをしながら土地に合うよう改良した哲西栗が存在し、天津栗より3倍も実が大きいにもかかわらず甘味が強い。

• 中國有句俗語： 「八月的梨棗，九月的山楂，十月的板栗笑哈 哈」 ，在歐洲也同樣適用。地處瑞士南部，意大利國境以北的阿斯 科納（Ascona），每年十月專門設有栗子節，就為慶祝這美味食材 的豐收。雖然在瑞士每個城市的街頭都會按時出現烤板栗的食物攤 檔，但就算是生活在瑞士北部的人們都也不惜驅車三小時專程去栗 子節湊個熱鬧。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191021/PDF/b5_screen.pdf

Alpinia zerumbet, commonly known as shell ginger, is a perennial species of ginger native to East Asia. They can grow up to 8 to 10 ft (2.4 to 3.0 m) tall and bear colorful funnel-shaped flowers. They are grown as ornamentals and their leaves are used in cuisine and traditional medicine. They are also sometimes known as the pink porcelain lily, variegated ginger or butterfly ginger.In Japanese it is known as gettō' (ゲットウ). In Okinawan, it is known as sannin. In Chinese, it is known as yàn shānjiāng (艳山姜) or yuetao (月桃).   The plant's long leaf blades are used for wrapping zongzi, a traditional Chinese dish made of rice stuffed with different fillings. In Okinawa, Japan, A. zerumbet is known in the local dialect as sannin, or in Japanese as getto. Its leaves are sold for making an herbal tea and are also used to flavor noodles and wrap mochi rice cakes.別稱月桃、艷山紅、枸薑、良恙、良姜、良薑、大良薑、大草寇(廣州)、草寇、草扣、灟水月桃、玉桃、虎子花（台灣）及熊竹蘭等^{[3][4][5][6][7][8]}，為薑科山薑屬植物^[9]。於台灣約有3－4種蝴蝶以艷山薑為食物來源，分別為黑弄蝶（Notocrypta curvifascia）^[10]、蘭嶼黑弄蝶（Notocrypta feisthamelii alinkara）^[11]、大白紋弄蝶（Updaspes folus）^[12]及白波紋小灰蝶（Jamides alecto）^[13]等， 黑弄蝶、大白紋弄蝶食其葉，白波紋小灰蝶則食其花序^[14]。

- 台灣原住民排灣族及魯凱族採用艷山薑的莖狀葉鞘，於花期前採收曬乾後^[17][18]，提取纖維以編織成繩索、置物藍、盤、簍、涼蓆或草蓆等編織品^[4][19]，北方澳漁民則編織成大繩索以綁鐵錨^[20]。早期台灣原住民平埔族中的西拉雅及馬卡道族人，用葉片包裹粽子，台灣南部居民亦稱艷山薑為肉粽葉仔^[20]，同時亦有於枕墊傳統糕粿及麻薯^[4][17][18]，味道與竹葉不相似^[6][19][21]。嫩莖可作薑的替代品^[22][23]。

- 日本では沖縄県から九州南部に分布。

- hkej 10jun2020 mention of plant in chinese literature, said it is actually 肉蔻

northeast asia

- Pinellia ternata (Chinese: 半夏, Japanese: カラスビシャク), crow-dipper, is a plant native to China, Japan, and Korea, but also grows as an invasive weed in parts of Europe (Austria, Germany) and North America (California, Ontario, northeastern United States).^[1][2] The leaves are trifoliate, while the flowers are of the spathe and spadixform typical of plants in Araceae.This plant is toxic in raw form and must be processed.^{[citation needed]} Pinellia ternata is known as the herb effective in removing dampness-phlegm, one of the causes of obesity in traditional Chinese medicine.^{[citation needed]} One study found that high doses of Pinellia extract effects thermogenesis and fatty acid oxidation in Zucker rats.半夏（學名：Pinellia ternata）又名三叶半夏（山西、河南、广西）、三步跳（湖北、四川、贵州、云南）、麻芋果（贵州）、田里心、无心菜、燕子尾、地慈姑、地文、和姑、守田（古称）^[2]、贝母^[3]等，是天南星科半夏属植物。除内蒙古、青海、新疆、西藏外的中国各省份^[4]以及朝鲜^{[註 1]}、日本等地^[2]有野生分布，野生半夏生长于海拔 2500 米以下，多见于草地、荒地、玉米地、田边或疏林下。日本有名为「半夏生」的杂节，据传因半夏在此时长成而得名^{[註 2]}，古代定为夏至后的第11天，现代日本采用太阳达到黃經100°的日期作为半夏生的日期，^[64]约在每年7月1－2日^[65]。半夏生对日本人民的农业生产有着较为重要的指导作用，古代日本人民在夏至之后、半夏生之前完成插秧工作，有些地区的农民会从半夏生开始休息5天。^[10]半夏生这天所下的雨称为「半夏雨」或「半夏水」，在民间传说中有毒，所以人们会盖好井盖防止生活生产用水被「半夏雨」污染，以避免中毒。

- Scutellaria baicalensis, with the common name Baikal skullcap or Chinese skullcap, is a species of flowering plant in the Lamiaceae family.The plant is native to China, Korea, Mongolia, and Russia in the Russian Far East and Siberia.黄芩的根可入中药，並入选中国国家重点保护野生药材物种名录。一般用来治疗上呼吸道感染和肠胃炎。北京农村老百姓用其叶代替茶叶。^{[來源請求]}黄芩是大柴胡汤、小柴胡汤等多味中药的主要配方。

south asia

- Vernicia fordii, usually known as the tung tree (Chinese: 桐, tóng) is a species of Vernicia in the spurge family native to southern China, Burma, and northern Vietnam.油桐（學名：Vernicia fordii）是大戟科中的一種落葉樹（英语：deciduous tree），原產地為中國大陸南方、缅甸、越南北部。亦有很多俗名，如「油桐樹」、「桐油樹」、「桐子樹」、「光桐」^{[註 1]}、「三年桐」、「罌子桐」、「中國木油樹」等等^[4][5][6]，而油桐才是此物種正式的名稱。由於油桐可以生產珍貴的桐油，因此油桐顯得很貴重。油桐是靠樹上產生的種子而繁殖後代的。直到後來，油桐傳入了阿根廷、巴拉圭和美國，以繼續加以培植。客家桐花祭，為台灣的新興節慶，由臺灣行政院客家委員會創立於2002年，是一個結合客家文化、旅遊、生態、產業之賞桐活動。客家人經歷兩、三百年「開山打林」的歷史，滿山遍野的油桐樹，曾是客家人早年重要的經濟作物，所以油桐樹與客家人的淵源相當深厚。油桐生命力強，也被用來描述性格節儉、堅毅的客家人。隨著時代變遷，油桐樹的經濟價值不復存在，但是強勁的生命力，仍在山林間隨春日時節花開花落，為客家庄的經濟變遷做最好的見證。也如同歷經多次遷徙的客家民族，在面對不同環境的淬煉中，總是堅守根本、堅持創新。

• there is a hakka children folk song on this type of flower 

- Rheum nobile, the Sikkim rhubarb^[1] or noble rhubarb or पदमचाल, is a giant herbaceous plant native to the Himalaya, from northeastern Afghanistan, east through northern Pakistan and India, Nepal, Sikkim (in India), Bhutan, and Tibet to Myanmar, occurring in the alpine zone at 4000–4800 m altitude.A description of R. nobile was first published by Joseph Dalton Hooker and Thomas Thomson in 1855.

•  雲南迪慶州香格理拉市一名男子，上周六破壞有「高山巨人」之稱的珍稀植物「塔黃」，還將影片上載至短片平台炫耀，被網民舉報。有植物專家表示，這種植物開花需要的生長周期是十五年至四十五年，一生只開一次花。目前警方已介入調查。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20190731/00178_023.html

se asia

- 東革阿里-Tongkat Ali(馬來語) Eurycoma longifolia (commonly called tongkat ali or pasak bumi or malaysian ginseng) is a flowering plant in the family Simaroubaceae. It is native to Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, Malaya, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam) and to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. The plant is a medium-sized slender shrub that can reach 10 m (33 ft) in height, and is often unbranched. The root of the plant has been used in folk medicine of the South East Asian region, and in modern times has common use as supplements, as well as food and drink additives. There is no clinical data supporting the effectiveness of Eurycoma longifolia for any health benefit.Eurycoma longifolia is also known by the common names penawar pahit, penawar bias, bedara merah, bedara putih, lempedu pahit, payong ali, tongkat baginda, muntah bumi, petala bumi (all Malay); Malaysian ginseng;^[4] bidara laut (Indonesian); babi kurus (Javanese); cây bá bệnh (Vietnamese); tho nan (Laotian); lan-don, hae phan chan, phiak, plaa lai phuenk, tung saw (all Thai); "long jack" (US); langir siam (Bahrain). Many of the common names refer to the plant's medicinal use and extreme bitterness. Penawar pahit translates simply as "bitter charm" or "bitter medicine". Older literature, such as a 1953 article in the Journal of Ecology, may cite only penawar pahit as the plant's common Malay name.

- 高山榕  Ficus altissima, commonly known as the council tree,^[2] is a species of flowering plant, a fig tree in the family Moraceae. It is a large, stately evergreen tree and is native to southeastern Asia.Ficus altissima is native to southeastern Asia and many islands in the Pacific. Its range includes the Andaman Islands, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, South China and the Malesia region.^[4] It was first described by the Dutch botanist Carl Ludwig Blume in 1826 from Java. It has become naturalized in some of the southern counties of Florida.

• 1992年1月22日，邓小平视察深圳时，到仙湖植物园参观并亲手种植了一棵高山榕。时隔20年，2012年12月8日，新任中共中央总书记习近平来到深圳，在莲花山邓小平铜像下也亲手栽下了一棵高山榕。传说，在孟加拉国的杰索尔地区，有一棵900多岁的巨榕，树高40多米，冠幅投影42亩。一个炎热夏日，一支6000多人的军队路过这里，士兵们都舍不得走，全部躺在榕树下乘凉，可见此树之大。我国云南省保山市埧湾乡，有一棵700多年生的高山榕，树高28米，胸径907厘米，冠幅1677平方米，浓荫蔽日http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2012_12/26/20525493_0.shtml
• hk

• can found in central library

- 盾柱木 （Peltophorum pterocarpum），別稱雙翼豆（中国主要植物图说）、閉筴木、黃焰木、黃燄木及翅果木等   Peltophorum pterocarpum (commonly known as copperpod, yellow-flamboyant, yellow flametree, yellow poinciana or yellow-flame)^[2] is a species of Peltophorum, native to tropical southeastern Asia and a popular ornamental tree grown around the world.The tree is widely grown in tropical regions as an ornamental tree, particularly in India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Florida and Hawaii in the United States. Used as decorating flower in Telangana State's Batukamma festival. The trees have been planted alternately in India as a common scheme for avenue trees in India alternately with Delonix regia(Poinciana) to give a striking yellow and red effect in summer, as has been done on Hughes road in Mumbai. The wood has a wide variety of uses, including cabinet-making^[7] and the foliage is used as a fodder crop.^[3] The brownish colour called sogan typical of batik cloth from inland Java in Indonesia is produced from P. pterocarpum, which is known there as soga. 樹皮能作提煉黃色染料之用.

• other names 银珠, 油楠（广东）
• hk

• various spots in victoria park

- Mitragyna speciosa (commonly known as kratom^[10]) is a tropical evergreen tree in the coffee family native to Southeast Asia. M. speciosa is indigenous to Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Papua New Guinea,^[11] where it has been used in traditional medicines since at least the nineteenth century.^[4] Kratom has opioid properties and some stimulant-like effects.As of 2018, there is growing international concern about a possible threat to public health from kratom use.^[1][2][13] In some jurisdictions, its sale and importation have been restricted, and several public health authorities have raised alerts.^[1][2][24] Kratom is a controlled substance in 16 countries^[13] and, in 2014, the FDA banned importing and manufacturing of kratom as a dietary supplement.^[7] In the United States, there is consideration to make it a Schedule I drug.^[25] Sometimes, the finished product is mixed with other psychoactive drugs, such as caffeine and codeine.^[14][26] In 2019, the FDA warned consumers that kratom remains unapproved for interstate commerce,^{[failed verification]} may be unsafe in commercially available products, and is on an import alert which can lead to confiscation of imported supplies.

• scmp 6oct19 "opiate of the masses"

- Shorea laevis is a botanical species belonging to the Dipterocarpaceae family. It is a tree found in Burma, Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. Die Handelsnamen für das Holz sind Yellow Balau oder Bangkirai (auch für andere Shorea-Arten) und nicht eindeutig Balau; unter dem Handelsnamen Bangkirai werden z. B. auch die Holzarten Red Balau (Shorea spp.), Keruing (Dipterocarpus spp.), White Seraya (Parashorea, Shorea) und Merawan (Hopea spp.) verkauft. Das Holz ist hart und beständig, weshalb Shorea laevis auch außerhalb ihres natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiets angebaut und international gehandelt wird.

-娑羅樹，又名沙羅雙樹、缽羅叉樹、波羅叉樹，摩訶娑羅樹、沙羅樹、鶴林、鵠樹、無憂樹  Shorea robusta, the sal tree,^[2] is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae.This tree is native to the Indian subcontinent, ranging south of the Himalaya, from Myanmar in the east to Nepal, India and Bangladesh.

• In Hindu tradition, the sal tree is said to be favoured by Vishnu.^[7] Its name shala, shaal or sal, comes from Sanskrit (शाल, śāla, literally "house"), a name that suggests it for housing timber; other names in the Sanskrit language are ashvakarna, chiraparna and sarja, among many others.^{[citation needed]}Jains state that the 24th tirthankara, Mahavira, achieved enlightenment under a sal.^{[citation needed]}Some cultures in Bengal worship Sarna Burhi, a goddess associated with sacred groves of Sal trees.There is a standard decorative element of Hindu Indian sculpture which originated in a yakshi grasping the branch of a flowering tree while setting her foot against its roots.^[9] This decorative sculptural element was integrated into Indian temple architecture as salabhanjika or "sal tree maiden", although it is not clear either whether it is a sal tree or an asoka tree.^[10] The tree is also mentioned in the Ramayana
• Buddhist tradition holds that Queen Māyā of Sakya, while en route to her grandfather's kingdom, gave birth to Gautama Buddha while grasping the branch of a sal tree or an Ashoka tree in a garden in Lumbini in south Nepal.In Buddhism, the brief flowering of the sal tree is used as a symbol of impermanence and the rapid passing of glory, particularly as an analog of sic transit gloria mundi. In Japanese Buddhism, this is best known through the opening line of The Tale of the Heike – a tale of the rise and fall of a once-powerful clan – whose latter half reads "the color of the sāla flowers reveals the truth that the prosperous must decline." (沙羅雙樹の花の色、盛者必衰の理を顯す, sharasōju no hana no iro, jōshahissui no kotowari wo arawasu),^[14] quoting the four-character idiom jōsha hissui (盛者必衰) from a passage in the Humane King Sutra, "The prosperous inevitably decline, the full inevitably empty" (盛者必衰、実者必虚, jōsha hissui, jissha hikkyo?).
• 中國南方所說的娑羅樹为梭罗树，學名為Reevesia sinica，屬梧桐科。北方所說的娑羅樹，又名中國七葉樹，學名為Aesculus chinensis，屬七葉樹科，是中國北方特有的樹種，在北京碧雲寺及大覺寺皆有栽種。中國七葉樹的種子是一種中藥，名為娑羅子。在日本則因為與娑羅樹相似（參見日文維基/ナツツバキ），而稱茶科的旃檀属植物Stewartia pseudocamellia為娑羅樹。

-    魚腥草（Houttuynia cordata），又名折耳根、截兒根、豬鼻拱、䔃、蕺菜及臭草^[1]、岑草^[2]，客家話稱之狗貼耳，臭臊草、臭嗟草（台語）Houttuynia cordata, also known as fish mint, fish leaf, rainbow plant, chameleon plant, heart leaf, fish wort, Chinese lizard tail, or bishop's weed, is one of two species in the genus Houttuynia (the other being H. emeiensis). It is a flowering plant native to Southeast Asia.^[1] It grows in moist, shady locations. It is commonly grown as a leaf vegetable, and is used as a fresh herbal garnish.^[2] The leaf has an unusual taste that is often described as 'fishy' (earning it the nickname "fish mint"), so it is not enjoyed as universally as basil, mint, or other more commonly used herbs.^{[citation needed]}In northeastern India, it is commonly used in salads or cooked with other vegetables, and as a garnish over side dishes.The tender roots can also be ground into chutneys along with dry fish, chilies, and tamarind. It is taken raw as salad and cooked along with fish as fish curry. In Japan and Korea, its dried leaves may be used as a tea.In Vietnamese cuisine, it is called diếp cá, and it is used with grilled meat and noodle salad dishes.^[4] Fish mint may be used as a garnish with several Vietnamese dishes, such as gỏi cuốn stir-fried beef with fish mint salad,^[5][6] and bánh xèo.Zhé'ěrgēn (Chinese: 折耳根) is the edible rhizome of Houttuynia cordata (Yuxingcao, 鱼腥草 ‘fish smelling leaf’) with a fresh, spicy, peppery flavour that is used in southwestern Chinese cuisine, i.e. that of Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan and western Guangxi. Typically the leaves are eaten in Sichuan and the root in Guizhou. Zhé'ěrgēn fried with cured ‘la rou’ (a dried meat resembling ‘Chinese bacon’) is one of the staple dishes of Guizhou.四川、雲南、貴州和鄂西的人稱其為「蕺根（折耳根）」，認為它清熱去火，把它當作吃飯時的重要配料，主要食其根莖。方法是洗乾淨後切小段，拌在米粉、腸旺面、糯米飯、情人豆腐等食品中食用。也可切長段拌醬油、辣醬、蔥、鹽、香油做涼菜。折兒根炒臘肉也是常見菜餚。生折兒根初入口甚腥，味道極怪，外人往往無法忍受，需要適應後才會喜歡吃。在四川，也叫豬鼻拱，除了利用根莖做涼拌菜或炒菜之外，還將葉子當做蔬菜。在越南、老撾，葉子是很重要的作料。日本少數農村家庭也偶爾摘葉子做油炸菜的一種材料。どくだみ茶は商品化もされている。爽健美茶の主原料の1つとしても有名。

• 各地連日運送物資到湖北省，四川多市先後亦有捐贈，惟部分蔬菜對於湖北人聞所未聞，紛紛上網詢問「這菜怎麽吃」，其中以具清熱解毒、止咳祛痰作用的折耳根（魚腥草）討論最多。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20200217/00178_017.html

india
- Saccharum munja, known as munja (Hindi: मुंज) is a grass found in arid areas and along river banks in India. it belongs to the family Gramineae. It grows up to 2 meters (7 feet) in height. Its white flowers are of ornamental value. Its threads are known to have been used to prepare the "Janeu" or sacred thread as mentioned in Hanuman Chalisa, a poetry by Tulsidas.Saccharum munja is used as a raw material for thatching roofs. It is used for making baskets. The plant has medicinal value.^[1] Its fibre is used for making ropes.


australesia
- Phormium tenax (called flax in New Zealand English; harakeke in Māori; New Zealand flax^[1] outside New Zealand; and New Zealand hemp^[1] in historical nautical contexts) is an evergreen perennial plant native to New Zealand and Norfolk Island that is an important fibre plant and a popular ornamental plant.^[2] The plant grows as a clump of long, straplike leaves, up to two metres long, from which arises a much taller flowering shoot, with dramatic yellow or red flowers.The fibre has been widely used since the arrival of Māori to New Zealand, originally in Māori traditional textiles and also in rope and sail making^[3] after the arrival of Europeans until at least WWII. It is an invasive species in some of the Pacific Islands and in Australia.The blades of the plant contain cucurbitacins, which are poisonous to some animals, and some of them are among the bitterest tastes to humans.New Zealand Flax was cultivated on Saint Helena from the late 1800s to around 1966 for the production of string and rope and for export.^[10] Today the plants remain but the industry has stopped; they are considered an ecological problem.

• steve gibbs (b. 1955) painting on new zealand flax (harakeke) paper depicting the arrival of james cook's ship hms endeavour on the east coast of new zealand 2016 - at british museum

philippines
- Dillenia philippinensis (katmon) is a favorite tree among Filipino garden enthusiasts. It is endemic to the Philippines^[1] and can be used for urban greening. Its fruit is known as elephant apple. Katmon grows in low to medium altitude forests throughout the Philippines, but does not survive the cold climates of the uplands.Katmon is featured on the reverse side of the Philippine twenty-five centavo coin since 2018 as part of the New Generation Currency Coin Series.
-  馬尼拉麻蕉（Musa textilis），又稱馬尼拉麻  Abacá (/ɑːbəˈkɑː/ ah-bə-KAH; Filipino: Abaka [ɐbɐˈka]), binomial name Musa textilis, is a species of banana native to the Philippines,^[3] grown as a commercial crop in the Philippines, Ecuador, and Costa Rica. The plant, also known as Manila hemp,^[3] has great economic importance, being harvested for its fiber, also called Manila hemp, extracted from the leaf-stems.^[4] Abacá is also the traditional source of lustrous fiber hand-loomed into various indigenous textiles in the Philippines like t'nalak, as well as colonial-era sheer luxury fabrics known as nipis. They are also the source of fibers for sinamay, a loosely woven stiff material used for textiles as well as in traditional Philippine millinery.

• [inside the factory episode on typhoo tea] tea bags are made from this material (imported from philippines) by a factory bordering scotland  

indonesia
- Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands (or Moluccas) in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are available throughout the year due to different harvest seasons in different countries.In the third century BC, Chinese emperors of the Han Dynasty required those who addressed him to chew cloves to freshen their breath,^[12] and they had reached the Roman world by the first century AD, where they were described by Pliny the Elder.The first clearly dated archeological find of a clove is substantially later than the written evidence, with two examples found at a trading port in Sri Lanka, dated to around 900-1100 AD.^[14] An earlier reported find, in Syria, dated to around 1700 BC, is no longer believed to be a clove.Cloves were traded by Omani sailors and merchants trading goods from India to the mainland and Africa during the Middle Ages in the profitable Indian Ocean trade. Le giroflier ou girofle Les propriétés antiseptiques et anesthésiques de ces boutons floraux sont reconnues depuis très longtemps et proposées dans les douleurs dentaires. Il entre dans la composition du khôl, primitivement onguent ophtalmique.丁香用於烹調、香煙添加劑、焚香的添加劑、制茶等^[2]。也可以作為藥用，中藥也有丁香花蕾入藥，藥名「公丁香」，性溫，味辛。^[3][4] 丁香油是一種重要的香料，也可以治療燒傷，作為牙科的止痛劑。丁香還可用來解酒醉。曹操在諸葛亮書信中也提到，「今奉雞舌香五斤，以表微意。」^[6]唐代雞舌香從印度尼西亞進口，用於烹調和入酒，也用於製造丁香油。^[7]宋代稱丁香為雞舌香，用於口含。宋代臣子向皇帝起奏時，必須口含其除口臭。

• 在古代，盛行丁香結的說法。李商隱有名句：「芭蕉不展丁香結，同向春風各自愁。」現代作家宗璞寫過一篇《丁香結》美文。宗璞一直不解，丁香為何也叫丁香結？在一次春雨中，宗璞立在窗前，望着窗外斜伸過來的丁香枝條，只見那一柄花蕾上的花苞，圓圓鼓鼓，恰如衣襟上的盤花扣。丁香樹，不光花兒香，葉子也有甜香。丁香葉美觀大方，呈桃形，和紫荊樹的葉片極為相似。把丁香嫩葉採摘，經過晾曬，葉子會慢慢捲起來。泡在杯子裡，就是一杯溫脾暖胃的丁香葉茶。丁香花也可以製作成芳香開竅的丁香花茶。丁香茶飲，可以使人的氣血有序運行，達到通體舒泰的效果。喝丁香茶還有個除口臭的好處。胃炎患者一旦感染了幽門螺旋桿菌，口腔異味難以根除。丁香茶中所含的丁香油，能有效抑制幽門螺旋桿菌的活性，殺死頑固病菌。丁香花，在古代，還被炮製成一種香料，叫「雞舌香」。據《齊民要術》記載︰「應劭為漢侍中，因年老口臭，帝賜雞舌香含之。後來三省奏事郎官日含雞舌香，欲其對答芬芳。」由此可見，早在我國漢朝，丁香樹就已經被廣泛種植。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2020/04/21/b07-0421.pdf
• hk
• 我們走向香葉徑，路邊的丁香散發着花香 。http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20200614/PDF/a14_screen.pdf