Jamaica

government
- The Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) is the combined military of Jamaica, consisting of an infantry Regiment and Reserve Corps, an Air Wing, a Coast Guard fleet and a supporting Engineering Unit. The JDF is based upon the British military model, with similar organisation, training, weapons and traditions. Once chosen, officer candidates are sent to one of several British or Canadian basic officer courses depending upon the arm of service. Enlisted soldiers are given basic training at JDF Training Depot Newcastle. As on the British model, NCOs are given several levels of professional training as they rise up the ranks. Additional military schools are available for speciality training in Canada, China, the United States, and the United Kingdom.The JDF is directly descended from the British West India Regiment formed during the colonial era. The West India Regiment was used extensively by the British in policing the empire from 1795 to 1926. Other units in the JDF heritage include the early colonial Jamaica Militia, the Kingston Infantry Volunteers of WWI and reorganised into the Jamaican Infantry Volunteers in WWII. The West India Regiment was reformed in 1958 as part of the West Indies Federation. The dissolution of the Federation resulted in the establishment of the JDF.In recent years the JDF has been called upon to assist the nation's police, the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF), in fighting drug smuggling and a rising crime rate which includes one of the highest murder rates in the world.^{[citation needed]} JDF units actively conduct armed patrols with the JCF in high-crime areas and known gang neighbourhoods. There has been vocal controversy as well as support of this JDF role. In early 2005, an opposition leader, Edward Seaga, called for the merger of the JDF and JCF. This move did not garner support in either organisation nor among the majority of citizens.

Great Goat Island is a cay located less than a mile off the coast of Jamaica, southwest of the Hellshire Hills. It is part of Saint Catherine Parish. Along with Little Goat Island located northwest of it, these two cays make up the Goat Islands, which are within the Portland Bight Protected Area.These cays were previously home to the Jamaican Iguana until the 1940s, when the population was thought to have become extinct, mainly due to predation by introduced small Indian mongooses and habitat alteration by feral goats.The island, as of September 2013, is being considered as the base for a Chinese funded transhipment hub


Hanover is a parish located on the northwestern tip of the island of Jamaica. It is a part of the county of Cornwall, bordered by St. James in the east and Westmoreland in the south. The region was initially under Spanish control as a colony until 1655, when Spain relinquished control to the English. Overtime, parishes were formed to govern the island. The parish would go unnamed for many decades even though many of the towns existed. Hanover was established on 12 November 1723. It is the smallest parish in Jamaica and was established from parts of Westmoreland and St James parishes. It was named in honor of the British monarch, George I, who was a member of the German House of Hanover. There had been a governmental proposal to name parish St. Sophia, after the King’s mother; however, the assembly did not approve the proposal. The parish's capital town, on the other hand, has name variations: St Lusia, St. Lucia, St. Lucea and, today, Lucea. In the early colonial days, Lucea, the main town and port, was even busier than Montego Bay. By the mid-18th century, Lucea was the hub of an important sugar-growing region, and the town was prosperous as a sugar port and market centre. European Jews settled in the parish as merchants, store keepers, haberdashery, shoe makers and goldsmiths. It became a free port. After the abolition of slavery in 1834, the free people prospered, developing a variety of crops, and supplying produce to much of the rest of Jamaica. The harbor was used to export bananas until after the 1960s. A deep-water pier was built, but this has been restricted to the shipping of molasses, an important sugar product. The port was closed in 1983. The historic Fort Charlotte stands at one side of the entrance to the harbour, but was never garrisoned.


Association
- international seabed authority https://www.isa.org.jm

people
- Edward Philip George Seaga ON, PC (/siˈɑːɡə/ or /-ˈæ-/; 28 May 1930 – 28 May 2019)^[1] was a Jamaican politician.^[2] He was the fifth Prime Minister of Jamaica, from 1980 to 1989, and the leader of the Jamaica Labour Party from 1974 to 2005.^[3] He served as leader of the opposition from 1974 to 1980, and again from 1989 until January 2005. His retirement from political life marked the end of Jamaica's founding generation in active politics. He was the last serving politician to have entered public life before independence in 1962, as he was appointed to the Legislative Council (now the Senate) in 1959. Seaga is credited with having built the financial and planning infrastructure of the country after independence, as well as having developed its arts and crafts, and awareness of national heritage. As a record producer and record company owner, Seaga also played a major role in the development of the Jamaican music industry. Seaga died May 28, 2019 on his birthday.Edward Philip George Seaga was born on 28 May 1930, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Philip George Seaga, of Lebanese Jamaican descent, and Erna (née Maxwell), who was Jamaican of African, Scottish and Indian descent.^[3][4] His parents returned to Jamaica with Edward when the boy was three months old. He was baptised in Kingston's Anglican Parish Church on 5 December 1930. Erna was the daughter of Elizabeth Campbell (maiden name), daughter of John Zungaroo Campbell. The young Seaga was educated at Wolmer’s Boys' School in Jamaica. He went to the United States for college, graduating from Harvard Universityin 1952 with a Bachelor of Arts (Harvard AB) degree in the Social Sciences.
- uk related

• John Fuller (20 February 1757 – 11 April 1834), better known as "Mad Jack" Fuller (although he himself preferred to be called "Honest John" Fuller), was Squire of the hamlet of Brightling, in Sussex, and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1780 and 1812. He was a builder of follies, philanthropist, patron of the arts and sciences, and a supporter of slavery. He purchased and commissioned many paintings from J.M.W. Turner. He was sponsor and mentor to Michael Faraday. Fuller was born on 20 February 1757 in North Stoneham, Hampshire. He was christened in the village of Waldron, near Heathfield in Sussex, in the south of England. His parents were the Reverend Henry Fuller (15 January 1713 – 23 July 1761) and his wife Frances, née Fuller (1725 – 14 February 1778). He lost his father in 1761, when he was four. At the age of ten, in 1767, he began his education at Eton College, a famous public school in Berkshire. On 7 May 1777, Jack Fuller's uncle Rose Fuller, MP died,^[2] leaving Jack his Sussex estates and Jamaican plantations. Jack Fuller thus took possession of the Rose Hill estate (now Brightling Park) at Brightling, Sussex at the age of 20. On Thursday, 18 September 1828, Jack Fuller bought Bodiam Castle for 3000 guineas at auction to save it from destruction. On the afternoon of Friday 11 April 1834, Fuller died at his home, 36 Devonshire Place, London. He was buried under the Pyramid in Brightling churchyard. The main beneficiaries of his will were his nephew, Peregrine Palmer Fuller Palmer Acland (1789–1871) and General Sir Augustus Elliot Fuller (1777–1857) who was John Fuller's first cousin once removed.
• Alan Alexander Milne (/mɪln/; 18 January 1882 – 31 January 1956) was an English author, best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various poems. Milne was a noted writer, primarily as a playwright, before the huge success of Pooh overshadowed all his previous work. Milne served in both World Wars, joining the British Army in World War I, and was a captain of the British Home Guard in World War II.Alan Alexander Milne was born in Kilburn, London^[2] to parents John Vine Milne, who was born in Jamaica,^[3] and Sarah Marie Milne (née Heginbotham) and grew up at Henley House School, 6/7 Mortimer Road (now Crescent), Kilburn, a small public school run by his father.^[4] One of his teachers was H. G. Wells, who taught there in 1889–90.

stock market
- ????? ft 10oct19 jamaica bourse is best performing


bauxite
- http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business-observer/jamaica-s-bauxite-industry_161199 The island's mining revival is “turning Jamaica's red earth to gold for a new set of investors from hedge fund luminaries to commodity traders”, the story reads.The frailty of the international aluminium industry's supply chain illustrated by a shutdown of the world's largest alumina refinery in Brazil because of an environmental dispute as well as worries over international sanctions against Russian aluminum company, United Co Rusal, is panicking traders. According to the article, the Jamaican bauxite industry stands to benefit from the present situation as it offers an alternative solution to the current problem areas in the supply chain. Trading house, Concord Resources Ltd, became a minority stakeholder in New Day Aluminum Holdings LLC which owns a Jamaican bauxite mine and Bloomberg quotes its chief executive, Mark Hansen as saying, “Jamaica has several strategic advantages that had been overlooked on the downcycle. It has come full circle from where it was five years ago.”

Food
- Ackee and saltfish is a traditional Jamaicandish. The ackee fruit was imported to The Caribbean from Ghana before 1725, as Ackee or Aki is another name for the Akan tribe, Akyem. It is also known as Blighia sapida. The scientific name honours Captain William Bligh who took the fruit from Jamaica to the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, England in 1793 and introduced it to science.^[1] Because parts of the fruit are toxic, there are shipping restrictions when being imported to countries such as the United States.


Music
- "Jamaica Farewell" is a Jamaican-style folk song (mento^[1]) about the beauties of the West Indian Islands. The song first appeared on Harry Belafonte's phenomenally successful album Calypso.Though many, including Belafonte himself, have said that the song was popular in the West Indies since long before Burgess, it is believed that Burgess compiled and modified the song from many folk pieces to make a new song. Burgess acknowledged his use of the tune of another mento, "Iron Bar".This song has been translated into many languages. For example, in Bengali, there exist several translations, some of which are quite well known. One Bengali version of the song became an important anthem for the Naxalite revolutionary movement in the 1970s and thus has significance for Bengali intellectuals in Kolkata society. Bangladeshi band Souls also sang their own translated version in early 1990s, which instantly became hit in Bangladesh. The song was covered with lyrics in Swedish by Schytts as Jamaica farväl, scoring a 1979 Svensktoppen hit. Streaplers recorded a 1967 Swedish-language version of the song, with the lyrics "Långt långt bort". 

language
- jamaican

• “peng” to mean “good”, it’s Jamaican in origin, but became common in the UK having changed meaning a bit. It started as the Jamaican word “Ku-ShengPeng” (sometimes spelled “Tu-ShungPeng”), which is a word for marijuana. You can hear it in this use, say, on the 1985 Frankie Paul record “Pass the Ku-ShengPeng.”By 2002, it seemed to have become a single word “kushungpeng”.By 2003, the shortened form, peng, was used both for the drug, and as an adjective meaning “good quality” about the drug, so phrases like “peng skank” meant “good quality skank.”By 2012, the drug-specific meaning had widened, and we have records of it being used just to mean “good.”https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-etymology-of-the-word-peng

usa
- https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm557 U.S. and Jamaica Sign Energy Cooperation Framework

uk

- https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/17/europe/windrush-jamaica-deportation-guide-intl/index.html?sr=fbCNN041718windrush-jamaica-deportation-guide-intl0109PMVODtop The British government has been criticized for a guide published in 2013 that urges people deported from the UK to Jamaica to "try to be 'Jamaican'" and adopt a "local accent" upon arrival. The guide, published first in March 2013 and updated in November 2015, was widely criticized after resurfacing late Monday amid widespread condemnation of the government's treatment of the so-called Windrush generation, the first large group of Caribbean migrants to arrive in the UK after World War II. In one section of the guide, titled "Some do's and don'ts", people being deported from the UK are advised to: "Try to be 'Jamaican' -- use local accents and dialect (overseas accents can attract unwanted attention)." Another section on "Local tips" reads: "'Deportation is not a sentence or punishment but a second chance to build a new life and make a meaningful contribution to build the nation.' (as stated by a deported person)."Labour lawmaker David Lammy, who slammed the government's handling of legal Caribbean immigrants in a speech Monday, took aim at British Prime Minister Theresa May and Home Secretary Amber Rudd after reading the guide. "How exactly can someone pretend to 'be Jamaican' when they are British and have lived here all their lives? What is going on @AmberRuddHR @theresa_may @ukhomeoffice?" Lammy tweeted on Tuesday. "This document harks back to 'repatriation' campaigns. This document was published when Theresa May was Home [Secretary], promoting her hostile environments policy -- the starting point for the injustices that we are seeing writ large for the Windrush generation.""Hard to believe this document was written and published. The fact that the [government] feels this is an appropriate way to treat the ancestors of those Caribbean pioneers who were invited to Britain as citizens tells its own sad story about the treatment of immigrants in our country," he added.

- people

• Robert Milligan (1746 – 21 May 1809) was a prominent Scottish merchant, ship-owner and slave-owner,^[1] and was the driving force behind the construction of the West India Docks in London.^[2]
  Having grown up on his wealthy family's sugar plantations in Jamaica, Milligan left Jamaica in 1779 to establish himself in London,^[3] living in Hampstead for a period.^[4] In 1809, the year of his death, Milligan owned 526 slaves who worked at his sugar plantation called Kellet's and Mammee Gully.Outraged at losses due to theft and delays at London's riverside wharves, Milligan headed a group of powerful businessmen who planned and built West India Docks,^[6] which was to have a monopoly on the import into London of West Indian produce such as sugar, rum and coffee for a period of 21 years.^[7] The Docks' foundation stone was laid in July 1800, when Milligan was Deputy Chairman of the West India Dock Company – his strong connections with the political establishment of the day were evident from those attending the ceremony, the stone being laid by Lord Chancellor Lord Loughborough and Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger as well as Company chairman George Hibbert and himself.The Docks officially opened just over two years later in August 1802. Milligan later also served as Chairman of the Company.A statue of Milligan, crafted by Richard Westmacott in May 1809, stood in front of the Museum of London Docklands. The statue was removed on 9 June 2020 by the local authority to "recognise the wishes of the community", following the removal of Edward Colston's statue in Bristol by anti-racism protesters in response to the killing of George Floyd.Milligan has also had a local street named after him: Milligan Street is located near Westferry DLR station, just off Narrow Street, Limehouse.
• Shaun Bailey (born May 1971) is a British politician and former youth worker who is the candidate of the Conservative Party for the 2021 London mayoral election. He has been a member of the London Assembly since 6 May 2016.Bailey was born in May 1971 in North Kensington, London. He and his younger brother were raised by his mother and extended family in the absence of his father, who worked as a lorry driver.^[3] From the age of about thirteen years old, he began to get to know his father, along with a second family his father had started, and became close to his stepsisters and stepbrother.^[4] The family are of Jamaican origin.^[5] His grandfather came to the UK from Jamaica in 1947 as part of the Windrush generation. Bailey grew up in social housing with his Jamaican mother, grandfather, grandmother, two aunts, and two uncles. His extended family lived on the same estate in Ladbroke Grove.
• 英國倫敦市明年舉行市長選舉，保守黨候選人貝利（Shaun Bailey）昨向香港市民發公開信，聲言若他當選，就會結束倫敦與北京的姊妹城市安排，歡迎港人到倫敦定居。貝利批評中國對待新疆維吾爾人及香港的手法，聲言為身處倫敦的港人提供免費資訊服務，包括會說廣東話的律師及有關就業、住房的建議。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20200911/00176_044.html

chinese
- 牙買加移民英國第二代，母親擁非洲兼歐洲血統，父親則是華裔，四個月大已與其母仳離，但她一直以父親中國姓氏Ming為傲。納奧美金寶（Naomi Campbell），上世紀90年代原祖超級名模其一中堅分子，將膚色打破時裝界藩籬極重要一員。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2018/04/20/a28-0420.pdf

China
- visit by leaders

• http://paper.takungpao.com/resfile/PDF/20191109/PDF/a10_screen.pdf 國務院總理李克強 8日上午在北京人民大會堂同來華進行正式訪問的牙 買加總理霍爾尼斯舉行會談。會談後，二人共同見證 共建 「一帶一路」 等領域多項雙邊合作文件簽署。

- obor

• 作為本月新加入「一帶一路」的中美洲國家，牙買加駐華大使丘偉基接受香港文匯報記者獨家專訪透露，兩年前他出任大使時，就體會到「一帶一路」倡議對兩國的益處，便開始致力於推動牙買加的加入。丘偉基說：「今天終於實現了，牙買加派代表參加第二屆（『一帶一路』）高峰論壇是一個新起點」。他表示，期待中牙兩國能在基礎設施、新能源、高科技、文化體育等4領域項目中有更深入的合作。http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2019/04/29/a20-0429.pdf

- infrastructure

• http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20151228/00178_005.html 英國傳媒報道，中國繼在牙買加投資六億美元（約四十六億八千萬港元）興建公路。又耗資十五億美元（約一百一十七億港元）建造港口。據報牙買加政府認為中國投資有助國家脫離貧困，惟當地組織批評中國投資基建無助減低失業率，更威脅當地生態。據報道，中資企業早前在牙買加投資興建一條長達六十四公里、由金斯頓到北岸旅遊度假地奧喬里奧斯的四車道的公路，名為「北京公路」，預計明年初完工。為回報中國的投資建設，牙買加政府將公路周圍超過一千二百平方公里的土地免費批予中方，用於建造三座豪華酒店。
• http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2015-12/30/content_22862244.htm Officials at China Harbor Engineering Co, a subsidiary of China Communications Construction Co, said they will complete work on Jamaica's most-expensive ever construction project, the south-north expressway, by March next year. The four-lane, 68-kilometer and $730-million highway is CHEC's first so-called engineering, procurement and construction deal, and among the first overseas infrastructure contracts by a Chinese firm using the "build, operate and transfer" model. Many economies in the Caribbean rely on trade in commodities, agricultural and mining products. Tang Zhongdong, CHEC vice-president, said that a shortage of good infrastructure such as roads, airports, bridges and container ports, however, has affected government revenues and standards of living. The soon-to-be-ready highway will connect Caymanas in the Saint Catherine region－a town about 11 km west of Kingston, the country's capital－with Ocho Rios, in the parish of Saint Ann on its north coast. Sealed by CHEC with the Jamaican government in 2012, the Chinese company's share of total contract value was $540 million, but more importantly, said Tang, the project is a milestone as it has created a solid foundation for its future development in the region, and the rest of South America.
• http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2016-07/02/content_25940883.htm More than 1 million vehicles have been recorded traveling on Jamaica's costliest construction project, the North-South Expressway, since the end of March following its completion, according to a leading executive at China Harbor Engineering Co, the company that built most of it. Lin Yichong, chairman of State-owned CHEC, a unit of China Communications Construction Co, said that as the Caribbean nation has only 1.2 million vehicles, this figure indicated the highway has worked well to improve regional connectivity in Jamaica, as well as creating more than 2,000 jobs in the services sector for local residents. The four-lane, 65-kilometer and $732-million highway is CHEC's first overseas infrastructure project using the "build, operate and transfer" model. The Chinese company's share of total contract value was $540 million. The highway took three years to build and connects Caymanas in the Saint Catherine region - a town about 11 km west of the capital Kingston - with Ocho Rios, in the parish of Saint Ann on Jamaica's north coast.

- port

• China Merchants Port Holdings now has full control of Kingston Freeport Terminal Limited (KFTL), the entity that manages the Port of Kingston under a 30-year concession agreement with the Government of Jamaica. This was made possible by the international French-led shipping and port management firm, CMA CGM selling its interest in KFTL to a subsidiary company, Terminal Link, which is a joint venture of CMA CGM (51 per cent) and China Merchants (49 per cent). http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/business-report-daily-biz/chinese-firm-now-majority-owners-of-kingston-freeport-management-company-us-ambassador-tapia-reiterates-concerns-about-beijing-s-investments-in-jamaica_192752

- building and construction

• THE Housing Agency of Jamaica (HAJ) on Wednesday officially broke ground for the 1,650-unit Catherine Estate housing project, to be developed in St Catherine, as a joint venture partnership with China Harbour Engineering Company (CHEC), a company known for building roads and bridges. Prime Minister Andrew Holness was special guest of the agency at the ground-breaking activities for the integrated, sustainable community development which is targeting low-income families, first-time homeowners and public sector workers. The project is estimated to cost $9.5 billion. Holness said the Government is committed to ensuring that every Jamaican has the opportunity to own their own home, and that the National Housing Trust (NHT) will be providing 100 per cent financing for the houses.http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/china-harbour-breaks-ground-for-st-catherine-housing-scheme_196635

- tourism

• http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1774896/chinese-tourists-arrive-jamaica-caribbean-island-tries-boost-tourism Last year, Jamaica allowed visa-free travel for vacationers from China as the island tries to develop new markets for its tourism industry. In recent years, Jamaica has also relaxed visa requirements for nationals of countries such as Russia, Venezuela and Colombia. "China is the largest tourism source market in the world in terms of spending," McNeill said.

- language

• 2015年9月，莎奈爾從牙買加來到中國，此前已學習中文一年。目前，她就讀於太原理工大學的漢語言專業。「同學們在學習上和生活上對我都特別照顧，來中國之前完全沒想到。」　http://pdf.wenweipo.com/2016/02/01/a21-0201.pdf

Hong Kong
- investors in HK

• http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1319457/blue-mountain-coffee-claim-grounds-alarm-says-licensed-seller, china daily 17feb15 page9