haiti

people
- François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture (French: [fʁɑ̃swa dɔminik tusɛ̃ luvɛʁtyʁ] 9 May 1743 – 7 April 1803), also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda, was the best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution. He was a leader of the growing resistance. His military and political acumen saved the gains of the first Black insurrection in November 1791. He first fought for the Spanish against the French; then for France against Spain and Great Britain; and finally, for Saint-Domingue against Napoleonic France. He helped transform the slave insurgency into a revolutionary movement. By 1800 Saint-Domingue, the most prosperous French slave colony of the time, had become the first free colonial society to have explicitly rejected race as the basis of social ranking. Although Louverture did not sever ties with France in 1800, he created a de facto autonomous colony. The colony's constitution proclaimed him governor for life even against Napoleon Bonaparte's wishes. He died betrayed before the final and most violent stage of the armed conflict. However, his achievements set the grounds for the Black army's absolute victory and for Jean-Jacques Dessalines to declare the sovereign state of Haiti in January 1804. Louverture's prominent role in the Haitian success over colonialism and slavery had earned him the admiration of friends and detractors alike. Toussaint Louverture began his military career as a leader of the 1791 slave rebellion in Saint-Domingue; he was by then a free man and a Jacobin. Initially allied with the Spaniards of neighboring Santo Domingo (modern Dominican Republic), Louverture switched allegiance to the French when the new government abolished slavery. He gradually established control over the whole island and used political and military tactics to gain dominance over his rivals. Throughout his years in power, he worked to improve the economy and security of Saint-Domingue. Worried about the economy, which had stalled, he restored the plantation system using paid labour, negotiated trade treaties with the UK and the United States, and maintained a large and well-disciplined army. After defeating leaders among the free people of color, in 1801, he promulgated an autonomist constitution for the colony, which named him as Governor-General for Life. In 1802 he was forced to resign by forces sent by Napoleon Bonaparte to restore French authority in the former colony. He was deported to France, where he died in 1803. Suffering the loss of two-thirds of their forces from yellow fever, the French withdrew from Saint-Domingue that year. The Haitian Revolution continued under Louverture's lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who declared independence on 1 January 1804. That year he ordered the 1804 Haiti massacre, in which many whites and free people of color were murdered. 

• In 1782, Louverture married Suzanne Simone Baptiste, who is thought to have been his cousin or the daughter of his godfather. Toward the end of his life, he told General Caffarelli that he had fathered 16 children with multiple women, of whom 11 had predeceased him. Not all his children can be identified for certain, but his three legitimate sons are well known. The eldest, Placide, was probably adopted by Louverture and is generally thought to have been Suzanne's first child, fathered by Seraphim Le Clerc, a mulatto.^[28] The two sons born of his marriage with Suzanne were Isaac and Saint-Jean.

- François Duvalier (French pronunciation: ​[fʁɑ̃swa dyvalje]; 14 April 1907 – 21 April 1971), also known as Papa Doc, was the President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. He was elected president in 1957 on a populist and black nationalist platform, after thwarting a military coup d'état in 1958 his regime rapidly became totalitarian. An undercover death squad, the Tonton Macoute killed indiscriminately and was thought to be so pervasive that Haitians became fearful of expressing dissent even in private. Duvalier further solidified his rule by incorporating elements of Haitian mythology into a personality cult.Prior to his rule, Duvalier was a physician by profession. His profession and expertise in the field acquired him the nickname "Papa Doc". He was unanimously "re-elected" in a 1961 referendum in which he was the only candidate. Afterwards, he consolidated his power step by step, culminating in 1964 when he became President for Life after another faulty election, and remained in power until he died in 1971. He was succeeded by his son, Jean‑Claude, who was nicknamed "Baby Doc".

• Duvalier was born in Port-au-Prince in 1907, son of Duval Duvalier, a justice of the peace, and baker Ulyssia Abraham. His aunt, Madame Florestal, raised him.^[6]:51 He completed a degree in medicine from the University of Haiti in 1934,^[9] and served as staff physician at several local hospitals. He spent a year at the University of Michigan studying public health^[6]:53 and in 1943, became active in a United States-sponsored campaign to control the spread of contagious tropical diseases, helping the poor to fight typhus, yaws, malaria and other tropical diseases that had ravaged Haiti for years.^[9] His patients affectionately called him "Papa Doc", a moniker that he used throughout his life. The United States occupation of Haiti, which began in 1915, left a powerful impression on the young Duvalier. He was also aware of the latent political power of the poor black majority and their resentment against the tiny mulatto (black and white mixed-race) elite.^[11] Duvalier supported Pan-African ideals, and became involved in the négritude movement of Haitian author Jean Price-Mars, both of which led to his advocacy of Haitian Vodou, an ethnological study of which later paid enormous political dividends for him. In 1938, Duvalier co-founded the journal Les Griots. In 1939, he married Simone Duvalier (née Ovide), with whom he had four children: Marie‑Denise, Nicole, Simone, and Jean‑Claude.
• In 1959, Duvalier created a rural militia, the Milice de Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale(MVSN, English: Militia of National Security Volunteers)—commonly referred to as the Tonton Macoute after a Haitian Creole bogeyman—to extend and bolster support for the regime in the countryside. The Macoute, which by 1961 was twice as big as the army, never developed into a real military force but was more than just a secret police. In the early years of his rule, Duvalier was able to take advantage of the strategic weaknesses of his powerful opponents, mostly from the mulatto elite. These weaknesses included their inability to coordinate their actions against the regime, whose power had grown increasingly stronger. In the name of nationalism, Duvalier expelled almost all of Haiti's foreign-born bishops, an act that earned him excommunication from the Catholic Church. In 1966, he persuaded the Holy See to allow him permission to nominate the Catholic hierarchy for Haiti. No longer was Haiti under the grip of the minority rich mulattoes, protected by the military and supported by the church; Duvalier now exercised more power in Haiti than ever.

- 若弗内尔·莫伊兹Jovenel Moïse (French pronunciation: ​[ʒɔvənɛl mɔiz]; Haitian Creole pronunciation: [ʒovɛnɛl mɔiz]; 26 June 1968 – 7 July 2021) was a Haitian entrepreneur and politician who served as the president of Haiti from 2017 until his assassination in 2021.He was sworn in as President in February 2017 after winning the November 2016 election. In 2019, political unrest and calls for his resignation became a crisis. In the early morning of 7 July 2021, Moïse was assassinated and his wife, Martine, was injured during an attack on their private residence in Pétion-Ville.^[6][7][8] Interim Prime Minister Claude Joseph succeeded him as acting President.

• Jovenel Moïse was born in Trou du Nord, Nord-Est, Haiti, on 26 June 1968. In July 1974, his family moved to Port-au-Prince, where he continued his primary studies at École Nationale Don Durélin, and followed up with his secondary studies first at Lycée Toussaint Louverture, and then at Centre Culturel du Collège Canado-Haïtien.^[10] In 1996, he married his classmate Martine Marie Étienne Joseph.^[10] That same year, they left the capital and established themselves in Port-de-Paix to develop rural areas.With little investment capital, Moïse launched his first business in Port-de-Paix, JOMAR Auto Parts, which is still in operation today. That same year, he began development of an agricultural project of organic banana production from a plantation extending to over 10 hectares (25 acres) of land in the Nord-Ouest department.^{[citation needed]}In 2001, Moïse partnered with Culligan to start a drinking water plant for distribution to the Nord-Ouest and Nord-Est departments. In 2012, he founded AGRITRANS SA, introduced the agricultural project NOURRIBIO to Trou du Nord, and helped create Haiti's first agricultural free trade zone, a 1000-hectare (2,500-acre) banana plantation in Nord-Est.^[11] This project was supposed to export bananas to Germany, for the first time since 1954; however, only two containers were ever sent. This nonetheless led him to be nicknamed Nèg Bannann (Banana Man).^[12] Agritrans intended to create about 3,000 jobs;^[13] however, it created only 600 jobs by March 2015.
• Moïse was awarded the Order of Brilliant Jade with Grand Cordon by the President of Taiwan, Tsai Ing-wen, in May 2018.^[44][45] Tsai commended the economic initiatives undertaken by Moïse's government.

- Laurent Salvador Lamothe (born 14 August 1972) is a Haitian businessman, economist, and political figure who has served in the government of Haiti as Minister of Foreign Affairs since October 2011, having been appointed Prime Minister on 4 May 2012.^[1] Previously, he was co-founder and CEO of the company Global Voice Group.^[2][3] On 14 December 2014, Lamothe resigned as Prime Minister for personal reasons.Son of Louis G. Lamothe (D.Litt. in Spanish Language and Literature), the founder of the Lope de Vega Institute, and of Ghislaine Fortuney Lamothe, a painter, Lamothe was born in Port-au-Prince. He grew up in an academic and artistic, but also athletic, environment. His elder brother, Ruben, served as captain of the Haitian Davis Cuptennis team for some time. A tennis player himself, Laurent Lamothe represented his country at the Davis Cup in 1994 and 1995.

• https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-7242953/EDEN-CONFIDENTIAL-Charlie-Chaplains-model-granddaughter-37-splits-boyfriend.html charlie chaplains' granddaughter splits with him

- Jack Guy Lafontant (born 4 April 1961) is a Haitian politician who served as his country's Prime Minister from March 2017 to July 2018. Lafontant studied medicine, specializing in gastroenterology and internal medicine and became a university instructor. He became a member of the Haitian Medical Association and the American College of Gastroenterology. Dr. Lafontant is a member of the Rotary Club of Pétion-Ville, Port-au-Prince, where he served as President in 2016. He was appointed as prime minister on 22 February 2017,^[3] and presented his cabinet on 13 March 2017.^[5] His government obtained a vote of confidence from the Senate on 16 March and from the Chamber of Deputies on 21 March, with 95 votes for and 6 against with 2 abstentions.^[6] He assumed his responsibilities the same day his government won the vote of confidence.^[7] His position as prime minister is his debut in political life. Following deadly mass protests against a botched government plan to raise fuel prices, Lafontant announced on 14 July 2018 that he had submitted his resignation to President Moïse, who accepted it.

Haitian Vodou (/ˈvoʊduː/, French: [vodu], also written as Vaudou /ˈvoʊduː/;^[4][5] known commonly as Voodoo^[6][7] /ˈvuːduː/, sometimes as Vodun^[8][9] /ˈvoʊduː/, Vodoun^[8][10]/ˈvoʊduːn/, Vodu /ˈvoʊduː/, or Vaudoux^[6] /ˈvoʊduː/) is a syncretic^[11] religion practiced chiefly in Haiti and the Haitian diaspora. Practitioners are called "vodouists" (French: vodouisants [voduizɑ̃]) or "servants of the spirits" (Haitian Creole: sèvitè). Vodouists believe in a distant and unknowable Supreme Creator, Bondye (derived from the French term Bon Dieu, meaning "good God"). According to Vodouists, Bondye does not intercede in human affairs, and thus they direct their worship toward spirits subservient to Bondye, called loa. Every loa is responsible for a particular aspect of life, with the dynamic and changing personalities of each loa reflecting the many possibilities inherent to the aspects of life over which they preside.^[14] To navigate daily life, vodouists cultivate personal relationships with the loa through the presentation of offerings, the creation of personal altars and devotional objects, and participation in elaborate ceremonies of music, dance, and spirit possession. Vodou originated in what is now Benin Republic and developed in the French colonial empirein the 18th century among West African peoples who were enslaved, when African religious practice was actively suppressed, and enslaved Africans were forced to convert to Christianity. Religious practices of contemporary Vodou are descended from, and closely related to, West African Vodun as practiced by the Fon and Ewe. Vodou also incorporates elements and symbolism from other African peoples including the Yoruba and Kongo; as well as Taíno religious beliefs, Roman Catholicism, and European spirituality including mysticism and other influences. In Haiti, some Roman Catholics combine their faith with aspects of Vodou. This practice is denounced as diabolical by virtually all Haitian Protestants.

- cuban artist 林飛龍atteneded the ceremony [phillips auction nov18]

history
- The recorded history of Haiti began on 5 December 1492 when the European navigator Christopher Columbus happened upon a large island in the region of the western Atlantic Ocean that later came to be known as the Caribbean. It was inhabited by the Taíno, and Arawakan people, who variously called their island Ayiti, Bohio, or Kiskeya (Quisqueya). Columbus promptly claimed the island for the Spanish Crown, naming it La Isla Española ("the Spanish Island"), later Latinized to Hispaniola. French influence began in 1625, and French control of what was called Saint-Domingue—modern-day Haiti—began in 1660. From 1697 on, the western part of the island was French and the eastern part was Spanish. Haiti became one of the wealthiest of France's colonies, producing vast quantities of sugar and coffee and depending on a brutal slave system for the necessary labor. Inspired by the message of the French Revolution, Haitian slaves rose up in revolt in 1791 and after decades of struggle the independent republic of Haiti was officially proclaimed in 1804.
- The Haitian Revolution (French: Révolution haïtienne [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ ajisjɛ̃n]) was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection by self-liberated slavesagainst French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign nation of Haiti. It began on 22 August 1791, and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence. It involved blacks, mulattoes, French, Spanish, and British participants—with the ex-slave Toussaint L'Ouverture emerging as Haiti's most charismatic hero. It was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state which was both free from slavery, and ruled by non-whites and former captives.^[4] It is now widely seen as a defining moment in the history of the Atlantic World.Its effects on the institution of slavery were felt throughout the Americas. The end of French rule and the abolition of slavery in the former colony was followed by a successful defense of the freedoms they won, and, with the collaboration of free persons of color, their independence from white Europeans.^[7][8][9] It represents the largest slave uprising since Spartacus' unsuccessful revolt against the Roman Republic nearly 1,900 years earlier.^[10] It challenged long-held European beliefs about alleged black inferiority and about enslaved persons' capacity to achieve and maintain their own freedom. The rebels' organizational capacity and tenacity under pressure inspired stories that shocked and frightened slave owners in the hemisphere.

• ***********https://www.history.com/news/louisiana-purchase-price-french-colonial-slave-rebellion if it weren’t for a slave rebellion, Louisiana wouldn’t be part of the United States at all.The Louisiana Purchase was one of history’s greatest bargains, a chance for the United States to buy what promised to be one of France’s largest and wealthiest territories and eliminate a European threat in the process. But the purchase was also fueled by a slave revolt in Haiti—and tragically, it ended up expanding slavery in the United States.France was in shock, and Napoleon began to realize that his dream of a French empire in the Americas might be doomed. He’d planned to send troops to Louisiana to take over the colony, which he had received from the Spanish through a secret treaty in 1800, in the hopes of using the territory as a trade venue for the commodities produced in Haiti. But if Haiti was under the control of the slaves, his plan was for naught.Thomas Jefferson and his cabinet, themselves terrified of a French presence so close to the United States, used this conundrum as an opening. They approached the French with the offer to buy New Orleans, a port city of vital significance to American trade that they worried about France owning. To their surprise, France offered to sell them the entire territory of Louisiana instead.As France and the United States negotiated the Louisiana purchase, Haiti became an independent country run by the victorious former slaves. But though the victory eliminated slavery in Haiti, it ironically increased slavery in the country that purchased the land Haiti had spooked France into selling. The Louisiana Purchase opened up a new can of worms in the United States—how much of the new territory should be open to slavery?By doubling the size of the U.S., the purchase added vast swaths of territory that, pro-slavery advocates argued, should be filled with slaves. As farmers headed into the newly created Missouri territory with their slaves, lawmakers tussled over the issue of which parts should have slavery. It took until 1820 for them to agree on the Missouri Compromise, which drew an imaginary line across the new territory that separated free and slave areas.Slavery was now legal in Missouri, and the new state added pro-slave members to Congress. By 1860, there were more than 100,000 slaves in Missouri, and slaves were valued at over $44 million (about $112 billion today). Meanwhile, Louisiana, which also became a state after the purchase, remained a slave state, and New Orleans remained a critical hub of the slave trade. So while a slave rebellion helped drive the Louisiana Purchase, the new territory was destined to become a place of suffering and exploitation for the thousands of slaves forced to work there.

- 美國19世紀末曾計劃吞併海地及接壤的多明尼加共和國，以獲得海軍基地及確保美國在西印度群島的國防及經濟利益。海地於1824年獲法國承認獨立，但必須支付巨額賠款，因此法國掌握海地的財政及貿易大權。雖然美國不樂於看到法國與海地過分親密，但局面隨德國強大而改變。德國透過移民及貿易，大量購買海地的土地及壟斷商業。美國視德國在加勒比海主要競爭對手，憂慮對方控制海地後加強在區內的優勢。無力償還外債加上政局不穩，海地於1911至15年間共有7位總統死於暗殺或政變推翻，時任總統薩姆死後局勢不穩。時任美國總統威爾遜以防止君主制復辟為由，於1915年7月派遣海軍陸戰隊佔領海地。海地在美國佔領下，成立由美國人及海地人組成憲兵部隊，美國更完全控制海地的財政。海地國會於1915年選出親美的達蒂格納夫為總統。不過，海地憲兵的種族隔離、新聞審查及強迫勞動，引起海地人武裝反抗。最終，美國於1929年開始撤出海地，至1934年完成。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210711/00180_005.html

france

- people

• 亚历山大·仲马Alexandre Dumas (UK: /ˈdjuːmɑː, dʊˈmɑː/, US: /duːˈmɑː/; French: [alɛksɑ̃dʁ dymɑ]; born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie [dymɑ davi də la pajət(ə)ʁi]; 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870),^[1][2] also known as Alexandre Dumas père (where père is French for 'father', thus 'the elder/senior'), was a French writer. His works have been translated into many languages, and he is one of the most widely read French authors. Many of his historical novels of high adventure were originally published as serials, including The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After, and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later. His novels have been adapted since the early twentieth century into nearly 200 films.Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (later known as Alexandre Dumas) was born in 1802 in Villers-Cotterêts in the department of Aisne, in Picardy, France. He had two older sisters, Marie-Alexandrine (born 1794) and Louise-Alexandrine (1796–1797).^[7] Their parents were Marie-Louise Élisabeth Labouret, the daughter of an innkeeper, and Thomas-Alexandre Dumas. Thomas-Alexandre had been born in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti), the mixed-race, natural son of the marquis Alexandre Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie, a French nobleman and général commissaire in the artillery of the colony, and Marie-Cessette Dumas, an enslaved woman of Afro-Caribbean ancestry. At the time of Thomas-Alexandre's birth, his father was impoverished. It is not known whether his mother was born in Saint-Domingue or in Africa, nor is it known from which African people her ancestors came.「仲马」的译名，是清末翻译家林纾依福州話的語音所译。其子「小仲馬」也是法国著名文学家，为区分兩人，遂稱其子為小仲馬，称之为大仲马（法語：Dumas, père）。
• work to note
• The Mohicans of Paris (Les Mohicans de Paris, 1854)
• Georges (1843): The protagonist of this novel is a man of mixed race, a rare allusion to Dumas's own African ancestry.
• The Count of Monte Cristo (Le Comte de Monte-Cristo, 1844–46)
• Antony (1831) – a drama with a contemporary Byronic hero – is considered the first non-historical Romantic drama. It starred Mars' great rival Marie Dorval.
• Charles VII at the Homes of His Great Vassals (Charles VII chez ses grands vassaux, 1831). This drama was adapted by the Russian composer César Cui for his opera The Saracen.
• Teresa (1831)
• La Tour de Nesle (1832), a historical melodrama
• The Memories of Anthony (1835)
• The Chronicles of France: Isabel of Bavaria (1835)

japan
- japanese in haiti

• Naomi Osaka (大坂 なおみ Ōsaka Naomi, born 16 October 1997) is a Japanese professional tennis player. She first came to prominence at the age of sixteen when she defeated former US Open champion Samantha Stosur at the 2014 Bank of the West Classic, which was her first time in the main draw of a WTA tournament. She reached her first WTA final two years later at the 2016 Toray Pan Pacific Open, which took her into the top 50 in the world rankings. Her breakthrough year was 2018. In March of that year she won the Indian Wells tournament, beating former world No. 1 Maria Sharapova in the first round. 

• Naomi Osaka was born in Chūō-ku, Osaka to a Haitian father, Leonard "San" François, and a Japanese mother, Tamaki Osaka. Naomi and her older sister Mari were given their mother's maiden name for practical reasons when the family lived in Japan. Her father was born in Haiti and went to New York University before moving to Japan, where he met her mother and later married her. In racially homogeneous Japan, Osaka is considered hāfu, which is Japanese for biracial.父親はハイチ共和国南東県ジャクメル出身で. 母方の祖父は歯舞群島の勇留島出身で、根室漁業協同組合組合長をしている^[14]。

taiwan

- 台灣的邦交國海地總統莫伊茲周三遇刺身亡後，台灣駐海地代表處周四突遭武裝分子闖入，海地警方其後到場展開行動，拘捕11名武裝分子，據報當中有人涉嫌參與暗殺莫伊茲；代表處部分門窗損壞，無其他財產損失。https://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20210710/00180_021.html

- 海地總統日前訪台尋求支持海地「新基礎建設」後，台媒昨日報道台方將斥資一億五千萬美元（約十一億七千萬港元）助海地建電網。有台灣民眾指這是金援外交，怒吼「台灣也缺電」，話音未落，台北信義區昨日隨即兩度停電，導致台北101、新光三越等大型購物商場停電。http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20180602/00178_005.html